MAGNETIC LEVITATIONMAGNETIC LEVITATION““DRIVING WITHOUT WHEELS”DRIVING WITHOUT WHEELS”

Presentation Outline1. Introduction2. Magnetic levitation3. Levitation principle4. Lateral guidance5. Maglev track6. EDS-EMS7. Linear electric motor8. LIM in levitation9. Characteristics of LIM10.Benefits11.Current projects12.conclusion

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Maglev, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that Maglev, or magnetic levitation, is a system of transportation that

suspends, guides and propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using suspends, guides and propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using magnetic levitationmagnetic levitation. .

Trends in increased mobility of large masses with changing lifestyle Trends in increased mobility of large masses with changing lifestyle for more comfort are leading to congestion on roads with for more comfort are leading to congestion on roads with automobiles. automobiles.

Besides, increasing pollution levels from automobiles, depleting Besides, increasing pollution levels from automobiles, depleting fuel resources, critical dependence on the fuel import .fuel resources, critical dependence on the fuel import .

The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 581 kilometers per The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 581 kilometers per hour (361 mph), achieved in Japan.hour (361 mph), achieved in Japan.

Development of magnetic levitated transport systems is under Development of magnetic levitated transport systems is under progress in developed countries. progress in developed countries.

MAGNETIC LEVITATIONMAGNETIC LEVITATION

The need for fast and The need for fast and reliable transportation is increasing reliable transportation is increasing throughout the world. High-speed throughout the world. High-speed rail has been the solution for many rail has been the solution for many countries. Trains are fast, countries. Trains are fast, comfortable, and energy-efficient.comfortable, and energy-efficient.

Maglev research and Maglev research and development began in Germany and development began in Germany and Japan during the early 1970's. After Japan during the early 1970's. After laboratory tests in both countries, a laboratory tests in both countries, a test track was constructed in Japan test track was constructed in Japan during the mid-1970's and in during the mid-1970's and in Germany during the mid-1980'sGermany during the mid-1980's

Maglev tech is a relatively new Maglev tech is a relatively new transportation tech in which non transportation tech in which non contacting vehicles travel safely at contacting vehicles travel safely at speeds of 250 to 300mph or higher.speeds of 250 to 300mph or higher.

The forces acting on an object in any The forces acting on an object in any combination of gravitational, combination of gravitational, electrostatic, and magneto static fields electrostatic, and magneto static fields will make the object's position will make the object's position unstable. unstable.

It is possible to levitate It is possible to levitate superconductors and other superconductors and other diamagnetic materials, which diamagnetic materials, which magnetize in the opposite sense to a magnetize in the opposite sense to a magnetic field in which they are magnetic field in which they are placed.placed.

As Superconductors are perfect As Superconductors are perfect diamagnets and when placed in an diamagnets and when placed in an external magnetic field expel the field external magnetic field expel the field lines from their interiors lines from their interiors

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONPRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Imagine that two bar magnets

are suspended one above the other with like poles directly above and below each other. Any effort to bring these two magnets into contact with each other will have to overcome the force of repulsion that exists between two like magnetic poles.

The repulsion of superconducting magnets and electromagnets in the track keeps a maglev train suspended above the track. By varying the strength and polarity of the track electromagnets, the train can be driven forward.

Lateral Guidance

When one side of the train nears the side of the guide way, the super conducting magnet on the train induces a repulsive force from the levitation coils on the side closer to the train and an attractive force from the coils on the farther side. This keeps the train in the center.

The magnetized coil running along

the track, called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the train's undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between 0.39 and 3.93 inches (1 to 10 cm) above the guideway.

power is supplied to the coils power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway. and push the train along the guideway.

MAGLEV GUIDE TRACK

LEVITATIONLEVITATION

Levitation is the Levitation is the process by which an object process by which an object is suspended against gravity is suspended against gravity in a stable position.in a stable position.

First thing a maglev First thing a maglev system must do is get off system must do is get off the ground, and then stay the ground, and then stay suspended off the ground. suspended off the ground.

Electromagnetic SuspensionElectromagnetic Suspension

► In the EMS-attractive In the EMS-attractive system, the system, the electromagnets which do electromagnets which do the work of levitation are the work of levitation are attached on the top side of attached on the top side of a casing that extends a casing that extends below and then curves below and then curves back up to the rail that is back up to the rail that is in the center of the track. in the center of the track.

► The gap between the The gap between the bottom of the vehicle and bottom of the vehicle and the rail is only 3/8" the rail is only 3/8"

Electrodynamic SuspensionElectrodynamic Suspension

► In the EDS-repulsive system, the In the EDS-repulsive system, the superconducting magnets superconducting magnets (SCMs), which do the levitating of (SCMs), which do the levitating of the vehicle, are at the bottom of the vehicle, are at the bottom of the vehicle, but above the track. the vehicle, but above the track.

► The magnetic field of the The magnetic field of the superconducting magnets aboard superconducting magnets aboard the maglev vehicle induces an the maglev vehicle induces an eddy current in the guideway. eddy current in the guideway.

Choice of linear induction Choice of linear induction motormotor

► A linear electric motor (LEM) is a A linear electric motor (LEM) is a mechanism which converts electrical mechanism which converts electrical energy directly into linear motion without energy directly into linear motion without employing any intervening rotary employing any intervening rotary components.components.

► Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is basically a Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is basically a rotating squirrel cage induction motor rotating squirrel cage induction motor opened out flat. Instead of producing opened out flat. Instead of producing rotary torque from a cylindrical machine it rotary torque from a cylindrical machine it produces linear force from a flat one. produces linear force from a flat one.

