Maidens Matrons and Magicians

8/9/2019 Maidens Matrons and Magicians

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MAIDENS, MATRONS, AND MAGICIANS:WOMEN AND PERSONAL RITUAL POWER IN LATE ANTIQUE EGYPT

By

Meghan Paalz McGnn!

B"A", A#$ %!$y an' S$('& A#$, )**+

A The!!

S(-$$e' $& $he .ac(l$y &/ $he

C&llege &/ A#$! an' Scence! &/ $he Un0e#!$y &/ L&(!0llen Pa#$al .(l/ll-en$ &/ $he Re1(#e-en$!

. $he Deg#ee &/

Ma!$e# &/ A#$!

%$e A#$ In!$$($eDe2a#$-en$ &/ A#$ %!$y

Un0e#!$y &/ L&(!0lle

L&(!0lle, 3en$(c4y

May, )*5)


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C&2y#gh$ )*5) y Meghan Paalz McGnn!

All #gh$! #e!e#0e'


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MAIDENS, MATRONS, AND MAGICIANS:WOMEN AND PERSONAL RITUAL POWER IN LATE ANTIQUE EGYPT

By

Meghan Paalz McGnn!

B"A", A#$ %!$y an' S$('& A#$, )**+

A The!! A22#&0e' &n

6an(a#y 57, )*5)

y $he /&ll&8ng The!! C&--$$ee:


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ABSTRACT

Ma'en!, Ma$#&n!, an' Magcan!:W&-en an' Pe#!&nal R$(al P&8e# n La$e An$1(e Egy2$

Meghan Paalz McGnn!, B"A"

6an(a#y 57, )*5)

U$lzng an n$e#'!c2lna#y a22#&ach $& a 0a#e$y &/ -a$e#al, $e9$(al, an'

l$e#a#y e0'ence, $he a- &/ $h! $he!! ! $& !he' lgh$ &n $he #eal$e! #a$he# $han

!$e#e&$y2e!; &/ an -2$an$ a!2ec$ &/ la$e ancen$ 8&-en

2&8e#" Pa$$e#n! &/ gen'e# '//e#en$a$&n n la$e an$1(e Egy2$an -agc a#e n0e!$ga$e'

an' !h&8n $& e c&nnec$e' $& $he 2a#$c(la# a-! $& 8hch n(-n&(! 2&8e#! 8e#e

e-2l&ye', a-! 8hch 8e#e n $(#n &(n' (2 8$h $he !&cal #&le! e92ec$e' &/ each !e9"

The -a=$y &/ $h! !$('y c&n!!$! &/ a !e#e! &/ ca!e !$('e! &/ '//e#en$ $y2e! &/

8&-en

-agc a! a 8h&le, an' $h&!e 8hch 8e#e (n1(ely /e-ale n cha#ac$e#" The /ac$ $ha$

/e-ale 2#ac$$&ne#! ca-e /#&- a 8'e a##ay &/ !&c&;ec&n&-c, e$hnc, an' #elg&(!

ac4g#&(n'! ! al!& a''#e!!e'"


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TABLE O. CONTENTS

Page

A!$#ac$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>""0"

L!$ &/ /g(#e!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"0"

I" In$#&'(c$&n>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>5"

II" Men, W&-en an' Magc>>>>>>>>>>>""">>>>>>>>>>>"""57"

III" ?An E9ac$ Me$h&' / E0e#y$hng@>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>""">")"

I" ?M&!$ W&-en M(!$ Be Sce#e!!e!@>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"""5*"

" C&ncl(!&n!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>55"

Re/e#ence!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>"""5)*"

C(##c(l(- $ae>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>5)"


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.g(#e 7: Wa9 '&ll 8$h h(-an ha# an' 2a2y#(! !c#&ll, Pg" H+

.g(#e 7: L&(0#e e#&$c -agc a!!e-lage, Pg" +*

.g(#e 7H: Plla# 8$h #elc c&-2a#$-en$, Pg" +*

.g(#e 7+: D(#a;E(#&2&! Tah A#4, Pg"+*

.g(#e *: Oc$ag&nal Byzan$ne -a##age #ng, Pg" +5

.g(#e 5: L&n'&n %ay 5*5)), Pg" +5

.g(#e ): Lea' c(#!e $ale$, Pg" +)

.g(#e 7: Pe#!an ncan$a$&n &8l 8$h e9c!- &/ Ll$h, Pg" +)

.g(#e : .g(#e! / (!e n c(#!ng, %e'ele#g 3&2$" +, Pg" +)

.g(#e : Lea' e9ec#a$&n /g(#e!, Pg" +7

.g(#e : C#y2$ &/ Ache#&n ne4(&-an$e&n, Pg" +7

.g(#e : M&(!!ae// ncan$a$&n !4(ll, Pg" +7

.g(#e H: C(#!e $ale$! /#&- Ba$h, Pg" +

.g(#e +: B(#e' 4&l&!!&, Pg" +

.g(#e *: Re' /g(#e 0a!e 8$h /e-ale nec#&-ance#, Pg" +

.g(#e 5: Den'e#a &'ac, Pg" +

.g(#e ): %&!c&2e y Rhe$(! $he Egy2$an, Pg" +

.g(#e 7: Clay &l la-2 'eca$e' 8$h a /#&g, Pg" +

.g(#e : A !e$ &/ G#ec&;R&-an 4n(c4le&ne!, Pg" +H

.g(#e : Mna$(#e Sah'c acle c&'e9, Pg" +H

.g(#e : Ce#a-c &8l n!c#e' Ch#!$ $he Magcan


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I" INTRODUCTION

A g#l 8#e! $ha$ he# l&0e#

an$1(e Egy2$an 8&-en /#&- $&'ay

$he &-n2#e!en$;;/ n&$ al8ay! hel2/(l;;0a!$ne!! &/ a'0ce, h&8;$&!, an' &$he# 4n'! &/

n/-a$&n $& e /&(n' a -e#e 4ey!$#&4e a8ay &nlne, / a!!!$ance, 8&-en an' -enF

n $he la$e an$1(e 8l' &/$en !&(gh$ $& !&l0e 2#&le-! y $a22ng n$& n(-n&(! /ce!"

Whe$he# &ne 8a! an $h&'&9< Ch#!$an, a he#e$c, a /&ll&8e# &/ $#a'$&nal

#elg&(! c(l$!, a 6e8, a -e-e# &/ a Gn&!$c !ec$, $he e9!$ence &/ $he n$angle

2#e!ence! &/ g&'!, angel!, 'ae-&n!, an' !&(l! 2#e!'ng &0e# e0e#y'ay l/e 8a! $a4en a! a

g0en"5I$ 8a! $he ele/ $ha$ &$h lay -en an' 8&-en an' 0a#&(! 4n'! &/ ?!2ecal!$!@

c&(l' acce!! $h! (n!een #eal- an' enl!$ $! 2&8e# &n $he# &8n ehal/ / a g#ea$ 0a#e$y

5Mlle#, Pa$#ca C&9"Dreams in Late Antiquity" P#nce$&n: P#nce$&n Un0e#!$y P#e!!, 5++, 2g" 7+"


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&/ 2#ac$cal 2(#2&!e! $h#&(gh #$(al -ean!")

The!e 2e#!&nal #$(al! &/ 2&8e# ; $h&(gh n&$

al8ay! c&n'e-ne'; gene#ally /ell &($!'e $he 2#&0enance &/ $he can&n an' c&n$#&l &/ $he

#elg&(! e!$al!h-en$" The -a=$y &/ $he!e 2#ac$ce! a#e 8ha$ ha!, &/$en '!2a#agngly,

)Meye#, Ma#0n W" an' Rcha#' S-$h"Ancient Christian Magic" P#nce$&n: P#nce$&n Un0e#!$y P#e!!,

5+++, 2g" "


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een $e#-e' ?-agc"@7Th&(gh #$(al! &/ 2&8e# 8e#e 2e#/-e' y &$h !e9e!, $he#e ha!

al8ay! een, &$h n $he 2&2(la# c(l$(#e &/ $he la$e an$1(e Me'$e##anean $!el/ an' la$e#

!ch&la#!h2 #gh$ (2 $& $he 2#e!en$ 'ay, a 2a#$c(la#ly !$#&ng a!!&ca$&n '#a8n e$8een

-agcal 2#a9! an' 8&-en, an a!!&ca$&n $ha$ 8a! n&$ =(!$ a -a$$e# &/ 2&le-c! an'

/a#ca$&n!" In /ac$, a 0a#e$y &/ #$(al! &/ 2&8e# /-e' an -2$an$ a!2ec$ &/ $he

e0e#y'ay l0e! &/ 8&-en ac#&!! $he !&cal an' #elg&(! !2ec$#(- n la$e an$1(e Egy2$,

an' &ne $ha$ 8a! cl&!ely $e' $& $he# !&cal #&le! an' 'en$$y"

M&'e#n !ch&la#!h2 &n ancen$ -agc egnnng n ea#ne!$ n $he la$e nne$een$h

an' ea#ly $8en$e$h cen$(#y; 8a! /&c(!e' n$ally &n $he /el' &/ an$h#&2&l&gy, egnnng

8$h .#aze# an' Tyl

&/ -agc a! $echn&l&gy / 2#&le-! 8he#e $echn&l&gy 8a! n!(//cen$, an' $he

n!$#(-en$al 1(al$y &/ -agcal ac$0$y"M&!$ &/ $h! cla!!c an$h#&2&l&gcal 8

cen$e#e' &n c&n$#a!$ng ?2#-$0e@ -agc 8$h ?e0&l0e'@ #elg&n, an' #ega#'e' -agc a!

2!e('&!cence"

%!$an! egan $& engage 8$h $he $&2c $h#&(gh $he e9a-na$&n &/ #e/e#ence!

$& -agc n $he 8! &/ cla!!cal a($h! an' la8 c&'e!" Th! $#en' ha! c&n$n(e' n

-e #ecen$ !ch&la#!h2 8$h &&4! l4e Dc4e

Roman World, 8hch n0e!$ga$e! $he l$e#a#y e0'ence / $he 'en$$e! &/ 2#&/e!!&nal

2#ac$$&ne#! &/ ancen$ -agc,an' S$#a$$&n

'e&l&gcal -&$0a$&n! ehn' 2$#ayal! &/ -ale an' /e-ale -agcan! n ancen$ an'

la$e ancen$ l$e#a$(#e"Many &/ $he!e h!$cal $#ea$-en$! &/ -agc '!c(!! $he (!e &/

7Th! !!(e &/ $he 2#&le-a$c! n0&l0e' n -agc $e#-n&l&gy 8ll e '!c(!!e' a$ leng$h la$e# n $h!

2a2e#"C&lln!, De#e4"Magic in the Ancient Greek World.O9/': Blac48ell P(l!hng L$'", )**H" The!e an'&$he# ea#ly an$h#&2&l&gcal a22#&ache! $& -agc a#e '!c(!!e' n cha2$e# 5"Dc4e, Ma$$he8 W"Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World.Ne8 Y: R&($le'ge, )**7"S$#a$$&n, 3-e#ly B"Naming the Witch: Magic !deology and "tereoty#e in the Ancient World" Ne8

H


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-agc a! a #he$cal $#&2e e-2l&ye' $& hel2 'e/ne nega$0e !$e#e&$y2e! &/ the otheran'

$he# ele/!"

W$h $he g#&8ng n(-e# &/ $#an!la$&n! &/ !gn/can$ &'e! &/ -a$e#al #ela$ng

$& la$e an$1(e -agc, !(ch a! %an! De$e# Be$z

an' $he C&2$c Magcal Te9$ P#&=ec$,+a! 8ell a! 8 &n $he n!c#2$&n! &n la-ellae an'

-agc &8l!, c(l$(#al an' #elg&(! h!$an! ha0e een ale $& !$('y -e !2ec/c

a!2ec$! &/ #$(al 2#a9! n la$e an$1($y" B&$h G'e&n B&ha4!

an' Meye# an' S-$h

2g" 7"HBe$z, %an! De$e#" *he Greek Magical )a#yri in *ranslation: !ncluding the Demotic "#ells" Chcag&:

Un0e#!$y O/ Chcag& P#e!!, 5++"+Seeh$$2:ac"cg("e'(#e!ea#chc&2$c-agc"h$-l/ n/-a$&n &n $he In!$$($e / An$1($y an'

Ch#!$an$y

Un0e#!$y &/ Chcag&, 5++7"5T#zc&n4a, Sl4e"Magic and the "u#ernatural in &ourth Century "yria" Ne8 Y: R&($le'ge, )**"5. e9a-2le 6an&8$z


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G#ee4 l&0e !2ell!,5Danel Og'en

ancen$ an' la$e ancen$ Me'$e##anean ha! c&-e $& enc&-2a!! &$h c&n&g#a2hcal an'

!$yl!$c !(#0ey! &/ g#&(2! &/ -agc &=ec$!, an' !&cal a#$ h!$cal !$('e!" One &/ $he

-&!$ 8'ely #ea' e9a-2le! &/ $he /-e#, Ca-2ell B&nne#

M&l'e' la-2! 8$h 'e/9&!))ha0e &cca!&nally #ece0e' $he !a-e $#ea$-en$")7M(ch &/

E(nce Da($e#-an an' %en#y Mag(#e

-eanng! &/ 2&2(la# 'e!gn! /#&- $he ea#ly Byzan$ne 8l', an' $& c&n$e9$(alze #$(ally

2&8e#/(l -age! a$ c&(#$, #elg&(! cen$e#!, an' $he h&-e")

B#a'y

/y0antine,m#ireal!& c&nnec$! '&-e!$c &=ec$! an' a-(le$c =e8el#y 8$h $he !&cal

5.a#a&ne, Ch#!$&2he# A"Ancient Greek Lo1e Magic" %a#0a#': %a#0a#' Un0e#!$y P#e!!, )**5"5Og'en, Danel" Greek and Roman Necromancy" P#nce$&n Un0e#!$y P#e!!, )**,Magic an'Witchcratand Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A "ource2ook" O9/' Un0e#!$y P#e!!, )**+5H L4e he#+ekate "oteira: A "tudy o +ekate4s Roles in the Chaldean 5racles and Related Literature

Ne8 Y: O9/' Un0e#!$y P#e!!, 5++*F, an' Ancient Greek Di1inationMal'en, MA: Wley;

Blac48ell, )**HF"5+Sca#&(gh, 6&hn" ?Ea#ly Byzan$ne Pha#-ac&l&gy"@Dum2arton 5aks )a#ers" 7H 5+HF: )57;)7)")*B&nne#, Ca-2ell" "tudies in Magical Amulets chiely Graeco-,gy#tian.Ann A#: Un0e#!$y &/

Mchgan P#e!!, 5+*")5. e9a-2le Me'e0al Byzan$ne -agcal a-(le$! an' $he# $#a'$&n $ournal o the War2urg and

Courtauld !nstitutes. 5++7F: );)F an'Late Antique and ,arly Christian GemsReche#$, )**F))In!c#2$&n! &/ n'ng !2ell!, a! 8ll e '!c(!!e' la$e# n $h! 2a2e#")7A! n Ma!$#&cn1(e, A$$l&

in the early Christian houseUn0e#!$y &/ Illn&! P#e!!, 5+H+F, Mag(#e

an' Da($e#-an

)**F"

5*
http://www.amazon.com/Antique-Early-Christian-Spatantike-Fruhes-Christentum-Byzanz/dp/3895004340/ref=sr_1_14?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1295518320&sr=1-14http://www.amazon.com/Antique-Early-Christian-Spatantike-Fruhes-Christentum-Byzanz/dp/3895004340/ref=sr_1_14?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1295518320&sr=1-14


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/(nc$&n &/ -agc")Ga#y 4an '!c(!!e! !(=ec$! l4e $he e//cac&(! 1(al$e! &/

Byzan$ne -a##age a#$, $he #ela$&n!h2 e$8een a#$, -agc, an' -e'cne, an' e(l&ga

an' &$he# &=ec$! y 8hch 2lg#-! !&(gh$ $& ha#ne!! #$(al 2&8e#")Whle $h! $he!!

