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Transcript of Magnoliaceae of Indian Region - Reprint
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Diversity and Conservation of Plants and Traditional Knowledge 59 - 79. 2012.Edited by: S. Panda & C. Ghosh
Published by: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun
Magnoliaceae of Indian Region an Appraisal
V. Sampath Kumar
Botanical Survey of India (SRC), TNAU Campus, Coimbatore 641 003,Tamil Nadu, India
Present address: HLAA, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond,Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
The family Magnoliaceae in Indian region has been studied as in the lastdecade. All the genera of the subfamilyMagnolioideaein India are reducedto infrageneric level of the type genusMagnolia Linnaeus and a total of 30species and one variety are recognized under the type genus. The species,Michelia wardiiDandy has been reduced to varietal level. Each taxon isenumerated with important synonyms and citations. In this account, onlytwo species are recognized as endemic to India compared to six listed inFlora of Indiaby Raju in 1993. A detailed distributional data of all the taxafound in Indian subcontinent are provided. Cultivated non-indigenousspecies are also listed separately at the end.
Key words:Magnoliaceae,Magnolia, Indian region, Enumeration, Endemicspecies.
INTRODUCTION
The family Magnoliaceae is considered to be one of the primitive families of
Angiosperms and is usually of trees or large shrubs with persistent or deciduous
stipulate leaves. Due to its often large, showy and fragrant flowers, many Magnolias
are cultivated as ornamentals. The family is economically also important as the
wood of some species is used in furniture and cabinet works.
The family is divided into two subfamilies, Magnol ioideae and
Liriodendroideae, the latter is monogeneric and not reported to be found in wild
in the Indian region i.e. India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar/
Burma and Sri Lanka. However, two species of the genusLiriodendronLinnaeus
are reported to be cultivated here.
The generic delimitation within Magnolioideae has been subject of
persistent debate and disagreement among taxonomists, botanists, horticulturists
and morphologists (Figlar 2000). In the second half of the 19 thcentury Baillon
(1866, 1868, 1871) suggested the merger of three genera,AromadendronBlume,
ManglietiaBlume and TalaumaJussieu with the type genusMagnoliaLinnaeus.
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After two decades, King (1891) supported the Baillons view and remarked, I
think there are good grounds for the opinion of Baillon that Michelia and
Manglietiashould both be merged inMagnolia. However, Dandy (1927, 1964,
1971, 1978, 1979) continued to treat them as separate genera and opined that they
are well-defined ones. In 1978, Keng based on morphological and anatomical
characters as well as field observations on Malaysian species concluded that
Aromadendron, Mangleitiaand Talauma (but not Michelia) should be merged
withMagnolia, a view originally expressed over a century ago by Baillon (l. c.).
Raju & Nayar (1980) and Chowdhery & Daniel (1981) advocated the view of Keng
(l. c.) and merged the taxa ofManglietiaand TalaumawithMagnoliaand made
many new combinations mainly of Indian taxa. But authors like Nooteboom (1985,
1988, 1993), Chen & Nooteboom (1993) and Law et al(1996) consideredManglietia
as a separate entity. Figlar & Nooteboom (2004), on the basis of latest availableDNA data (Azuma et al1999, 2000, 2001; Kim et al2001) as well as morphological
characters (Figlar 2000, 2003a, b; Nooteboom 1998, 2000) relegated all the genera of
Magnolioideae under the genus Magnolia. They recognized 3 subgenera viz.,
Magnolia(with 8 sections and 7 subsections), Yulania(Spach) Reichenbach (with
2 sections and 6 subsections) and Gynopodium Figlar & Nooteboom (with 2
sections).
Hooker & Thomson (1872) in The Flora of British Indiaaccounted a total
of 8 genera in the Magnoliaceae by following the circumscription of Bentham
(1862) in Genera Plantarum. Eventually, four genera of these were placed in three
newly created families, viz., Eupteleaceae (EupteleaSiebold & Zuccarini), Illiciaceae
(Ill iciumLinnaeus) and Schisandraceae (Kadsura Kaempf. ex Jussieu and
SchisandraMichaux), which is widely accepted and almost all the authors treat
them in separate family from that of Magnoliaceae (e.g. Hutchinson 1964;
Mabberley 2008).
In 1961, Raju placed different species of Indian Magnoliaceae under six
genera (Manglietia,Magnolia,Michelia, Talauma,Alcimandraand Pachylarnax).
However, in 1993, Raju recognized only three genera in Flora of India work
(Table 1). After this publication, many changes not only in nomenclature but
circumscription of the taxa have also occurred (see Law et al1996; Frodin &
Govaerts 1996; Figlar 2000; Kim et al2002; Figlar & Nooteboom 2004; Nooteboom
& Chalermglin 2009). Further, additional distribution of the Indian taxa in some
states especially from NE region as well as outside the country was also reported
(e.g. Chowdhery et al1996; Law et al1996; Frodin & Govaerts 1996; Chauhan et al
2000; Press et al2000; Kress et al2003; Xia et al2008), which resulted in reduction
of endemics to merely two species (Magnolia pealianaKing andM. pleiocarpa
(Dandy) Figlar & Nooteboom) rather than six reported by Raju (1993). Sampath
Kumar (2006a) listed 21 species and 3 varieties from India and discussed about the
distribution of Magnolias in various states of India as well as in Himalayas.