Linear Synchronous MotorLinear Synchronous Motor► LSM generate LSM generate

propulsive force by propulsive force by running current running current through a stator, through a stator, which creates an which creates an electro-magnetic electro-magnetic field. field.

► This electro-This electro-magnetic field magnetic field interacts with a set interacts with a set of permanent of permanent magnets on a magnets on a vehicle to create vehicle to create thrust. thrust.

► The permanent magnets serve as the motor The permanent magnets serve as the motor secondary, equivalent to a rotor in conventional secondary, equivalent to a rotor in conventional motors enabling linear motion.motors enabling linear motion.

► The vehicle is propelled by the moving electro-The vehicle is propelled by the moving electro-magnetic field, traveling along as electric magnetic field, traveling along as electric current is applied to the stator beneath the current is applied to the stator beneath the vehicle.vehicle.

► The vehicle’s movement is regulated by a The vehicle’s movement is regulated by a sophisticated control system incorporating sophisticated control system incorporating state-of-the-art position sensing technology.state-of-the-art position sensing technology.

Synchronous Synchronous vsvs Induction Induction motorsmotors

► Far more effort has been put into research Far more effort has been put into research and development of linear induction motors and development of linear induction motors (LIM's) than LSM's. (LIM's) than LSM's.

► LIM's do indeed have two distinct LIM's do indeed have two distinct advantages. First of all, they are simpler and advantages. First of all, they are simpler and less costly to construct.less costly to construct.

► The stationary element of the motor The stationary element of the motor consists of nothing more than a rail or plate consists of nothing more than a rail or plate of a conducting material, such as aluminum.of a conducting material, such as aluminum.

► By contrast, LSM's require the installation of By contrast, LSM's require the installation of alternating north and south magnetic poles alternating north and south magnetic poles on both moving and stationary elements. on both moving and stationary elements.

Linear induction motor (LIM) Linear induction motor (LIM) in magnetic levitation in magnetic levitation

► The High Speed Surface The High Speed Surface Transport (HSST) system Transport (HSST) system is propelled by linear is propelled by linear induction motor.induction motor.

► The HSST levitation The HSST levitation system uses ordinary system uses ordinary electromagnets that electromagnets that exerts an attractive force exerts an attractive force and levitate the vehicle. and levitate the vehicle.

• The electromagnets are attached to the car, but are positioned facing the under side of the guide way's steel rails. They provide an attractive force from brlow,levitating the car.

Characteristics of LIMCharacteristics of LIM

► In most vehicular propulsion In most vehicular propulsion systems, provision must be made systems, provision must be made for increasing the power when the for increasing the power when the demand increases.demand increases.

►Whenever more power is needed, Whenever more power is needed, the moving magnet begins to lag the moving magnet begins to lag further behind the stationary one; further behind the stationary one; this results in an immediate this results in an immediate increase in thrust. No separate increase in thrust. No separate control is needed control is needed

Benefits of Magnetic Levitated Benefits of Magnetic Levitated

Transportation systemTransportation system ► Power of the maglev motor is dependent on the local Power of the maglev motor is dependent on the local

conditions.conditions.► Maglev uses 30% less energy than a high-speed train Maglev uses 30% less energy than a high-speed train

traveling at the same speed. traveling at the same speed. ► Operating costs of a maglev system are approximately Operating costs of a maglev system are approximately

half that of conventional long-distance railroads.half that of conventional long-distance railroads.► Maglev is about 20 times safer than airplanes, 250 times Maglev is about 20 times safer than airplanes, 250 times

safer than conventional railroads, and 700 times safer safer than conventional railroads, and 700 times safer than automobile travel.than automobile travel.

► Despite the speeds up to 500 km/hour, passengers can Despite the speeds up to 500 km/hour, passengers can move about freely in the vehicles move about freely in the vehicles

► Materials used to construct maglev vehicles are non-Materials used to construct maglev vehicles are non-combustible, poor transmitters of heat, and able to combustible, poor transmitters of heat, and able to withstand fire penetration.withstand fire penetration.

► Carries no fuel to increase fire hazardCarries no fuel to increase fire hazard

Noise Pollution The train makes little

noise because it does not touch the track and it has no motor. Therefore, all noise comes from moving air. This sound is equivalent to the noise produced by city traffic.

Magnetic Field

The magnetic field The magnetic field created is low, created is low, therefore there are no therefore there are no adverse effects.adverse effects.

CURRENT PROJECTSCURRENT PROJECTS

Germany and Japan have been the pioneering Germany and Japan have been the pioneering countries in MagLev research. Currently operational countries in MagLev research. Currently operational systems include Transrapid (Germany) and High systems include Transrapid (Germany) and High Speed Surface Transport (Japan). There are several Speed Surface Transport (Japan). There are several other projects under scrutiny such as the SwissMetro, other projects under scrutiny such as the SwissMetro, Seraphim and Inductrack. All have to do with personal Seraphim and Inductrack. All have to do with personal rapid transit.rapid transit.

NASA plans to use magnetic levitation for launching of space vehicles into low earth orbit.Boeing is pursuing research in MagLev to provide a Hypersonic Ground Test Facility for the Air Force. The mining industry will also benefit from MagLev. There are probably many more undiscovered applications!

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The Maglev Train: Research on this The Maglev Train: Research on this ‘dream train’ has been going on for the last ‘dream train’ has been going on for the last 30 odd years in various parts of the world. 30 odd years in various parts of the world. The chief advantages of this type of train The chief advantages of this type of train are: Non-contact and non-wearing are: Non-contact and non-wearing propulsion, independent of friction, no propulsion, independent of friction, no mechanical components like wheel, axle. mechanical components like wheel, axle. Maintenance costs decrease. Low noise Maintenance costs decrease. Low noise emission and vibrations at all speeds.emission and vibrations at all speeds.