'#a8! &n all $he a/e-en$&ne' $#en'! n -agcal !ch&la#!h2 $& !&-e 'eg#ee, $ !

-&!$ly n/-e' y c&n$e9$;en$e' !&cal a#$ h!$y, (!ng e9a-2le! &/ -a$e#al c(l$(#e

$& #ec&n!$#(c$ $he ele/! an' #$(al! 2e#/-e' y $h&!e 8h& -a'e an' (!e' $he-"

The 'e/n$&n &/ -agc ha! een, an' c&n$n(e! $& e, a !(=ec$ &/ c&n!$an$ 'ea$e

a-&ng!$ !ch&la#!" Recen$ly $he $#a'$&nal $en'ency &/ 'e/nng -agc a! an ##a$&nal

0e8 &/ ca(!al$y, 'elnea$e' 2#-a#ly y c&n$#a!$ng $ 8$h -e ?e0&l0e'@ 2&!$;

Enlgh$en-en$ -&'e! &/ #elg&n an' !cence, ha! een '!ca#'e' y -&!$ &/ $he

aca'e-c c&--(n$y" C&n$e-2a#y '!c(!!&n! &/ 8ha$ c&(n$! a! -agc< can -&!$ly e

'0'e' n$& $8& ca-2!" The /#!$ a#g(e! $ha$ -agc can &nly e 2#&2e#ly 'e/ne' $h#&(gh

e-c $e#-n&l&gy 8hch !h/$! acc'ng $& c(l$(#al c&n$e9$, $he &(n'a#e! &/ $he $e#-

!e$ y 8ha$e0e# c(l$(#e eng !$('e' c&n!'e#! $& e -agc n a ce#$an 2e#&' an'

#eg&n")The !ec&n' a!!e#$! $ha$ $he $e#- ?-agc@ !h&(l' e '!ca#'e' all $&ge$he# an'

#e2lace' y ne8 le!! a!e' $e#-n&l&gy, n $ha$ 8ay '!ca#'ng $he &/$en 2a$e#nal!$c

!ch&la#!h2 &/ $he 2a!$")H

B&$h &/ $he!e a22#&ache! ha0e $he# 2#&! an' c&n!" Whle e-c $e#-n&l&gy !

n0al(ale / n0e!$ga$ng h&8 -agc 8a! '!c(!!e' n la$e an$1($y, $he $e#-!

c&nn&$ng ?-agc@ 8e#e al-&!$ al8ay! 'e2l&ye' a! lael! &/ &22#(- agan!$ &$he#!#$(al $e9$!" They '#ec$ $he (!e# $& engage n ac$0$e!

$ha$ a#e -a#4e' &// /#&- n-al ac$0$y y /#a-ng eha0 $h#&(gh #(le!, #e2e$$&n!,

an' &$he# /-al$e!@7$h#&(gh !(ch #$(al! $he 2#ac$$&ne# -an2(la$e! !2#$(al 2&8e#!

an' /ce! $& $he# ene/$" Meye# an' S-$h n&$e $ha$ $h! 4n' &/ #$(al 2&8e# can e

n0&4e' 2(lcally, / e9a-2le '(#ng $he c&n!ec#a$&n &/ $he E(cha#!$ a$ -a!!"7

B($ 8hle $he n0&ca$&n &/ #$(al 2&8e# y a -e-e# &/ an acce2$e' !&cal &'y,

l4e a cle#gy -an 8&-an 8he$he# Ch#!$an &/ a $#a'$&nal Egy2$an $e-2leF -gh$

e !een a! leg$-a$e, $! (!e y a 2#0a$e n'0'(al 8a! &/$en c&n!'e#e' -e

2#&le-a$c an' $h(! /#e1(en$ly laele' '!2a#agngly a! ?-agc"@ 7W&-en, al#ea'y

al8ay! $he &$he#< n $he 2a$#a#chal 8l' &/ la$e an$1(e !&ce$y, 8e#e e0en -e 2#&ne

$he %ellen!$c 2e#&' ha' !&l'/e' an' ec&-e -e 2&2(la#" I ha0e ncl('e' -a$e#al /#&- e/e an'a/$e# $he la$e an$1(e 2e#&' n -y !$('y 8hen I c&n!'e# $ #ele0an$ eca(!e cha#ac$e#!$c! &/ 2&2(la#

#elg&n an' -agc '& n&$ !h/$ n acc'ance 8$h gene#ally acce2$e' h!$cal 2e#&'za$&n n /ac$, n -y#e!ea#ch I /&(n' 0e#y l$$le change n $he a!c -e$h&'&l&gy &/ #$(al! &/ 2&8e# '#ec$ly e/e, '(#ng an'

a/$e# $he la$e an$1(e 2e#&' &$he# $han an e92ec$e' nc#ea!e n Ch#!$an lang(age an' -age#yacc&-2anyng $he legalza$&n &/ $he /a$hF"77. e9a-2le healng (!ng -age!, '(!$, an' 8a$e# /#&- 2lg#-age !h#ne!"7Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g""7Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic , 2g" " Th! can e e9$en'e' $& ncl('e -age! 8hch a#e#e2ea$e'ly !e$ a2a#$ a! ha0ng an e//cac&(! 1(al$y"7Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 5"7Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic2g" 5"

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$han -en $& ha0ng $he# #$(al! laele' a! -agc #a$he# $han ?2#&2e#@ #elg&(!

&!e#0ance"7HIn -y $he!! ?-agc@ #e/e#! $ersonal ritual #o%er: $he e9e#c!e &/

2e#!&nal agency $& acce!! !(2e#na$(#al 2&8e#! $ha$ -&!$ly /ell &($!'e $he #eg(la$&n &/

$he e!$al!he' la$e an$1(e #elg&(! ganza$&n!"7+

My a22#&ach $& $he !(=ec$ &/ 2e#!&nal #$(al 2&8e# a! e9e#c!e' y 8&-en n la$e

an$1(e Egy2$ ! hghly n$e#'!c2lna#y" In -y &2n&n, $h! ! 'e-an'e' y $he !hee#

'0e#!$y &/ e0'ence 2e#$nen$ $& $he $&2c" The !&(#ce! / la$e an$1(e -agc, an' /

la$e an$1(e 8&-en, a#e 0a#e'" Pa2y# cache! &/ !2ell! an' le$$e#!, #e/e#ence! n

l$e#a$(#e #angng /#&- -al an' #elg&(! 2&le-c $& 2&e$#y an' na##a$0e /c$&n,

n!c#2$&n! &n (l'ng! an' $&-!, !h#ne!, a-(le$! an' &=ec$! &/ 2e#!&nal a'n-en$,

cl&$hng, h&(!eh&l' /(#n!hng!, an' #$(al e1(2-en$ a#e all #ele0an$"

T& neglec$ $he /(ll !c&2e &/ $h! e0'ence 8&(l' e $& 2an$ an nc&-2le$e an'

'ece2$0ely na##&8 2c$(#e &/ $he $&2c" Th! 0a#e$y &/ !&(#ce! al!& 'e-an'! a 0a#e$y &/

!ch&la#ly $echn1(e! $& 'eal 8$h $he-" A#$ h!$cal, a#chae&l&gcal, an' $e9$(al

e0'ence g0e! $e!$-&ny &n 8ha$ #$(al! 8e#e eng 2#ac$ce' (!ng 8ha$ -2le-en$!

an' -age!, an' 8ha$ c&n$e-2a#y a$$$('e! 8e#e $& $he!e 2#ac$ce! an' $he 8&-en

2#ac$cng $he-, 8hle an$h#&2&l&gcal an' /e-n!$ a22#&ache! a!!!$ n e92lanng $he

!&cal '!c&(#!e! an' /(nc$&n! a$ 2lay"*

I$ ! e9ac$ly $h! g#ea$ 0a#e$y &/ !(#00ng -a$e#al, 8$h $he 2&!!l$e! $ &//e#!

/ a 8'e #ange &/ n0e!$ga$0e a0en(e!, 8hch -a4e! la$e an$1(e Egy2$ 2a#$c(la#ly

/e#$le g#&(n' / !$('yng 2e#!&nal #$(al 2&8e# e9e#c!e' y 8&-en" E9$en!0e

e0'ence / -agc '&ne y 8&-en !(#00e! /#&- Egy2$, 8$h $he a#' cl-a$e

7HS$#a$$&n,Naming the Witch, 2g" );)"7+Th&(gh !(ch 2#a9! 8a! n $!el/ -e#ely $he 2e#!&nal en' &/ a #&a' !2ec$#(- &/ 2(lc an' 2#0a$e

#$(al ac$0$e! $ha$ '#e8 &n #ela$0ely (n0e#!al la$e an$1(e -e$a2hy!cal ele/!"*S$#a$$&n,Naming the Witch, 2g" )"

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2#e!e#0ng $y2e! &/ &=ec$! $ha$ '& n&$ !(#00e 8ell el!e8he#e, !(ch a! cl&$hng,58&&'en

h&-e /(#n!hng!, an' 2a2y#" W&-en n Egy2$ !ee- $& ha0e en=&ye' g#ea$e# /#ee'&-

an' 2a#$c2a$&n n 2(lc l/e c&-2a#e' $& -&!$ 8&-en el!e8he#e n $he la$e an$1(e

Me'$e##anean 2a#$c(la#ly G#eeceF,)'(e $& a 0a#e$y &/ /ac$! !(ch a! g#ea$e# legal

#gh$! an' a l&ng $#a'$&n nhe#$e' /#&- &$h Pha#a&nc an' R&-an Egy2$ &/ /e-ale

0!l$y an' n/l(ence" All $h! !(gge!$! $ha$ $hey ha' $he nee' an' &22$(n$yF $&

e-2l&y #$(al! &/ 2&8e# / a g#ea$e# n(-e# &/ 2(#2&!e!" 7

Al&ng 8$h $he $#a'$&nal a!!&ca$&n &/ %omen8$h -agc,,gy#t8a! al!&

!$#&ngly a!!&ca$e' 8$h $he -agcal a#$!" Ancen$ Egy2$an $e-2le 2#e!$! ha' a

#e2($a$&n $h#&(gh&($ $he Me'$e##anean 8l' a! $he -&!$ !4lle' #$(al!$!,a

#e2($a$&n $ha$ 8a! $#an!/e##e' $& Ale9an'#an n$ellec$(al c#cle! an' 'e!e#$ h&ly -en

la$e# &n" G#ec&;R&-an a($h! 8#&$e &/ Egy2$ a! ?$he lan' &/ 8&n'e#!"@The #eg&n

&cc(l$ c#e'en$al! 8e#e c&n!'e#e' !& g#ea$ $ha$ -an(/ac$(#e#! &/ a-(le$! el!e8he#e

cla-e' $ha$ $he# 2#&'(c$! 8e#e -a'e n Egy2$,an' $ne#an$ -agc 8e#! 8h& ha'

ne0e# !e$ /&&$ n $he lan' &/ $he Nle cla-e' $& e Egy2$an" In $he ancen$ an' la$e

ancen$ 8l' $h! cache$ -ean$ $ha$ #$(al 2#a9! /#&- Egy2$ ha' n/l(ence $h#&(gh&($

$he Me'$e##anean #eg&n,Han' e0en /a#$he# a/el'"+

5L4e $he cl&$hng 'eca$e' 8$h a2&$#&2ac -age! 8hch Mag(#e '!c(!!e! n ?Ga#-en$!

Plea!ng $& G&'@")A! '!c(!!e' $h#&(gh&($ T"G" Wl/&ng

,gy#t" Ann A#: The Un0e#!$y &/ Mchgan P#e!!, )**)F"7The 2a#$c2a$&n &/ la$e an$1(e Egy2$an 8&-en n 2(lc l/e a! e0'ence' y n(-e#&(! legal, l$e#a#y,an' e2g#a2hc !&(#ce! ha! een an' $han4/(lly c&n$n(e! $& eF a !(=ec$ &/ -(ch #ecen$ h!$cal

#e!ea#ch y !ch&la#! !(ch a! Bagnall, Wl/&ng, an' We!$e#/el'"In G#ec&;R&-an l$e#a$(#e an' $#a'$&nal #elg&n, 6('e&;Ch#!$an $e9$!, an' /&l4le"Dc4e,Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World, 2g" )*7"Dc4e,Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World, 2g" )57;)5"S/a-en, Ca#la" ?Magc n La$e An$1($y: E0'ence &/ Magcal Ge-!@ n G8ynn, Da0' M", S(!anne

Bange#$ an' L(4e La0an e'!"Religious Di1ersity in Late Antiquity" Le'en, Ne$he#lan'!: B#ll, )*5*, 2g"

"HS/a-en, Ca#la" ?Magc n La$e An$1($y, 2g" "+S&-e C&2$c 2#ac$ce! $#a0ele' all $he 8ay $& B#$an an' I#elan' 8$h -!!&na#y -&n4! n $he ea#ly

-''le age! a! R$ne# an' &$he# !ch&la#! ha0e n&$e'"

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La$e an$1($y !a8 g#ea$e# &($!'e n/l(ence &n na$0e Egy2$an -agcal 2#ac$ce!,

a! 8ell"*La$e an$1(e Egy2$an -agc ! a hghly !ync#e$c -9$(#e n /#&- $he

$(#(len$ change! &/ $he 2e#&'" G#ee4, R&-an, an' Byzan$ne #(le, $he he#$age &/ -any

#elg&(! g#&(2!, an' na$0e 2ha#a&nc $#a'$&n all c&-ne' n $he #$(al! &/ 2&8e#

2#ac$ce' n $he #eg&n"5Magcal 2#a9! an' ele/ 8e#e -2$an$ /ac$! n $he l0e! &/

all $he -any #elg&(! an' e$hnc g#&(2! an' !&cal cla!!e! -a4ng (2 $he -(l$c(l$(#al

!&ce$y &/ Egy2$ n la$e an$1($y" All $he!e /ac$! c&-ne $& -a4e $he !$('y &/ $he

e9e#c!e &/ 2e#!&nal #$(al 2&8e# n la$e an$1(e Egy2$ a 2a#$c(la#ly #ch, ($ c&-2le9,

/el' &/ #e!ea#ch"

In $h! 2a2e# I ha0e ch&!en $& a22#&ach $he n$#cace! 2#e!en$e' y n0e!$ga$ng

$he 8&-en 8h& !&(gh$ $& e9e#c!e #$(al 2&8e# &n $he# &8n ehal/ n $h! -(l$;/ace$e'

c(l$(#al -le(, 8ha$ $hey 8e#e '&ng, an' 8ha$ $hey 8e#e '&ng $ 8$h, $h#&(gh

a22lyng an n$e#'!c2lna#y -e$h&'&l&gy $& -a$e#al, '&c(-en$a#y, an' l$e#a#y

e0'ence" Th! c&llec$&n &/ n/-a$&n ha! een ga$he#e' /#&- &$h !ec&n'a#y !&(#ce!

an' $#an!la$&n! &/ 2#-a#y $e9$!" The!e !&(#ce! a#e a!!&ca$e' 8$h a 0a#e$y &/ '//e#en$

la$e an$1(e Egy2$an !&c&;ec&n&-c an' #elg&(! g#&(2!" Th&(gh $he c&nce2$ &/

?-agc@ a! (n#eg(la$e', -!(!e', /al!e !ac#e' 2&8e# 2laye' an (n'enaly c#(cal #&le

n la$e an$1(e '!c&(#!e! a#$c(la$ng &(n'a#e! e$8een #elg&(! g#&(2! an' #eg(la$ng

!&cal -e!, $he /ac$ #e-an! $ha$ -&!$ a!2ec$! &/ $he ac$(al#ractice&/ 2e#!&nal #$(al!