It can be seen from the Table 1 that invariably all the authors recognized the
genus Michelia in their work. Traditionally this genus is distinguished from
Magnoliaby stalked gynophore (King 1891). Besides,Micheliais distinguished
60 Magnoliaceae of Indian Region
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by its monopodial growth and flowers on brachyblasts in the axils of leaves (Chen
& Nooteboom 1993). As stated by King (l. c.) two species of IndianMagnolia(M.
griffithiiHooker f. & Thomson and M. pealianaKing) have distinct, although
short, stalks to their gynophores. Figlar (2000) also argued by quoting some
examples from Magnolia that the presence of gynoecium in Micheliamay be
useful in defining species or sections but its value in delimiting genera in
Magnoliaceae is doubtful. He has also shown that the characters of axillary flowers
and monopodial growth are found inMagnoliaitself.
In Hutchinsons The Genera of Flowering Plants, Dandy (1968)
differentiated the genus Manglietia from Magnolia based only on number of
ovules per carpel! Since some of the species ofMagnoliaalso possess more than
two ovules as stated by Keng (1978), Sampath Kumar (2006b) transferred thespecies ofManglietia to the genus Magnolia.
In this account, the classification of Figlar & Nooteboom (2004) is followed
and a total of 30 species and one variety is recognized. All the taxa are enumerated
with important synonyms and citations. Authors names are abbreviated following
Brummitt & Powell (1992) and as far as possible the important literatures including
Regional and Indian State floras are provided in the citation. Since it is not only felt
that the descriptions of the taxa are mere repetition of the same found in Flora of
Sl.No. Genera
India
(Raju1993)
Nepal
(Dandy
1979
&
Pressetal2000)
Bhutan
(Grierson1984)
Myanmar
(Kressetal
2003)
SriLanka
(Nooteboom1987)
Presentaccount
1. Alcimandra Dandy - - 1 (1) - - -
2. MagnoliaLinnaeus
11(11)
3 (3) 3 (3) 7 (7) - 31(30)
3. Manglietia Blume - 1 (1) - 4 (4) - -
4. Michelia Linnaeus 12
(12)
4 (4) 4 (4) 9 (9)* 2
(2)**
-
5. PachylarnaxDandy
1 (1) - - - - -
6. Talauma Jussieu - 1 (1) 1 (1) - - -
Total 24(24)
9(9)***
9 (9) 20(20)*
2 (2)* 31(30)
Present account 25(24)
9 (9) 9(9 )
24(24)*
2 (2)* -
Table 1.Number of taxa of Magnoliaceae recognized by different authorsin the countries of Indian region1(number of species is indicated inside
parenthesis).
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India by Raju (1993), Magnoliaceae of China by Chen & Nooteboom (1993),
Flora of China by Xia et al. (2008) etc., but also beyond the scope of this
enumeration study, the descriptions are not provided. Indeed this work is aimed to
bring clear cut picture of the nomenclature as well as distribution of the Magnolias
found in Indian subcontinent. While this manuscript was going to press, Flora of
Nepal(volume 3) edited by Watson et al(2011) was received at Kew Library and
accordingly necessary additions were made especially in the taxa citations.
1 in Pakistan represented by only three cultivated species
(Khanzada & Khan 1974).
* includingMichelia champaca, a naturalized one.
** Michelia nilagiricaZenker var.walkeriHookerf. & Thomson
found in wild while M. champacais reportedly naturalized. In
this account the former taxon is treated as synonym of typical
variety nilagirica.
*** Poudel et alin Watson et als (2011) described only 8 species
under the genusMagnoliaandM. pterocarpaRoxburgh has not
been treated although it is included in the key for certain specific
reasons!
ENUMERATION OFTAXA
Magnolia bailloniiPierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1: t. 2. 1880.Michelia baillonii
(Pierre) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Dandy in Bull.
Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 310. 1927; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al, Fl. India 1: 174.
1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 72. 1996; Kr. P.
Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 132, f. 5. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl.
Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287.
2003.Aromadendron baillonii(Pierre) Craib, Fl. Siam. 26. 1925. Paramichelia
baillonii(Pierre) Hu in Sunyatsenia 4: 144. 1940; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 59.
1981; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 61. 1985. Talauma spongocarpa
King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47bis. 1891.Aromadendron
spongocarpum(King) Craib, Fl. Siam. 25. 1925. Talauma phellocarpaKing in Ann.Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47ter. 1891; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 18.
1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 79.
1981.Michelia phellocarpa(King) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
52(4): 44. 1906.Magnolia phellocarpa(King) H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian
J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981.
Distribution:India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram & Tripura),
Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.
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Note:This is the only species well represented in NE India but not reported from
Himalayas. All the other species distributed in N. & NE India are recorded from
Himalayas.
Magnolia campbelliiHookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 77. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl.
Brit. India 1: 41. 1872; Hookerf., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 4-5. 1855 & in Bot. Mag. 111: t. 6793.
1885; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 208, t. 51-52. 1891; Gamble, Man.
Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 37. 1906;
Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 19(2): 20.
1966; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India
3: 352. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 1: 95. 1966 & 2: 36. 1971; Dandy in H. Hara &
L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 24. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.
Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 166. 1993 & inFl. W. Bengal 1: 137. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal
Pr. 1: 66. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhanet al.
in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; W.J. Kresset al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs,
herbs and climbers of Myanmar, in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003; Poudel et
al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 2, fig. 1a-c. 2011. Magnolia grandiflora sensu
Griffith, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 273. 1847, nonLinnaeus 1759.
Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh & Manipur), Nepal,
Bhutan, Myanmar, SE Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).
Note:This lofty tree is cultivated as an ornamental in NE region of the country
because of its spectacular flowers of white or rose colour.
Magnolia cathcartii(Hookerf. & Thomson) Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 88. 1985; S.
Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 333. 2002.Michelia cathcartiiHookerf. & Thomson, Fl.
Ind. 1: 79. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; Hookerf., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 7.
1855; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 214, t. 60. 1891; Gamble, Man.
Ind. Timb. 11. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 42. 1906;
Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 21. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. India 1:
175. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; A.S. Chauhanet al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Manipur 1: 76. 2000. Sampacca cathcartii(Hookerf. & Thomson) Kuntze, Revis.
Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Alcimandra cathcartii(Hookerf. & Thomson) Dandy in Bull.
Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 260. 1927; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 60. 1981;
Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 237. 1984.Michelia gustavii
King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209. 1891.
Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Nagaland & Manipur),
Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet, China and Vietnam.
Note:This evergreen tree species can easily be distinguished by its 12 16 pairs
of lateral leaf nerves and ca 3 cm long stamens embedding the gynoecium.
Distribution of this species from Myanmar is included here based on Raju (1993)
and Frodin & Govaerts (1996) although Kimet al. (2002) and Kress et al. (2003) did
not mention its distribution from Myanmar.
V. Sampath Kumar 63
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Magnolia caveana(Hookerf. & Thomson) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J.
Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S.
Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 166. 1993; H.J. Chowdheryet al. in Hajra et
al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 66, f. 8. 1996.Manglietia caveanaHookerf. & Thomson,
Fl. Ind. 1: 76. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot.
Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 211, t. 57. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
52(4): 34. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv.
India 3: 352. 1961; Tiep in Feddes Repert. 91: 555. 1980; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For.
Fl. Meghalaya 1: 57. 1985; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and
climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003.
Distribution:India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Nagaland), Myanmar
and China.
Raju (l. c.1993) mentioned that this species is endemic to NE India. But the species
is reported to occur in Kachin province of Myanmar by Kress et al. (l. c.). Similarly
in Flora of China, Xia et al. (2008) reported its occurrence in SE Xiang and SE
Yunnan provinces.
Magnolia champaca(Linnaeus) Baillon ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: t. 3.
1880; Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 96. 2004; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl
Nepal 3: 3, fig. 1f. 2011.Michelia champacaLinnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753; DC.,
Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; Blume, Bijdr. 1: 7. 1825; Wall. Cat. No. 969. 1829; Roxburgh, Fl.
Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 656. 1832; Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 6. 1834; Wight, Ill.
Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840; Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 79. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl.
Brit. India 1: 42. 1872p.p. excl. syn.M. doltsopa; Miquel, Fl. Ind.-Bat. 1: 16. 1859;
Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 25. 1877; King in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 58: 371. 1890 & in
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 216, t. 64. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 12.
1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 45. 1906; Gamble, Fl.
Madras 6. 1915; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2: 8. 1921; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1:
22. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 2: 36. 1971; Khanzada & S.A. Khan in
Nasir & Ali, Fl. W. Pakistan 64: 1. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum.
Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 79. 1981; Grierson in Grierson &
D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 2. 1984;
C.J. Saldanha & B.R. Ramesh in C.J. Saldanha, Fl. Karnataka 1: 37. 1984; H.J.
Chowdhery et al. in H.J. Chowdhery & Wadhwa, Fl. Himachal Pr. Anal. 1: 32. 1984;
Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 59. 1985; Parmar in B.V. Shetty & V.
Singh, Fl. Rajasthan 1: 58. 1987; Nooteboom in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl.Ceylon 6: 155. 1987; A.K. Mukherjee in D.M. Vermaet al., Fl. Madhya Pr. 1: 126.1993;
H.O. Saxena & Brahmam, Fl. Orissa 1: 14. 1994; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.
India 1: 175. 1993 & in Fl W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et
al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 72. 1996; Pullaiah & Chennaiah, Fl. Andhra Pr. 1: 66.
1997; P.S.N. Rao in Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman-Nicobar Isl. 1: 59. 1999; Press et al,
Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Manipur 1: 76. 2000; N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Bihar Anal. 26. 2001; Kr. P. Singh in N.P.
Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 134. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs,
64 Magnoliaceae of Indian Region
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herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003; Sasidharan in
KFRI Handb. 17: 15. 2004; N. P. Balakrishnan in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 127. 2005.
Michelia rufinervisDC., Syst. Nat. 1: 449. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824.Michelia
doltsopa auct. non. Buchanan-Hamilton exDC. 1817: Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 7, t.
3. 1824.Michelia aurantiacaWallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 39, t. 147. 1831 & Cat. No.
6492. 1832; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840.Michelia rheedeiWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1:
14, t. 5, f. 6. 1840.
Distribution:India (throughout). Naturalized in many parts of Indian region, E. &
SE Asia. This species is native to India (Don 1831; Nooteboom 1987).
Note:This species is cultivated mainly for its fragrant flowers in religious places.
For commercial purpose, it is cultivated in large scale where Champa oil is extracted
from flowers used in perfume industry. The wood is also used in carpentry work.The Indian population of the plant is to be considered as var. champacaas var.
pubinervia(Blume) Miquel is confined to Malesian region.
