Mahila Aandolan

207

bdkbZ 25bdkbZ 25bdkbZ 25bdkbZ 25bdkbZ 25 efgyk vkUnksyuksa ds izfr jkT; vkSj ukxfjdefgyk vkUnksyuksa ds izfr jkT; vkSj ukxfjdefgyk vkUnksyuksa ds izfr jkT; vkSj ukxfjdefgyk vkUnksyuksa ds izfr jkT; vkSj ukxfjdefgyk vkUnksyuksa ds izfr jkT; vkSj ukxfjdlekt dh izfrfØ;klekt dh izfrfØ;klekt dh izfrfØ;klekt dh izfrfØ;klekt dh izfrfØ;k

25-0 mís’;

25-1 izLrkouk

25-2 Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk fd, x, lkafo/kkfud ,oa vU; mik;

25-2-1 lkafo/kkfud izko/kku

25-2-2 dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~

25-3 jk"Vª la?k izfrfØ;k&vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dh ?kks"k.kk rFkk vxyh igy

25-4 lh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ izfrosnu

25-5 ;kstuk ds ifjizs{; esa tsaMj

25-6 lh-,l- MCY;w-vkbZ- fjiksVZ ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk mBk;s x;s fo'ks"k dne

25-6-1 laLFkkxr lg;ksx dk fodkl

25-6-2 efgyk fo’ks"k fo/kkf;dk ds mik;

25-6-3 uhfr-fu/kkZj.k25-6-4 lkdY;oknh ;kstuk,a

25-6-5 fo’ks"k izfrosnu

25-6-6 ukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, dk;ZØe

25-6-7 efgykvksa ds eqís ds v/;;u gsrq 'kks/k dsUnz

25-7 xSj-ljdkjh miØe

25-8 lkjka'k

25-9 'kCnkoyh

25-10 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

25-025-025-025-025-0 mí s ’;mí s ’;mí s ’;mí s ’;mí s ’;

mUuhloha 'kRkkCnh ds lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyuksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh rFkk ckn esa chloha'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa jk"Vªh; la?k"kksZ esa Hkkxhnkjh us Hkkjrh; efgykvksa esa vius vf/kdkjksads izfr c<+rk tkx:drk mRiUu dhA muds laxfBr igy Lora= Hkkjr ds lafo/kku rFkkfo/kkf;dh; izko/kkuksa esa ySafxd lekurk esa izfrQfyr gqbZA fQj Hkh ;s dkuwuh izfrHkwfr;k¡gekjs lekt esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ds okLrfod fodkl ds ft, i;kZIr ugha Fkha 1960n’kd ds mÙkjk)Z rFkk 1970 n’kd ds iwokZ)Z esa lekt esa efgykvksa ds Lrj dks mUurcukus dh fn’kk esa] eq[;r% fo’o esa efgykvksa ds laxfBr gksus ds i`"B izHkko (after effect)ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij laxfBr iz;kl gvkA ;|fi fd lkekU; :ils mBs eqís fo’ks"k {ks= rd lhfer Fks fdUrq ySafxd Hksn-Hkko dk eqík loksZifj FkkA

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds i’pkr~ vki le> ldsaxs %

• Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ySafxd lekurk ds izko/kku(

• thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ySafxd Hksn-Hkko dks feVkus gsrq la;qDr jk"Vª dh igy( vkSj

• Lkjdkjh Lrj Lkekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ds fy, izkjaHk dh xbZuhfr;k¡] ;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØeA

208

efgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZu 25-125-125-125-125-1 izLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkouk

tSlk fd geus fiNyh bdkbZ esa ns[kk gS] fd ukjh psruk dk fodkl vkSj Hkkjr esaefgykvksa ds Lrj dks mUur djus ds ifjiks"kh (corroborative) iz;kl vkSifuosf'kd dkyds e/; izkjaHk gq, vkSj jk"Vªh; la?k"kZ dky ds e/; bldh xfr c<+hA efgyk laxBuksa vkSjefgykokfn;ksa dh ,slh igy ds izfr Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; usrkvksa dh izfr Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh;usrkvksa dh izfrfØ;k] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl }kjk 1931 ds djkph lEesyu esa ySafxdlekurk dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds :i esa viukus vksj fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk esa efgykvksadh Hkwfedk ds lEcU/k esa ns[kus ds fy, jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr dh ,d milfEkfr dk xBudjus ds :i esa O;Dr gqbZ] bls Hkh geus ns[kk gSA mi-lfefr dks jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefrus efgykvksa ds Lrj ij izfrosnu nsus rFkk vko’;d laLrqfr djus dks dgk x;kA blizdkj tsaMj uhfr ds fodkl dh tM+ Lora=rk ds iwoZ gh etcwrh idM+ pqdh Fkh vkSjrRi’pkr~ Lora= Hkkjr dh ljdkj us tsaMj uhfr dks etcwr djuk tkjh j[kkA

Lora=k Hkkjr dh ljdkj us efgyk laxBuksa rFkk lfØ; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk mBk;s x;stsaMj ds eqíksa ds izfr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa tsaMj lekurk dk izko/kku djds] fuf’pr :ils izfrfØ;k O;Dr dha bu lkafo/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds lkFk gh efgykvksa dh vko’;drkvksavkSj eqíksa dks ns[kus vkSj laLrqfr;k¡ djus ds fy, rFkk lekt esa efgykvksa ds Lrj dksmBkus ds fy, vkxkeh dk;ZØeksa dks lq>kus gsrq vusd ljdkjh fudk;ksa dk Hkh xBufd;k x;kA rc ls Lora= Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ls ljdkj }kjk efgyk l’kfDrdj.k dhfofHkUu uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk vfr izekf.kdrk ls ykxw djuk n'kkZrk gSA ljdkj uslekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ds fy, vusd oS/kkfud rFkk vU;lfefr;ksa dk xBu Hkh fd;k ftUgsa tk¡p djds viuh laLrqfr;k¡ Hkh nsuh Fkha efgykvksa dsfgr dks Lora= Hkkjr dh ljdkj }kjk Lora=rk ds rqjUr ckn /;ku esa j[krs gq;s u;sdkuwuksa dks ykxw djus vkSj izpfyr dkuwuksa esa lq/kkj djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;k x;kAljdkj }kjk bl izdkj ds vf/kdka’k iz;kl efgykvksa ds lkekftd lalk/kuksa esa U;k;laxr Hkkx ds izfr fd, x, vkUnksyuksa dh izfrfØ;k Lo:Ik gh FksA bl bdkbZ ds izFkeesa tsUMj lkekurk ds fy, fd, x, lkafo/kkfud izfo/kku rFkk vU; mBk;s x;s dneksadk mYys[k gSA

la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk o"kZ 1975 dks efgyk o"kZ rFkk vxys n’kd ¼1975-1985½ dks efgykn’kd rFkk lacaf/kr vU; iz;kl fo’o esa efgykvksa ds izfr iwoZ /kkj.kkvksa esa cgqrcM+k ifjorZu yk,A bu iz;klksa ds QyLo:Ik fo’o dk jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa us Hkh viusns’kksa esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur cukus ds fy, fofHkUu dk;ZØe ykxw fd,Abl bdkbZ ds nwljs Hkkx esa ;w- ,u- dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dh ?kks"k.kk ds lkFk mBk;sx;s dneksa vkSj efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr eqíksa ds izfr lEiw.kZ fo’o dk /;ku vkÑ"Vdjus ds fy, ;w- ,u- ds laj{k.k esa vk;kstr fo’o lEesyuksa dk laf{kIr mYys[k fd;kx;k gSA

;w- ,u- dh ?kks"k.kk dh izfrfØ;k Lo:Ik Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfrdk tk;tk ysus ds fy, ,d lfefr (CSWI) dk xBu fd;kA bl lfefr ds izfrosnuds izdk’ku us Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl dh n`f"V lsHkkjr ljdkj ds iz;klksa esa izcy ifjorZu yk fn;kA ;g ljdkj dh fodkl uhfr;ksa rFkkf=T; uhfr;ksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA bl bdkbZ dk rhljk vkSj vkxs ds[kaMksa esa lh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ- ds izfrosnu rFkk izfrosnu esa mYysf[kr bafxr fcUnqvksa ,oa

209

laLrqfr;ksa ds izfr ljdkj }kjk mBk, x;s dneksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vfUre [kaM esalekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks Å¡pk mBkus esa xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds iz;klksa dkmYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 1D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 1D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 1D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 1D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 1

1939 esa jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr ¼,u-ih-lh-½ ftlds iafMr usg: v/;{k Fks] usfu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk (role) ds v/;;u gsrq ,d mi-lfefr ¼,slh 29 mi-lfefr;ksa esa ls ,d½ xfBr dhA bl mi-lfefr dks ;gHkh dgk x;k Fkk fd og Hkkjrh; efgyk dh izfLFkfr vkSj viuh laLrqfr;ksa dks,u-ih-lh- dks okil HkstsA bl mi lfefr ds funsZ'k 'kCn O;kid FksA blsefgykvksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj oS|kfud Lrj dk fopkj djuk vkSjfo’ks"kdj bls ikfjokfjd thou vkSj laxBu] ?kj]efgykvksa esa ukSdjh] fookg vkSjmÙkjkf/kdkj vkSj buls lacaf/kr dkuwu ls ljksdkj j[kuk Fkk( fofHkUu {ks=ksa esaefgykvksa dh lsok n’kk;sa( lkekftd jhfr-fjokt vkSj laLFkk;sa tks efgykvksa dsfodkl esa ck/kd gSa vkSj mi;qDr f’k{kk ds izdkj ,oa fof/k;k¡ ftlls efgyk;sax`gLFkh] O;olk; rFkk lkekftd ,oa jk"Vªh; lsokvksa ;k vU; lacaf/kr iz’uksa esaviuh Hkwfedk vnk djus esa l{ke gks ldsaaA lfefr dk izfrosnu ,d izdkj lsdk;Z ;kstuk FkkA lfefr dh vU; laLrqfr;ksa esa Fkha %

• fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk dk mís’; efgykvksa dks vleku cks> ls NqVdkjkfnykuk vkSj lekurk] f’k{kk vkSj lHkh {ks=ksa esa volj }kjk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡iznku djuk ftuls mudh iw.kZ izfrHkk dk fodkl laHko gks lds

• LFkkuh; Lrj ij efgyk l’kfDrdj.k ds fy, dk;Z

• izfrHkwfr vkSj ifjorZu ds fy, vk/kkj :i esa fo/kk;h dk;Z

Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds iz’u ds fodkl esa mi-lfefr dk izfrosnu ;qxkUrjdkjh(Landmark) FkkA ;|fi Lora=rk i’pkr~ Hkkjr dh ifjppkZvksa esa ;g izfrosnucgqr le; rd misf{kr jgkA efgyk lekurk ds fl)kUr dk iquLFkZkiu ds fy,dfri; izLrko ikfjr fd;s x;sAlzksr %lzksr %lzksr %lzksr %lzksr % yhyk dLrwjh 2004-

25-225-225-225-225-2 Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk fd;s x;s lkafo/kkfud ,oaHkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk fd;s x;s lkafo/kkfud ,oaHkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk fd;s x;s lkafo/kkfud ,oaHkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk fd;s x;s lkafo/kkfud ,oaHkkjr ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk fd;s x;s lkafo/kkfud ,oavU; mik;vU; mik;vU; mik;vU; mik;vU; mik;

vkSifuosf’kd Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fofdflr efgyk psruk ds fodkl vkSjefgyk vkUnksyuksa ,oa efgyk laxBuksa ds iz;klksa ds izR;qÙkj esa Lora= Hkkjr dh ljdkjus Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh vko’;drkvksa esa fo’ks"k #fp yhA blus tsaMj lekurk dks cuk;sj[kus ds fy;s lafo/kku esa fo’ks"k izko/kku cuk;sA ljdkj us jk"Vªh; ;kstuk lfefr dhmilfefr ds vk/kkj ij lekt esa efgy mRFkku ds fy;s dqN oS/kkfud laLFkkvksa dk xBufd;k lkFk gh tsaMj ds izfr laosnu’khy oS/kkfud mik; viuk;sA vkb;s ge mUgsa ;gk¡laf{kIr :i esa ns[ksaA

25-2-125-2-125-2-125-2-125-2-1 lkafo/kkfud izko/kkulkafo/kkfud izko/kkulkafo/kkfud izko/kkulkafo/kkfud izko/kkulkafo/kkfud izko/kku

tsaMj lekurk dk fl)kUr lafo/kku ds vkeq[k] ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa] ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa rFkkfunsZ’kd fl)kUrksa esa izfr"Bkfir gSA lafo/kku esa u dsoy efgykvksa dks lekurk iznku dhxbZ gS vfirq jkT;ksa dks efgykvksa ds i{k esa fo/kk;h HksnHkko ds mik; viukus dh 'kfDr