&/ 2&8e# !h&8 -a#4e' !-la#$e! ac#&!! c&n/e!!&nal)lne!" Whe$he# n&$ a 'e0&($

Ch#!$an 8&-an 8&(l' ha0e 8an$e' $& 0e8 he# 2e#!&nal 'e0&$&n! a! any$hng l4e $he

?hea$hen@ #$e! 2#ac$ce' y he# 2agan negh an' 0ce 0e#!aF, n $e#-! &/ #$(al

*Be$z, *he Greek Magical )a#yri in *ranslation, 9l0"5Be$z, *he Greek Magical )a#yri in *ranslation, 9l0")An' ec&n&-c lne! / $ha$ -a$$e#, a! ! a''#e!!e' n $he /&(#$h cha2$e# &/ $h! 2a2e#"

5


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-e$h&'! an' $he -e$a2hy!cal 'ea! (n'e#2nnng $he-7>$hey 8e#e" . $h! #ea!&n I

ha0e ch&!en $& ncl('e -a$e#al /#&- all la$e an$1(e Egy2$an $#a'$&n! n'!c#-na$ely

n $h! 2a2e#" Th#&(gh an e9a-na$&n &/ $he &=ec$! a!!&ca$e' 8$h 2e#!&nal #$(al! &/

2&8e# 2e#/-e' y 8&-en e9a-2le! &/ 2a2y# c&n$anng 8#$$en n0&ca$&n! an'

n!$#(c$&n! / !2ell!, l$e#a#y acc&(n$! &/ /e-ale 2#ac$$&ne#! an' &2n&n! &n 8&-en

-agc, I !ee4 n $h! $he!! $& e92le an' c&n$e9$(alze $he 0a#e$y &/ ?-agcal@ ele/!

an' 2#ac$ce! 8hch /-e' an n$eg#al 2a#$ &/ $he #eal$y &/ $he e92e#ence! &/ 8&-en &/

all /a$h! an' 8al4! &/ l/e n la$e ancen$ Egy2$"

The /#!$ cha2$e# &/ $h! e!!ay /&c(!e! &n !!(e! &/ gen'e#ng la$e an$1(e

Egy2$an #$(al, !(ch a! 8hch 4n'! &/ -agc 8e#e 2e#/-e' y -en an' 8hch 8e#e

2e#/-e' y 8&-en, an' 8hch 8e#e !ha#e' y &$h !e9e!" The !ec&n' ! a !e#e! &/

ca!e !$('e! &/ $he '//e#en$ $y2e! &/ #$(al! &/ 2&8e# $ha$ Egy2$an 8&-en 2#ac$ce' n

la$e an$1($y" The /nal cha2$e# n0e!$ga$e! h&8 2e#!&nal #$(al 2&8e# 8a! e9e#c!e' y

8&-en &/ all 8al4! &/ l/e n la$e ancen$ Egy2$"

I h&2e $ha$ $h! $he!! 8ll c&n$#($e $& $he #&a'e# '!c&(#!e &n $he !(=ec$ &/

8&-en an' #$(al 2&8e# n la$e an$1($y y &//e#ng a -e c(l$(#ally h&l!$c a22#&ach

$& $he $&2c $han ha! &/$en een $a4en" By a0&'ng a 2#&=ec$ #e!$#c$e' $& &ne #elg&(!

g#&(2 !ec$&n &/ $he la$e an$1(e !&cal !$#a$a, I !ee4 $& 2#&'(ce a !$('y $ha$ #e/lec$! $he

$#(ly !ync#e$c an' 8'e!2#ea' na$(#e &/ $he 2#ac$ce! (n'e# '!c(!!&n, an' $he

-2$ance &/ $he #elg&(! 4&ne n la$e an$1(e Egy2$, #a$he# $han 2#e!en$ng a /al!ely

/#ag-en$e' 2c$(#e 8$h #g' lne! '#a8n 8he#e /l(' c(l$(#al n$e#ac$&n! ac$(ally $&&4

2lace"

7. e9a-2le, $he (1($y &/ ele/ n n$e#-e'a#y !2#$!, $he e//cacy &/ ?!y-2a$hea@, c#e!2&n'ence!

e$8een a!2ec$! &/ $he 2hy!cal an' !2#$(al #eal-!, e$c"

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I al!& !ee g#&(n'ng $h! !$('y n $he e0'ence &/ $he -a$e#al an' '&c(-en$a#y

c(l$(#e $& e a c#ec$0e $& $he &/$en &!c(#e an' a!e' 2$#ayal &/ /e-ale #$(al!

2#e!en$e' n $he c&n$e-2ane&(! l$e#a$(#e,an' $& !ch&la#ly $#en'! $ha$ #e/(!e $& l&&4

2a!$ $he!e a!e!" Whle !$('yng $he -any -2lca$&n! &/ la$e ancen$ ?&$he#ng@ !

-2$an$, I ele0e $ha$ $he g#ea$ 'eal &/ a$$en$&n $ha$ ha! een la0!he' &n 1(e!$&n! &/

?8$chc#a/$@ a! 2&le-c agan!$ 8&-en ha! &/$en #eg#e$$aly $en'e' $& &!c(#e

n0e!$ga$ng 8ha$ 2e#!&nal #$(al! &/ 2&8e# 8e#e actuallyeng 2#ac$ce' y 8&-en an'

-en n la$e an$1($y, an' 8hy" The#e/e, I ele0e an -2$an$ c&n$#($&n -a'e y

-y 2#&=ec$ c&-e! n n&$ l-$ng -y '!c(!!&n &/ 8&-en an' #$(al 2&8e# 2#-a#ly $&

$he #eal- &/ c#$1(e an' n0e!$ga$&n &/ ancen$ '!c&(#!e! &/ 2&le-c! an' gen'e#

!$e#e&$y2e!, ($ #a$he# /&c(!ng &n a$$e-2$ng $& #ec&n!$#(c$ the reality&/ 8ha$ 8a!

'//e#en$ a&($ #$(al! &/ 2&8e# / -en an' 8&-en, 8ha$ #$(al! 8&-en 8e#e '&ng, an'

8hch 8&-en 8e#e '&ng !(ch #$(al!, n&$ -e#ely h&8 $he!e 2#ac$ce! 8e#e gne'

-!#e2#e!en$e' n $he# &8n $-e y la$e# gene#a$&n!"

S$#a$$&n, 2g" );), an' el!e8he#e"

5H


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II" MEN, WOMEN, AND MAGIC: GENDERING RITUALS O. POWER

The#e a#e a n(-e# &/ !!(e! $ha$ -a4e gen'e#ng ancen$ an' la$e ancen$

-agcal 2#a9! c&-2lca$e'" .#!$, $he#e ! $he 8ell 4n&8n 2#&le- &/ $he /#e1(en$ (!e &/

-agc a! a l$e#a#y $#&2e $ha$ ca!$! 8&-en a! $he O$he#;e' /&l agan!$ 8hch -a!c(lne

'eal! &/ eha0 an' c0l$y a#e c&n!$#(c$e'"A! 3-e#ley S$#a$$&n n&$e!,

E0en 8he#e -en a#e #e2#e!en$e' a! -agcan!, -agc c&n0ey! c&nn&$a$&n! &/ gen'e#: c&nce0e'

a! an lleg$-a$e an' e//e-na$e !&(#ce &/ 2&8e#, acc(!a$&n! &/ -agc can 'eleg$-ze -en y

a!!&ca$ng $he- 8$h 8&-en an' 8&-en

'//c(l$e!, la$e ancen$ l$e#a$(#e, 8hen #ea' ca#e/(lly, can !$ll 2#&0'e (!e/(l

n/-a$&n 8hen l$e#a#y 'e!c#2$&n! can e /&(n' $& e #ea!&naly !(22$e' y

-a$e#al an' '&c(-en$a#y c(l$(#e, e!2ecally 8hen &ne c&n!'e#! $ha$ 2&le-cal 8#$ng!,

$& e e//ec$0e, -(!$ ha0e ha' !&-e, h&8e0e# !$e#e&$y2e' an' $en(&(!, /&(n'a$&n n

ac$(al 2#ac$ce! an' ac$0$e!"Relg&(! an' 2&l$cal lea'e#! 8&(l' ha#'ly ha0e

c&-2lane' !& /#e1(en$ly a&($ c(l$(#al $#en'! / $hey ha' n&$ ac$(ally een &cc(##ng" In

S$#a$$&n,Naming the Witch, 2g" )"S$#a$$&n,Naming the Witch, 2g" )" I$ al!& 8$h n&$ng $ha$ /e-nne cha#ac$e#!$c! c&(l' n&$ &nly e

-2a#$e' $& -ale /g(#e! 2&le-cally, ($ c&(l' al!& !-2ly /(nc$&n a! a !gn &/ $he# -agcally 2&8e#/(lna$(#e" . e9a-2le, la$e an$1(e 'e2c$&n! &/ Ch#!$ n $he #&le &/ -agcan an' heale# &/$en ha0e

/e-nne a!2ec$!, a! T&- Ma$$he8! e92lca$e! n h! !e-nal 8 Clash o the GodsP#nce$&n: P#nce$&n

Un0e#!$y P#e!!, 5++7F"The !ch&la#ly 'ea$e &0e# $he -e$h&'&l&gcal !!(e! nhe#en$ n $he (!e &/ l$e#a#y e!2ecallyhag&g#a2hcF !&(#ce! n a$$e-2$ng $& #ec&n!$#(c$ $he /ac$! &/ la$e an$1(e l/e ! hea$e' an' &ng&ng" .

$he a#g(-en$! n /a0 !ee Da0' .#an4/(#$e#

R&ge# Bagnall, M&'el! an' E0'ence n $he S$('y &/ Relg&n n La$e R&-an Egy2$, n %ahn, E--el,

an' G&$$e#,&rom *em#le to Church"

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24/138

2#a9! nea#ly al8ay! &2e#a$e $he !a-e, #ega#'le!! &/ $he !e9 &/ $he 2#ac$$&ne#" P&2(la#

#$(al -e$h&'!, !(ch a! $he -a4ng &/ 'e/9&!, n'ng, $he n!c#ng &/ -agcal

cha#ac$e#!, an' $he n0&ca$&n &/ !2#$! $h#&(gh chan$! an' &//e#ng! $& na-e &nly a

/e8F, 8e#e ($lze' y &$h 8&-en an' -en")I$ 8a! $he !a-e / $he &=ec$! /#e1(en$ly

(!e' n $he!e #$(al!" . e9a-2le, a-(le$c ge-! an' &$he# $e-! &/ 2e#!&nal a'n-en$,

-agcal e1(2-en$ l4e !2ecal &8l! an' $he -y!$e#&(! yn9,7an' a 8'e #ange &/

he#!, -ne#al!, l1('!, &'ly /l('!, an' &$he# na$(#al -a$e#al! 8e#e 0e8e' a! -(e'

8$h !(2e#na$(#al !gn/cance"

I!!(e! &/ gen'e# an' -agc a#e /(#$he# c&n/(!e' y $he /ac$ $ha$ #$(al! &/ 2&8e#

c&(l' e 2e#/-e' y 2#ac$$&ne#! / $he# &8n ene/$ &n ehal/ &/ &$he#!" R$(al

!2ecal!$! &/ &$h gen'e#! e9!$e' n $he la$e an$1(e Me'$e##anean #eg&n, an' !e#0e'

&$h -ale an' /e-ale clen$!". e9a-2le, c&llec$&n! &/ -agcal #ec2e!, l4e $h&!e

/&(n' n C&2$c -an(!c#2$ %e'ele#g 3&2$"H ?The P#a!e &/ Mchael $he

A#changel@Fan' $he h&a#' &/ !2ell! n&8 a$ $he Un0e#!$y &/ Mchgan,a22ea# $& e

n$en'e' a! #$(al 1(c4 #e/e#ence g('e! n 8hch a -agcal e92e#$ c&(l' l&&4 (2 $he

a22#&2#a$e -agc $#ea$-en$! / a clen$

lan'!ca2e &/ la$e an$1(e Egy2$ enc&-2a!!e' all !$! &/ 2e#-($a$&n! &/ gen'e# #ela$&n!

8$hn -agcal 2#a9! 8&-en an' -en 2e#/-ng #$(al! &/ 2&8e# / $he-!el0e!, /

)A! -agcal 2a2y# an' l$e#a#y acc&(n$! a$$e!$"7A -agc $&2 #e/e#ence' n -any l$e#a#y acc&(n$! &/ #$(al! &/ 2&8e#"A! Ma$$he8 Dc4e 'e$al! n h!Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World"Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 7)7;75"Mchgan +7Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 7*;75*F". e9a-2le, %e'ele#g 3&2$"H ncl('e! n!$#(c$&n / c(#ng a -an 8h& ha! een -agcally &(n'$& e (nale $& ha0e !e9 8$h h! 8/e Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 77+F"HL4e $he #e-e'y n Mchgan +7 / a 8&-an 8h&!e -l4 '&e! n&$ /l&8< Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient

Christian Magic, 2g" 7*F"

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-e-e#! &/ $he !a-e !e9 / -e-e#! &/ $he &22&!$e, &$h" In &$he# 8'!, -en

an' 8&-en !&-e$-e! 2e#/-e' #$(al! $ha$ 8e#e e!!en$ally (n#ela$e' $& $he# &8n

gen'e#" I$ ! al!& 8ell '&c(-en$e' $ha$, 8hle !&-e -agcal '&c(-en$! 8e#e 8#$$en y

$he #$(al!$ n 1(e!$&n $he-!el0e!, ll$e#a$e!e-;l$e#a$e n'0'(al! $h&!e -e#ely

8!hng / a -e !4lle' $&(chF &/ &$h !e9e! /#e1(en$ly e-2l&ye' 2#&/e!!&nal !c#e!

$he -a=$y &/ 8h&- 8e#e -en$& c&2y &($ $he# /-(la#e! / $he-"

B($ e0en / &ne &nly c&n!'e#! $h&!e #$(al! &/ 2&8e# $ha$ 2#ac$$&ne#! engage'

8$h &n $he# &8n !&lc$e' /#&-2e#/-e' / 2#ac$$&ne#! &/ $he# &8n !e9, all $he

!-la#$e! an' a-g($e! =(!$ '!c(!!e' !$ll 2#e!en$ $he 1(e!$&n: / $he -e$h&'! an'

-a$e#al! y 8hch -en an' 8&-en n la$e an$1(e Egy2$ 8e#e 2e#/-ng #$(al! &/

2&8e# 8e#e $he !a-e, 8ha$;;/ any$hng;;a&($ -agc '(#ng $ha$ 2e#&' can n /ac$ e

!ec(#ely gen'e#e'+The an!8e# ! /&(n' n e9a-nng $he '//e#ence! n a-!, c&n$e9$!,

an' c&n&g#a2hy" Whle /e-ale an' -ale 2#ac$$&ne#! -ay ha0e '&ne -any &/ $he !a-e

$hng!, $hey '' n&$ al8ay! '& $he- / $he !a-e en'!, n $he !a-e 2lace!, (!e' $he

!a-e -age! n $he !a-e 8ay!"

