MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION
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Project Guide:Prof. GaneshAssistant ProfessorDept. of Mechanical Engg.GECBH
Project Members:Akhil S (10)Akhil.R (12)Nidheeesh T T (4)
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To develop more efficient and cost-effective small-scale H2 liquefiers as
an alternative to vapour-compression cycles using Magnetic
refrigeration (adiabatic magnetization)
To understand the Principle and mechanism for generating cooling
effect using the magnet.
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Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magneto caloric effect.
This technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures (well below 1
Kelvin), as well as the ranges used in common refrigerators, depending on the design
of the system.
It is a physical process that exploits the magnetic properties of certain solid materials
to produce refrigeration.
The refrigerant is often a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium magnesium nitrate.
It gives cooling nearest to absolute zero than any other method hence it made
liquidification of gases easier.
At the same time it does not emit any CFC or HCFC compounds hence it never
affects our environment specially OZONE layer.
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Magneto caloric effect was discovered in pure iron in 1881 by E. Warburg.
DeDebye (1926) & Giauque (1927) proposed a improved technique of cooling
via adiabatic demagnetization independently.
The cooling technology was first demonstrated experimentally in 1933 by
chemist Nobel Laureate William F.Giauque & his colleague Dr.D.P. MacDougall
for cryogenic purposes.
In 1997,Prof. Karl A. Gscheidner, Jr. by the lowa State University at Ames
Laboratory demonstrated the first near room temperature proof of concept
magnetic refrigerator.
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MCE is a magneto-thermodynamic phenomenon in which a reversible change
in temperature of a suitable material is caused by exposing the material to
changing magnetic field.
All magnets bears a property called Currie effect i.e. If a temperature of
magnet is increased from lower to higher range at certain temperature
magnet looses the magnetic field.
Currie temperature depends on individual property of each material.
As Energy input to the magnet is increased the orientation of the magnetic
dipoles in a magnet starts loosing orientation and vice-versa. At curie
temperature as magnet looses energy to the media it regains the property.
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• Process is similar to gascompression and expansioncycle as used in regularrefrigeration cycle
• Steps of thermodynamic Cycle :->
Adiabatic Magnetization
Isomagnetic Enthalpy Transfer
Adiabatic demagnetization
Isomagnetic Entropic Transfer
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Substance placed in insulated environment
Magnetic field +H increased
This causes the magnetic dipoles of the atoms to align
The net result is that total Entropy of the item is not reduced and item heats up (T + ΔTad )
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Added heat removed by a fluid like water or helium (-Q)
Magnetic Field held constant to prevent the dipoles from reabsorbing the
heat.
After a sufficient cooling Magnetocalric material and coolant are
separated(H=0)
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Substance returned to another adiabatic(insulated) condition
Entropy remains constant
Magnetic field is decreased
Thermal Energy causes the Magnetic moments to overcome thefield and sample cools(adiabatic temperature change)
Energy transfers from thermal entropy to magnetic entropy(disorderof the magnetic dipoles)
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Material is placed in thermal contact with the Environment being
refrigerated.
Magnetic field held constant to prevent material from heating back up.
Because the working material is cooler than the refrigerated environment,
heat energy migrates into the working material (+Q)
Once the refrigerant and refrigerated environment are in thermal
equilibrium, the cycle continuous.
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Components required for construction :-
Magnets
Hot Heat exchanger
Cold Heat Exchanger
Drive
Magneto caloric wheel
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Magnetic Materials
Regenerators
Super Conducting Magnets
Active Magnetic Regenerators
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MCE is an intrinsic property of a magnetic solid
Ease of application and removal of magnetic effect is most desired
property of material
Alloys of gadolinium produce 3 to 4 K per tesla of change in magnetic field
are used for magnetic refrigeration or power generation purposes
ferrimagnets, antiferromagnets and spin glass systems are not suitable for
this application.
Gd5(SixGe1 − x)4, La(FexSi1 − x)13Hx and MnFeP1 − xAsx alloys are some of the
most promising substitutes for Gadolinium and its alloys
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Magnetic refrigeration requires excellent heat transfer to and from thesolid magnetic material. Efficient heat transfer requires the large surfaceareas offered by porous materials. When these porous solids are used inrefrigerators, they are referred to as “Regenerators”
Typical regenerator geometries include:
• Tubes
• Perforated plates
• Wire screens
• Particle beds
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Most practical magnetic refrigerators are based on superconducting magnets operating at cryogenic temperatures (i.e., at -269 C or 4 K)
These devices are electromagnets that conduct electricity with essentially no resistive losses.
The superconducting wire most commonly used is made of a Niobium-Titanium alloy
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A regenerator that undergoes cyclic heat transfer operations and themagneto caloric effect is called an Active Magnetic Regenerator.
An AMR should be designed to possess the following attributes:-
High heat transfer rate
High magneto caloric effect
Sufficient structural integrity
Low thermal conduction in the direction of fluid flow
Affordable materials
Ease of manufacture
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TECHNICAL
• High Efficiency
• Reduced Operating Cost
• Compactness
• Reliability
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
• Competition in Global Market
• Low Capital Cost
• Key Factor to new technologies
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At the present stage of the development of magnetic refrigerators with
permanent magnets, hardly any freezing applications are feasible.
Some of the future applications are:-
Magnetic household refrigeration appliances
Magnetic cooling and air conditioning in buildings and houses
Central cooling system
Refrigeration in medicine
Cooling in food industry and storage
Cooling in transportation
Cooling of electronic equipments
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Purchase cost may be high, but running costs are 20% less than theconventional chillers.
Thus life cycle cost is much less.
Ozone depleting refrigerants are avoided in this system, hence it moreeco-friendly.
Energy conservation and reducing the energy costs are addedadvantages.
The efficiency of magnetic refrigeration is 60% to 70% as compared toCarnot cycle.
Magnetic refrigeration is totally maintenance free & mechanically simplein construction.
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As every coin has 2 sides, this technique also posses some drawbacks to be worked on
The initial investment is more as compared with conventionalrefrigeration.
The magneto caloric materials are rare earth materials hence theiravailability also adds up an disadvantage in MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION.
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It is a technology that has proven to be environmentally safe. Computermodels have shown 25% efficiency improvement over vapor compressionSystems.
In order to make the magnetic refrigerator commercially Viable, scientistsneed to know how to achieve larger temperature swings and alsopermanent magnets which can produce strong magnetic fields of order10 tesla.
There are still some thermal and magnetic hysteresis problems to beSolved for the materials that exhibit the MCE to become really useful.
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