210

efgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZu

iznku dh gSA lafo/kku ds Preamble esa ns’k ds lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSjjktuSfrd U;k; iznku fd;k gSA tsaMj lekurk dk fl)kUr lafo/kku ds Preamble esaekSfyd vf/kdkj ds :i esa tks dkuwu ds laeq[k lekurk vkSj dkuwu ds laeq[k lekulqj{kk iznku djrk gS ¼vuqPNsn 14½] ySafxd vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ij jksd ¼vuqPNsn 15 ¼1½]ljdkjh lsokvksa esa lekurk ¼vuqPNsn 16½] jkT; dks efgykvksa ds fy, fo’ks"k izko/kkucukus ds fy, l{ke djds etcwrh ls dk;Z vkSj /kukRed Hksn ¼vuqPNsn 15 ¼2½] vkSjthou dh j{kk rFkk O;fDxr Lora=rk ¼vuqPNsn 21½A

bu ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk gh lafo/kku esa funsZ’kd fl)kUr ds izko/kku Hkh fufgr gSatks jkT; dks funsZ’k nsrs gSa] thou fuokZg ds fy, mi;qDr lk/ku miyC/k djuk] lekudk;Z ds fy, leku osru] dfeZ;ksa dh 'kfDr vkSj LokLF; vkSj ukxfjdksa dks fcuk tsaMjdk /;ku fd, ukxfjdksa dks viuh vk;q ,oa 'kfDr ds fy, vuqi;qDr O;olk; esa vkfFkZdvko’;drk dh ck/;rk ds dkj.k u tkus ds fy, vk’oLr djukA ;|fi fd funsZ’kdfl)kUr vlaxr gSa] buesa ls dqN igys gh dkuwu cu pqds gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekr`RoykHk vf/kfu;e] LFkkuh; iz’kklu esa efgykvksa dk vkj{k.k] f’k{kk dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj dhekU;rk nsuk vkfnA blds vfrfjDr vuqPNsn 326 efgykvksa dks jktuSfrd lekurk dhxkjUVh nsrk gSA pquko lkekU; izkS<+ erkf/kdkj ds vk/kkj ij lapkfyr gksrs gSa vkSjlafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 325 pquko izi= vkSj ukekofy;k¡ fyax ds vk/kkj ij cukus dksjksdrk gSA

D;k vki tkurs gS\ 2D;k vki tkurs gS\ 2D;k vki tkurs gS\ 2D;k vki tkurs gS\ 2D;k vki tkurs gS\ 2

tsaMj lekurk ds fy, lkafo/kkfud <+kapk ,d utj esa

• vuqPNsn 14 % dkuwu ds laeq[k lekurk

• vuqPNsn 15¼1½ % jkT; fdlh ukxfjd ds lkFk dsoy /keZ] uLy] tkfr] ;kfyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ugha dj ldrk

• vuqPNsn 16 % lsokvksa ds volj esa lekurk

• vuqPNsn 39 (a) % thodksiktZu dk leku vf/kdkj

• vuqPNsn 39(d) % leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru

• vuqPNsn 42 % dk;Z ,oa ekr`Ro lqfo/kk ds fy, mi;qDr ,oa ekuoh; n’kkvksadk vk’oklu

• vuqPNsn 51 (A) (e) % ukxfjdksa }kjk efgykvksa ds izfr viekutudO;ogkj dk izR;kx

• vuqPNsn 243 D (3) % izR;sd iapk;r esa efgyvksa ds fy, 33% lhVksa dkvkj{k.k

• vuqPNsn 243 (T) % izR;sd uxj ikfyd esa efgykvksa ds fy, 33% lhVksa dkvkj{k.k

25-2-225-2-225-2-225-2-225-2-2 dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~

Hkkjr ljdkj us 1953 dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k oSls gh jkT; esalaxBu cuk;s x;s ftudk mís’; LoSfPNd laxBuksa }kjk lekt dY;k.k ds fØ;k-dykiksadks c<+kok nsuk vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djuk FkkA bl ifj"kn

211

dks nksgjk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k] dY;k.k lsokvksa dks lekt ds fucZy oxZ fo’ks"kdjefgykvksa vkSj cPpksa rd igq¡pkuk vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,sls LoSfPNd laxBuksa dhvk/kkfjd lajpuk fodflr djuk ftuds }kjk ;s lsok;sa laHko cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA ifj"knus efgyk dY;k.k dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, fofHkUu fØ;kdyki fy, vkSj ,sls ghfØ;dykiksa dks ljdkj ls feydj ysus ds fy, efgyk laxBuksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k]ftlls gj Lrj ij efgykvksa ds vk/kkfjd Lrj ds laxBuksa dks fodflr fd;kA

bu laLFkkxr igy ds lkFk gh jk"Vªh; lfefr] Je ij jk"Vªh; vk;ksx vkfn us lektesa efgykvksa dh mUufr ds fy, laLrqfr;k¡ dhA ljdkj us Hkh vusd fo/kk;h mik; fd,ftuls efgykvksa ds izfr lekt dh /kkj.kkvksa esa ifjorZu vk;k fo’ks"kdj ifjokj] fookg]lEifÙk vkfn ds ekeyksa esaa ¼fo/kk;h mik;ksa dk mYYks[k Hkkx 25-7-2 esa fd;k tk;sxk½ljdkjh vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fofHkUu fØ;kdykiksa ds xfr esa vkus ls ljdkjh mik;ksa dksizksRlkgu feykA ;w-,u- ds xBu ls izkjaHk gksdj yksxksa esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds lekuvf/kdkjksa ds fl)kUr ds izfr laosnuk fodflr djus ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ lfEefyr oSf’oddk;Z gq,A bl fn’kk esa eq[; iz;kl jk"Vª la?k }kjk fd;k x;k vkSj ;g efgykvksa dseqíksa dks oSf’od Lrj ij izdk’k esa ys vk;kA jk"Vª la?k us bl mís’; ls 1970 ds n’kdds izkjaHk esa dqN Bksl dne mBk;sA ge jk"Vª la?k dh igy ds lEcU/k esa vxys Hkkx esans[ksaxsA

25-325-325-325-325-3 jk"Vª la?k izfrfØ;k & vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dhjk"Vª la?k izfrfØ;k & vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dhjk"Vª la?k izfrfØ;k & vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dhjk"Vª la?k izfrfØ;k & vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dhjk"Vª la?k izfrfØ;k & vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dh?kks"k.kk rFkk vxyh igy?kks"k.kk rFkk vxyh igy?kks"k.kk rFkk vxyh igy?kks"k.kk rFkk vxyh igy?kks"k.kk rFkk vxyh igy

1970 ds n’kd ds izkjaHk esa efgykvksa dk vkUnksyu vkSj efgyk vf/kdkjoknh lfØ;rkoknlekt esa rsth ls iuikA ,slh psruk fodflr ds efgykvksa dh tuu vkSj iztuuHkwfedk,a mudh jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] fof/kd] 'kSf{kd vkSj /kkfeZdn’kkvksa ds lkFk fudVrk ls tqM+h gSaA blds vykok blls yksxksa ds chp laosnu’khyrkiui ldrh Fkha fd efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k] mikUrhdj.k vkSj neu ifjokj]leqnkf;d] jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij vlk/; vlekurkvksa] vU;k; vkSj'kks"k.kdkjh n’kkvksa ls etcwr gq, gSaA

bl tkx:drk ds QyLo:Ik efgykvksa fo:) HksnHkko dks lekIr djus vkSj lekt esamudh Hkkxhnkjh dks vk’koLr djus ds fy, cgqr iz;kl gq, gSaA jk"Vª la?k }kjk 1975dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ ?kksf"kr djuk bu fØ;kvksa ds izR;qÙkj dk FkkA bldk mís’;efgykvksa ds eqíksa dh vksj /;ku vkÑ"V djuk rFkk iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp lekurkykus okys iz;klksa dks l?ku cukuk] laiw.kZ fodkl esa efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks c<+kuk FkkA1975 ds mÙkjkZ) esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk n’kd rd foLr`rdjus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ ds laikr esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij izFke fo’o lEesyu eSDlhdksflVh esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA efgyk o"kZ ds mís’;ksa dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, mDrfo’o lEesyu esa ,d fo’o dk;Z ;kstuk Lohdkj dh xbZA bl lEesyu us] lk/kkj.k lHkk}kjk ?kksf"kr jk"Vª la?k n’kd ¼1976-1985½ ds lkFk gh tsaMj lekurk ij fo’oO;kih ppkZizkjaHk djds efgykvksa dh mUufr ds fy;s oSf’od iz;klksa ds u;s ;qx dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;kA

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efgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZu D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 3D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 3D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 3D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 3D;k vki tkurs gSa\ 3

efgykvksa ds fodkl ifjizs{; esa cnykoefgykvksa ds fodkl ifjizs{; esa cnykoefgykvksa ds fodkl ifjizs{; esa cnykoefgykvksa ds fodkl ifjizs{; esa cnykoefgykvksa ds fodkl ifjizs{; esa cnyko

Hkkoh mís’;ksa ds fodkl] efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy;s izHkkoh j.kuhfr rFkk dk;Z;kstuk dh vko’;drk ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; /;ku dsfUnzr djkus ds fy;s jk"Vª la?klk/kkj.k lHkk }kjk eSDlhdks flVh dkUQzsal cqykbZ xbZ FkhaA bl mís’; ds fy;slk/kkj.k lHkh us rhu eq[; mís’; fuf’pr fd;s tks efgykvksa ds izfr fy, jk"Vªla?k ds dk;Z ds vk/kkj cusaxs %

• iw.kZ tsaMj lekurk vkSj tsaMj laca/kh HksnHkko nwj djuk

• fodkl esa efgykvksa dks ,dhdj.k ,oa iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh

• fo’o 'kkfUr dks etcwr djus ds fy;s efgykvksa dk c<+k gqvk ;ksxnku

lk/kkj.k lHkk }kjk fu/kkZfjr rhu eq[; mís’;ksa dks vxys nl o"kksZ esa izkIr djus ds fy;slEesyu esa fuf’pr dh x;h fo’o dk;Z ;kstuk ,d vfHkys[k gS ftlus ljdkjksa vkSjvUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dks funsZ’kd fcUnq fn;sA bl mikxe ls efgykvksa ds izfr n`f"Vdks.kesa ,d ifjorZu vk;k ftUgsa 1930 ds n’kd esa vkdkj ysuk izkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA vcefgykvksa dks iq#"kksa ds leku Hkkxhnkj] volj vkSj lalk/kuksa esa leku vkf/kdkj lEiUuns[kk tkus yxk tcfd igys efgykvksa dks lg;ksx vkSj lgk;rk dk fuf"Ø; izkIrdÙkkZle>k tkrk FkkA blh izdkj dk cnyko fodkl ds iz;kl esa vk jgk Fkk] fodklefgykvksa dks mUur cukus dk dke djrk gS bl iwoZ /kkj.kk esa cnyko ds lkFk ubZ,derrk ds vuqlkj efgykvksa dh iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk fodkl laHko ugha gSA

1975 ds izFke fo’o efgyk lEesyu ds i’pkr~ jk"Vª la?k us efgykvksa dh mUufr dksvo:) djus okyh ck/kkvksa dks ikj djus ij fopkj gsrq rhu vkSj fo’o lEesyu ¼1980]1985 vkSj 1995 esa½ vk;ksftr fd;sA vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk n’kd ds iwokZ)Z esa gqbZ izxfrdk vkdyu djus ds fy;s dksisu gsxsu esa nwljk fo’o lEesyu vk;ksftr gqvkA dksisugsxsu fo’o lEesyu esa efgykvksa ds fy;s jk"Vª la?k ds nwljs v/kZ n’kd ds fy;s dk;Z;kstuk LohÑr dh lekurk] fodkl vksj 'kkfUr ftlesa fo|eku ck/kkvksa] vkSj efgykvksads fodkl ds fy;s mBk;s x;s dne ij fo|eku vUrjkZ"Vªh; ,derrk ij foLrkj lsfopkj fd;k x;kA fo’o dk;Z ;kstuk rFkk xfrfo/k;ksa ds dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey j.kuhfr;k¡efgykvksa ds Hkfo"; ds fy;s ifjizs{; ds foLrkj dh fn’kk esa egÙoiw.kZ dne Fksa 1985 esauSjksch ds r`rh; efgyk lEesyu esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk n’kd Åapkb;ksa ij igq¡pkA blus1986 vkSj 2000 ds e/; efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy;s Hkfo";ksUeq[k j.kuhfr;k¡ Lohdkjdh ftlesa efgyk n’kd ds y{; ,oa mís’;ksa ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks ikj djusds Bksl mik; FksA