S&-e c&--&n c&nce#n! &/ Egy2$an 2#ac$ce! &/ #$(al 2&8e# 8e#e !ha#e' y

-en an' 8&-en an' enac$e' n !-la# c&n$e9$! (!ng !-la# -age#y an' -e$h&'!"

A-&ng $he!e 8e#e #$(al! &/ l&0e -agc" InAncient Greek Lo1e MagicCh#!$&2he#

.a#a&ne a#g(e! $ha$ -en an' 8&-en 2e#/-e' '//e#en$ $y2e! &/ l&0e !2ell!"*The

agoge!2ell, n 8hch $he -agcan call! '&8n 2&8e#!, l4e 'e$e! &/ !e9(al l&0e an'

#e!$le!! !2#$!, $& g&a' $he 0c$- 8$h (nc&n$#&llale 2an an' 2a!!&n &/$en 8$h $he a'

&/ 2e#ce' an' &(n' /g(#ne! /g" 5FF (n$l $hey c&-e $& $he 2#ac$$&ne# 8a! $he

+A!'e /#&- $he a/e-en$&ne' !!(e! &/ $he '!2#&2$&na$e a$$#($&n &/ $he -agc a#$! $& 8&-en n

ancen$ '!c&(#!e"*.a#a&ne, Ancient Greek Lo1e Magic, $h#&(gh&($"

))


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2#&0nce &/ -en"5On $he &$he# han', $he (!e &/#hilia, !2ell! $& n'(ce l&0e an' a//ec$&n

&/$en e//ec$e' $h#&(gh 2&$&n! 2&8'e#! '(!$e' &n cl&$hng 8e#e 2#ac$ce' y 8&-en,

2a#$c(la#ly &n h(!an'! 8h&!e a//ec$&n! 8e#e 2#&ne $& 8an'e#ng")Whle .a#a&ne

a#g(e! 2e#!(a!0ely / $he e9!$ence &/ $h! '//e#en$a$&n n $he cla!!cal G#ec&;R&-an

-le(, $h! '&e! n&$ !ee- $& ha0e een $he ca!e n la$e an$1(e Egy2$"

Whle $he -a=$y &/ !(#00ng la$e ancen$ Egy2$an l&0e !2ell! $ha$ n'ca$e

!2ec/c 2#ac$$&ne#! a#e / -en $& e '#ec$e' a$ 8&-en, a n&$ale n(-e# &/ e9a-2le!

e9!$ n 8hch 8&-en 2e#/-e' l&0e -agc '#ec$e' a$ -en, a! 8ell a! a$ lea!$ $8& ca!e!

&/ a 8&-an $#yng $& a$$#ac$ $he e#&$c a$$en$&n &/ an&$he# /e-ale"

7

In $he!e e9e-2la#! n

8hch 8&-en ac$ a! $he agg#e!!0e 2a#$e!, $he lang(age an' #$(al ac$&n! e-2l&ye' a#e

'en$cal $& $he -a!c(lne e9a-2le!".(#$he# e-2ha!zng $ha$ $he 2#ac$ce &/ l&0e -agc

&2e#a$e' $he !a-e / 8&-en an' -en ! $he e0'ence &/ !2ell!, !(ch a! $he 2&2(la# I!!

l&0e !2ell,$ha$ ncl('e n!$#(c$&n! / 2e#/-ng $he !a-e #$(al &n ehal/ &/ a 8&-an

ora -an" A-(le$! n$en'e' $& -a4e $he 8ea#e# -e a$$#ac$0e, l4e ge-! 'e2c$ng

A2h#&'$e /g" )F, 8e#e al!& 8n y &$h !e9e!"

.e-ale an' -ale 2#ac$$&ne#! en$ &n e#&$c enchan$-en$ 8&(l' ha0e al!&

enac$e' $he# #$(al! &/ 2&8e# n !-la# c&n$e9$!" The!e !e$$ng! c&(l' e &/ a 2#0a$e

4n', l4e n0&ca$&n! '&ne a$ h&-e a$ n(-n&(!ly cha#ge' ($ &/$en #a$he# 'e!e#$e'

l&ca$&n! !(ch a! c#&!!#&a'!, ce-e$e#e! an' !-all !h#ne!, 2a#$ &/ $he 2(lc !2he#e &/

a$h!, -a#4e$!, an' #elg&(! /e!$0al!,n&$ $& -en$&n $he e0e# 2&2(la# -e$h&' &/

5.a#a&ne, Ancient Greek Lo1e Magic, 2g" HH").a#a&ne, Ancient Greek Lo1e Magic, 2g"55+"7S(ch a! PGM II"5;5+ Be$z, *he Greek Magical )a#yri6, 2g")F"Gene#ally $ha$ &/ an Egy2$an age!1(e #$(al, &cca!&nally !&-e$hng / -($(al l&0e< -e !-la#

$& a G#ee4 2hla !2ell"PGM I"+;57Be$z, *he Greek Magical )a#yri6, 2g"7+;*7, O$he# 0a#an$! e9!$"A! $e!$/e' $& y 0a#a$&n! n =e8el#y !e$$ng! !&-e $y2e! &/ =e8el#y eng e9cl(!0e $& &ne gen'e#

&$he#, !-alle# 2ece! 2#&aly eng 8n y 8&-enF, e$c"Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic2g" 5"

)7


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lea0ng &ne

en=&ye' n -a$$e#! &/ l&0e an' -a##age"+

Wha$ 8a! $#(e n callng '&8n -agcally n'(ce' 2a!!&n &n an&$he# n'0'(al

8a! al!& $he ca!e / #ngng '&8n 8#a$h an' -!/$(ne" C(#!e! 8e#e (!e' / a g#ea$

n(-e# &/ #ea!&n! y -e-e#! &/ &$h !e9e!, an' (!e' /#e1(en$ly a$ $ha$" B&$h 8&-en

an' -en e-2l&ye' $#a'$&nal Egy2$an #he$cal $echn1(e! an' 2#ac$cal -echanc!

$ha$ ha' een (2'a$e' $& #e/lec$ c&n$e-2a#y !ync#e$c $a!$e!"

H*

Male an' /e-ale

2#ac$$&ne#! #ele' &n #$(al !$a2le!, !(ch a! callng &n $he 0enge/(l na$(#e &/ ang#y

gh&!$! y lea0ng c(#!e $ale$! n g#a0e!, !&-e$-e! e0en 8#$ng $he# c(#!e! &n $he

&ne! &/ 'ea' h(-an! an-al! enl!$e' $& $he# ca(!e,H5$he (!e &/ e9ec#a$&n /g(#ne!

/g" 7 an' F an' #&4en 2&$!,H)an' (!ng $he# ene-e!< 2e#!&nal e//ec$! ?#elc!@ l4e

ha#F agan!$ $he-"H7B&$h !e9e! e-2l&ye' c(#!ng / a g#ea$ n(-e# &/ #ea!&n!, #angng

/#&- /a-ly '!2($e!, #0al#y n l&0e (!ne!!, 2#&$ec$&n, $& a22eal! $& $he# g&'!F $&

2(n!h &ne 8h& ha' c&--$$e' a c#-e agan!$ $he-"H

All n all, e9$an$ e0'ence !h&8! $ha$ c(#!ng, 2e#ha2! e0en -e $han l&0e -agc,

8a! a $#(ly e1(al &22$(n$y /- &/ #$(al 2&8e#, (!e' y 8&-en agan!$ -en a! 8ell

a! &$he# 8&-en, an' -en agan!$ &$h 8&-en an' &$he# -en" An' $h&(gh c(#!e! an'

e#&$c cha#-! 8e#e $8& &/ $he -&!$ 8'ely 2#ac$ce' /-! &/ #ela$0ely gen'e# ne($#al

HMeye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic2g" 5H"+E!2ecally 8hen c&-2a#e' $& $he cla!!cal A$henan 8&-en &/ .a#a&ne

Christian Magic2g" )*7;)*F"H)R$ne#, *he Mechanics o Ancient ,gy#tian Magical )ractice 2g 5;5"H7Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic2g" 5H"HU!(ally c&(che' n =('cal lang(age"

)


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#$(al! &/ 2&8e#, $hey 8e#e n&$ $he &nly &ne!" M&!$ /-! &/ '0na$&n! al!& '' n&$ al$e#

n $he# -ean! &/ an' #ea!&n! /F eng (!e'Ha!e' &n $he !e9 &/ $he 2#ac$$&ne#"

O$he# 2&2(la# 8ay! &/ ha#ne!!ng #$(al 2&8e# -an/e!$e' $he-!el0e! n 2#ac$ce!

$ha$ 8e#e, / $he -&!$ 2a#$, ($lze' n !-la# /a!h&n! y &$h !e9e!, ($ ncl('e

'!ce#nle !$#an! gen'e#e' y 0a#a$&n! n $he en'! $& 8hch $hey 8e#e e-2l&ye'"

S&-e e9a-2le! &/ $he!e 0a#an$! can e n&$e' n e9a-nng $#en'! n a2&$#&2ac -agc"

In $he la$e an$1(e 0e8 &/ $he 8l', n0!le 'ange#! /#&- e0l !2#$! $he -agcal

ac$&n! &/ &ne

One &/ $he -&!$ 2&2(la# -age! (!e' / 8a#'ng &// e0l /ce! n Egy2$ an'

&$he# a#ea! &/ $he Me'$e##anean an' Nea# Ea!$F 8a! -&!$ &/$en calle' $he %&ly R'e#"

Th! he#&c -&(n$e' /g(#e c&(l' e 'en$/e' 8$h 8a## !an$!, angel!, g&'!, an'

Ch#!$ h-!el/, an' l4ely 'e#0e' n 2a#$ /#&- ea#le# Egy2$an -age! &/ %(! !2ea#ng

Se$h n h! c#&c&'le /-"HHThe 8!e S&l&-&n 8a! /#e1(en$ly 'e2c$e' n $h! g(!e,

!ea$e' &n h!eac4 an' 2e#cng a /allen 'e-&nc /g(#e 8$h a lance /g" F" The 'e-&n

eng 0an1(!he' y $he %e#e8 4ng 8a! $y2cally a &(n' /e-ale /g(#e" Th!

2a#$c(la# nca#na$&n &/ S&l&-&n a! %&ly R'e# 8a! a #e/e#ence $& a 2a!!age /#&- $he

8'ely c#c(la$e' 6('e&;Ch#!$an -agcal-y!$cal $e9$ *he *estament o "olomon, n

8hch $he e2&ny-&(! -&na#ch an' -a!$e# !ce#e# n'! a !e#e! &/ 'e-&n! n$& !e#0ce

$& (l' h! $e-2le, /cng $he- $& c&n/e!! $he# $#(e na-e! an' $he 8ay! n 8hch $hey

HA! 8ll e '!c(!!e' a$ g#ea$e# leng$h la$e# n $h! 2a2e#"HMlle#, Pa$#ca C&9,Dreams in Late Antiquity2g" 7+"HMeye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic2g" 5*"HHA! R$ne# '!c(!!e! n !e0e#al a#$cle!"

)


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can e 'e/ea$e'"H+A-&ng $he 'e0l! 'e/ea$e' y S&l&-&n ! a /e-ale en$$y 4n&8n a!

Ayz&( a-&ng &$he# na-e!F, a Ll$h $y2e /en' 8h& a$$ac4! chl'#en"+*

G0en $h! h!$&la,+5$ha$ S&l&-&n a! %&ly R'e# 'e/ea$ng Ayz&( 8a! &ne &/

$he 2#ee-nen$ a2&$#&2ac -age! 2($ &n chl'#en

n'ca$e $ha$ $ 8a! 2#-a#ly -&$he#! 8h& $&&4 cha#ge &/ #$(ally 2#&$ec$ng $he#

chl'#en"+)The#e/e, $ can e a!!(-e' $ha$ a ce#$an 2e#cen$age &/ &=ec$! ea#ng $h!

2a#$c(la# $y2e &/ %&ly R'e# -age#y 8e#e (!e' y 8&-en, e$he# / $he# &8n

2#&$ec$&n / $ha$ &/ $he# &//!2#ng" Th! a!!e#$&n n n& 8ay '-n!he! $he

2&ly0alency &/ $he -eanng! an' (!e! a!!&ca$e' 8$h %&ly R'e# -age#y, 8hch 8e#e

ce#$anly /#e1(en$ly (!e' / &$h a2&$#&2ac an' healng 2(#2&!e! n&$ &nly y 8&-en

an' chl'#en ($ y -en a! 8ell" I$ ! h&8e0e# ll(!$#a$0e &/ 8'e# $#en'!: 8he#ea! &$h

-en an' 8&-en engage' n a2&$#&2ac #$(al! &/ 2&8e#, 8&-en $en'e' $& (!e $he!e an'

&$he# -agcal 2#ac$ce! 2oth&n $he# &8n ehal/ and &n ehal/ &/ $he# #ela$0e! -e

$han $he# -ale c&(n$e#2a#$!+7an' 8hle ce#$an -age! an' 2#ac$ce! 8e#e gene#ally

($lze' y &$h !e9e!, $he !a-e -age! an' 2#ac$ce! 8e#e al!& !&-e$-e! e-2l&ye'

n -e gen'e# !2ec/c 8ay!"

The !a-e !cena#&, &/ a 2&2(la# -agcal !y-&l an' a$$en'an$ #$(al eng

(!e' y &$h !e9e!, ($ al!& n a -e !2ec/cally gen'e#e' 8ay y /e-ale 2#ac$$&ne#!,

&cc(#! 8$hn $he ca$egy &/ $he n(-e#&(! #$(al! &/ 2&8e# '&ne / healng 2(#2&!e!"+

H+S2e#, Byzan$ne A-(le$!, 2g" 7;7"+*B&ha4,Ancient $e%ish Magic, 2g" 5H*"+5A /#ag-en$ &/ na##a$0e 8hch #ela$e' $& an' enhance' $he 2&8e# &/ a !2ell $ 2#e/ace'"+)S(ch a! 6&hn Ch#y!&!$&-


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. e9a-2le, n la$e an$1(e Egy2$, -e'c&;-agcal 2#e!c#2$&n! e9!$e' / al-&!$

e0e#y al-en$ -agnale"+A-&ng $h! &'y &/ le an n'na$ely la#ge n(-e# &/

#$(al!$c c(#e! 8e#e #e-e'e! / a'&-nal !!(e!"+A !y-&l c&n!'e#e' e!2ecally

e//cac&(! / $h! 2(#2&!e 8a! $he -age &/ $he l&n;hea'e' !e#2en$ Chn&(! /g" F"

Whle a'&-nal !!(e! n gene#al &0&(!ly $#&(le' Egy2$an! &/ e$he# gen'e#,

Chn&(!