Magnolia doltsopa(Buchanon-Hamilton exDC.) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.
1998: 21. 2000; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 3, fig.1g-h. 2011.Michelia
doltsopaBuchanon-Hamilton exDC., Syst. Nat. 1: 448. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; D.
Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 226. 1825; Dandy in J. Bot. 65: 279. 1927 & in Bot. Mag. 164: t.
9645. 1943; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1966 &
2: 37. 1971; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; N.P.
Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 59. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2):
235. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 59. 1985; D.C.S. Raju in B.D.
Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 176. 1993 & in Fl W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; B.L. Chen &
Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 1063, f. 10. 1993,p.p. excl. syn M. wardii;
H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996; Press et al.,
Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Manipur 1: 76. 2000; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 134. 2002; W.J.
Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 45: 288. 2003.Magnolia excelsaWallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 5, t. 2. 1824.Michelia
excelsa(Wallich) Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 9. 1829; Wall. Cat. No. 6494. 1832; Hookerf.
& Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 80. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; Wight, Ill. Ind.
Bot. 1: 14. 1840; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 215, t. 63. 1891; Gamble,
Man. Ind. Timb. 11. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906;
Kanjilalet al., Fl. Assam 1: 21. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953;
D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961. Sampacca excelsa(Wallich) Kuntze,
Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Michelia calcuttensisP. Parmentier in Bull. Soc. FranceBelgique 27: 213, 282. 1896.Michelia manipurensisWatt ex Brandis, Indian Trees 8.
1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 25. 1934.
Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Manipur & Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).
Note:This is a much variable species, which is evident from the number of synonyms
cited under this (for more see Frodin & Govaerts 1996). This species is reported to
be cultivated in Gardens as an ornamental in Northwestern Himalayas.
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Magnolia doltsopa(Buchanan-Hamilton exDC.) Figlar var. wardii(Dandy) V.S.
Kumar comb. & stat. nov. Michelia wardiiDandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1929:
222. 1929; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 26. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India
3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 182. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in
Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 77. 1996. Michelia doltsopa auct. non
Buchanan-Hamilton exDC. 1817: B.L. Chen & Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 80: 1063. 1993 & D.G. Frodin & R. Govaerts, World Checklist Bibliogr.
Magnoliaceae 56. 1996,p.p. quoad syn M. wardii.
Distribution:India (Arunachal Pradesh) and Tibet.
Note:Chen & Nooteboom (1993) reduced this taxon as synonym underM. doltsopa.
However, the latter is characterized by the rufous or tawny indumentum on lower
surface of lamina, bracts and peduncles. Apart from this, both the taxa differs inleaf base and in number of lateral nerves too (cuneate to slightly obtuse and 7 10
inM. doltsopawhile attenuate and decurrent into petiole and 9 14 in the other).
Magnolia floribunda(Finet & Gagnepain) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.
1998: 21. 2000.Michelia floribundaFinet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
52(4): 46. Pl. 7, f. b. 1906.Michelia kerriiCraib in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1922:
166. 1922, non Talauma kerriiCraib 1922.
Distribution: Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.
Magnolia globosaHookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 77. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit.
India 1: 41. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 208, t. 50. 1891;
Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4):39. 1906; Dandy in Bot. Mag. 159: t. 9467. 1936; Johnstone, As. Magnol. 116, f. 16
c-d, 17 left. 1955; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352. 1961; H. Hara, Spring
Fl. Sikkim Him. f. 127. 1963 & Fl. E. Himal. 1: 95. 1966; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J.
Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 24. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.
Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 167. 1993 & in
Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal
Pr. 1: 68. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; W.J. Kress et al.,
Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45:
287. 2003; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl Nepal 3: 2. 2011. Yulania japonicavar.
globosa(Hookerf. & Thomson) P. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Begique 27: 258.
1896. Magnolia tsarongensisW.W. Smith & Forrest in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 12: 215. 1920. Oyama globosa (Hookerf. & Thomson) N.H. Xia & C. Y.
Wu in Fl. China 7: 67. 2008.
Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan,
Myanmar, Tibet and China.
Note: The flowers of the tree are white and fragrant. Often, cultivated as an
ornamental in NE region of India.
Magnolia griffithiiHookerf. & Thomson in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 41. 1872;
King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209, t. 48. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind.
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Timb. 10. 1902; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 14. 1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:
254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al.,
Fl. India 1: 167. 1993,p.p. excl. syn.M. pealianaKing; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in
Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 68. 1996; A.S. Chauhanet al. in N.P. Singh et
al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; S. Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 334. 2002; W.J. Kress et al.,
Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45:
287. 2003.Michelia griffithii(Hookerf. & Thomson) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull.
Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 42. 1906.
Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland & ?Manipur),
Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Note:According to Deb (l. c.) this species is cultivated in Imphal and based on the
specimen ofDeb2422 (CAL) from Imphal, Chauhan et al. (l. c.) reported it fromManipur.
Magnolia gustaviiKing in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209, t. 61. 1891;
Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.
Assam 1: 15. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in J. Assam
Sci. Soc. 8: 23. 1965 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 168. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery
et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 68. 1996; S. Kimet al. in Blumea 47: 334.
2002.
Distribution:India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar and Thailand.
Note: Till the last decade this species was known to occur only in Assam.
Chowdhery et al. (l.c.) and Kim et al. (l. c.) reported it from Kameng, Siang and
Subansiri districts of Arunachal Pradesh and Petchaburi province in Thailandrespectively. Its Myanmar distribution is included here based on the report of its
occurrence in that country (as Burma) by Nooteboom & Chalermglin (2009).