1995 esa gqvk prqFkZ fo’o efgyk lEesyu esa chftax ?kks"k.kk vkSj dk;Z ds fy;s eapLohdkj djus ls Å¡pkb;ksa ij igq¡pkA bl ?kks"k.kk 1985 esa uSjksch esa LohÑr j.kuhfr;ksadks 20oha 'krkCnh dh lekfIr ds iwoZ gh ykxw djus vkSj eap }kjk fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dks izkIrds fy;s lalk/ku ,df=r djus dh fn’kk esa dk;Z djus ds fy, ljdkjksa dh izfrc)rkizkIr dj yhA dk;Z ds fy;s chftax eap ds mís’;ksa esa efgykvksa ds fo:) HksnHkko lekIrdjuk] xjhch gVkuk vkSj izeq[k LFkkuksa ij efgykvksa dh fuf’pr la[;k dks LFkkfir djusds fy, mik; fu/kkZfjr djuk 'kkfey FksA blus ;g Hkh ekuk fd viuh ySafxdrk vkSjiqujksRiknu ij fu;a=.k ikus dk vf/kdkj efgykvksa dk ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa esa ls ,d gSA

213

blus efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy;s fo/kku dks etcwr cukus dh vko’;drkdks vkxs c<+k;kA fo’o ds chftax dk;Zeap dk ik¡p vkSj nl o"kksZa esa iqujh{k.k djus vkSjns’kksa }kjk fd;s x;s fodkl dk vkdyu Hkh gksuk Fkk tks ,d izdkj ls dk;Z eap }kjknh xbZ laLrqfr;ksa dh fn’kk easa fo’o ds ns’kksa }kjk fo/kk;h dk;Z djus ds fy, ncko FkkA

fo’o lEesyu ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dh mUufr ds fy;s mik;ksa vksj j.kuhfr;ksa ijvUrjkZ"Vªh; ,derrk dks c<+kok nus ds vykok] jk"Vª la?k us] ekuo vf/kdkj dh lkjHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk] ukxfjd ,oa jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; izlafonk (covenant)vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd vf/kdkjksa ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; izlafonk (covenant)]efgykvksa ds izfr gj izdkj ds HksnHkko dks feVkus ds fy, lEesyu vkfn] vusdvUrjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu Lohdkj fd;s tks efgykvksa ds Lrj dks mUur djus ds fy;s jk"Vªh;ljdkjksa ds dk;ksZ dk ekud fu/kkZfjr djus ij yf{kr gSaA efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dksc<+kok nsus ds fy;s le;-le; ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je ekudksa ds lkFk vUrjkZ"Vªh; JelaxBu Hkh vkxs vkrs gSaA jk"Vª la?k }kjk vk;ksftr fo’o lEesyuksa esa efgykvksa ds eqíksads vfrfjDr Hkwfe f’k[kj lEesyu] ekuof/kdkj lEesyu vkfn Hkh fy, x;sA

jk"Vª la?k dh 'kq#vkr esa vf/kdrj Hkkjr ,d ikVhZ gksus ds ukrs jk"Vª la?k dh laLrqfr;ksadks viukus esa lPph yxu ls iz;kl djrk gSA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ds vkdyudjus ds fy;s lfefr dk xBu jk"Vª la?k dk funsZ’k dk izR;ksÙkj Lo:Ik gh FkkA jk"Vª la?kdh lk/kkj.k lHkk us] ^^efgykvksa ds fo:) HksnHkko dh lekfIr ij ?kks"k.kk**A 1967 esaizLrko ikfjr fd;k vkSj Hkkjr lfgr lHkh lnL; jkT;ksa ls fuosnu fd;k fd os vius-vius ns’k esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij izfrosnu rS;kj djsa 1975 esa gksus okys vUrjkZ"Vªh;efgyk o"kZ ds lUnHkZ esa 1970 ds n’kd ds izkjaHk esa jk"Vª la?k lHkh lnL; jkT;ksa dks Lrj-izfrosnu ds fy;s Lej.k-Ik= HkstsA ;g Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij lfefr ds xBuesa ijkdk"Bk ij igqapkA

25-425-425-425-425-4 lh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ- izfrosnulh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ- izfrosnulh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ- izfrosnulh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ- izfrosnulh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ- izfrosnu

1971 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dk v/;;u djus ds fy;s] ^Hkkjresa efgykvksa ds Lrj ij lfefr**] ¼lh- ,l- MCY;w- vkbZ-½] uked lfEkfr dk xBu fd;k]tks Hkkjr ds lkekftd bfrgkl esa ,d ;qxkUrjdkjh FkkA bl lfefr dks lkafo/kkfud]dkuwuh vkSj iz’kklfud izfo/kkuksa dh tk¡p djuh Fkh ftudk izHkko efgykvksa dkslkekftd Lrj] mudh f’k{kk vkSj lsok dk;Z ij iM+rk gSA bls mu izfo/kkuksa dk efgykvksads thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij iM+us okys izHkko dk vkdyu djuk vkSj lekt esaefgykvksa ds Lrj dks mBkus ds fy;s lq>ko nsuk lkFk gh lkFk vU; mik; lq>kuk Fkkftuls os jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa viuk iw.kZ vkSj mfpr :Ik ls dk;Z lEiknu ds ;ksx;cu ldsaA

lfefr us lekurk dh vksj viuk izfrosnu 1974 esa izLrqr dj fn;kA ;g ns’k esaefgykvksa ds Lrj ij loZizFke O;kid ,sfrgkfld ,oa ledkyhu fof/kdj.k FkkA izfrosnuus lekt esa efgykvksa ds ,dkUrhdj.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa 'kks"k.k] lÙkk dh vksj igq¡p ij jksd]fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k ls vyxko vkSj vf/kd egRoiw.kZ :Ik ls ?kj vkSj ckgj nksuksatxgksa ij efgykvksa ds izfr fgalk dk inkZQk’k fd;ka ;g izfrosnu efgykvksa dsh fuEufLFkfr ij ljdkj] fof/k fuekZrkvksa] lfØ; dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj lEiw.kZ leqnk; dh vk¡[ksa[kksyus okyk FkkA blus Hkkjr ds lafo/kku vkSj izpfyr dkuwu ijEijk;sa vkSj O;ogkj esafojks/kkHkkl ik;kA thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa tsaMj lekurk cgqr nwj dh ckr yxrh gSA

214


lfefr us n’kkZ;k] ^^efgykvksa dh v;ksX;rk;sa vkSj mu ij cU/kuksa dk iqujh{k.k tkslekt-lkaLd`frd laLFkkvksa ls fudyrs gSa] ladsr djrs gSa fd vHkh Hkh vf/kdka’k efgyk;salafo/kku }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkjksa vkSj lqvoljksa dk mi;ksx djus ls dkslks nwj gSaA lektvHkh rd efgykvksa }kjk orZeku Hkkjr esa vU;kU; Hkwfedkvksa dks iwjk djus fy;s visf{krfu;e ,oa laLFkk;sa cukus esa Hkh lQy ugha gks ik;kA ge ;g vuqHko djrs gSa fdlkekftd /kkj.kkvksa vkSj laLFkkvksa esa rsth ls ifjorZu ugha yk;k tk ldrkA fQj Hkh ;gvko’;d gS fd fu;ksftr vksj lksps le>s iz;klksa }kjk ifjorZu dh izfØ;k dks xfriznku dh tk;sA bl rst pky ds nkf;Ro dks jkT; vksj leqnk; dks lk>k djuk pkfg,]fo’ks"kdj leqnk; ds ml oxZ dks tks efgykvksa dh lekurk esa fo’okl djrk gSaA ¼lh-,l-MCY;w- vkbZ- 1974½

lfefr us efgykvksa ds LrjksaUu;u ds fy;s vusdksa fof’k"V lq>koksa dh laLrqfr dh tSlsfofHkUu dkuwuksa vkSj izfo/kkuksa esa lq/kkj vkSj la’kks/ku] f’k{kk {ks= esa efgykvksa ds fodklds mik;] lsok dk;Z vkSj LokLF;] lgk;rk lsok ds <k¡ps ds izfo/kku] mudh jktuSfrdHkkxhnkjh c<+kus dh laLrqfr;k¡ vkfnA izfrosnu 1975 esa yksdlHkk ds laeq[k izLrqr dhxbZA yksd lHkk us ,d loZlEer izLrko ikfjr fd;k vkSj iz/kkuea=h ls fuosnu fd;kfd os Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh mu ck/kkvksa dks ftuls os vkt Hkh tw> jgh gSa] gVkus dsfy;s fo/kk;h vkSj iz’kklfud mik; djsaA

tc ls lh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- dk izfrosnu izdkf’kr gqvk gS rc ls efgykvksa dks yf{kr cgqrls fo/kk;h fodkl gq;s gSaA ge ;gk¡ muesa ls dqN ns[krs gSa%

• NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds le; ls fodkl vkSj efgykvksa dh fn’kk esa fd;s x;smik; esa ifjorZu vk;k FkkA vc efgyk;sa dY;k.k dk y{; ek= ugha ekuh tkrhFkh vfirq mUgsa fodkl izfØ;k dk lalk/ku le>k tkus yxkA

• lkafo/kkfud fudk; tSls jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vkSj jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksxefgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ,oa tsaMj U;k; ds izfr tkx:drk iSnk djusds fy, xfBr fd;s x;s FksA

• tsaMj ifjizs{; dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, yksd lHkk }kjk orZeku dkuwuksa esa vusdifjorZu fd;s x;sA

• jk"Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr vkSj jk"Vª dk;Z ;kstuk esa ckfydk f’k{kk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA

• 2001 esa efgyk l’kfDrdj.k ij jk"Vªh; uhfr ?kksf"kr dh xbZ FkhA

• jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus gsrq LFkkuh; iz’kklu esa efgykvksa dk33% vkj{k.k djus ds fy;s lafo/kku esa la’kks/ku fd;s x;s gSaA efgykvksa ds 33%vkj{k.k ds fy, yksdlHkk vkSj fo/kku lHkkvksa esa ppkZ izkjaHk gqbZA

• efgykvksa ds fy, vusd fodkl dk;ZØe izkjaHk fd;s x;sA

• fofHkUu uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa rFkk ljdkj ds okf"kZd ctV esa tsaMj i{k dks Hkh'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

25-525-525-525-525-5 ;kstuk ds ifjizs{; esa tsaMj;kstuk ds ifjizs{; esa tsaMj;kstuk ds ifjizs{; esa tsaMj;kstuk ds ifjizs{; esa tsaMj;kstuk ds ifjizs{; esa tsaMj

lh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- ds izfrosnu ds ckn ls efgykvksa ds fodkl dh :ikoyh (paradigm)esa cgqr cM+k ifjorZu vk;kA NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk rFkk blds ckn dh ;kstukvksa esaefgykvksa ds fodkl ds rjhdksa esa ,d ifjorZu ns[kk x;kA rc rd dsoy dsUnzh; lekt

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dY;k.k ifj"kn vkSj jkT; lekt dY;k.k lykgdkj ifj"knksa dk rjhdk eq[; :Ik lsefgykvksa dks jkgr igq¡pkus dk Fkk vkSj mUgsa ,d ek= jkgr izkIrdrkZ le>k tkrk FkkA,d foLr`r ifjizs{; esa ,d cnyko vk;kA NBh ;kstuk vfHkys[k esa igyh ckj efgykfodkl ds fy, ,d vyx v/;k; tksM+k x;k Fkk ftlesa efgykvksa ds LokLF;] f’k{kk vksjlsok dk;Z ij tksj fn;k x;k FkkA lkroha ;kstuk esa efgykvksa ds lektkfFkZd Lrj dsmUu;u vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl esa mUgsa eq[;/kkjk esa ykus dh j.kuhfr Fkha vkBoha ;kstuk esaefgykvksa ls lEcfU/kr fo’ks"k dk;ZØeksa dks fodkl dks lkekU; dk;ZØeksa esa iwjd dh rjgtksM+k x;kA fodkl izfØ;k esa efgykvksa dh /kkj.kk iq#"kksa ds lkFk leku lk>snkjh efgykfodkl dk dsUnz fcUnq cu xbZA fodkl ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr efgyk vaxHkwr ;kstuk(woman component plan) dh j.kuhfr ykxw dh xbZ ;g fuf’pr djus ds fy;s fdfofHkUu ea=ky;ksa ds foHkkxksa }kjk efgykvksa ds fy, 30% ls de ykHk@/ku u fn;k tk;]uoha ;kstuk ls ykxw dh xbZA efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd l’kfDrdj.k ds fy;s dk;ZØeksa dsvfHklj.k dks izkIr djus gsrq Hkh iz;kl djus gsrq Hkh iz;kl gq;s gSaA nloha ;kstuk esaefgykvksa ds l’kfDrdj.k dh izfØ;k tkjh jghA ;g efgykvksa ds l’kfDrdj.k vkSjcPpksa ds fodkl ds fy, izfrc) gSA ;g jk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr esa viuk;s x;s uhfrxrlq>koksa dks dk;ksZ esa ifj.kr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA bl ;kstuk esa lkekftdl’kfDrdj.k] vkfFkZd l’kfDrdj.k vkSj tsaMj U;k; lfgr jk"Vªh; uhfr ds lq>koksa dsvk/kkj ij ,d fof’k"V {ks= ds fy;s rhu Lrjh; j.kuhfr viukbZ tkrh gSA