$he 8&-"+Th! 4n' &/ (!e 8a! na$(#ally -e $he 2#&0nce &/ 8&-en,+Ha! 8a!

n0&4ng healng 2&8e#! &n ehal/ &/ $he# chl'#en"++

M(ch l4e /e-ale (!e &/ healng -agc '0e#ge' /#&- -ale 2#ac$ce acc'ng $&

8ha$ heal$h !!(e! 8e#e 8e#e n&$ &/ c&nce#n $& $he 2a#$c(la# gen'e# n 1(e!$&n, !&-e

#$(al! &/ 2&8e# 8e#e only2#ac$ce' y &n ehal/ &/ 8&-en5**eca(!e $hey &nly

a22le' $& $he /e-ale e92e#ence" R$(al! &/ 2&8e# $ha$ 8e#e /&c(!e' e9cl(!0ely &n $he

/e-ale &'y 8e#e $he '&-an &/ /e-ale 2#ac$$&ne#! / 2e#/-e' y a -ale

2#ac$$&ne#, '&ne !& &nly &n ehal/ &/ a 8&-anF" One &/ $he -&!$ -2$an$ ca$ege! &/

-agc $ha$ 8a! gene#ally 2#ac$ce' &nly y / 8&-en 8a! $ha$ 8hch 8a! -ean$ $&

enhance /e-ale /e#$l$y" One &/ $he #$(al (!e! &/ $he -any eng-a$c clay /g(#ne!,

2&!!ly #e2#e!en$ng g&''e!!e!, /&(n' a$ !$e! all &0e# la$e an$1(e Egy2$an !$e! /g" F

+A! Ga#y 4an '!c(!!e! a$ leng$h n ?A#$, Me'cne, an' Magc n Ea#ly Byzan$(-@ D(-a#$&n Oa4!

Pa2e#!, &l" 7H, Sy-2&!(- &n Byzan$ne Me'cne 5+HF, 22" ;HF"+Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 5H"+B#a'y, *he iconogra#hy o magical o23ects used 2y %omen6, 2g" )"+HTh&(gh &''ly, n&$ e9cl(!0ely, &cca!&nally hysteracha#-! !ee- $& ha0e een e-2l&ye' $& hel2 8$h-ale a'&-nal '!c&-/$"

++Wl/&ng, Women o $eme, 2g" 5*7"5**Whch ! h&8 I a- e!!en$ally 'e/nng ?8&-en

2&8e# $ha$ 8&-en 8e#e !&-eh&8 n0&l0e' n, e$he# y 2#ac$cng $he- $he-!el0e!, ha0ng $he- 2#ac$ce'&n $he-/ $he-, &$h" I ha0e ncl('e' n $h! 2a2e# &$h #$(al! 8hch 8e#e $y2cally &nly '&ne y/

8&-en, 2#ac$ce! $ha$ &$h !e9e! 2a#$c2a$e' n n !h$, any 4n' &/ -agc la$e an$1(e Egy2$an

8&-en /#e1(en$ly e-2l&ye'" Whle 2e#/-ng a #$(al &ne

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8a! $he enhance-en$ &/ /e#$l$y5*5A#chae&l&gcal e0'ence !(gge!$! $ha$ $he!e /g(#e!

8e#e /#e1(en$ly (!e' a! h&(!eh&l' 0&$0e! y 8&-en, 'eca$e' 8$h /l&8e#! an' &$he#

&//e#ng! $& n0&4e $he /a0 &/ /e-ale hghe# 2&8e#! / /e#$l$y an' &$he# le!!ng!"5*)

The !a-e le0el &/ gen'e# e9cl(!0$y 8a! a$$ache' $& 2#ac$ce! c&nce#ne' 8$h

2#egnancy, !(ch a! !2ell! an' $&4en! n$en'e' $& 2#&$ec$ $he /e$(! an' -&$he#, l4e a !2ell

/&(n' 8#$$en &n $he ac4 &/ a 2a2y#(! le$$e# en$#ea$ng,

O g&' &/ S$" Le&n$(!V I/ I !$ay a$ $h! h&(!e 8he#e I a- an' #e-an n!'e 8$h J-yK

-&$he#, -y hea#$ 8ll e a$ #e!$ an' !hall ea# a l0ng chl'>"

$8& #e-anng lne! a#e &!c(#eF5*7

R$(al! -ean$ $& en!(#e =(!$ $he &22&!$e &/ /e#$l$y an' a !a/e 2#egnancy, $ha$ !

c&n$#ace2$0e an' a$0e 2#ac$ce!, 8e#e al!& 8&-en

Th#&(gh&($ all &/ $he!e 0a#e' $y2&l&ge!, $he gen'e#ng &/ #$(al! &/ 2&8e# n la$e

an$1(e Egy2$ gene#ally /&ll&8e' a c&n!!$en$ 2a$$e#n, &ne $ha$ #ela$e! $& $he !&c&;

c(l$(#al #&le! a$$#($e' $& $he# 2#ac$$&ne#!" De!#e! / l&0e, 0engeance, an' n!gh$

n$& &ne

e9ec#a$0e, '0na$y a-! 8e#e 2#ac$ce' n $he !a-e 8ay" Whe#ea! &$h -en an'

8&-en /el$ $he nee' $& 2#&$ec$ $he-!el0e! /#&- h&!$le /ce! an' $&&4 ca#e &/ $he#

5*5An' !$e! 'a$ng $& ea#le# 2e#&'! a! 8ell"5*)Wl/&ng, Women o $eme, 2g" 55;55" S&-e &/ $he!e /g(#ne! ha0e al!& een /&(n' n -&na!$c

c&n$e9$! n'ca$ng $ha$ 8hle $hey -ay ha0e een -e 2&2(la# 8$h 8&-en -en al!& ($lze' $he!e?g&''e!!@ /g(#e! a$ $-e! an&$he# e9a-2le &/ h&8 -agcal 2#a9! 8a! &/$en n&$ gen'e# e9cl(!0e n la$e

an$1(e Egy2$"5*7Rylan'! 5** Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic2g" 5)F" D#" We!$e#/el' 2&n$e' &($ $& -e $ha$

$h! $e9$ c&(l' al!& e a 1(e!$&n eng 2($ $& $he !an$


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heal$h $h#&(gh -agcal -ean!, 8&-en al!& $&&4 &n $he #e!2&n!l$y &/ !(2e#na$(#ally

!hel'ng an' healng $he# chl'#en a! 2a#$ &/ $he# -&$he#ly '($e!"5*O$he# 2#ac$ce! $e'

$& -&$he#h&&', /e-ale #e2#&'(c$&n, an' a 8&-an

n Egy2$an la$e an$1($y c&n!e1(en$ly, $he #$(al! &/ 2&8e# $ha$ #ela$e' $& $he- 8e#e

2e#/-e' y /e-ale 2#ac$$&ne#! an' / /e-ale clen$!"

In !h$, (!e! &/ 2e#!&nal #$(al 2&8e# $ha$ 8e#e !ha#e' e$8een $he !e9e! #ela$e'

$& /(nc$&n! $ha$ &$h gen'e#! 2e#/-e' n !&ce$y, 8hle (n1(ely /e-nne

-a!c(lne -agc 8a! c&nce#ne' 8$h !!(e! $ha$ a22le' &nly $& -en $& 8&-en" Th!

! &nly #ea!&nale 8hen &ne c&n!'e#! =(!$ h&8 'ee2ly an' (1($&(!ly -agcal ele/

an' 2#a9! 8e#e 8&0en n$& $he /a#c &/ $he la$e an$1(e Egy2$an 2&2(la# c&n!c&(!ne!!"

The e!&$e#c 8a! 2#e!en$ n $he e0e#y'ay, !& -en


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"Clay /g(#ne (!e' n e#&$c !2ell A2h#&'$e eng#a0e' &n cnelan

)n'cen$(#y CE %ellen!$c 2e#&'

L&(0#e n0"E)5F O9/' 7 5H+)"55F

.g(#e 7

Ancen$ Egy2$an clay e9ec#a$&n /g(#eB#(!!el! M(!ee! R&ya(9 '


34/138

%ae-a$$e a-(le$ 'e2c$ng S&l&-&n a!

%&ly R'e# 3el!ey M(!e(- )*+)F

T8& %ellen!$c kolossoi #$(al 2&22e$!F/#&- Del&! &(n' / (!e n e9ec#a$&n

.g(#e

Chn&(! 8$h egg!, !e#2en$ne n$agl&,

5!$;$h c" CE 3el!ey )55HF

.g(#e

75


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.e-ale !$a$(e$$e /&(n' a$ $he !h#ne &/ S$" Mena! a$ A( Mna, c#ca

$h

c" CE AN 5H)"*), ca" 5:5, clayF A!h-&lean M(!e(-

7)


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III" ?AN EACT MET%OD .OR EERYT%ING:@5*

A CASEBOO3 O. WOMEN


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hel#er or me %hether 2y day or 2y night. Adonel ,rmarum Cho2aoth /aracha Latem

Chael "a#hon 5 true hidden god hear me today. *he one %ho sits u#on his ealted

throne-- e1ery s#irit o hea1en and earth trem2les 2eore 8him9. *hey ear 8his holy

name %hich9 is ao "a2aoth Adonai ,lo8i9 %ho 2y his #o%er releases e1eryone %ho is

a #risoner ou must destroy e1ery s#irit and e1ery #o%er o the de1il6; '


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#gn Ma#y $& #ea4 a##e#! an' '!2el 'e-&nc !2#$! 8a! $he 2#&2e#$y &/ &$h

!e9e!"55 Th&(gh $he 'e2$h &/ -ale 'e0&$&n $& Ma#y 8hch 8a! al!& e9$en!0eF !h&(l'

n n& 8ay e '!c&(n$e', $ ! n&$ ha#' $& -agne $ha$ n a c(l$(#al -le( n 8hch $he

-&$he# &/ G&' 8a! hel' (2 a! $he e2$&-e &/ 8ha$ Ch#!$an 8&-en !h&(l' !ee4 $&

e-(la$e, -any /e-ale 2#ac$$&ne#! -(!$ ha0e /el$ a 2a#$c(la# a//n$y / Ma#an

-agc"55 The !2ecal a$$ach-en$ &/ 8&-en n $he la$e Ea!$e#n Me'$e##anean $& Ma#y a!

a !&(#ce &/ n(-n&(! 2&8e# e0en !&-e$-e! -an/e!$e' $!el/ n #$(al! $ha$ 8e#e

e9cl(!0ely a /e-ale '&-an, !(ch a! $he $#a'$&n 2#ac$ce' y la$e an$1(e Th#acan an'

A#aan 8&-en &/ -a4ng !2ecal ca4e! n $he na-e &/ Ma#y, ga$he#ng $&ge$he# $& &//e#

$he- $& he#, an' ?n he# na-e /(nc$&nng a! 2#e!$! / 8&-en"@55

I$ -(!$ ha0e al!& !ee-e' a 2a#$c(la#ly 2&8e#/(l $hng / a %oman $& !2ea4 $he

8'! ?I a- Ma#y"@ Th! 4n' &/ #$(al n 8hch 2#ac$$&ne#! 'en$/y $he-!el0e! a!, an'

$h(! 2lay $he #&le &/ ?eng / $ha$ '(#a$&n an' 2(#2&!e an e-&'-en$ &/ @55$he

'0ne eng $hey a#e !ee4ng $& ge$ n $&(ch 8$h ! an -2$an$ a!2ec$ &/ Egy2$an

-agcal 2#a9! 8hch gna$e' n $he ancen$ 2e#&' an' c&n$n(e' n$& C&2$c (!age"55H

Ta4ng &n $he 0e#y #&le &/ Ma#y '(#ng $he #$(al 8&(l' ha0e een !een a! g#ea$ly

nc#ea!ng $he e9c!$c e//cacy &/ $he 2#&ce!!"

E9c!$c lang(age n 8hch e0l ! c&--an'e' $& /lee e/e $he 8'! an'

-age! eng !(--&ne' y $he !2ea4e# ! an&$he# /#e1(en$ $#&2e n la$e ancen$ Egy2$an

55Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 7"

55C#ng$&n, Gal Pa$e#!&n"+er !mage o "al1ation: &emale "a1iors and &ormati1e Christianity"L&(!0lle, 3Y: We!$-n!$e# 6&hn 3n&9 P#e!!, 5++), 2g" 5)"55C#ng$&n, Gal Pa$e#!&n"+er !mage o "al1ation, 2g" 55;5)" A! 'e!c#e' y $he h#/e'E22han(!" C#ng$&n !ay! $h! 2#ac$ce e!!en$ally &//e#! Ma#y $he !a-e a'(la$&n $#a'$&nally g0en $&

M''le Ea!$e#n -&$he# g&''e!!e!, -a4ng $ l4ely $ha$ !&-e$hng !-la#c&n!'e#ng $he a!!-la$&n &/

-(ch &/ la$e an$1(e I!! c(l$ n$& Ma#an c(l$; 2#&aly 8en$ &n a-&ng Egy2$an 8&-en a! 8ell" Pe#ha2!

an &//e#ng &/ !(ch a ca4e $& Ma#y -ay ha0e e0en een c&n!'e#e' a 2#&2e# acc&-2an-en$ $& a !2ell l4e$he &ne (n'e# '!c(!!&n n $h! !ec$&n"55Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 5"55HMeye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 5;5H"

7


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a2&$#&2aa, a! 8ell a! $he healng -agc !nce &/$en $he 'e-&n! eng '!2elle' a#e

n&$e' a! eng '!ea!e ca(!ngF n$& 8hch $ &/$en len'e'" The n0&ca$&n &/ $he na-e!

&/ G&'55+ha! a l&ng h!$y n 6('e&;Ch#!$an -agc $#a'$&n! a! 8ell, n a''$&n $&

2a#allel! n 2agan $e9$! n 8hch $he !ec#e$ na-e! &/ I!! an' &$he# 'e$e! a#e n&$e' a!

eng /(ll &/ !ec#e$ #$(al 2&8e#"5)*

The 'e-&n;'!2ellng /ce &/ $h! a2&$#&2ac #$(al 8a! n&$ &nly c&ncen$#a$e' n

$he 0e#al n0&ca$&n! -a'e y $he #$(al! ($ n $he -a$e#al 2#&'(c$! 8hch 8e#e

cha#ge' 8$h 2&8e# '(#ng $he !2ea4ng &/ $he !2ell" G&' ! en$#ea$e' $& !$#e$ch &($ h!

?>n0!le, e9al$e' a#-, an' le!! $h! 8a$e# an' $h! &l, an' !eal $he-,@

5)5

8$h 8hch

$he !2ea4e# 8ll la$e# 8a!h an' an&n$ he#h-!el/5))$& gan /a0 an' 2#&$ec$&n" A/$e#

$he #$(al 8a! '&ne, $! 2&8e# 8&(l' #e-an n $he 8a$e# an' &l, 8hch c&(l' $hen e

4e2$ #ea'y a$ han' / clean!ng an' 8a#'ng &// e0l !2#$! a! $he nee' -gh$ a#!e" In

e//ec$, $he #$(al a-&(n$e' $& a 4n' &/ ?'& $ y&(#!el/@ -e$h&' / 2#&'(cng !2#$(ally

e//cac&(! l1('!, l4e $h&!e 8hch 8e#e c&llec$e' a! e(l&ga a$ 2lg#-age cen$e#!"5)7

The !l0e# /la!4 2#e!c#e' n $he l!$ &/ &//e#ng! $& e -a'e / $he Ma#an #$(al

8a! l4ely n$en'e' $& la$e# h&l' $he le!!e' 8a$e# &l, agan -(ch n $he -anne# &/

8a$e# an' &l $a4en /#&- 2lg#- !h#ne!, #&(gh$ h&-e n a-2(llae / la$e# #$(al (!e y

'e0&$ee!" In !&-e 0e#!&n! &/ $he #$(al, $he !l0e# /la!4 8a! !(22&!e' $& al#ea'y e /(ll &/

'(!$" The '(!$ n 1(e!$&n 8&(l' -&!$ l4ely e '(!$ $a4en /#&- !&-e !2#$(ally

!gn/can$ l&ca$&n, -eanng $ha$ $h! 0a#a$&n -ay e a #e/e#ence $& ac$(ally &//e#ng a

2lg#-age a-2(lla a! an e!2ecally h&ly an' /$$ng 0&$0e g/$, n!$ea' &/ -a4ng $he

55+A! 8ell a! $he na-e! &/ Ma#y"5)*. e9a-2le Sch-'$ 5, an e#&$c !2ell n 8hch I!! !2ea4! &/ $he 2&8e# &/ he# na-e!"5)5Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" )H"5))%- n $he ca!e &/ $he gnal L&n'&n -an(!c#2$ &/ c&(#!e"5)7An' $h! ! n&$ $he &nly e9a-2le &/ C&2$c !2ell! / -(ng &l 8a$e# 8$h !2#$(al 2&8e#"

7


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/la!4 n$& &ne"

A-2(llae c&(l' e -a'e &/ /ne -a$e#al l4e !l0e#;; &$he# !l0e#;c&le'

-e$al! !(ch a! 2e8$e# /g" 5*F -e c&--&nly clay !(ch a! $he c&llec$&n &/ /la!4!