Magnolia henryiDunn in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 484. 1903; B.L. Chen & Nooteboom
in Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 80: 1008. 1993.Lirianthe henryi (Dunn) N. H. Xia &
C.Y. Wu in Fl. China 7: 63. 2008. Talauma kerriiCraib in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew
1922: 226. 1922, non Michelia kerriiCraib 1922.
Distribution: Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand and Laos.
Magnolia hodgsonii(Hookerf. & Thomson) H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Singapore
31(2): 129. 1978; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in H.J. Chowdhery & Wadhwa Fl. Himachal
Pr. Anal. 1: 32. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 62. 1985; D.C.S.Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 168, f. 24. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997;
H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69, f. 9. 1996; A.S.
Chauhanet al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh
et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 130. 2002; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 6, fig.1m.
2011. Talauma hodgsoniiHookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 74. 1855 & in Hookerf.,
Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872; Hookerf., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 6. 1855 & in Bot. Mag. 121: t. 7392.
1895; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 204, t. 47. 1891; Gamble, Man.
Ind. Timb. 8. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 32. 1906;
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Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 17. 1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 2: 37. 1971; Dandy
in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 26. 1979; N.P. Balakr., Fl. Jowai
1: 60. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; Press et al.,
Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000.
Distribution:India (?Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur & Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,
Myanmar, Tibet, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand and Malaysia.
Chowdhery et al. (l. c., 1984) reported the speciesM. hodgsoniifrom Himachal
Pradesh. Based on this, its distribution in that state is provided here, but identity
needs to be confirmed.
Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & W.W. Smith) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J.
Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S.
Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 170. 1993; H.J. Chowdheryet al. in Hajra et
al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69. 1996.Manglietia hookeriCubitt & W.W. Smith in
Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 273. 1913; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; D.C.S. Raju
in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352. 1961; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Manipur 1: 75. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of
Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003.
Distribution:India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh & ?Manipur), Myanmar and SW
China.
According to Raju (1993) this species occurs in Meghalaya and Manipur. But no
specimens or report has been traced to support its distribution in these states. InFlora of Manipur(l. c.) this species has been included based on the report of Raju.
Kanjilal (l. c.) reported this from Lakhimpur (Assam) and specimens from this state
are examined during this study. Interestingly, Frodin & Govaerts (1996) in the
World Checklist of Magnoliaceae didnt mention India while citing the distribution
of this species. They mentioned only Myanmar and China.
Magnolia insignisWallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 3, t. 1. 1824 & Cat. No. 973. 1829 & Pl.
Asiat. Rar. 2: 78, t. 182. 1832; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. India 1: 170, f. 25.
1993; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 3. fig. 1d-e. 2011. Manglietia
insignis(Wallich) Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 23. 1829; Hookerf.& Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1:
76. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 25. 1877;
King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 211, t. 55. 1891,p.p.; Gamble, Man. Ind.Timb. 10. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 34. 1906; Kanjilal
et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953; Deb
in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352.
1961; Dandy in Bot. Mag. 175: t. 443. 1964 & in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl.
Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 60, f. 2. 1981; Haridasan & R.R.
Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 57. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl.
Arunachal Pr. 1: 72, f. 10. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S.
Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 75. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl.
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Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287.
2003.Manglietia insignis(Wallich) Blume var. angustifoliaHookerf. & Thomson,
in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2):
212. 1891.Magnolia insignisWallich var. angustifolia(Hookerf. & Thomson) H.J.
Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981.Manglietia insignis(Wallich)
Blume var. latifoliaHookerf. & Thomson, in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872.
Magnolia insignisWallich var. latifolia(Hookerf. & Thomson) H.J. Chowdhery
& P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981.
Distribution: India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Nagaland & Manipur), Nepal, Myanmar, Tibet, China and Vietnam.
This is a widespread species displays many variations in shape and size of the
leaves as well as colour and size of the flowers. It is grown as an ornamental treeand its woods are used in making furniture. Although this species is distributed in
Himalayas from Uttarakhand to Arunachal Pradesh through Nepal, it is yet to be
reported from Bhutan. The mention of this species as endemic to India by Raju
(1993) might be a printing error.
Magnolia kingii(Dandy) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 22. 2000.
Michelia kingiiDandy in J. Bot. 66: 321. 1928; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 26. 1934;
D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long,
Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984.Michelia glabraP. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique
27: 213, 282. 1896,non Magnolia glabraP.Parmentier (1896); D.C.S. Raju in B.D.
Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 177. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl.
Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 77.
2000.Michelia montana auct. nonBlume: King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta)
3(2): 218. 1891,p.p. quoad spec. G. King & G. Mann; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 25.
1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961.
Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya
& Manipur) and Bangladesh.
Raju (1993), followed by Chowdheryet al. (1996) and Chauhanet al. (2000) continued
to treatMichelia kingiias accepted name althoughM. glabrawas having priority.
However, inMagnoliathe latter specific epithet is pre-empted. The distribution of
this species from West Bengal is based on the report of Grierson (l.c.) from Jalpaiguri.
Magnolia kisopa(Buchanan-Hamilton exDC.) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.
1998: 22. 2000; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 4, fig. 1i-j. 2011..MicheliakisopaBuchanan-Hamilton exDC., Syst. Nat. 1: 448. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824;
Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 8, t. 4. 1824 & Cat. No. 970. 1829; D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.
