Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 5 History and Organization of Law Enforcement.
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Transcript of Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 5 History and Organization of Law Enforcement.
Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition
Chapter 5Chapter 5
History and OrganizationHistory and Organization
of Law Enforcementof Law Enforcement
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.2
A brief history of the police
Police in early England
The form of policing that most directly led to that of modern US policing was England's frankpledge system.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.3
The invention of gin advanced the development of law enforcement by making hard liquor affordable for many people.
A brief history of the police
Police in early England
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.4
Henry Fielding organized the Bow Street Runners, which was more centralized than the watch-and-ward system.
A brief history of the police
Police in early England
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.5
In 1798, the West India Trading Company created London's first professional, salaried police force, the Thames River Police.
A brief history of the police
Police in early England
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.6
In 1829, Sir Robert Peel sponsored the Metropolitan Police Act, the first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force.
A brief history of the police
Police in early England
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.7
English policing contributed three features to US policing…
Limited police authority Local control A fragmented system
A brief history of the police
Police in early England
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.8
The 19th century
Policing in the United States
Informal policing began in New York City in 1625.
The city's first professional police force was organized in 1845.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.9
The 19th century
Policing in the United States
The authority of officers in London rested on discretion granted by the government.
New York City officers had more discretion, with a personal basis for authority.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.10
The 19th century
Policing in the United States
Chicago's official police force was created around 1855, and reorganized several times until 1913.
Chicago police had four particular orientations toward the law…
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.11
The 19th century
Policing in the United States
Chicago police and courts were highly decentralized.
Chicago police were at the command of local organizations.
Chicago criminal justice institutions developed informal systems of operation.
Chicago criminal justice institutions operated as rackets.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.12
The vigilante tradition was part of American life, especially in the South and West.
The 19th century
Policing in the United States
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.13
Introduction of police professionalism
Reformers & Reform Efforts The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 The Wickersham Commission & August
Vollmer Orlando Wilson J. Edgar Hoover
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.14
Introduction of police professionalism
Reformers & Reform Efforts
The 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act basically formed a civil service system that dispensed with patronage and administered employment and promotions based on merit rather than political connections.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.15
Introduction of police professionalism
Reformers & Reform Efforts
In 1931, August Vollmer wrote the Wickersham Commission report that affected police reform for the rest of the 20th century. Features of the progressive movement included an emphasis on technology.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.16
Introduction of police professionalism
Reformers & Reform Efforts
Orlando W. Wilson increased police efficiency by assigning officers based on the amount of reported crime and calls for service.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.17
Introduction of police professionalism
Reformers & Reform Efforts
J. Edgar Hoover championed police professionalism and built the FBI into one of the premier law enforcement agencies in the world.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.18
CrossCurrents A brief history of the police Frontier justice
As pioneers flooded into the West seeking land, economic opportunities, or distance from government, the frontier outgrew the ability of the country to formally police it.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.19
Modern police organization
Police department organization varies little.
Most have uniforms, ranks, hierarchical chains of command, and centralized decision-making.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.20
Modern Police Organization
Crucial differences between the police and the military…
Discretion
Visibility
Authority
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.21
Modern Police Organization
Problem of Jurisdiction
What has been sacrificed in coordination and efficiency has been gained in responsiveness and accountability
Policing is fragmented More than 18,000 agencies nationwide
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.22
Levels of law enforcement
Federal level
State level
Local level
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.23
Levels of law enforcement
Federal level
Agencies have nationwide jurisdiction, but concentrate on specific crimes.
About 60 federal law enforcement agencies are organized under the… Department of Justice Department of the Treasury Department of Homeland Security
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.24
Federal Bureau of Investigation Nationwide jurisdiction to combat federal
crimes. Secret Service
Placed under Homeland Security, its mission has been expanded to include terrorism.
Levels of law enforcement
Federal level
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.25
There are many variations in agency organization from state to state.
State industry or culture can determine the type of state police agencies.
Many states have bureaus of investigation.
Levels of law enforcement
State level
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.26
Many states have organized their state law enforcement functions under their highway patrols.
All states have a highway patrol, except for Hawaii.
Levels of law enforcement
State level
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.27
Levels of law enforcement
Local level
Local law enforcement agencies handle most crime.
Most local police forces are operated by municipalities.
About 13,000 local police departments in the United States.
The largest is the New York City Police Department.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.28
Levels of law enforcement
Local level
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.29
Sheriff's offices are the most common form of county law enforcement in the US, with about 3,100 offices.
Most sheriffs are elected.
Most offices run at least one jail.
Levels of law enforcement
Local level
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.30
Innovations in Policing
Innovations in policing come from three sources: Social and technological changes Research New ideas.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.31
Innovations in Policing
Social and Technological Changes
Homeland security Less-than-lethal weapons Information technology
DNA databases Crime mapping
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.32
Innovations in Policing: Social and Technological Changes
Homeland Security
Role expansion Racial and ethnic profiling Immigration enforcement Personnel shortages
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.33
Innovations in Policing: Social and Technological Changes
Less-than-lethal Weapons
Weapons that are not intended to kill
Protect police Potential for misuse
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.34
Innovations in Policing: Social and Technological Changes
Information Technology
DNA databases NDIS CODIS
Crime mapping Geographic maps of where criminal
offenses occur and where suspects and offenders live
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.35
Innovations in policing
Innovations from Research
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
Rand Study of Detectives
The DARE program
Project Ceasefire
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.36
Innovations in Policing: Research
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
Examined the effectiveness of police patrol
Decreasing or increasing routine patrols had no effect on crime citizen fear of crime, or community attitudes toward the police.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.37
Innovations in Policing: Research
Rand Study of Detectives
Examined how effective detectives are in solving crimes.
Suggested that a rethinking about the duties of detectives warrants new ways of doing investigative work.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.38
Innovations in Policing: Research
DARE
The Drug Abuse Resistance Education program was started 1983 by the LAPD and Los Angeles schools.
Recent evaluations suggest the program does little to prevent children from using drugs.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.39
Innovations in Policing: Research
Project Ceasefire
Part of the Boston Gun Project
An effort to stem youth violence
Youths were informed that further violence would not be tolerated.
Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.40
QuestionsQuestions
Why is Miranda v. Arizona important?
How are the police different from the military?
Which level of law enforcement agency handles most of the nation’s crime?
How has the focus on terrorism changed US law enforcement?