/&(n' a$ $he 2&2(la# Egy2$an 2lg#-age !h#ne &/ S$" Mena! a$ A( Mna, !&-e &/

8hch ea# $he -age &/ S$" Thecla /g" 55F, a !an$ $ha$ !&-e !ch&la#! 'en$/y a!

2a#$c(la#ly 2&2(la# 8$h 8&-en"5)A! Ga#y 4an '!c(!!e! n,arly /y0antine

)ilgrimage Art, a-2(llae $he-!el0e! 8e#e c&n!'e#e' $& e &/ g#ea$ a-(le$c 0al(e, $&

$he 2&n$ $ha$ e9a-2le! e9!$ $ha$ 2#&aly ne0e# c&n$ane' any l1(' a$ all ($ !e#0e' a!

2#&$ec$0e a-(le$! / $he ea#e# !-2ly eca(!e &/ $he 2&8e#/(lly a2&$#&2ac an' healng

a!!&ca$&n! $he# !ha2e! c&nn&$e'"5)

The &$he# 2#&$ec$0e -a$e#al c#ea$e' '(#ng $he #$(al a22ea#! $& e a 2a2y#(!

a-(le$ /g" +F" E9a-2le! &/ 2#&$ec$0e 2a2y# a-(le$! a#e e9$#e-ely c&--&n n la$e

ancen$ Egy2$an c&n$e9$!, an' $he &ne eng /a!h&ne' n $h! !2ell $#a'$&n '!2lay!

-any 2&2(la# -&$/!" .#!$, $he#e ! $he -agcal (!e &/ ge&-e$#c a##ange-en$! &/ 8'!

an' le$$e#!, he#e an e9a-2le &/ $he a(!2c&(! -agc $#angle a##ange-en$,5)a $#a'$&n

8hch 2#&aly ha! $! #&&$! n G#ec&;R&-an 2hl&!&2he! &/ $he !2#$(al 2#&2e#$e! &/

ge&-e$#y a! e92&(n'e' y Py$haga! an' h! a'-#e#!" Sec&n', $he#e a#e $he -agcal

cha#ac$e#! 4n&8n a! ?#ng !gn!@ /g" 5)F, ge&-e$#c /g(#e! 8hch ea# a ce#$an

#e!e-lance $& le$$e#! 8$h&($ ac$(ally ha0ng any 2h&ne$c -eanng, cha#ac$e#ze' y

!-all c#cle! a$$ache' $& $he en'! &/ $he# lne!"5)They a#e (1($&(! n a-(le$c

5)Da0!, S$e2hen 6" *he cult o "t. *hecla: a tradition o %omen4s #iety in late antiquity"O9/': O9/'Un0e#!$y P#e!!, )**5 '!c(!!e! $h! $hey a$ leng$h"5)4an, Ga#y",arly /y0antine )ilgrimage Art ?Re1ised ,dition7. Wa!hng$&n D"C": D(-a#$&n Oa4!,

)*5*, 2g"*"5)Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 7"5)3a#0e#, A#=a" ?Magc an' Sync#e$c Relg&(! C(l$(#e n $he Ea!$@ n G8ynn, Da0' M", S(!anne

Bange#$ an' L(4e La0an e'!"Religious Di1ersity in Late Antiquity" Le'en, Ne$he#lan'!: B#ll, )*5*, 2g"

*"

7
http://uofl.worldcat.org/title/cult-of-st-thecla-a-tradition-of-womens-piety-in-late-antiquity/oclc/669712127&referer=brief_resultshttp://uofl.worldcat.org/title/cult-of-st-thecla-a-tradition-of-womens-piety-in-late-antiquity/oclc/669712127&referer=brief_resultshttp://uofl.worldcat.org/title/cult-of-st-thecla-a-tradition-of-womens-piety-in-late-antiquity/oclc/669712127&referer=brief_results


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c&n$e9$! /#&- all &0e# $he la$e an$1(e Me'$e##anean 8l'" Th#', $he#e a#e $he za##e

an$h#&2&-hc hal&e'F /g(#e!, 8hch -ay 2&!!ly #e2#e!en$ angelc eng!" .&(#$h,

$he#e ! $he na-e &/ 6e!(! Ch#!$, 8#$$en a&0e an al2ha an' &-ega"5)HTh! c&-na$&n

&/ -agcally a##ange' le$$e#! an' 8'! 8$h 2#&$ec$0e -age! c&n!$$($e! a $y2cal

a##ange-en$ / a-(le$c 2a2y#"

The e//cacy &/ $he 8'! an' -age! ! /(#$he# enhance' n&$ &nly y $he

n0&ca$&n! acc&-2anyng $he# n!c#2$&n ($ y $he -agcal n4 (!e' $& 8#$e $he- &($

a! 8ell" The ng#e'en$! / $h! n4 c&-2#!e' a 1(n$e!!en$ally e9&$c c&llec$&n &/

an-al, -ne#al, an' 2lan$ -a$e#al!, $y2cal &/ $#a'$&n! a$$#($ng -agcal an'

-e'cnal 2#&2e#$e! $& na$(#ally &cc(##ng ?!-2le!@5)+$ha$ e9!$e' &$h n ancen$

Egy2$an an' G#ec&;R&-an c(l$(#e!" The -agcal a!!&ca$&n! g0en $& an ng#e'en$

8e#e &/$en a!e' &n $he !(!$ance n 1(e!$&n eng c&n!'e#e' a /a0$e &/ !&-e

2a#$c(la# 'e$y, &n $he l&gc &/ $he '&c$#ne &/ !gna$(#e!57* 8'2lay a! 8a!

c&--&nly (!e' n ea#le# Egy2$an -agcF575" I$ c&(l' e $ha$ $he l&&' &/ a 8h$e '&0e

/g(#e! n $he n4 #ec2e n $h! #$(al eca(!e $he #', !een a! a !y-&l &/ 2(#$y, 57)8a!

c&n!'e#e' e!2ecally /$$ng / (!e n a !2ell n 8hch $he #$(al!$ $a4e! &n $he #&le &/

$he h&ly #gn" The 2&$ n 8hch $he le!!e' 8a$e# ! hel' ! al!& an&n$e' 8$h a !2ecal

5)HThe !gn/cance &/ $he!e !gn! / a-(le$c 2(#2&!e! #ela$e $& $he# #e/e#ence $& Ch#!$

e$e#n$y"5)+Sca#&(gh, 6&hn" ?Ea#ly Byzan$ne Pha#-ac&l&gy,@ 2g" )5"57*The '&c$#ne &/ !gna$(#e! hel' $ha$ 0!(al #e!e-lance e$8een a 2lan$ an' a &'y 2a#$ -ean$ $ha$ 2lan$

8&(l' e e//ec$0e n $#ea$ng al-en$! &/ $ha$ gan"575The !!(e &/ 8'2lay, an' &/ $he 8#$ng &/ -agc 2a2y# n gene#al, #a!e! -2$an$ !!(e! a&($

8&-en

2e#ha2! -e#ely l$e#a$e ac1(an$ance! 8h& 8e#en


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len' &/ -agcal ng#e'en$! e/e $he #$(al"577

The a-(le$c 2a2y# n!c#e' '(#ng $he #$(al 8&(l' ha0e l4ely la$e# een $e'

/ 8ea#ng a! a 2hylac$e#y, a! !& -any C&2$c -agcal 2a2y# 8e#e"57A /&l'e' 2a2y#(!

c&(l' e !-2ly !$a!he' !&-e8he#e n $he 'e0&$ee

$ c&(l' e n c&n$ac$ 8$h $he !4n an' $h(! $#an!/e# $! 2#&$ec$0e 2&8e# -e '#ec$ly $&

$! ea#e#" O# $he 2a2y#(! c&(l' e #&lle' an' !ec#e$e' n a 2#&$ec$0e -e$al $(e;ca!ng

h(ng /#&- a chan /g" 57F" Th! 4n' &/ 2hylac$e#y nec4lace 8a! 2&2(la# $h#&(gh&($ $he

la$e an$1(e Me'$e##anean, 8$h !&-e (!e#! e0en 8ea#ng $he- $& $he# g#a0e!" 57

In !h$, $he (!e &/ a #$(al &/ 2&8e# el&ngng $& $he '!$nc$0e C&2$c $#a'$&n

&/ 8ha$ -gh$ e $e#-e' ?Ma#an -agc@ 8&(l' ha0e een a 2&8e#/(lly a$$#ac$0e /-

&/ a2&$#&2ac -agc / la$e an$1(e Egy2$an 8&-en" I$ 8a! 8h&lly n 4ee2ng 8$h

c&--&n 2#ac$ce! / 0e#ally e9c!ng 'e-&n!, enhance' y !el/;'en$/ca$&n 8$h

h&ly 2&8e#!" I$ al!& &//e#e' a 8ay $& g#&(n' $he 2&8e# $& 8a#' &// e0l n -a$e#al

&=ec$! &n &ne

"ouere *hartha *ha2aaththa *hath /athath Lathai Achra A2athai Ae. Make the %om2 o

6.attain the condition rom god and 2e %ithout inlammation %ithout danger al%ays

%ithout #ain no% t%o times at once t%o times

8Write it on a #iece o sil1er %hen the moon is %aning and re#eat it %hile you #our

577Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" )HH"57Meye# an' S-$h

7+


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%arm sea %ater o1er it. *hen take a tut o %hite %ool and di# it in the %ater and tuck it

under the sil1er or orty-our days.9'

Th! n0&ca$&n an' $! acc&-2anyng #$(al n!$#(c$&n!, /&(n' n a !-all C&2$c

&&4 n&8 4n&8n a! Mchgan 57, -(!$ ha0e een a !$a2le n $he #e2e#$e &/ heale#!

ca$e#ng $& /e-ale clen$!, -any &/ 8h&- 8e#e $he-!el0e! 8&-en" 57 Th! -an(!c#2$

el&ng! $& $he $#a'$&n &/ la$e an$1(e -agcal ?#ec2e &&4!@ 8hch 2#&0'e' #$(al

#e-e'e! / a 8'e a##ay &/ c&--&n c&-2lan$!,57Hhan'ly c&llec$e' n$& a 4n' &/ all

2(#2&!e #e/e#ence g('e / $he '&c$-agcan" In a''$&n $& $h! c(#e / n/la--a$&n

&/ $he ($e#(!, Mchgan 57 al!& 2#&0'e! c(#e! / g&($, eye '!ea!e, $ee$hng 2an!,

/e0e#!, 2#egnancy an' chl'#$h, c#yng ae!, a'&-nal 2#&le-!, -algnance!, !4n

'!ea!e!, hea'ache, $&&$hache, ea#ache, he-#h&'! an' &$he# !e!, c&n!$2a$&n, /&&$

'!ea!e, -en$al llne!!, an' n/e!$a$&n! &/ 0e#-n"

Snce $h! an' !e0e#al &$he# !2ell! n $he -an(!c#2$ a#e c&nce#ne' 8$h al-en$!

&/ $he 8&- an' &$he# /e-nne c&-2lan$!, $he la$e ancen$ Egy2$an &cc(l$ c&&4&&4

$e!$/e! $& $he g#ea$ 2#e&cc(2a$&n 8$h ($e#ne heal$h n la$e an$1($y 8hch can e !een

2#&-nen$ly n $! -agc,57+e!2ecally g0en $he n(-e# &/ -agcal ge-! $ha$ 8e#e

eng#a0e' 8$h !y-&l! an' n0&ca$&n! n$en'e' $& 2#&$ec$ $he 8&- an' 4ee2 $ n $!

2#&2e# 2lace" The ($e#ne c&n&g#a2hy 2e#ha2! -&!$ '!c(!!e' a-&ng !ch&la#! &/ a#$

h!$y,5*$he hy#' c#ea$(#e Chn&(!, a22ea#! &n a-(le$! n&$ &nly n !&la$&n ($ al!&

n /#e1(en$ c&n=(nc$&n 8$h !che-a$ze' #e2#e!en$a$&n! &/ $he 8&- $!el/ an' Egy2$an

57Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic2g" H"57Ol'e# 8&-en 8h& ac$e' a! heale#! a#e #e/e#ence' n la$e an$1(e $e9$!, a! 8ll e '!c(!!e' la$e# n $h!

2a2e#"57HM&!$ a#e -e'cal ($ !&-e$-e! $hey a''#e!! 2!ych&l&gcal c&-2lan$! an' $he !&cal ll! &/ e0e#y'ayl/e"57+Na-ely, n $he n(-e#&(! a-(le$! an' !2ell! $ha$ a''#e!! ($e#ne !!(e!"5*Al-&!$ e0e#y $e9$ 8hch $&(che! &n gen'e#e' c&n&g#a2hy n la$e an$1(e -agc '!c(!!e! Chn&(!"

*


44/138

'e$e!, !(ch a! I!!, a!!&ca$e' 8$h $he g&0e#nance &/ /e#$l$y" A hae-a$$e a-(le$ /#&-

$he 3el!ey M(!e(-

&0e#!e &/ $h! ge- an O(#&&! a -y!$c !y-&l c&n!!$ng &/ a !na4e ea$ng $! &8n

$al an' $h(! /-ng a c&n$n(&(! c#cleF encl&!e! a !y-&lc #e2#e!en$a$&n &/ $he ($e#(!

l&c4e' y a 4ey, 8$h $he g&' 3hn&(- $&(chng $he 4n& &/ $, n'ca$ng $he 'e$y

al$y $& c&n$#&l $he &2enng /e#$l$yF l&c4ng c&n$#ace2$&n, 2#&$ec$&n /#&-

'!ea!e!F, &/ $he 8&-"5)A&0e $he 8&-, I!! an' Ne2h$hy! /lan4 $he =ac4al hea'e'

An(! an' an (n'en$/e' /g(#e, an' lne! a#e n!c#e' $ha$ ncl('e $he 6('e&;Ch#!$an

na-e Saa&$h"

57

On $he #e0e#!e ! an&$he# n!c#2$&n, -agcal cha#a4$e#e! -agcal

2!e('&;le$$e#ngF, an' Chn&(!"