226. 1825; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840; Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 81. 1855
& in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta)
3(2): 217, t. 58B. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906;
Dandy in J. Bot. 65: 277. 1927; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 23. 1934; Banerji in J.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 417. 1953 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 19(2): 20. 1966;
D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1966 & in
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2: 37. 1971; Murata in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 26: 83. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara &
L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.
Bhutan 1(2): 235. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 178. 1993 & Fl.
W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr.
1: 74. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000. Sampacca kisopa
(Buchanon-Hamilton exDC.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Michelia doltsopa
Buchanon-Hamilton exDC. subsp. kisopa(Buchanon-Hamilton exDC.) J. Li in
Acta Bot. Yunnan. 19: 135. 1997.Michelia zilaBuchanon-Hamilton exMadden in
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 5: 127. 1858.
Distribution:India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan,
Tibet, China and Vietnam.
Li (1997) reduced this species to a subspecies ofMichelia doltsopa althoughdistribution of both the taxa is not geographically isolated. The speciesM. kisopa
can easily be distinguished by its 3 outer tepals (rather than 4-5) and absence of
pedicels (up to 5 mm long in the other).
Magnolia lacei(W.W. Smith) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 24. 2000.
Michelia laceiW.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 216. 1920.
Michelia unifloraDandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 203. 1927.Michelia
tigniferaDandy in J. Bot. 68: 213. 1930.
Distribution: Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan) and Vietnam.
Magnolia lanuginosa(Wallich) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 96. 2004; Poudel
et al. in Watson et al., Fl Nepal 3: 4, fig. 1k-l. 2011.Michelia lanuginosaWallich,Tent. Fl. Nepal. 8, t. 5. 1824 & Cat. No. 6493. 1832; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840;
Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 80. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872;
Hookerf. in Bot. Mag. 101, t. 6179. 1875; C.B. Clarke in J. Linn. Soc. 25: 3. 1889; King
in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 215, t. 62. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 11.
1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 24. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.
Assam 1: 22. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 417. 1953; Deb in Bull.
Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; W.J.
Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca lanuginosa (Wallich) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:
6. 1891.Michelia velutinaDC., Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1996;
Murata in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 26: 83. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams,
Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2):
235. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. India 1: 181. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal
1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75. 1996;
Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh
et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 77. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and
climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca velutina
(Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Magnolia velutina(DC.) Figlar in Proc.
Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000, nom. illeg. (non M. velutinaP. Parm. 1896).
Michelia lanceolata E.H. Wilson in J. Arnold Arbor. 7: 237. 1926.
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Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland
& Manipur), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).
This tree species is often cultivated in NE India for its valuable timber. It is found
wild in Bhutan, China and Myanmar and not confined to India and Nepal as stated
by Raju (1993).
Magnolia liliifera(Linnaeus) Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1: 141. 1868; W.J. Kress et al.,
Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45:
287. 2003.Liriodendron liliiferumLinnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 755. 1762. Talauma
liliifera(Linnaeus) Kurz in Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43(2): 47. 1874; Kuntze, Revis. Gen.
Pl. 1: 6. 1891,p.p.excl. var. Talauma candolliiBlume in Verh. Batav. Genootsch.
Kunsten 9: 147. 1823; Hooker. in Curtis Bot. Mag. 72: t. 4251. 1846; Kurz in J. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal 43(2): 47. 1874 & Forest Fl. Burma 1: 24. 1877. Talauma mutabilis
Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 35, t. 10, 11, 12B. 1829; Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 75.
1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872; King in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, pt. 2.
Nat. Hist. 58: 373. 1889 & in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3(2): 203, t. 44. 1891.
Talauma liliifera(Linnaeus) Kuntze var. mutabilis(Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.
1: 6. 1891.Magnolia mutabilis(Blume) H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J.
Forest. 4: 64. 1981. Talauma andamanicaKing in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, pt. 2. Nat.
Hist. 58: 372. 1889 & in Ann. Roy Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 203, t. 43. 1891; Finet &
Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 32. 1906; C.E. Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman
Isl. 73. 1923; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961.Magnolia andamanica
(King) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J. Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P.
Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1:
165. 1993; P.S.N. Rao in Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman-Nicobar Isl. 1: 58. 1999.Magnoliadecandollii H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1978, non Savi 1819;
Nooteboom in Blumea 32: 369, f. 9. 1987 & in Fl. Males. I, 10(3): 581, f. 6. 1988 (as
candollii(Blume) H. Keng), non M. candolliiLink 1829.
Distribution:India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Myanmar, China, Thailand,
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Malesia.
It is also one of the widespread species ofMagnolia but not found in Indian
mainland. In almost all the Magnoliaceae work dealt on this species (including in
World Checklist of Magnoliaceae), the synonymMagnolia decandollii H. Keng
(nom. nov.) was cited as M. candollei (Blume) H. Keng by considering Keng
(1978) made combination based on Talauma candolliiBlume. Actually, he proposed
a new name since the specific epithet candolliiwas preoccupied in Magnolia.
Interestingly the specific epithet decandolliialso existing underMagnoliawhich
Keng was unaware.
Magnolia mannii(King) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 22. 2000.Michelia
manniiKing in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 218, t. 70. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain
in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Kanjilalet al., Fl. Assam 1: 25. 1934; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. India 1: 178. 1993;
H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996.
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Distribution:India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh.