;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls tsaMj uhfr dk fodkl;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls tsaMj uhfr dk fodkl;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls tsaMj uhfr dk fodkl;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls tsaMj uhfr dk fodkl;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls tsaMj uhfr dk fodkl

o"kkZuqo"kZ efgyk fodkl ls lacaf/kr uhfr ds fodkl dk mYys[k uoha iapo"khZ;;kstuk esa fuEu izdkj ls fd;k x;k gS %

fodkl laca/kh ;kstuk ds iwoZ pj.kksa esa efgyk fodkl dh /kkj.kk eq[;r^dY;k.k* vk/kkfjr FkhA lkB ds n’kd esa efgyk f’k{kk dks izeq[krk nh xbZ --lÙkj ds n’kd esa dk;Z fof/k esa dY;k.k ls fodkl dh vksj ,d fuf’prifjorZu Fkk] ftlus fodkl esa efgykvksa dks Hkkxhnkj ekuuk izkjaHk dj fn;kAvLlh ds n’kd esa rhu vk/kkj {ks=ksa LokLF;] f’k{kk vkSj lsok dk;Z dks fo’ks"kcy ds lkFk cgqvuq'kklfud mikxe (Multi-disciplinary approach) ls :Ik esaviuk;k x;kA uCcs ds n’kd esa efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Lora= ,oa vkRe-fuHkZj cukus ds vfUre mís’; ls izf’k{k.k vkSj vk; mRiknd dk;ZØeksa ijdsfUnzr gksus dk izkjaHk gqvkA

bl rjg geus ns[kk fd o"kkZuqo"kZ efgykvksa ds fodkl rFkk fodkl uhfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k dsn`f"Vdks.k esa ,d fuf’pr ifjorZu vk;kA 1970 ds n’kd ls ;g ifjorZu lqLi"V gSA blcnyko dk Li"V dkj.k jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk lfØ;rk dk ncko gSA fodkluhfr;ksa esa efgykvksa dks /kukRed :Ik ls 'kkfey djus ds vykok Hkkjr ljdkj us lektesa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks mUur djus ds fy;s vkSj Hkh rjhds viuk;s gSaA


X;kjgoha ;kstuk esa tsaMj U;k; ij dsfUnzr gksus dh ekaxX;kjgoha ;kstuk esa tsaMj U;k; ij dsfUnzr gksus dh ekaxX;kjgoha ;kstuk esa tsaMj U;k; ij dsfUnzr gksus dh ekaxX;kjgoha ;kstuk esa tsaMj U;k; ij dsfUnzr gksus dh ekaxX;kjgoha ;kstuk esa tsaMj U;k; ij dsfUnzr gksus dh ekax

efgykvksa ds lewgksa us ;kstuk vk;ksx dks X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa tsaMjlekurk vkSj tsaMj U;k; dks dsUnzh; y{; ds :i esa izLrqr djus dks dgkAtsaMj lekurk esa vfUre y{; ;g vk’oLr djuk gS fd lekt ds lalk/kuksa

216

efgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZu ls ykHk] volj vkSj iqjLdkj esa efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa dh leku :Ik ls igq¡p

gksA efgykvksa ds lewgksa us ;kstuk vk;ksx dks crk;k fd blh ds vUrxZrefgykvksa dks ;g ifjHkkf"kr djus esa Hkh leku Hkkxhnkjh vko’;d gS fd D;kegRoiw.kZ gS vkSj mls dSls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vk;ksx ds laeq[k izLrqr dh xbZ laLrqfr;ksa dk eq[; mís’; vkys[kh; rRoksaO;oLFkkvksa dks ykxw djus vkSj ljdkj }kjk mBk;s x;s dneksa dh leh{kk dhizfØ;k esa tsaMj eqís dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk gSa laLrqfr;k¡ efgyk ,oa fodkldk;ZØe ds lfEefyr iz;kl ls rS;kj dh xbZ gSaA ,d rS;kj dh xbZ ;kstuk dsvUrxZr lHkh cM+h uhfr;ksa esa tsaMj vk;ke vk;sxk — jktdks"k] O;kikj] Ñf"k]dkj[kkuk] vk/kkfjd lajpuk] Je vkSj lsok dk;ZA bls iq#"kksa vkSj efgyvksa dhfof’k"V vko’;drkvksa dks uhfr vkys[ku fØ;kUou vkSj bu uhfr;ksa dk mu ijiM+us okys izHkko dks 'kkfey djds izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tsaMj dks mldstkfr] oxZ] tutkrh; fLFkfr] xjhch vkSj vU; lkekftd otZu ds cgqeq[khvk;keksa dks lacksf/kr djus ds fy;s ,d lekdfyr vkSj vUr% vapy mikxe dslkFk ,d cgqvk;keh j.kuhfr dks viukus dk lq>ko FkkA

lzksr %lzksr %lzksr %lzksr %lzksr % n fgUnw] vxLr 2006

25-625-625-625-625-6 lh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- fjiksZV ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjklh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- fjiksZV ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjklh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- fjiksZV ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjklh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- fjiksZV ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjklh-,l-MCY;w-vkbZ- fjiksZV ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj }kjkmBk;s x;s fo'sk"k dnemBk;s x;s fo'sk"k dnemBk;s x;s fo'sk"k dnemBk;s x;s fo'sk"k dnemBk;s x;s fo'sk"k dne

Hkkjr lafo/kku ds mu izko/kkuksa dh tkudkjh gesa gSa tks fyax laca/kh U;k; dks izksRlkgunsrs gSaA gekjs lekt esa fyax lekurk dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, vkt+knh ls iwoZ dslq/kkjksa dks tkjh j[kdj ljdkj us bl {ks= esa izfrc)rk fn[kkbZ gSA 'kSf{kd Lrj ijefgykvksa dks eq[;/kkjk esa ykus gsrq igys Hkh iz;kl fd;s tk pqds gSa tc C.S.W.I. dsfjiksZV esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dks okLrfod fLFkfr dks mtkxj fd;k ftlls ljdkjh lq/kkjksadks ,d ubZ xfr feyhA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gsrq vusdksamik; fd, x,A fyax Hksn esa lq/kkj ds fy, ljdkj us dqN u;s dkuwu cuk;s rFkk dqNiqjkus dkuwuksa dks la'kks/ku dj ljdkjh ,oa xSj-ljdkjh {ks=ksa esa bls c<+kok nsus dk iz;klfd;kA efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kus ds fy, u;s dkuwu cuk;s x,Aefgykvksa dh n'kk esa lq/kkj gsrq fof'k"V ;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZ fo'ks"k {ks=ksa esa dqN lfefr;kacukbZ xbZ tks efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dh leh{kk djrh FkhA efgykvksa ds fgrksa dks /;kuesa j[kdj fodklkRed dk;ZØe dks c<+kok nsus gsrq dqN laLFkk,a LFkfir dh xbZA o"kZ2001 esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gsrq ,d jk"Vªh; uhfr cukbZ xbZ FkhA bu esa lscgqr ls miØe efgyk laxBuksa ds lkFk vU; ljdkjh vkSj xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa esaefgykvksa ds fgrksa ds fy, rRij jgrh gS ds }kjk mBk;s x;s fyax laca/kh eqíksa dhizfrfØ;k Fkh vkb;s vkxs ds [kaM esa ns[ksa fd bu esa ls dqN miØeksa esa fyax laca/kh eqíksals dSls fuiVk x;k gSA

25-6-125-6-125-6-125-6-125-6-1 laLFkkxr lg;ksx dk fodkllaLFkkxr lg;ksx dk fodkllaLFkkxr lg;ksx dk fodkllaLFkkxr lg;ksx dk fodkllaLFkkxr lg;ksx dk fodkl

ljdkj us dsUnzh; Lrj efgykvksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk gsrq ,d foHkkx ¼efgyk,oa cky fodkl½ dh LFkkiuk dhA efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkx] jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ,ddsUnzh; laxBu ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSa( tks fd fMtkbu dk;kZUo;u] fu"iknu] ns[kHkkyewY;kadu lg;ksx ¼leFkZu½ rFkk xSu-ljdkjh v)Z ljdkjh ,oa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa

217

ls leFkZu ,oa vUrZea=ky; lg;ksx dks la?kfVr djus esa ljdkj ds lkFk dk;Zjr gSa tksfd efgyk fgrksa ds fodkl dk;ks± esa c<+kok nsrs gSaA fo'ks"k rkSj ij nwljk earO; ¼fopkj½;g gS fd fyax lekurk ds ifjizs{; dks oS/kkfud] ljdkjh uhfr] dk;ZØe ,oa ;kstukvksads lanHkZ esa la?kfVr djuk gS tks fd efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds jkLrs esa vkusokys laHkkforvojks/kksa dks nwj djsaA blds lkFk gh ge efgykvksa ds lkFk gksus okys vusdksa rjg dsHksnHkko dks nwj djus ds lkFk gh muesa n{krk ¼l{kerk½ tkx:drk ,oa l'kfDrdj.k esaizf'k{k.k ds tfj;s mudks izksRlkfgr djsa ¼muesa lq/kkj djsa½A 2006 rd ;g foHkkx ekuolalk/ku fodkl dk vax FkkA tuojh 2006 esa ;g Lora= ea=ky; cuk& efgyk ,oa ckyfodkl ea=ky; ftldk ftEek ,d jkT; ea=h ds ikl FkkA

jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 1990 ds vUrxZr ,d lkafof/kd fudk; ds :i esaLFkkfir jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx efgykvksa ds lexz vf/kdkjksa rFkk fgrksa dh j{kk djrkgSA ;g vk;ksx fo|kuksa dh leh{kk,a Hkh djrk gS mRihM+u dh fof'k"V f'kdk;rksa esa chp-cpko djus rFkk efgykvksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fuokjd mik; lq>kus ds dk;Z Hkhdjrk gSA vk;ksx ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa i{kksa ds chp le>kSrs ds ek/;e ls ikfjokfjdfooknksa ds fuiVku ds fy, dSaiksa ds vk;kstu }kjk efgykvksa dh f'kdk;rksa ds laca/k esaRofjr U;k; lqfuf'pr djrk gSA dqN jkT;ksa us jkT; efgyk vk;ksx dh LFkkiu rFkkefgyk fodkl fu;eksa lfgr efgyk o cky fodkl ds i`Fkd foHkkx ds l`tu dh Hkhigy dh gS rFkk ;s jkT; lexz jk"Vªh; ifjn`'; esa efgykvksa ds fy, viuh Lo;a dh;kstuk,a ,oa uhfr;ka rS;kj dj jgs gSaA

o"kZ 1997 esa laLFkkfir] ,d ofj"V lkaln dh v/;{krk okyh lalnh; efgyk l'kfDrdj.kvk;ksx ,d fgrizgjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS rFkk chftax ?kks"k.kk ds vkyksd esa uhfro dk;ZØe fu;kstu esa efgyk oxZ dks eq[;/kkjk esa yk, tkus vkSj bl laca/k esa dkjZokbZds fy, eap ds laca/k esa tkap djsxhA o"kZ 1993 esa efgyk o cky fodkl foHkkx }kjkLFkkfir jk"Vªh; efgyk dks'k ¼vkj-,e-ds-½ vukSpkfjd {ks= esa xjhc o t:jreanefgykvksa dks _.k miyC/k djkus okyh jk"Vªh; laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgh gSA

mi;ZqDr ds vfrfjDr] efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa ls fuiVus ds fy, fofHkUu dsUnzh;ea=ky;ksa rFkk foHkkxksa esa efgyk lsy fo|eku gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, m|ksx ea=ky; esaLFkkfir efgyk lsy efgykvksa ds fy, m|erk fodkl dk;ZØe vk;ksftr djrs gSaA Jeea=ky; esa LFkkfir lsy efgyk etnwjksa ls lacaf/kr dkuwu dh leh{kk o fu/kkZj.k ds fy,mÙkjnk;h gSaA foKku ,oa iz;ksfxdh foHkkx esa efgyk lsy mi;qDr izkS|ksfxdh ij igqapdks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA efgykvksa ds izfr vR;kpkj dh ?kVuk ls fuiVus ds fy, iqfylLVs'kuksa esa efgyk lsyksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA ;gka rd fd dqN iqfyl LVs'ku esa lHkhefgyk iqfyl dfeZd rSukr dh xbZ gSaA