N&$ &nly 8e#e !(ch ge-! en'&8e' 8$h #$(al 2&8e# eca(!e &/ $he#

c&n&g#a2hy, ($ $he !$&ne! $hey 8e#e eng#a0e' &n 8e#e al!& ele0e' $& ca##y nhe#en$ly

-e'c&;-agcal 2&8e#!"5%ae-a$$e 8a! c&n!'e#e' e!2ecally e//cac&(! /

c&n$#&llng $he l&&', !& $! (!e n healng $he 8&-, 8$h -en!$#(a$&n an' (n8an$e'

!!(e! &/ l&&' /#&- -!ca##age eng g#ea$ c&nce#n!, ! (n'e#!$an'aly 2&2(la#"5

Bl&&' =a!2e# g#een =a!2e# -&$$le' 8$h #e'F an' #e' =a!2e# ha' a !-la# cache$ an' 8e#e

al!& (!e' / ($e#ne a-(le$!, ncl('ng an&$he# $y2e, (n'e# $he !ac#e' 2a$#&nage &/ $he

ancen$ Egy2$an -!$#e!! &/ -agc an' /e#$l$y, ca#0e' !$&ne 0e#!&n! &/ $he I!! 3n&$

/g 5F"5S& calle' ?0(l0a !$&ne!@ 8e#e a22a#en$ly al!& !een a! hghly e//cac&(!,

2#e!c#e' $& 8&-en n C&2$c -e'c&;-agcal $e9$!, ($ $he !2ec/c! &/ $he# -a$e#al$y

55B&ha4, G'e&n" *raditions o magic in late antiquity" Ann A#: Un0e#!$y &/ Mchgan, 5++, 2g" 5+"5)Th! c&n&g#a2hy &/ a -agc 4ey l&c4ng an' (nl&c4ng $he ($e#(! ! c&--&n a$ $h! 2e#&'"57Th! ! an&$he# 2#-e e9a-2le &/ =(!$ h&8 !ync#e$c la$e an$1(e Egy2$an -agc $#(ly 8a!"5S/a-en, Ca#la" ?Magc n La$e An$1($y: E0'ence &/ Magcal Ge-!,@ 2g" 5"5S/a-en, Ca#la" ?Magc n La$e An$1($y: E0'ence &/ Magcal Ge-!,@ 2g" 5"5C#ng$&n,+er !mage o "al1ation2g" +"

5


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#eally -&!$ !2ec/c! a&($ $he-F #e-an &!c(#e"5

The Mchgan 57 !2ell / c(#ng n/la--a$&n &/ $he ($e#(! n!$#(c$! $ha$ $!

n0&ca$&n &/ $he !ec#e$ na-e! &/ I!! e n!c#e' &n !l0e#,5H !l0e# eng an&$he#

-a$e#al ele0e' $& ha0e g#ea$ n(-n&(! 2&8e#" In la$e an$1($y !l0e# 8a! c&nnec$e'

8$h $he -&&n, an' 'e$e! 8$h l(na# a!!&ca$&n! a#e #eg(la#ly n0&4e' n la$e an$1(e

#$(al! &/ 2&8e#, a! $he# #ec(##ence $h#&(gh&($ $he G#ee4 an' De-&$c -agc 2a2y# an'

&n a-(le$! a$$e!$!"5+W&-en ?'#a8ng '&8n $he -&&n@ $& ha#ne!! $! 2&8e# / #$(al

2(#2&!e! 8a! a c(l$(#al $#&2e n $he Me'$e##anean n $he la$e an$1(e 2e#&', 8$h #&&$!

g&ng ac4 a$ lea!$ $& cla!!cal an$1($y, / n&$ e/e,

5*

a22ea#ng n l$e#a$(#e an'

'e2c$e' &n 0a!e! /g 5F" The $a#n!hng &/ !l0e# 8a! ln4e' 8$h $he 2ha!e! &/ $he

-&&n an' $h(! c&nnec$e' $& $he -en!$#(al cycle, !& $he (!e &/ !l0e# n an e!!en$ally

($e#ne !2ell ! l&gcal"55

D(e $& all &/ $he!e a!!&ca$&n!, !l0e# 8a! a /a0e' -e$al / /a!h&nng

8&-en

4an n&$e!, $he cycle! &/ Ch#!$&l&gcal an' Ma#anF !cene! &n $he!e a#-an'! can

5A! $hey a#e #e/e##e' $& n a n(-e# &/ -agcal healng #ec2e!"5HThe /-a$ &/ $he l!$ n 8hch $he !2ell (n'e# '!c(!!&n n $h! !ec$&n a22ea#! -a4e! $ !&-e8ha$

'ea$ale 8he$he# $h! n!$#(c$&n ! -ean$ $& e a$$ache' $& $he /&ll&8ng /-(la / ($e#ne n/la--a$&n n&$" %&8e0e#, g0en $he a!!&ca$&n &/ !l0e# 8$h ($e#ne heal$h n &$he# !&(#ce! /#&- $he #eg&n, I

ele0e $ !"5+De$e! !(ch a! A#$e-!, Selene, 3h&n!(, an' g&''e!!e! al!& a!!&ca$e' 8$h $he (n'e#8l', =(!$ $&

na-e a /e8"5*Danel, Og'en"Magic Witchcrat and Ghosts, 2g" )7" Th&(gh $he -age &/ ?'#a8ng '&8n $he -&&n@

! a G#ec&;R&-an $#a'$&n, 8&-en al!& ha0e a!!&ca$&n! 8$h '#a8ng &n l(na# ene#gy / -agcal2(#2&!e! n Egy2$ an' Me!&2&$a-a"554an, Ga#y" ?A#$, Me'cne, an' Magc n Ea#ly Byzan$(-,@ 2g" H"5)?%e Tha$ D8ell! n $he %el2 &/ $he M&!$ %gh@"

)


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e #ea' a! 0e#!e! n a ?0!(al a#e$al&gy"@57La$e an$1(e a#e$al&gcal hy-n!, l4e $he

3y-e A#e$al&gy n 2#a!e &/ I!!,5e9$&lle' $he 0#$(e! &/ a 'e$y an' #ec$e' h! he#

-&!$ gl&(! 'ee'!"5 By 'e2c$ng $he -&!$ -2$an$ nc'en$! /#&- $he l/e &/ Ch#!$,

$he a#-an'! '' $h#&(gh -age! 8ha$ $he hy-n! '' n 8'!" The !l0e# l&c(! !anc$

a#-an'! an' $he ($e#ne !2ell /#&- Mchgan 57 &$h ($lze $he !a-e 2&8e#/(l

c&-na$&n &/ -e$h&'! / e-2l&yng #$(al 2&8e# $& en!(#e $he heal$h &/ $he

2#ac$$&ne#" B&$h '#e8 &n $he 2&8e#! &/ !2#$(ally cha#ge' -a$e#al! al&ng 8$h $he

n0&ca$&n &/ a ?8&n'e#/(l an' e9cee'ngly gl&(!@ !ac#e' na-e"5

Fertility Rituals:The#e ! n& e92lc$ #ec' &/ $he e9ac$ 2(#2&!e &/ $he -any

clay /e-ale !$a$(e$$e! $y2cally $h&(gh n&$ e9cl(!0elyF n $he 2&!e &/ an$!; /g" F

an' 2e#ce' 8$h h&le! $& 8hch =e8el#y an' 8#ea$h! &/ #a'e' lea0e! an' /l&8e#! -ay

ha0e een a$$ache','BE'!c&0e#e' n $he 8e!$e#n Thean a#ea &/ Egy2$ '(#ng ea#ly

$8en$e$h cen$(#y an' n #ecen$ e9ca0a$&n!, ($ $hey (n'&($e'ly !e#0e' n -any a

8&-an

5+F"5+I$ ! l4ely $ha$ &ne 2(#2&!e $hey !e#0e' 8a! ac$ng a! /e#$l$y /g(#e!"5*Th!

2&2(la# !ch&la#ly 0e8 ! !(22$e' y $he #e!e-lance e$8een $he an$! 8$h $he#

574an, Ga#y",arly /y0antine )ilgrimage Art, 2g" *"53#ae-e#, R&!! She2a#' e'"WomenFs Religions in the Greco-Roman World: A "ource2ook" Ne8 Y:O9/' Un0e#!$y P#e!!, )**, 2g" ;H" Men$&nng a-&ng!$ &$he# $hng!F he# g#ea$ -agcal 2&8e#!

an' 2#&$ec$&n &/ 8&-en"54an, Ga#y",arly /y0antine )ilgrimage Art, 2g" +"54an, Ga#y",arly /y0antine )ilgrimage Art, 2g" +"

5S(!anne Bange#$ '!c(!!e! $h! $y2e &/ /e#$l$y /g(#ne n ?The A#chae&l&gy &/ Plg#-age: A( Mnaan' Bey&n'@ In G8ynn, Da0' M", S(!anne Bange#$ an' L(4e La0an e'!"Religious Di1ersity in Late

AntiquityF"5HWl/&ng, Women o $eme2g" 55;55"5+Bange#$, ?The A#chae&l&gy &/ Plg#-age,@ 2g" 7*);7*" S(ch a! $he !h#ne! a'=acen$ $& 6e-e $!el/"5*Wl/&ng, Women o $eme2g" 55" I$ !ee-! clea# $h! 8a! n&$ $he# &nly 2(#2&!e, $hey al!& ha0e een

/&(n' n c&n$e9$! !(ch a! -en

7


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elaa$ely 2an$e' $#ang(la# hea''#e!!e!, 2a$$e#ne' ga#-en$!, an' nec4lace!55an'

ea#le# G#aec&;R&-an clay /g(#e! 'e'ca$e' $& /e#$l$y a!2ec$! &/ $he c(l$ &/ I!! /g"

)*F" The an$! a#e 2#&aly al!& a la$e an$1(e #enca#na$&n &/ 2ha#a&nc ?c&nc(ne@

/g(#e! /g" )5F,5)8hch -ay ha0e al!& een (!e' $& enhance /e-ale #e2#&'(c$0e

2&8e#"

Whe$he# $he /g(#ne! 8e#e -ean$ $& 'e2c$ '0ne /e-ale /g(#e! $he-!el0e!

8!h22e#! !$an'ng e/e $he- ! 'ea$e'"57S(22lcan$! n la$e an$1(e a#$ a#e &/$en

'e2c$e' a! an$!, ($ '0ne /e-ale! al!& a22ea# 2e#/-ng $he ge!$(#e &/ 2#aye#" .

e9a-2le, $he#e a#e -any la$e an$1(e -age! &/ Ma#y a! an an$ /g" ))F" The elaa$e

hea'gea# an' cl&$hng #e2#e!en$e' &n $he /g(#ne! al!& !(gge!$ an e9al$e' !$a$(! $ha$ 8a!

$y2cal n 'e2c$&n! &/ g&''e!!e! /#&- $he %ellen!$c 2e#&' &n8a#'!"

Whe$he# $he an$! can e $e#-e' ?2agan@ ?Ch#!$an@ ! al!& a c&-2le9 !!(e"

L4ely $hey c&(l' e e$he#, &$h" 5L4e !& -(ch &/ la$e an$1(e -a$e#al c(l$(#e, $hey

'!2lay a '!$nc$ly !ync#e$c -en #e!e-lng 2agan g&''e!!e! ($ &/$en 8$h c#&!!e!

hangng /#&- $he# nec4lace!"5In $h! 8ay $hey ea# -any !-la#$e! $& &$he# la$e

an$1(e c&n&g#a2hcal 2(zzle! l4e $he e(l&ga -&l' /#&- Ma-#e /g" )7F, 8hch 'e2c$!

an elaa$ely '#e!!e' /e-ale /g(#e 8hch -ay e a g&''e!!, Ma#y ga#e' a! &ne,

!&-e c&n/la$&n &/ $he $8&"5

S&-e &/ $he /g(#ne! a#e /&(n' n '&-e!$c c&n$e9$!, 8he#e $hey 8e#e l4ely &nce

$he /&cal 2&n$ &/ h&(!eh&l' !h#ne!" S(ch 8!h2 !2ace! 8e#e a /ea$(#e &/ -any

55Wl/&ng, Women o $eme2g" 55" S&-e al!& ea# 2an$e' 'c &n $he 8#!$!, 2&!!ly #e2#e!en$ng

$a$$&&!"5)R$ne#, *he Mechanics o Ancient ,gy#tian Magical )ractice, 2g" ))"57I$ -ay e $ha$ $hey 8e#e n$e#2#e$e' &$h 8ay!"5A! 8&(l' n&$ e (n(!(al 8$h $he la$e an$1(e l&0e / 2&ly0alen$ !y-&l!-"5Wl/&ng, Women o $eme, 2g" 55"5Ma#ga#e$ Engl!h .#aze# '!c(!!e! $h! n$e#e!$ng /n' n ?A Sync#e$!$c Plg#-! M&(l' /#&- Ma-#e @

n Pa2e#! Rela$e' $& O=ec$! n $he E9h$&n Age &/ S2#$(al$y, The Me$#&2&l$an M(!e(- &/ A#$

N&0e-e# 5+;.e#(a#y 5+HF 5++F, 22" 57;5F"


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?2agan,@ Ch#!$an, an' 6e8!h h&-e!"5Th&(gh $he# c&n$en$! -gh$ 0a#y !lgh$ly 8$h

$he c&n/e!!&nal 2#e/e#ence! &/ $he h&-e&8ne#! ;;8$h c&n! &/ Ch#!$, $he The&$&4&! an'

0a#&(! !an$! / a Ch#!$an, 8he#ea! a 2#&2&nen$ &/ ea#le# $#a'$&nal /a$h! 8&(l' ha0e

!$a$(e$$e! &/ /a0$e 'e$e! an' &//e#ng! $& ance!$#al !2#$!, an' a 6e8!h h&(!eh&l'e#

-gh$ 2#e/e# angelc !eal! an' 2c$(#e! &/ $he 2#&2he$!5H;;$he# /(nc$&n a! cen$e#! /

2#0a$e #$(al! &/ 2&8e# en$#ea$ng $he '0ne 8a! (n0e#!al" One $y2e &/ /g(#ne /a0e'

n '&-e!$c 8!h2 8a! $he I!! Lac$an! /g" )F 8hle $he g&''e!! 8a! #e0e#e' y &$h

!e9e!, $h! &0e#$ly -&$he#ly nca#na$&n &/ $he 'e$y 8a! n0&4e' -&!$ly y he# /e-ale

'e0&$ee!, =(!$ a! $he an$! 8e#e ?a (n1(ely /e-ale c&-2&nen$ &/ #elg&(! 2#ac$ce@

5+

n $he h&-e" By -a4ng &//e#ng! $& -age! #e2#e!en$ng eng! &/ /e-nne #$(al 2&8e#,

2#ac$$&ne#! h&2e' $ha$ $he #e2#e!en$a$&n! 8&(l' ac$ a! n$e#-e'a#e! -a4ng $he#

2#aye#! all $he -e 2&$en$"5*

La$e ancen$ Egy2$an 8&-en '' n&$ &nly !ee4 $& enhance $he# #e2#&'(c$0e

al$e! n $he 2#0acy &/ $he# &8n h&-e!, ($ al!& $#a0ele' $& n(-n&(!ly 2&8e#/(l !$e!

$& '& !&" In a''$&n $& e9a-2le! /#&- '&-e!$c c&n$e9$!, clay an$! ha0e een

e9ca0a$e' a$ $he la#ge Egy2$an 2lg#-age cen$e# h&nng S$" Mena! a$ A( Mna"55A$

$h! 2lg#-age !h#ne /e-ale !$a$(e$$e! /g" 5+F, a! 8ell a! $he h!e;#'e#! /g(#ne! $hey

a#e &/$en /&(n' 8$h /g" )F,5)8e#e -&!$ l4ely le/$ a! 0&$0e &//e#ng!"57P#e!en$ng

0&$0e! a$ !h#ne!, e$he# a! a $han4 &//e#ng a! a g/$ $& en$#ea$ $he h&ly 2&8e# &/ $he

5Th&(gh $h! la$$e# ha! &nly la$ely #ece0e' a$$en$&n /#&- !ch&la#!"