In the World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Frodin & Govaerts 1996), Magnolia
manniiKing has been cited as synonym by quoting the same page number of the
protologue. Although King opined the merger ofMicheliawithMagnolia, in his
account on Magnoliaceae of British India treated Micheliaas a separate entity,
which is evident from plate legends. Frodin & Govaerts ( l. c.) mentioned its
distribution as Assam only, but it is reported from Bangladesh as well.
Magnolia nilagirica(Zenker) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000.
Michelia nilagiricaZenker, Pl. Ind. 21, t. 20. 1835; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840 &
Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. t. 938. 1845; Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 82. 1855; Thwaites,
Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5. 1860; Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. India t. 62. 1870; Hookerf. & Thomson
in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2):
216, t. 65. 1891; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 14. 1893; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 13.
1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 45. 1906; Gamble, Fl.
Madras 7. 1915; Fyson, Fl. South Indian Hill Stn. 1: 10. 1932; D.C.S. Raju in Bull.
Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Ramamoorthy in N.C. Nair & A.N. Henry, Fl. Tamil
Nadu Anal. I, 1: 3. 1983; B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 2. 1984; C.J. Saldanha
& B.R. Ramesh in C.J. Saldanha Fl. Karnataka 1: 39. 1984; Nooteboom in Dassan. &
Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 153. 1987; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.
India 1: 179. 1993; Sasidh. in KFRI Handb. 17: 15. 2004; N.P. Balakr. in P. Daniel, Fl.
Kerala 1: 128. 2005. Sampacca nilagirica (Zenker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6.
1891. Michelia ovalifoliaWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840.Michelia nilagirica
Zenker var. ovalifolia(Wight) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5. 1860.Michelia nilagirica
Zenker var. wightiiHookerf. & Thomson in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872.Michelia glaucaWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840.Michelia pulneyensisWight, Ill.
Ind. Bot. 1: 14, t. 5. 1840.Michelia walkeriWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840.Michelia
nilagiricaZenker var. walkeri (Wight) Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 82. 1855 & in
Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872; Nooteboom in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb.
Fl. Ceylon 6: 154. 1987.
Distribution:India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala & Karnataka) and Sri Lanka.
It is a very rare plant, but variable in its morphology. Hooker f. and Thomson
reduced the speciesMichelia walkerito varietal level in Flora Indica(1855) itself
and not in The Flora of British India(1872) as cited in the World Checklist of
Magnoliaceae by Frodin & Govaerts (1996).
Magnolia nitidaW.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 212. 1920;
Dandy in Curtis Bot. Mag. 155, t. 16. 1948; Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 88. 1985.
Parakmeria nitida(W.W. Sm.) Y.W. Law in W.C. Cheng, Sylva Sinica 1: 472. 1983.
Distribution: Myanmar, Tibet and China (Xizang & Yunnan).
Magnolia oblonga(Wallich exHookerf. & Thomson) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp.
Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000.Michelia oblongaWallich exHookerf. & Thomson, Fl.
Ind. 1: 81. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
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(Calcutta) 3(2): 218, t. 67. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 13. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain
in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Kanjilalet al., Fl. Assam 1: 24. 1934; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 179.
1993; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 60. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al.
in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75. 1996; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Mizoram 1: 136. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers
of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca oblonga(Wallich ex
Hookerf. & Thomson) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Michelia lacteaWall.,
Cat. No. 6491. 1832. nom. nud.
Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Mizoram),
Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Distribution of this species extends outside the Assam (NE India) region and notconfined to Assam (Khasia) as mentioned by Frodin & Govaerts (1996).
Magnolia pealianaKing in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 210, t. 59. 1891;
Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 10. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 14. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv.
India 3: 353. 1961; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69.
1996; Govaerts in Frodin & Govaerts, World Checklist & Bibliogr. Magnoliaceae
71. 1996; S. Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 336. 2002.Magnolia membranaceavar.pealiana
(King) P. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 200. 1896.Michelia pealiana
(King) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 42. 1906. Magnolia
griffithii auct. nonHookerf. & Thomson 1872: D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.
India 1: 167. 1993,p.p. quoad syn. M. pealiana.
Distribution:India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh). Endemic.
Raju (l.c.1993) reduced this species underM. griffithiibut latter workers maintained
this as a separate entity. Kim et al. (2002) in their taxonomic revision of the section
Magnoliakeyed out these species based on presence and absence of white papillae
on the lower surface of the leaves. Apart from absence of papillae, this endemic
species differs by lacking pedicels (ca1 mm in the other) and having shorter length
of follicetums (ca8 cm vs. ca15 cm).
Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 95. 2004.
Pachylarnax pleiocarpaDandy in J. Bot. 71: 313. 1933; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1:
19. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.
India 1: 182. 1993; Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 98. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al. inHajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 77. 1996.
Distribution:India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh & Nagaland). Endemic.
Raju (l.c.1993) mentioned this species distribution only from Assam, but it is reported
to occur in Naga hills and some districts of Arunachal Pradesh as well.
Magnolia pterocarpaRoxburgh, Pl. Coromandel. 3: 62, t. 266. 1820; Wall. Cat. No.
975. 1829 (as sphenocarpa); Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 78. 1855 & in Hooker
V. Sampath Kumar 73
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f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 41. 1872 (as sphenocarpa); Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 1: 24. 1877 (as
sphenocarpa); King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 207, t. 53. 1891; Gamble,
Man. Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Prain, Bengal Pl. 1: 197. 1903; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull.
Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 13. 1934; Banerji in J.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953 (as sphenocarpa); D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2:
24. 1979; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 78. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.
Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 56. 1985; D.C.S.
Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 172. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997; H.J.
Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 71. 1996; Press et al., Ann.
Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and
climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003.Michelia macrophylla
D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 226. 1825. Talauma roxburghiiG. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 85.1831. Liriodendron indicum Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 642. 1825. Liriodendron
grandiflorumRoxburgh, [Hort. Beng. 43. 1814, nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 653.
1832.
Distribution:India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Meghalaya & Tripura), ?Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand.
In the World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Frodin & Govaerts, 1996) doubted this
species distribution in Burma (Myanmar) and Thailand. Kress et al.(l. c.) in their
Checklist of Myanmar plants included this taxon, which is corroborated by a
specimen at CAL herbarium.
As stated by Poudel et al. (in Watson et al2011), based onMichelia macrophylla,
Hooker & Thomson (1855) and Hooker (1872), reported this species from CentralNepal, but type of this species, Wallich collection could not be traced for
confirmation.
Magnolia punduana (Hooker f. & Thomson) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp.
Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000.Michelia punduanaWallich [Cat. No. 974. 1829,
nom. nud.] ex Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 81. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit.
India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 217, t. 66. 1891;
Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.
Assam 1: 23. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Balakrishnan,
Fl. Jowai 1: 59. 1981; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 60. 1985;
Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D.
Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 180, f. 26. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al.,
Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75, f. 11. 1996; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al.,
Fl. Manipur 1: 77. 2000. Sampacca punduana(Hookerf. & Thomson) Kuntze,
Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Liriodendron liliifera sensuRoxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 654.
1832, nonLinnaeus 1762.
Distribution:India (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Manipur), Bhutan
and Bangladesh.
The distribution of this species from Sikkim is based on the report of Grierson (l. c.).
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Magnolia rabaniana(Hookerf. & Thomson) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian
J. Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981;
D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 173. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in
Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 71. 1996; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Mizoram 1: 131. 2002. Talauma rabanianaHookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 75. 1855
& in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872,p.p., excl. syn.; Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 1: 24.
1877; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 204, t. 46. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain
in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 32. 1906; Kanjilalet al., Fl. Assam 1: 18. 1934; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961.
Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya & Mizoram) and
Myanmar
Magnolia rostrataW.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 213. 1920;
B.L. Chen & Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 80: 1011. 1993.Houpoea
rostrata(W.W. Smith) N.H. Xia & C. Y.Wu in Fl. China 7: 65. 2008.
Distribution: Myanmar and China (Xizang & Yunnan).
Magnolia utilis(Dandy) V.S. Kumar in Kew Bull. 61: 185. 2006.Manglietia utilis
Dandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 310. 1927.Manglietia dolichogynaDandy
ex Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 95. 1985. Magnolia dolichogyna (Dandy ex
Nooteboom) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 95. 2004.
Distribution: Myanmar, Thailand and Malesia.
Magnolia utilis was considered as endemic to Myanmar, but following merger of
M. dolichogyna with former, its distribution is extended up to Malaysia fromwhere the latter was originally described.
Cultivated Species:
1.Liriodendron chinense (Hemsley) Sargent: Native of China; reported to be
cultivated in India.
2.Liriodendron tulipiferaLinnaeus: Native of N. America; cultivated in India and
Myanmar.
3.Magnolia coco(Loureiro) DC.: Native of E. Asia; cultivated in India and Nepal.
4.Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux: Native of China; cultivated in Pakistan.
5.Magnolia figo(Loureiro) DC.: Native of China; cultivated in India and Nepal.
6. Magnolia grandifloraLinnaeus: Native of N. America; cultivated in India,
Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan.
7.Magnolia lilifloraDesrousseaux: Native of China; cultivated in India and Nepal.
8.Magnoliaxsoulangeana Soul.-Bod.: Known only from cultivation; cultivated
in Botanic gardens of India.
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Excluded / Dubious species:
1.Magnolia ferrugineaP. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 203. 1896,
non M. ferrugineaHort. exW. Watson in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1889: 305. 1889
(=M. grandiflora).
This species, described from India, could not be assigned confidently to any of
the species ofMagnoliaor maintained as separate one based on the protologue.
Frodin & Govaerts (1996) in the World Checklist kept this under insufficiently
known taxa.
2.Magnolia fuscata Andranszky var. hebecladaDC., Syst. Nat. 1: 458. 1817 &
Prodr. 1: 81. 1824; G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 84. 1831 [=M. figo(Loureiro) DC.].
Don (l. c.)in his General system of gardening and botanymentioned this taxon isnative of India. In protologue de Candolle ascribed as ex India orta. However,
Chen & Nooteboom (1993) in their work on Chinese Magnoliaceae mentioned the
type as Mauritus, Thouars s.n.and treated this taxon underM. figo.
Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to the Curators, Keepers and Scientist-in-charges of the
following herbaria for kindly granting permission to consult the specimens: ARUN,
ASSAM, BM, BSA, BSD, BSHC, BSIS, CAL, CALI, DD, FRC, JCB, K and MH. The
author is also grateful to the Director, BSI, Kolkata for providing necessary facilities
to carry out this work. Special thanks to R.B. Figlar, USA for sending of reprints as
well as PDF format of certain Magnoliaceae literatures.
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