6 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa] xHkZorh efgykvksa rFkk Lruiku djus okyh efgykvksa dksfofHkUu izdkj dh ikSf"Vdrk o LokLF; laca/kh lsok,a iznku djus okyh ,dhÑr ckyfodkl lsok ;kstu ds vUrxZr LFkkfir vkxuokM+h uked dsUnz xzkeh.k Lrj dsUnzksa dsjk"VªO;kih usVodZ }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh efgyk laca/kh lg;ksx lsokvksa dks Hkh lgk;rkmiyC/k djk jgs gSaA ,dhÑr cky fodkl lsok ¼vkbZlhMh,l½ laca/kh izf'k{k.kxfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, LFkkfir jk"Vªh; tu lg;ksx ,oa cky fodkl laLFkku ¼,uvkbZihlhlhMh½esa ,d efgyk foHkkx gS rFkk efgyk ekeyksa ij lalk/ku dsUnz ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSAefgyk l'kfDrdj.k ij laLFkkxr ra=ksa ds laca/k esa vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, iqLrd 1dh bdkbZ 11 dk lanHkZ ysaA

218

efgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZu vius vuqHko ls lh[ks avius vuqHko ls lh[ks avius vuqHko ls lh[ks avius vuqHko ls lh[ks avius vuqHko ls lh[ks a

vius ?kj ds ikl ,d vkaxuokM+h esa tk;saA muls ckr djds muds mu dk;ks±dh tkudkjh ys tksa ml {ks= esa efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds fy, fo|ky; pykusds vfrfjDr djrh gSaA

25-6-225-6-225-6-225-6-225-6-2 efgyk lacaf/kr fo|k;h@oS/kkfud 'kfDr;ka ¼dk;Zokgh½efgyk lacaf/kr fo|k;h@oS/kkfud 'kfDr;ka ¼dk;Zokgh½efgyk lacaf/kr fo|k;h@oS/kkfud 'kfDr;ka ¼dk;Zokgh½efgyk lacaf/kr fo|k;h@oS/kkfud 'kfDr;ka ¼dk;Zokgh½efgyk lacaf/kr fo|k;h@oS/kkfud 'kfDr;ka ¼dk;Zokgh½

Hkkjr ljdkj us bu o"kks± esa efgykvksa dh j{kk ds fy, lafo/kku ds vUrxZr vkus okysekSfyd rFkk dqN vU; vf/kdkjksa ds vykok Hkh vusd oS/kkfud dk;Zokgh dh gSalaoS/kkfud dne mBk;s x, gSaA ;s fo|k;h 'kfDr;ka bu {ks=ksa esa dk;Zjr gSa%

1½ 'kknh] rykd] xksn ysuk ,oa laifr vf/kdkj bR;kfn ls lacaf/kr dqN O;fDrxrdkuwuA ;s os dkuwu gSa tks LokLF; oSokfgd thou ds lkFk gh 'kknh ds le; lsysdj xHkkZoLFkk ds le; fpfdRlk fu;eksa ls lacaf/kr gSA

2½ efgykvksa ds fo#) vijk/k] tSls vtUesa cPpsa dk fyax fu/kkZj.k tkuuk] ngst]cykRdkj dk;ZLFky mRihM+u vkfn ,oa

3½ jkst+xkj lHkh os leku osru ,oa volj nsuk] lkekftd lqj{kk] O;kolkf;d ykHkvkfnA

4½ jktuSfrd vf/kdkj l'kfDrdj.k] buesa ls dqN laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj Lora=rk iwoZgh vf/kfu;fer ¼ykxw½ dj fn;s x;s FksA

fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku gh efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr dkuwu ykxw ¼vf/kfu;fer½ dj fn;s x;sFksA fczfV'k 'kkldksa us Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks ;wjksih; ekudksa ds vuqlkjvuqeku yxk;k FkkA os efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr fgUnw lekt ds mu ijaijkxr jhfr-fjoktksadks ekuus ls budkj djrs gSa] ftuesa eq[;r;k cky-fookg dk fjokt] fgUnw fo/kkvksa dkthou] lrh izFkk] ngst ,oa fojklr esa feyh jhfr-fjoktksa rFkk fo/kok fookg ij jksd Hkh'kkfey gSA mu fnuksa os tks Hkh dkuwu ykxw fd;s tSls lrh izFkk dkuwu 1829 fo/kokiqufoZokg vf/kfu;e 1856] cky fookg jksd vf/kfu;e 1828] vkfnA os [kkldj Hkkjrh;lekt esa efgykvksa ds fgrksa ds fo#) dk;Zjr mu nfd;kuwlh fjoktksa dks /;ku esaj[kdj fy, x, FksA vkt+knh ds ckn efgykvksa ds ifjokj ,oa muds lkekftd thoudks csgrj cukus ds fy, bl rjg vusd dkuwu ykxw fd, x,A 1970 esa efgykvf/kdkjksa ds vkUnksyu ds lkFk gh muesa lkekftd vf/kd ,oa jktfufrd lekurk ykusds fy, dkuwu ds foLrkj esa ,d u;h tkx:drk dk lapkj FkkA efgyk fgrksa ls lac)laLFkk,a ckykRdkj ngst ifjokj ls ifr ,oa izk;% lHkh mu {ks=ksa esa cM+s iSekus ij cnykols lacaf/kr dkuwuksa dh leh{kk dhA ljdkj ij bl rRdky izHkko gqvk ,oa bulslacaf/kr lHkh dkuwuksa dh leh{kk dh x;h ,oa vU; u;s dkuwuksa dks vkSj vf/kd l[rfd;k x;k ftlls blrjg ds dkuwuksa dks mfpr rjhds ls ykxw fd;k tk ldsA ljdkjus varjkZ"Vªh; efgyk vf/kdkj o"kZ ,oa efgyk n'kd }kjk 'kq: fd, x, tkx:drk dsvkxs c<+kus dk chM+k mBk;k] tks efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr leL;kvksa esa c<+kp<+kdj is'kdjrk gS] tks ?kjsyw fgalk vkSjrksa dk ;kSu 'kks"k.k] NsM+NkM+ vkfn ls lacaf/kr gSA bldkifj.kke ;g gqvk fd bu ekeyksa ls alcaf/kr u;s dkuwuksa ds dk;kZUo;u esa vklkuh gqbZAeq[; :i ls ;gka ge efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr dqN izeq[k dkuwuksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIrdjsaxs tks Lora=rk ds ckn ykxw fd, x,A

219

oS;fDrd ¼O;fDrxr½ dkuwu%oS;fDrd ¼O;fDrxr½ dkuwu%oS;fDrd ¼O;fDrxr½ dkuwu%oS;fDrd ¼O;fDrxr½ dkuwu%oS;fDrd ¼O;fDrxr½ dkuwu% O;fDrxr dkuwu ,sls dkuwu gksrs gSa tks ifjokj] 'kknh,oa fojklr ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA tcfd Hkkjr esa cgq&/kkfeZd lekt ds yksx jgrs gSaAfofHkUu /kkfeZd lewgksa ds yksx vius thou 'kSyh ds vuqlkj fofHkUu rjg ds O;fDrxrdkuwu cuk j[ks gSaA ;|fi fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,d ,sls loZekU; ljdkjh dkuwu ykusij fopkj dj jgk gS tks lHkh /kkfeZd lewgksa ij fu;a=.k j[ksA Lora=rk ds ckn ljdkjekStwnk O;fDrd dkuwuksa vkSj vR;f/kd laosnu'khy cukus ds fy, ;k rks dqN cnykofd;k ;k mls dkuwu dk :i ns fn;kA blesa ls vf/kdka'kr% cnyko efgyk laxBuksa ,oamuds lewgksa dh ekaxksa ds vk/kkj ij fd; x, FksA dqN vf/kfu;e ;gka lwphc) fd;sx, gSa%

& fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e] 1955

& fgUnw mrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1956

& fgUnw vaxhdj.k ,oa ns[kjs[k vf/kfu;e] 1956

& ikjlh fookg ,oa rykd ¼lq/kkj½ vf/kfu;e] 1956

& xHkZikr vf/kfu;e

& ckyfookg jksd vf/kfu;e ¼lq/kkj½] 1976

& ifjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e 1989

& eqfLye efgyk ¼rykd ds vf/kdkj ij jksdFkke½ vf/kfu;e] 1986


ikfjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e] 1984ikfjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e] 1984ikfjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e] 1984ikfjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e] 1984ikfjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e] 1984

ikfjokfjd vnkyr vf/kfu;e] 1984 ds }kjk ikfjokfjd vnkyrsa Hkkjr dsikfjokfjd fooknksa ds 'kSfyiwoZd gy djus ,oa ikfjokfjd ekeyksa ls lacaf/krfookgksa dks tYn fucVkus ds fy, xfBr dh xbZ FkhA vusd lkekftd dk;ZlaxBuksa( efgyk la?kks ,oa O;fDrxr :i ls Hkh yksxksa us le; le; ij ,d ,slseap ¼dksje½ dk xBu ds fy, vuqjks/k fd;k tgka ij ncko ls ikfjokfjdfooknksa ds 'kkafriw.kZ le>kSrs ls lkek/kku fudkyk tk;A ikfjokfjd vnkyrstEew ,oa d'ehj dks NksM+dj iwjs ns'k esa QSyh gqbZA bl vf/kfu;e esa ;gizko/kku gS fd jkT; ljdkj vius 'kgjksa esa ,d fo'ks"k ifjokfjd vnkyrsLFkkfir djsa tgka dh vkcknh ,d yk[k gksA

bl vf/kfu;e dk ,d vge igyw ;g Hkh gS fd ;g ,d lkekftd ,oa ykHkizndkuwu gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds rgr ikfjokfjd vnkyr dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fdos vius dk;Zfof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj gh ekeys ds nj[kkLr ;k dk;Zokgh ls mldsle>kSrksa ds gy rd igqaprs gSaA fdlh Hkh rjg ikfjokfjd vnkyr ds dk;Zokghds nkSjku ;k igys dksbZ Hkh dkuwu dk tkudkj dks izfrosnu djus dh vuqefrugha gksxhA fQj Hkh mUgsa bl ckr dk vf/kdkj gS fd fooknksa ds gy ds fy,,d dkuwu ds tkudkj ls fu;qDr dj ldrs gSaA ikfjokfjd vnkyr dk ;g,d iz;kl gksxk fd og le>kSrs ds gy rd nksuksa i{kksa dks lg;ksx djus dkiz;kl djrh gSA

ikfjokfjd vnkyrsa fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa vf/kdkj j[krh gS%

• nks i{kksa esa chp 'kknh ds fujLrhdj.k ;k oSokfgd vf/kdkjksa dh izR;iZ.k ;kfookg dh voS/krk esa eqdnek ;k dk;ZokghA

220

efgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZu • fookg dh oS/krk ;k fdlh O;fDr dh oSokfgd izfLFkfr laca/kh eqdnek ;k

?kks"k.kkA

• fookg ds i{kksa ds chp nksuksa i{kksa ;k fdlh ,d i{k dh laifr ls lacaf/kreqdnek ;k dk;ZokghA

• oSokfgd laca/k ls mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkns'k ;k fu"ks/kkKk ds fy,eqdnek ;k dk;ZokghA

• fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh oS/krk dh ?kks"k.kk ls lacaf/kr dkuwu ;k dk;Zokgh

• Hkj.k iks"k.k ls lacaf/kr dkuwu ;k dk;Zokgh

• fdlh Hkh ukckfyd O;fDr ds laj{k.k vfHkj{kk] ;k igqap ls lacaf/kr dkuwu;k dk;ZokghA

lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fo#) dkuwu%lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fo#) dkuwu%lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fo#) dkuwu%lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fo#) dkuwu%lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fo#) dkuwu% efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr lkekftd dqjhfr;karFkk ngst dh ekax] ?kjsyw o vU; izdkj dk mRihM+u] tUe ls iwoZ cPps ds fyax dk irkyxkuk] cykRdkj vkfn fo"k; efgyk lektlsod ds fy, vkanksyu ds fo"k; gSA rFkkljdkj bu vijk/k esa dM+s n.Mksa ds fy, u, dkuwuksa dks cukdj rFkk ekStwnk dkuwuksaesa la'kks/ku }kjk bl vksj dkjZokbZ dh xbZ gSA buesa ls dqN dks ;gka nsf[k,A

lizS'ku vkWQ bEekSjy VªSfQd bu oweSu ,aM xYlZ ,DV 1956 vkSj bEekSjy VªSfQd¼izhoSa'ku½ ,DV 1986A

ngst ¼fu"ks/k½ vf/kfu;e 1961] ngst mUewyu ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1986

vijkf/kd dkuwu ¼f}rh; la'kks/ku½ vf/fu;e] 1983

lrh ¼fu"ks/k½ vk;ksx vf/kfu;e 1987

tUe ls iwoZ xHkZ tkap rduhd ¼fu;eu vkSj nq#i;ksx ls cpko½ vf/kfu;eA

?kjsyw fgalk ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 2005

Je dkuwu% Je dkuwu% Je dkuwu% Je dkuwu% Je dkuwu% gkykafd ns'k esa jkstxkj] etnwjh rFkk dk;Z dh 'krks±] ?kkVs {kfriwfrZ]lkekftd lqj{kk] dY;k.k o Jfed ds vU; igyqvksa ls lacaf/kr vusd dke dkuwufØ;k'khy gS ijUrq cgqr de dkuwu fof'k"V :i ls efgykvksa ds fy, gSA bldsvfrfjDr lkekU;r% Je dkuwu dsoy laxfBr Jfed ij gh ykxw gksrk gSA vlaxfBrlsDVj esa] tgka efgyk,a iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd jkstxkj izkIr djrh gSa ogka yxHkxlEiw.kZ Jfed oxZ ekStwnk Je dkuwuh dh ifjf/k ls ckgj gS rFkk xfr'khy dkuwu dhNk;k ls ckgj gSA pfy, ns[ks dqN ,sls ekStwnk dkuwu tks fof'k"V :i ls efgyk Jfedksads fy, gSa rFkk ,sls dkuwu Hkh ftlesa efgyk Jfedksa ds fy, fo'ks"k izko/kku gSA

