Main%causes:% · Warof1812$ • Main%causes:% • Conflicton%the%seas% •...
Transcript of Main%causes:% · Warof1812$ • Main%causes:% • Conflicton%the%seas% •...
War of 1812 • Main causes: • Conflict on the seas • Bri2sh support of Indian tribes against western se:lers • Territorial aspira2ons for Canada and Spain
• Supported by “war hawks” Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
Peace Settlement • Treaty of Ghent • Americans gave up demand for renuncia2on of impressment and cession of Canada
• Bri2sh abandoned call for Indian buffer state in Northwest • Rush-‐Bagot Agreement • Mutual disarmament on Great Lakes
• Commercial treaty opened trade between U.S. and Bri2sh Empire
Growth of the Economy • War of 1812 s2mulated manufacturing • Second Bank of the United States • Protec2ve tariffs protected Northern tex2le industry from English compe22on – Boston Manufacturing Company
End of the First Party System • “The Virginia Dynasty” – Jefferson, Madison, Monroe • Monroe chose diverse cabinet members
• Federalist Party ceased to exist
The Monroe Doctrine • Series of La2n American revolu2ons against Spain • Monroe declared American con2nents off-‐limits to European coloniza2on • Became known as the Monroe Doctrine (1823)
“President of the Common Man” • Jacksonian theory: “equal protec2on and equal benefits” – favor no region or class • Not for Indians, African-‐Americans, or women
• “Spoils System” • Appointed own followers to public office
• Na2onal Party Conven2ons for party nomina2ons
The Expanding Electorate • Few Americans could vote prior to the 1820’s • White males who owned property and paid taxes
• Beginning in the western states, state governments began to remove property qualifica2ons • Resistance – The Dorr Rebellion
The Expanding Electorate • 1824: fewer than 27% of adult white males voted • 1828: 58% • 1840: 80%
Calhoun and NulliFication • Jackson’s Vice President: John C. Calhoun • Theory of “Nullifica2on” • Federal government was the crea2on of the states • States were final judges of cons2tu2onality of laws
The Webster-‐Hayne Debate • Robert Y. Hayne (SC): declared the South and the West were vic2ms of “tyranny” from the Northeast • Daniel Webster (MA): saw as a challenge to the integrity of the Union • “Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!”
The NulliFication Crisis • Issue over 1828 “tariff of abomina2ons” • South Carolina conven2on voted to nullify tariffs of 1828 and 1832
• Jackson declared nullifica2on treason • Congress authorized military force to see that acts of Congress were obeyed
• South Carolina received no support from other states
Compromise • Henry Clay averted crisis • Compromise: tariff would be lowered gradually • Calhoun, now a South Carolina senator, claimed victory for nullifica2on
The Second Great Awakening • Religious skep2cism • Jefferson and Franklin were “Deists” • Commitment to organized religion decreased
• The Second Great Awakening was a reac2on to this phenomenon • Effort by evangelicals to revitalize the church
Second Great Awakening • Spearheaded by Methodists, Bap2sts, Presbyterians • Cane Ridge, Kentucky (below)
Texas Boundary Dispute • Mexico broke diploma2c rela2ons with Washington • Rio Grande? -‐ Texas • Nueces River? – Mexico
• American interest in New Mexico and California – Mexican territory • Prepara2ons made for war
Mexican War • A:empted to purchase disputed territories – rejected • Polk moved American forces under Zachary Taylor across the Nueces River – provoca2on • Disputed reports of Mexican a:ack
• Seen as a staged incident by Whig opponents
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Mexico ceded New Mexico and California • Acknowledged Rio Grande as Texas boundary
Expansion • Fueled by “Manifest Des2ny” • America was des2ned to expand its territory over a vast area
Migration From the East • Homestead Act (1862) • Granted 160 acres for a small fee if it was occupied and improved upon for five years
• Difficult life – abandoned by many • Other forms of government assistance • Made land cheap – encouraged further migra2on
Labor in the West • Mining, farming, ranching was unstable employment • Limited social mobility • Work force was racially diverse and stra2fied
Sectional Crisis • Missouri • Applied for statehood in 1819 • Controversy over free or slave status – upset balance
• Tallmadge Amendment proposed it would be admi:ed as a free state
• Missouri Compromise (1819) • Missouri admi:ed as a slave state • Maine admi:ed as a free state • Slavery prohibited north of southern boundary of Missouri
Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay • California admi:ed as a free state
• Forma2on of territorial governments in rest of Mexican Cession, without slavery restric2ons
• Aboli2on of slave trade in D.C.
• New and more effec2ve fugi2ve slave law
• Congress defeated Clay’s proposal
Compromise of 1850 • Stephen A. Douglas • Broke up Clay’s bill • Passed as separate components
• Temporary compromise
Kansas-‐Nebraska Controversy • Stephen A. Douglas proposed bill to open Nebraska territory • Status of slavery would be determined by popular sovereignty • Repealed Missouri Compromise • Divided into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska
• Kansas-‐Nebraska Act (1854) • Spurred the crea2on of the Republican Party -‐ 1854 • Formed by An2-‐Nebraska Democrats and An2-‐Nebraska Whigs
“Bleeding Kansas” • Northerners and Southerners poured into Kansas • Hoped to influence “popular sovereignty”
• Two governments formed – pro-‐slavery and free-‐state • Violence erupted between both sides • Pro-‐slavery mob sacked Lawrence, burned “governor’s” house, destroyed prin2ng presses
• Guerilla warfare
Dred Scott Decision (1857) • Dred Sco) v. Sandford • Slaves were property, not ci2zens, even when taken into free states
• U.S. government could not prohibit spread of slavery into the territories
John Brown • Po:awatomie Massacre – Kansas • Planned to seize arsenal at Harper’s Ferry – lead slave rebellion • Insurrec2on never formed – captured • Convinced many southerners they could not live safely in the Union