5HAn' -any la$e an$1(e Egy2$an h&(!eh&l'! 2#e/e##e' $& he'ge $he# e$! an' ($lze an eclec$cc&llec$&n &/ #$(ally 2&8e#/(l &=ec$! /#&- all !$! &/ $#a'$&n!"5+Wl/&ng, Women o $eme, 2g" 55"5*6('gng y $he 2#&l/e#a$&n &/ !(ch -age! n '&-e!$c a#chae&l&gcal !$e! nha$e' y 2e&2le &/ a

0a#e$y &/ c&n/e!!&nal a!!&ca$&n! /#&- &$h la$e an$1($y an' ea#le# n $he ancen$ 8l', $ '&e! !ee-

$ha$ ele/ n $he n$e#ce!!y 2&8e#! &/ ?h&(!eh&l' '&l!@, c&n!, an' &$he# 0&$0e /g(#ne! an' 2c$(#e!

8a! /a#ly (n0e#!al"55Bange#$, ?The A#chae&l&gy &/ Plg#-age,@ 2g" 7*5"5)Bange#$, ?The A#chae&l&gy &/ Plg#-age,@ 2g" 7*5"57Bange#$, ?The A#chae&l&gy &/ Plg#-age,@ 2g" 7*7"


49/138

!h#ne $& !h&8 /a0 $& $he !(22lcan$ an' g#an$ $he# #e1(e!$ / healng, /e#$l$y, e$c"F,

8a! a 2#ac$ce c&--&n $& all an$1(e an' la$e an$1(e #elg&(! $#a'$&n!"

In a''$&n $& #ngng &//e#ng! $& !h#ne!, Egy2$an 8&-en al!& #&(gh$ ac4

-a$e#al! /#&- #$(ally !gn/can$ 2lace! $& hel2 n $he c&nce2$&n &/ chl'#en" The 2lla#!

&/ $he g#ea$ !anc$(a#y &/ I!! a$ Phlae ea# g#&&0e! 8n n$& $he !$&ne /#&- $he /nge#

nal! &/ gene#a$&n! &/ 8!h22e#! !c#a2ng a8ay '(!$ /#&- $he c&l(-n! /g" )F, an'

-any &/ $he!e !(22lcan$! -(!$ ha0e een 8&-en !ee4ng a' n c&nce0ng, a! $he 0e#y

!$&ne &/ $he Te-2le 8a! ele0e' $& a!!!$ /e#$l$y / nge!$e'"5Wa$e# /#&- !ac#e' 8ell!

8a! &/$en c#e'$e' 8$h !-la# 2&8e#!, 8ell! &$h &n $he 2#e-!e! &/ 2&2(la# !h#ne! an'

na$(#al !2#ng! /a-&(! $h#&(gh /&l4 $#a'$&n"5 La$e an$1(e l$e#a$(#e e!2ecally

hag&g#a2he!F ! /lle' 8$h acc&(n$! &/ chl'le!! 8&-en an' c&(2le! c&-ng $& h&ly

-en an' 8&-en, $& 2lace! 8he#e $he# #elc! 8e#e hel', / hel2, an', &/ c&(#!e,

-#ac(l&(!ly /nally c&nce0ng a/$e#8a#'!,5 a 2c$(#e 8hch ! !(22$e' y $he

-a$e#al e0'ence &/ 0&$0e &//e#ng! le/$ a$ $he !h#ne! &/ !an$! 8h& 8e#e #e0e#e' a!

2a#$c(la#ly e//cac&(! a$ a!!!$ng c&nce2$&n an' chl'ea#ng"5 Th! a$$e!$! $& &$h

$he g#ea$ 0al(e 2lace' &n /e-nne /e#$l$y, an' h&8 $(#nng $& !&(#ce! &/ !2#$(al 2&8e#,

8he$he# n0&4e' y an n$e#-e'a#y /g(#e !(ch a! a l0ng !an$ &n &ne

a 2e#!&nal #$(al &/ 2&8e#, 8a! !een a! $he e!$ an' &/$en $he &nlyF #e!$"

The G#ee4 h!$an %e#&'&$(! 8#&$e an e9$en!0e acc&(n$ &/ Egy2$an /e!$0al!

l4e $h&!e 'e'ca$e' $& I!!;De-e$e# a$ B(!#!, Ba!$e$;A#$e-! a$ B&(a!$!, A$hene;

5R$ne#, *he Mechanics o Ancient ,gy#tian Magical )ractice, 2g" 55*" An' e0en a/$e# -any &$he#ancen$ Egy2$an !anc$(a#e! an' $he la#ge /e!$0al! hel' a$ $he- eca-e 'e/(nc$ a! Ch#!$an$y eca-e

-e 2#e0alen$ n Egy2$, 2lg#-age $& Phlae c&n$n(e', -eanng $ha$ $h! 2#ac$ce l4ely c&n$n(e' 8ell

n$& $he la$$e# 2a#$ &/ $he la$e an$1(e 2e#&'"5E0en 2#eh!$c 2e$#&gly2h! ca#0e' &n 'e!e#$ #&c4! c&(l' e !$e! &/ 2lg#-age / 8&-en 8!hng $&

ec&-e 2#egnan$"5.#an4/(#$e#, ?The Pe#l! &/ L&0e,@ 2g" +" &$0e &//e#ng le/$ a$ $he !h#ne! &/ San$!5S(ch a! a$ $he a/e-en$&ne' !h#ne! &/ S$" Mena! n Egy2$"


50/138

Ne$h a$ Sa!, an' Le$&;Wa'=e$ a$ B($&, an' n&$e' $he 2a#$c2a$&n &/ 8&-en n /e!$0al

2#&ce!!&n! an' #$(al!"5HA /e8 /e!$0al!, l4e $ha$ h&nng I!! a$ Phlae, !(#00e' -e

le!! n$ac$ n$& $he la$e an$1(e 2e#&', 8hle &$he# ann(al ce#e-&ne! 8e#e #e;

'e'ca$e' $& Ch#!$an !an$!"5+Many &/ $he!e /e!$0al! e0en a/$e# eng Ch#!$anze'F

8e#e ele0e' $& e e!!en$al / en!(#ng $he c&n$n(e' /e#$l$y &/ $he lan'" Ag#c(l$(#al

/e#$l$y, 2a#$c(la#ly $he /l&&'ng &/ $he Nle,5H*8a! 0e8e' a! c&nnec$e' $& $he /e#$l$y &/

h(-an!, !& 2a#$c2a$&n n !(ch a /e!$0al 8a! an&$he# #$(al -e$h&' y 8hch ancen$

an' la$e ancen$ Egy2$an 8&-en ele0e' $hey c&(l' &l!$e# $he# &8n /ec(n'$y"

In /ac$, c&n$e-2a#y 8#$e#! n&$e' $ha$ 8&-en &n /e!$0al a#ge! '#/$ng &n $he

Nle 8&(l' l/$ (2 $he# '#e!!e! $&8a#'! !2ec$a$! &n $he an4!, a ge!$(#e !2ec/cally

-ean$ $& nc#ea!e /e#$l$y"5H5Th! ge!$(#e ! al!& 'e2c$e' n la$e an$1(e Egy2$an

/g(#ne! &/ I!! /g" )F"5H)R$(al! &/ 2&8e# 8e#e 2e#/-e' y 8&-en 8h& 8an$e' $&

en!(#e $ha$ $hey 8e#e ale $& ea# chl'#en n &$h $he -&!$ 2#0a$e an' -&!$ 2(lc &/

c&n$e9$!, an' c&-2#!e' an a#ea &/ 2#ac$ce $ha$ hghlgh$! =(!$ h&8 -2&!!le an'

/#($le!!F $ can e $& a$$e-2$ $& !e2a#a$e $he ?-agcal@ /#&- $he /-ally ?#elg&(!@ n

la$e an$1(e Egy2$an c(l$(#e"

Magic used in Pregnancy and Childbearing:! ad3ure you 2y your name and

your #o%er and your igure and your amulet o sal1ation and the #laces %here you d%ell

and your light-%and in your right hand and light-shield in your let hand and your great

#o%ers standing 2eore you. Do not hold 2ack and do not ignore until you ind it %orth

5HR($he#/', Ian" D&8n!$#ea- $& $he Ca$;G&''e!!: %e#&'&$(! &n Egy2$an Plg#-age n 6aX El!ne# an'Ian R($he#/' e'!" "eeing the Gods: )ilgrimage in Graeco-Roman and ,arly Christian Antiquity" Ne8

Y: O9/' Un0e#!$y P#e!!, )**, 2g" 575;5+"5+. e9a-2le, S$" Mchael $he A#changel eca-e a!!&ca$e' 8$h $he ann(al #!ng &/ $he Nle, 8hch ha'

2#e0&(!ly een $he 2#&0nce &/ Me#c(#y '(#ng $he R&-an 2e#&'"5H*Mag(#e, Mag(#e, an' D(ncan;.l&8e#!


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your %hile to descend u#on your igure and your amulet o sal1ation.

Watch and #rotect the our sides o the 2ody and the soul and the s#irit and the

entire house o "ura daughter o )elca'=and her child %ho is in her %om2 as %ell as

e1ery child 2orn to her. /ring them to lie yearly %ithout any disease. Cast orth rom her

e1ery e1il orce. Ne1er allo% them to a##roach her or any o her children until she 2ears

them. Cast orth rom her e1ery doom and e1ery de1il and e1ery A#ala and e1ery

A2erselia and e1ery #o%er o darkness and e1ery e1il eye and e1ery eye-shutter and

e1ery chill and e1ery e1er and e1ery trem2ling. Restrain them all. Cast them a%ay rom

her and a%ay rom all her children until she 2ears them and a%ay rom all her

d%ellings immediately and quickly Do not #ermit them e1er to 1isit her or the child %ith

%hom she is #regnant or a##roimately t%o hundred miles around. ea yea no% no%

at once at once

8*he #a#yrus then goes on to list the sacred names o God and ad3ure all the hea1enly

#o%ers standing 2eore him the angels the t%enty-our elders the three youths rom the

iery urnace and the se1en archangels9 Michael the #eace Ga2riel the grace Ra#hael

the #o%er "uriel the %ill Raguel the truth Anael the glory "ara#huel the doctoring

and the healing. 8!nscri2ed alongside %ings ormations'=(1o%els crosses magical

nonsense %ords and sacred num2ers9'=B

In $h! e9c!$c !2ell /&(n' n L&n'&n O#en$al Man(!c#2$ ), $he /e-ale

2e$$&ne# na-e' S(#a call! (2&n Ya& Saa&$h ?L' &/ %&!$!@, an a22ella$&n &/ $he

6('e&;Ch#!$an g&'F $h#&(gh $he 'e$y

5H7In la$e an$1(e Egy2$an -agc, !(=ec$! al8ay! 'en$/e' $he-!el0e! an' $he# 0c$-!F $h#&(gh

/-(la! e-2ha!zng -a$e#nal lneage"5HThe ?8ng /-a$&n@ 8a! an&$he# ge&-e$#c a##ange-en$ / 8'! le$$e#! c&--&nly (!e' n

-agcal 2a2y#"5HMeye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 5)*;5)"

H


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! ca##yng an' any chl'#en !he -ay ea# n $he /($(#e"5HIn !ee4ng $& '& !&, !he n0&4e!

/a-la# la$e an$1(e -agcal $echn1(e! !(ch a! $he n0&ca$&n &/ !ac#e' na-e!, -agcal

8'! an' $he !e0en G#ee4 0&8el! 8#$$en n a(!2c&(! ge&-e$#c c&n/g(#a$&n!, an'

$he #$(alze' #e2e$$&n &/ he# #e1(e!$ / 2#&$ec$&n"5HB($ $he cen$#al $echn1(e &/ $he

#$(al &/ 2&8e# ! $he n!!$ence $ha$ Ya& Saa&$h h-!el/ 'e!cen' an' n0e!$ h!

le!!ng (2&n $he '#a8n /g(#e /g" )HF 8hch acc&-2ane! $he $e9$ "5HHThe -age 8a!

'!c&0e#e' $gh$ly /&l'e', n'ca$ng $ha$ S(#a 8e $ &n he# 2e#!&n a! a cha#-" 5H+

E9a-2le! &/ $h! $y2e &/ h(-an&' /g(#e, cha#ac$e#ze' y ana$&-y !che-a$ze'

n$& ge&-e$#c !ha2e! an' $he nca$&n &/ 2a$$e#n!, ncl('ng #ng !gn!, n$& $he

&'y, acc&-2any -any Egy2$an -agcal $e9$! / &$h a-(le$c an' agg#e!!0e

2(#2&!e!"5+*The /g(#e! !ee- $& #e2#e!en$ n(-n&(! eng! !(ch a! angel! 'ae-&nc

c#ea$(#e!, ($ n $he ca!e &/ $h! -an(!c#2$ $he $e9$ -a4e! clea# $ha$ $he /g(#e 'e2c$e' !

$ha$ &/ $he g&';hea' h-!el/" The (n(!(al an$h#&2&-hc #e2#e!en$a$&n &/ $he 6('e&;

Ch#!$an 'e$y h&l'! n $! han'! $he -2le-en$! #e/e#ence' n $he a-(le$c $e9$ a c#&!!;

!ha2e e9('ng #ay! &/ lgh$ an' a !hnng !hel'" Th! 2a#$c(la# e1(2-en$ &/ $he

Al-gh$y -ay ha#4en ac4 $& a n&8 l&!$ a2&c#y2hal $#a'$&n e an e92#e!!&n &/

$he-e! 2#e!en$ n 6e8!h he4lal&$ l$e#a$(#e"5+5Wha$e0e# $! !&(#ce, $he lgh$;8an' -(!$

ce#$anly e n$en'e' $& #e2#e!en$ $he 2&8e# $& '#0e &($ $he 'e-&nc 2&8e#!, an' $he

lgh$;!hel' $& #e2#e!en$ $he 2#&$ec$&n S(#a en$#ea$!"5+)Tha$ a !(22lcan$ 8&(l' -a4e !&

5HMeye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 5)*"

5HThe #e2e$$&n &/ a -&$/8he$he# a 2h#a!e -age;; 8a! al8ay! ele0e' $& nc#ea!e $! -agcal2&$ency"5HHMeye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 5)*"5H+Meye# an' S-$h,Ancient Christian Magic, 2g" 5)*"5+*An&$he# e9a-2le &/ a /g(#e &/ $h! $y2e can e /&(n' n R&!!

e0l, c(##en$ly n $he Bl&$eca Naz&nale n T(#n"5+56e8!h $e9$! / -y!$cal a!cen$, 8hch a#e '!c(!!e' n -e 'e2$h la$e# n $h! 2a2e#"5+)The lgh$ !hel' ! he#e 'e2c$e' a! anal&g&(! $& a -##, an' -##! 8e#e ele0e' $& e ale $& 'e/lec$

e0l n/l(ence! n $he !a-e 8ay $hey 'e/lec$e' lgh$ Mag(#e, Mag(#e, an' D(ncan;.l&8e#!

holy #o%ers in the early Christian house, 2g" F"

+


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/ce/(l an a'=(#a$&n &/ $he hghe!$ &/ 2&8e#! -gh$ !ee- $& e a$ &''! 8$h $he 'eal! &

Maidens Matrons and Magicians

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