• leku etnwjh vf/kfu;e] 1976

• izlwfr ykHk vf/kfu;e] 1961

• deZpkjh jkT; chek vf/kfu;e] 1948

• U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e] 1948

• vUrj jkT; izoklh ¼jkstxkj fofu;eu rFkk lsok 'krs±½ vf/kfu;e] 1979

• Bsdk etnwj ¼fofu;eu ,oa mUewyu½ vf/kfu;e] 1970

• ekbUl ,DV] 1952

• QSDVjh ,DV] 1948

• IykaVs'ku yscj ,DV

221

• chM+h vkSj flxjsV etnwj vf/kfu;e] 1966

• chM+h etnwj dY;k.k fuf/k vf/kfu;e] 1976

• vkS|ksfxd jkstxkj vf/kfu;e] 1976

• dY;k.k fuf/k vf/kfu;e] 1972

• deZpkjh isa'ku ;kstuk] 1995

jktuhfr vf/kdkj ij dkuwu% jktuhfr vf/kdkj ij dkuwu% jktuhfr vf/kdkj ij dkuwu% jktuhfr vf/kdkj ij dkuwu% jktuhfr vf/kdkj ij dkuwu% efgykvksa dks jktuhfr :i ls l'kDr cukus ds fy,72osa ,oa 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds }kjk xzke iapk;rksa ,oa 'kgjh fudk;ksa ds lHkh Lrjksaij muds fy, ,d frgkbZ lhV vkjf{kr dh xbZ gSA ;|fi Hkkjrh; lafo/kku jktuSfrdlekurk dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA blds ckotwn Hkh efgykvksa dh jktuhfr esa Hkkxhnkjh cgqrde gSA la'kks/ku ds }kjk ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd iapk;r lnL;ksa esa de ls de,d frgkbZ efgyk lnL; gksuh gh pkfg,A rkfd tehuh Lrj ij vf/kd ls vf/kdefgyk,a jktuSfrd Lrj ij n`f"Vxr gksaA

ubZ dkuwu dh 'kq#vkr% ubZ dkuwu dh 'kq#vkr% ubZ dkuwu dh 'kq#vkr% ubZ dkuwu dh 'kq#vkr% ubZ dkuwu dh 'kq#vkr% Hkkjr ljdkj us efgykvksa dh n'kk esa lq/kkj ykus gsrq le;le; ij dbZ dkuwu cuk;s gSa rkfd efgykvksa ds l'kfDrdj.k dh izfØ;k dks rhoz xfrnh tk ldsA ;s dkuwu Hkkjr ljdkj ds ml opu o)rk dks Hkh iwjk djrk gS ftlesaljdkj efgyk laxBu ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; eap ¼Qksje½ esa bl ckr dh ?kks"k.kk djrh gS fdljdkj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djus ds fy, opuc) gSA blds fy, ljdkj dsdqN ubZ dkuwu cukbZ gSA dqN iqjkus dkuwu esa la'kks/ku dh gS rFkk dqN ubZ dkuwu ykxwfd;k tkuk gSA 73osa ,oa 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj laln esa efgykvksads fy, ,d frgkbZ lhV vkjf{kr djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA ;g fcy fiNys dqN o"kks±ls ljdkj ds fopkj/khu gSA nwljk dkuwu tks ljdkj ds fopkj/khu gS og dk;ZLFky ijefgykvksa ds lkFk ;kSu mRihMu fcy gSaA

25-6-325-6-325-6-325-6-325-6-3 uhfruhfruhfruhfruhfr-fu/kkZj.kfu/kkZj.kfu/kkZj.kfu/kkZj.kfu/kkZj.k

eq[; :i ls C.S.W.I. fjiksVZ ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk viukbZ xbZ dqN jk"Vªh;uhfr esa eq[; dsUnzfcanq efgykvksa rFkk mlls lacaf/kr leL;kvksa ij gSA tSls jk"Vªh; uhfriks"k.k jk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfr rFkk f'k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrA blds vykok] 2001 esa Hkkjrljdkj us efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, ,d uhfr;ka cukbZ gSA buesa ls dqN fyax fof'k"Vizko/kku dks uhps of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA

efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; uhfr% efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; uhfr% efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; uhfr% efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; uhfr% efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; uhfr% Hkkjr ljdkj us 2001 esa efgykl'kfDrdj.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; uhfr rS;kj dh gSA bu uhfr;ksa esa fuEufyf[kr mís';ksa dhppkZ dh xbZ gS%

• bl izdkj dk okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk] ftlesa efgyk vius 'kfDr dk iw.kZ fodkldj ldsaA

• efgyk Hkh iq#"k ds leku lHkh izdkj ds ekuokf/kdkj rFkk Lora=rk dks izkIr djsaA

• jk"Vª ds lekftd jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd uhfr fu/kkZj.k esa efgyk dh cjkcj dhHkkxnkjh lqfuf'pr dh tk,A

• xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk] jkstxkj] LokLF; lsok,a vk;s lHkh {ks=ksa esa leku Hkkxhnkjh gksA

• dkuwuh i)fr dks etcwr dh tk, rkfd efgykvksa ds fo#) HksnHkko dks lekIrfd;k tk ldsA

222


• efgykvksa rFkk yM+fd;ksa ds f[kykQ lHkh izdkj ds fgalk rFkk HksnHkko dks lekIrdjukA

• eq[;/kkjk dh vksj eksM+uk

• efgykvksa vkSj iq#"k dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh }kjk lkEiznkf;d xfrfof/k;ka vkSj lekIresa n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu djukA

• ukxfjd lekt ds lkFk fo'ks"k dj efgyk laLFkkvksa ds lkFk lk>snkfj;ksa dk fuekZ.kdjuk vkSj mUgsa et+cwr cukukA

;g uhfr uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vkSj efgykvksa ds l’kfDrdj.k ls lacaf/kr vU; lSDVjyuhfr;ksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[krh gSA efgykvksa ds vkanksyu vkSj xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dsO;kid ra= us ftldh tu lk/kkj.k Lrj ij xgjk izHkko gS vkSj efgykvksa ds eqíksa dhxgu varnZf"V gS] mUgksaus efgykvksa ds l’kfDrdj.k ds fy;s igy dks mRizsjd djus esa;ksxnku fn;k gSA ;g uhfr efgykvksa ds l’kfDrdj.k vkSj fodkl ds fy;s dbZPrescriptions iznku fd;s gSa tSls (i) oS/kkfud vkSj U;k;ikfydk O;oLFkk dks efgykvksadh vko’;drkvksa ds izfr vf/kd ftEesnkj cukuk (ii) lÙkk ds caVokjs esa lekurk fuf’prdjuk vkSj fu.kZ; ysus esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh (iii) mi;qDr uhfr;ksa] dk;Z vkSj O;oLFkkvksa}kjk fodkl izfØ;k esa ySafxd ifjizs{; dh mainstreaming lqfuf’pr djuk (iv) uhfr;ksavkSj dk;ZØeksa ds :ijs[kk }kjk efgykvksa ds lkekftd l’kfDrdj.k dks lqfuf’pr djuk(v) efgykvksa ds mUu;u dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy;s laLFkkxr ra= iSnk djuk (vi)vUrjkZ"Vªh; nkf;Roksa@commitment lHkh {ks= esa ykxw djuk vkfnA ;g uhfr bu uhfrPrescriptions dks dk;kZfUor djus ds fy;s dbZ operational j.kuhfr;ksa dks fu/kkZfjrdjrh gSA

f’k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrf’k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrf’k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrf’k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfrf’k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfr

f’k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfr 1986 esa viukbZ vkSj 1992 esa update dh xbZA vU; dbZizko/kkuksa ds vykok ;g uhfr vksV nsrh gS fd efgykvksa ds l’kfDdj.k vkSj oafpr dsfy;s vf/kdkjiw.kZ LFkku dh izkfIr ds fy;s f’k{kk ,d ldkjkRed vkSj n[kyiw.kZ Hkwfedkvnk djsA f’k{kk ij jk"Vªh; uhfr us igpkuk fd f’k{kk laca/kh miyfC/k;ksa esa ijaijkxrfyax fo"k;d f’k{kkRed <kapk lacksf/kr ugha dj ldk vkSj yM+fd;ksa esa f’k{kk dk uhpLrj cuk jgs vkSj os fodkl ds gkf’k;s ij jgsA ,u-ih-bZ us efgykvksa ds i{k esa ,d lghlksp ds lkFk vkLFkk ds act vkSj lkekftd ;kaf=dh ds :i esa l’kDr comimitmentcuk;kA ;s commitment Bksl fn’kk funsZ’k esa vuqokfnr gqvk gS vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:Ik dbZ n[kyankt gqbZA f’k{kkRed izfØ;k esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fy;s ,dcriticial 'krZ ds :i esa efgyk l’kfDrdj.k ij /;ku dsafnzr djrh gSA


ekuo lalk/ku ea=kky; dh orZeku ;kstukvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy;s fuEufyf[krfo’ks"k izko/kku j[ks x;s gS%

• vkWijs’ku CySd cksMZ izko/kku djrh gSa fd Hkfo"; esa f’k{kdksa esa 50%efgyk;sa gksuh pkfg,A vks- ch- ;kstuk ds varxZr Hkjh x;kh 1]13]259 inksaesa ls 48-6% efgyk;sa gSaA

• f’k{kkdehZ ifj;kstuk tks ,d f’k{kd okys fo|ky;ksa esa nks LFkkuh; fuoklhf’k{kkdehZ dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk LFkkukiUu djukA buesa ls 10-2% efgyk;sa gSA

223

• xSj-f’k{kk dh ;kstuk esa ,u-,Q-bZ- dsUnksa esa 90% assistance fo’ks"k :i lsyM+fd;ksa ds fy;s gSA

• izR;sd uoksn; fo|ky; esa de ls de ,d frgkbZ fo|kFkhZ yM+fd;k¡ gksAuoksn; vkSj dsUnzh; fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk XII rd yM+fd;ksa dks eqqQr f’k{kknh tkrh gSA

• $2 Lrj ij dsUnzh; :i ls sponsered dk;ZØe esa] Ldwy NksM+us okyhyM+fd;ksa dh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s O;olk; ij tksj nsus okysO;olkf;d dk;ZØeksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh tk jgh gSA

• fo’ofo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky;d Lrj ij efgykvksa dh f’k{kk dk lekt]m|ksx vkSj O;kikj dh cnyrh t:jrksa ds lkFk y; j[krs gq;s cgqekxhZdj.kvkSj iqu laxBu fd;k x;k gSA

jk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfrjk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfrjk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfrjk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfrjk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfr

jk"Vªh; LokLF; uhfr 2001 vk/kkjHkwr LokLF; ns[kjs[k efgykvksa dh o/kZeku igqaplqfuf’pr djrh gS vkSj efgykvksa ds LokLF; ls lacaf/kr pqus x;sa dk;ZØeksa ds foÙk dkslokZf/kd izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA uoha ;kstuk dky ds nkSjku iqu:Riknd vkSj cPpk LokLF;ds va’k ds :i esa dbZ igy dh x;hA ftlds }kjk bu lqfo/kkvksa dks o`gn vk/kkj okyhvkSj xzkgd vuqdwy cuk;k tk ldsA cPpk laj{k.k vkSj lqjf{kr ekr`Ro ds mi;qDrdk;ZØe dh n[kyankft;k¡ vk-lh-,p- dk fgLlk cu x;hA bl nkSjku dsUnzfcanq oS;fDrdjs[kh; n[kyankft;ksa ls gV dj iqu:Riknd LokLF; ns[k-js[k ij vf/kd /;ku nsus dslkFk ,d vf/kd lexz ,dhÑr thou pØ mikxe dh vksj pyk x;kA blesa mi ftykLrj ij xHkkZoLFkk ds lEiw.kZ dky esa izlwfr laca/kh ns[k js[k rd igqap vkikrdkfydtPpk ns[kjs[k dk leqnk; ds ;Fkk laHko lehi j[kus dk izko/kku] lqjf{kr xHkZikr lsokvksaesa lq/kkj vkSj foLrkj vkSj vkbZ-Vh-vkbZ-@,l-Vh-vkbZ ds ekeyksa ds mipkj dk izko/kku'kkfey gSaA

jk"Vªh; laiks"k.k uhfrjk"Vªh; laiks"k.k uhfrjk"Vªh; laiks"k.k uhfrjk"Vªh; laiks"k.k uhfrjk"Vªh; laiks"k.k uhfr

jk"Vªh; laiks"k.k uhfr ¼1993 ½ vYi@dqiks"k.k dh cgqeq[kh leL;kvksa lacaf/kr vYirkvksavkSj chekfj;ksa ds fuokj.k ds fy;s lexz vUr {ks=h; j.kuhfr dh odkyr djrh gS rkfdlekt ds lHkh oxksZ ds fy;s iks"k.k dh vuqdwyrk voLFkk dks izkIr djuk fdUrq ,slsvkSjrksa] ekrkvksa vkSj cPpksa ds fy;s fo’ks"k izkFkfedrk ds lkFk tks laosnu'khy (vulnerable)gksus ds lkFk-lkFk [krjs esa Hkh gSaA efgyk,a [kkldj ek¡ vkSj cPps o`) vkSj lw{e iks"kddHkh ¼lhbZMh½ tSlh nks eq[; leL;kvksa ls xzflr gksrs gSA o`gn iks"k.k laca/kh vYirk,afpVdkfyd dh vYirk ls izdV gksrh gS vkSj lwne iks"k.k laca/kh vYirk,a foVkfeu ,]yksg vkSj vk;ksMhu dh vYirkvksa esa izfrfcfacr gksrh gSA

25-6-425-6-425-6-425-6-425-6-4 lkdY;oknh ;kstuk,alkdY;oknh ;kstuk,alkdY;oknh ;kstuk,alkdY;oknh ;kstuk,alkdY;oknh ;kstuk,a

jk"Vªh; dk;Z fu;kstu% jk"Vªh; dk;Z fu;kstu% jk"Vªh; dk;Z fu;kstu% jk"Vªh; dk;Z fu;kstu% jk"Vªh; dk;Z fu;kstu% bls 1976 esa viuk;k x;k ,d n'kd ls Hkh vf/kd bl usefgyk fodkl ds lanHkZ esa vkSj ekxZ n'kZd izys[k ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA ;g uhfr 1988rd fo|eku jgs tc dksj fo'sk"kK ny }kjk ,d jk"Vªh; efgyk ifjizs{; ;kstuk¼1988&200½ dk elkSnk rS;kj fd;k x;k tksfd efgyk fodkl ds fy, lkdY;oknhn`f"Vdks.k ds ifjyf{kr djrk gSA

224


jk"Vªh; efgyk ifjn`'; ;kstuk ¼1988&2000½ jk"Vªh; efgyk ifjn`'; ;kstuk ¼1988&2000½ jk"Vªh; efgyk ifjn`'; ;kstuk ¼1988&2000½ jk"Vªh; efgyk ifjn`'; ;kstuk ¼1988&2000½ jk"Vªh; efgyk ifjn`'; ;kstuk ¼1988&2000½ efgyk o cky fodkl foHkkx uslacaf/kr ea=ky;ksa rFkk foHkkxksa ds ijke'kZ ls o"kZ 2000 ds e/;e ifjn`'; esa jk"Vªh;efgyk ifjn`'; ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ds fy, ,d lexzfdlh rS;kj djus dh vksj ,d iz'u FkkA ifjn`'; ;sktuk dk mís'; gS&

1½ vFkZO;oLFkk dh eq[;/kkjk esa efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd fodkl o ,dtqVrk rFkk 2½ lHkhefgykvksa ds fy, lekurk o lkekftd U;k; iznku djukA blus yxHkx n'kdksa dhfu;ksftr fodkl dh leh{kk dh rFkk ukS {ks=ksa ds fy, laLÑfr dhA ;s ukS {ks= gSa xzkeh.kfodkl] LokLF;] dkuwu] jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh] lapkj LoSfPNd dk;Z] lgk;ksx lsok]f'k{kk o jkst+xkjA ;kstuk us jk"Vªh; fodkl dh oSdfYid ;kstuk dks rS;kj djus dhckr dgh tks u dsoy efgykvksa dks lekt esa dqN vkSj LFkku miyC/k djk,xh] cfYdyksdrkaf=d] lerkoknh] /keZfuiZs{k] ljdkjh lekt dk gksuk <+kpk rS;kj djsa ftlesaefgyk,a iz[;ksa ds leku ¼cM+h gks ldsaA vU; izko/kkuksa ds vfrfjDr ;g ;kstuk efgykfodkl ds fy, lkdR;oknh n`f"Vdks.k dks xzg.k djus ds lkFk lkFk efgyk vf/kdkj odkuwu izorZu vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr ij cy nsrk gS tks vkxs py dj efgyk jk"Vª dksLFkkfir djus esa lgk;d gksxkA

o"kZ 1991o"kZ 1991o"kZ 1991o"kZ 1991o"kZ 1991-2000 ds fy, ckfydk gsrq jk"Vªh; dk;Z ;kstuk%2000 ds fy, ckfydk gsrq jk"Vªh; dk;Z ;kstuk%2000 ds fy, ckfydk gsrq jk"Vªh; dk;Z ;kstuk%2000 ds fy, ckfydk gsrq jk"Vªh; dk;Z ;kstuk%2000 ds fy, ckfydk gsrq jk"Vªh; dk;Z ;kstuk% ;g ,d ,dhÑrcgq-{ks=h; n'kdh; ;kstuk gS tks ckfydk o o;Ld ckfydk ds fy, fo'ks"k fyaxlaosnu'khyrk lfgr cky thou] lqj{kk o fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djsxkA ;k ckfydkvksads thou o mudh lqj{kk dks lqfjuf'pr djus okys mik;ksa ij dk;Z djsxkA bl ;kstukesa ckfydk xHkZgR;k o Hkzw.kgR;k dks jksdusA fyax HksnHkko dks [kRe djus] ?kjksa ds LoPNis; ty o ?kjksa dh O;oLFkk] 'kks"k.k] izgkj rFkk nq#i;ksx ls ckfydkvksa dks lqj{kk iznkudjus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA ljdkj dh jk"Vªh; uhfr rFkk ckfydk o ifjokj ij dk;Zvuqla/kku ifj;kstuk Hkh ckfydk dh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus ds fy, dk;ZØe rS;kj dj jgsgSaA

25-6-525-6-525-6-525-6-525-6-5 fo’ks"k izfrosnufo’ks"k izfrosnufo’ks"k izfrosnufo’ks"k izfrosnufo’ks"k izfrosnu

Hkkjr ljdkj us efgyk laca/kh fof’k"V fpark ds {ks=ksa ij ,d fo’ks"k fjiksZV rS;kj dhA

xzkeh.k Je ij jk"Vªh; deh’ku dh fjiksVZ%xzkeh.k Je ij jk"Vªh; deh’ku dh fjiksVZ%xzkeh.k Je ij jk"Vªh; deh’ku dh fjiksVZ%xzkeh.k Je ij jk"Vªh; deh’ku dh fjiksVZ%xzkeh.k Je ij jk"Vªh; deh’ku dh fjiksVZ% bl fjiksZV esa efgykvksa ds fodkl dksrhozrj djus ds fy;s dbZ vuqeksnu izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA buesa ls dqN bl izdkj gSaA(i) efgyk dkexkjksa esa O;olkf;d fofo/krk dks izksRlkgu (ii) efgykvksa ds izfr HksnHkkodks nwj djus ds fy;s fojklr ds dkuwuksa esa lq/kkj (iii) mRiknd fdz;kvksa dks Persue djusds fy;s ,sfPNd ,stsfUl;ksa dks efgykvksa ds lewg ds O;oLFkkiu dks izksRlkfgr djuk(iv) efgykvksa esa mRikndrk lq/kkjus ds fy;s dkS’ky izf’k{k.k (v) oSf/kd mik;ksa ds }kjkefgyk dkexkjksa dh dk;Z ds vfu;eu vkSj vuqca/kdj.k ds foijhr izHkkoksa ls lqj{kk(vi) ?kj ij fLFkr dkexkjksa dh muds fgrksa vkSj dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s dkuwuds ek/;e ls lqj{kkA

vukSipkfjd {ks= esa Lodk;Zjr efgykvksa ds jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZvukSipkfjd {ks= esa Lodk;Zjr efgykvksa ds jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZvukSipkfjd {ks= esa Lodk;Zjr efgykvksa ds jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZvukSipkfjd {ks= esa Lodk;Zjr efgykvksa ds jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZvukSipkfjd {ks= esa Lodk;Zjr efgykvksa ds jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ

futh O;olk; vkSj vukSipkfjd {ks=ksa esa cgqr cM+h ek=k esa efgykvksa ds dk;Zjr gksus dsdkj.k 1987 esa dk;Z dh n’kkvksa] Je lqj{kk] dkS’ky izf’k{k.k vkSj fodklkRed rFkkO;olkf;d lqj{kk vkfn dk /;ku j[kus ds fy;s 1987 esa ,d lfefr xfBr dh x;hAbl lfefr dks fn;s x;s lHkh eqíksa esa dqy dsUnz fcUnq dsoy futh dk;Z esa yxh efgyk;s

225

Fkh blesa vU; vlqjf{kr efgyk dkexkj 'kkfey ugha FkhA gkykafd] lfefr us leL;kdk o`grj fujh{k.k fd;k vkSj vlqjf{kr efgyk dkexkjksa ds lEiw.kZ oxZ dks lfEefyrdjus dk fu’p; fd;k ftlesa futh dk;Zrj vkSj oSrfud Je] oSrfud vkSj voSrfudJe] vukSipkfjd vkSj vuqca/k Je esa efgyk Je dks 'kkfey fd;kA

deh’ku us dbZ {ks= fof’k"V vkSj efgykvksa dh dbZ Jsf.k;ksa ds vuqeksnu fd;s tSlsykpkj] ;kSu dk;Z esa fyIr efgykvksa ds fy;s lfefr us lHkh fØ;kvksa oSrfud vkSjvoSrfud] ?kj esa ;k ?kj ds ckgj dk;Z djus okyh efgykvksa dks lfEefyr djus ds fy;sefgyk dkexkj dh ifjHkk"kk dks O;kid cukus dh flQkfj’k dhA bl lfefr dh dqNegRoiw.kZ flQkfj’k bl izdkj gS %

• mRiknd lalk/kuksa ij efgykvksa ds fu;a=.k vkSj LokfeRo dks c<+kus ds fy;sj.kuhfr;k¡ cukukA

• fu/kZu vkSj futh dk;Z esa lHkh efgykvksa ds fy;s fo’ks"k :i ls foÙk ra=ksa dh LFkkiuk

• dk;Z ds vf/kdkj dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj esa ykukA ?kjsyw dke dks lkekftd] vkfFkZdmRiknd dk;Z ds :i esa igpkuukA

• efgykvksa ds fy;s lkekftd lqj{kk dks"k cukuk] lgdkjh] QkeZ Jfed] [kk|kUuizØe.k pkjk vkSj ba/ku fodkl vkfn esa yxs Jfedksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy;svkanksyu dk foLrkj (convergence) vkSj izlkj djukA

• efgykvksa vkSj ckfydkvksa dks f’k{kk nsus ds fy;s fo’ks"k dne mBkukA

Hkkjr ljdkj us lfefr dh dqN flQkfj’k dks ykxw djus dh igy dh tcfd dqN vHkhykxw gksuh gSA

25-6-625-6-625-6-625-6-625-6-6 ukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, dk;ZØeukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, dk;ZØeukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, dk;ZØeukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, dk;ZØeukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds fy, dk;ZØe

efgykvksa ds fy;s vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds mís'; ds fy, efgyk vkSj cPpk fodkl foHkkx¼MhMCY;wlhMh½ us efgykvksa dks mUu;u ds fy, dbZ ifj;kstuk,a pykbZ gSaA foHkkx dbZdk;ZØeksa ds leUo;u ds lkFk lkFk dbZ ykHkksUeq[k ;kstukvksa dks Monitor Hkh djrk gSAblds vykok uoha ;kstuk ds vkys[k esa owesu dEiksusUV Iyku ladYiuk Hkh j[kh x;hA;g ,d egRoiw.kZ j.kuhfr gS tks ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd 30 izfr'kr rd QaM@ykHknwljs fodkl {ks=ksa ls efgykvksa dh vksj izokfgr gksA


efgykvks a ds fy, dqN fodklkRed dk;ZØeefgykvks a ds fy, dqN fodklkRed dk;ZØeefgykvks a ds fy, dqN fodklkRed dk;ZØeefgykvks a ds fy, dqN fodklkRed dk;ZØeefgykvks a ds fy, dqN fodklkRed dk;ZØe

• izf'k{k.k vkSj jkstxkj ds fy, lgk;rk dk;ZØe (STEP) ijaijkxr {ks=ksaesa efgykvksa ds dkS'ky dks c<+kok nsdj xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh vk; c<+kusdk y{; j[krk gSA

• ukjosf;bu ,stsalh QkWj MoyiesaV dksvksijs'ku (NOARD) ds }kjk izf'k{k.kvkSj dkS'ky fodkl ds fy, vkSj xSj ikjaifjd O;olk;ksa esa efgykvksa dsfy, vk;l`tu ds }kjk vkRefuHkZjrk dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, enn nhxbZ gSA

• ckfydk le`f) ;kstuk (BSY) 1997 esa izkjEHk vkSj 1999 esa ckfydk dsizfr leqnk; esa n`f"Vdks.k ifjorZu vkSj muds fo|ky; esa nkf[kys rFkkfVds jgus ds fo'ks"k mís'; ls iquxfBZr dh xbZA

226

efgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZu • xzkeh.k jkstxkj vkSj xjhch mUewyu foHkkx xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; dk

foHkkx gS ftlus dbZ ;kstuk,a izkjEHk dh gSaA ftuesa 30 ls 40 izfr'kryxHkx xjhch js[kk ds uhps jgus okyh efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA bu;kstukvksa ds ihNs efgykvksa esa Lo-lgk;rk vkSj O;olkf;drk dks c<+koknsus dk n'kZu fufgr gSA

• Lo.kZt;Urh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk vizSy 1999 esa izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhAxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dk leqfpr fodkl (DWCRA),,dhÑr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe (IRDP) vkSj Lojkst+xkj ds fy, xzkeh.k;qokvksa dk izf'k{k.k (TRYSEM) dk fefJr vkSj la'kks/ku :i gSA

• tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (JRY) izf'k{k.k vkSj jkstxkj ds ek/;e lslqfo/kk,a iznku djrh gSaA ts vk vkbZ dk ,d vax bafnjk vkokl ;kstukgS tks fu/kZuksa dks eq¶r ?kj nsus ij yf{kr gSaA efgykvksa dks viuh laifrds ;ksX; cukus ds fy, ;s ?kj efgykvksa ;k ifr iRuh ds la;qDr uke esafn, tkrs gSaA

• O;kikj lEc/kh O;olkf;d enn ,oa fodkl (TREAD) ljdkj }kjk 1995esa izkjaHk dh xbZA ;g xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 45]000 efgykvksa ds fy,Lojkst+xkj l`ftr djus ds fy, cukbZ xbZA bl esa xSj Ñf"k {ks= esa xSjljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds }kjk foÙkh; enn vkSj lsok iznku dh tkrh gSA

• Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, jk"Vªh; cSad (NABARD) fu/kZuksa dhfoÙkh; vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds mís'; ls cSadksa dks Lolgk;rklewgksa ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gSA bu cSadksa ls tqM+s lewgksa esa85 izfr'krefgyk,a gSaA

• efgykvksa ds fodkl laca/kh lgdkfjrk,a 1986-87 ls 19 jkT;ksa esa LFkkfirdh xbZ ;s efgyk O;olk;h dks igpkuus ds lkFk lkFk ijke'kZ rFkk vU;enn Hkh nsrh gSA

• lg;ksx iz.kkfy;ksa dh LFkkiuk 59]591 dk;Zjr efgykvksa ds fy, 841dkedkth efgykvksa ds gksLVy rFkk dkedkth ekrkvksa ds 7]878 cPpksa dsfy, 301 f'k'kqA

• fnol dsUnzksa ds :i esa dh x;h jkstxkj ,oa izf'k{k.k ds Mk;jsDVjsVtujy ds v/khu efgykvksa ds fy, izdks"B (PGEST) jkT;ksa ds lkFk feydj efgykvksa ds fy, O;olkf;d izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA

• bafnjk efgyk ;kstuk (IMY) Hkkjr ds 200 [kaMksa esa 1995 esa efgykvksa esalexz l'kfdrdj.k esa fy, izkjaHk dh x;hA IMY 238 [kaMksa esa ykxw dhtk jgk gS vkSj vc ru bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 40]000 efgykvksa ds lewgcuk;s tk pqds gSa buesa ls 3000 lewg 1999&2000 ds chp cusA

• xzkeh.k efgyvksa ds fodkl vkSj l'kfDrdj.k ifj;kstuk ¼Lo'kfDr ifj;kstuk½1998 esa pkyw dh xbZA ;g Lolgk;rk lewgksa dh LFkkiuk ds ek/;e lsN% jkT;ksa esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh izfØ;k dks etcwr cukus ds fy,ykxw dh xbZA

227

25-6-725-6-725-6-725-6-725-6-7 efgykvksa ds eqís ds v/;;u gsrq 'kks/k dsUnzefgykvksa ds eqís ds v/;;u gsrq 'kks/k dsUnzefgykvksa ds eqís ds v/;;u gsrq 'kks/k dsUnzefgykvksa ds eqís ds v/;;u gsrq 'kks/k dsUnzefgykvksa ds eqís ds v/;;u gsrq 'kks/k dsUnz

efgykvksa ds eqíksa ds v/;;u ds fy, 'kks/k dsUnz CSWI dh fjiksVZ ds izdk'ku ds cknns'k ds f'k{kkfonksa ds chp efgykvksa ds fo"k; esa 'kks/k djus dh #fp fn[kkbZ nhA 1980ds n'kd ds nkSjku vkSj rc ls efgykvksa ij v/;;u lkexzh vkSj rduhd fuiq.krk dkproliferation gqvk gSA efgykvksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; vkSj jkT; Lrj ij ra=ksa dh LFkkiuk]Lo;Rrk fudk;ksa] efgyk v/;;u bdkb;ksa vkSj dbZ esa efgyk v/;;u vkSj fodkldsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i efgykvksa ij v/;;u lkexzh fuekZ.k esa Spurt gqvkgSA jk"Vªh; fudk;ksa tSls NCERT vkSj NIEPA us f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa fyax fo"k;d iwokZxzgdh deh esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA foof/k 'kks/k laLFkkuksa ¼tSls ISST, CWDS, CSR vkfn½us efgykvksa ij O;ogkfjd vkSj ekSfyd 'kks/k esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS dbZ lekt lsohlaLFkkvksa us efgykvksa ds O;oLFkkiu vkSj fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa efgykvkss a dhHkkxhnkjh vf/kd djus vkSj la?kVu ds fy, uohu j.khuhfr;ka vkSj mechanism dkevolve fd;k gSA

fo|ky;ksa esa fof'k"VhÑr efgyk v/;;u foHkkx dbZ jkT; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj dh fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ds vanj vkrs gSaA bl izdkj ,df=r v/;;ulkexzh dks ljdkjh vkSj xSj-ljdkjh ,stsfUl;ksa tks efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds fy,dk;Zjr gSa csgrj ;kstuk vkSj ;kstukvksa esa mPprj allocation ds fy, iz;ksx dj ldrhgSA efgykvksa ds 'kks"k.k dks jksduk vkSj csgrj Enforcement dh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,csgrj vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh dkuwu cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA

25-725-725-725-725-7 xSjxSjxSjxSjxSj-ljdkjh miØeljdkjh miØeljdkjh miØeljdkjh miØeljdkjh miØe

efgykvksa ds vkUnksyu vkSj jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrjksa ij izkjaHk miØeksa }kjk izkjaHklekt esa efgykvksa dh 'kkspuh; n’kk ds ckjs esa fodflr gksrh gqbZ O;kid psruk dsQyLo:Ik LoSfPNd dk;Z lewgksa ds usr`Ro esa yksxksa dh Lo;a lfØ; lgHkkfxrk gksusyxhA ,slk LoSfPNd dk;Z Lora=rk ds fnuksa ls gqvk Fkk] fdUrq bldh xfr esa c<+r 1970vkSj 1980 ds n’kdksa esa vkbZ] tSls gh efgykvksa ds eqís rsth ls dsUnz fcUnq esa vk;sA okLroesa] dk;Z ds fy;s ljdkj dks izsfjr djus ds fy;s O;fDrxr lkekftd lfØ; dk;ZdrkZvkSj xSj-ljdkjh laxBu lkekU; :Ik ls vkUnksyu esa vxz.kh jgs gSa vkSj efgykvksa lslEcfU/kr dfri; uhfr;ksa vkSj dkuwu cuokus esa eq[; :Ik ls mÙkjnk;h jgs gSaA


Hkkjr esa ,sfPNd dk;ZHkkjr esa ,sfPNd dk;ZHkkjr esa ,sfPNd dk;ZHkkjr esa ,sfPNd dk;ZHkkjr esa ,sfPNd dk;Z

Hkkjr esa ,sfPNd dk;Z lnSo gh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ijEijk dk vfHkUuvax jgk gSA vktknh ds igys ,sfPNd laLFkk;sa lkekftd lq/kkj] lektdY;k.k] f’k{kk] LokLF; vkfn vusdksa fØ;kvksa esa layXu FkhA vktknh ds ckn,sfPNd laLFkkvksa dks lg;ksx djus vkSj etcwr djus dh izfrc)rk ds dkj.k,sfPNd laLFkkvksa dh la[;k esa iz’kaluh; c<+r gqbZ gSA cgqr lh ,sfPNd laLFkkvksaus efgykvksa ds mUu;u ds dk;ZØe fy;s gSaA bu laLFkkvksa ds dqN mnkgj.kesa ;g laLFkk;sa vkrh gSa dLrwjck xk¡/kkh jk"Vªh; Le`frU;kl] Hkkjrh; xzkeh.kefgyk la?k] gfjtu lsod la?k] vkU/kz efgyk la?k] dkedkth efgyk eap]vUuiw.kkZ efgyk eaMy] ;qok efgyk bZlkbZ laLFkk vkfnA

228

efgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdefgyk,¡] lkekftdvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZuvkanksyu vkSj ifjorZu vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk n’kd vkSj Hkkjr dh ik¡poha vkSj NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk;sa

,d gh le; esa gqbZ] ftlus xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds lkFk ljdkjh lg;ksx ijcgqr vf/kd tksj fn;kA ljdkjh ;kstukvksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa xSj-ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfek dks vf/kd mfpr <axds lkFk gh ldkjkRed <ax lsjs[kkafdr fd;k tkus yxkAlzksr% lzksr% lzksr% lzksr% lzksr% lkdZ xkbM cqd

bu laxBuksa dh xfr fof/k;ksa dks eksVs rkSj ij bl izdkj lewghÑr dj ldrs gSa% ¼d½fulgk; efgykvksa ds fy;s dY;k.k dk;ZØe pykuk ¼[k½ efgykvksa dk izf’k{k.k vkSjdk;Z dsfUnzr dkS’ky fodkl ¼x½ foÙk miyC/k djkus vkSj mRiknd lsok dk;Z dhvko’;drkvksa ds fy;s efgykvksa ds lgdkjh laLFkkvksa vkSj efgykvksa ds vU; izdkj dslaxBu cukuk ¼?k½ efgykvksa dks izHkkfor djus okys eqíksa dks mBkuk] psruk tkx`r djuk]O;fDrxr ekeyksa esa lgk;rk dk;Z djuk vkSj dkuwuh lgk;rk iznku djuk rFkk vU;lsok;sa ¼vxzoky vkSj jko 2001½ fodkl dsfUnzr cgqr lh ljdkjh ;kstuk;sa xSj-ljdkjhlaLFkkvksa }kjk pykbZ tkrh gSaA efgykvksa dks laxfBr djus ds ljdkjh iz;klksa vkSj _.ktqVkus dks pSuyc) djus dk dk;Z xSj-ljdkjh laxBu gh djrs gSaA

25-825-825-825-825-8 lkjk a'klkjk a'klkjk a'klkjk a'klkjk a'k

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25-1025-1025-1025-1025-10 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsadqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsadqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsadqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsadqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsaAgrawal, Rashmi and Rao,B.V.L.N.2004. Gender Issues –A Road Map toEmpowerment. Shipra Publications: Delhi

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