MagnesiumProceedings of the 6th International Conference

Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications

Edited by

K.U. Kainer

InnodataFile Attachment3527606297.jpg

Vakat

Magnesium

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference

Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications

Edited by

K.U. Kainer

Further titles of interest:

K.U. Kainer (Ed.)

Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications (2003)

ISBN 3-527-30570-X

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MagnesiumProceedings of the 6th International Conference

Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications

Edited by

K.U. Kainer

Editor:

Prof. Dr. K. U. Kainer

GKSS-Forschungszentrum

Institut fr Werkstoffforschung

Max-Planck-Strae

21502 Geesthacht

Germany

This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, editor, authors, and publisher do not warrant the informa-

tion contained therein to be free of erros. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustra-

tions, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: Applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed

bibliographic data is abailable in the Internet at .

ISBN 3-527-30975-6

2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Printed on acid-free paper

All rights reserved (including those of translation in other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced

in any form by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means nor transmitted or translated into machine

language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book,

even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Composition, Printing and Bookbinding: Druckhaus Thomas Mntzer GmbH, Bad Langensalza

Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany

Preface

Since its launch in 1986, the International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and Their

Applications has become the most reputable and excepted event as forum for current

development in magnesium technology. The increase in interest on magnesium alloys for

use in transportation industry and the dramatic changes in the magnesium industry in

the last 5 years show consequences for the market development and influence the R&D

activities.

The 6th International Conference and Exhibition on Magnesium Alloys and Their

Applications reflects this evolution process. The aim of the conference is to show the

correlation of processing, microstructure and properties for magnesium materials. The

complexity of interactions must be understood to use the full potential of magnesium

materials for a particular application. The conference will cover the important aspects of

magnesium research and technology including:

Alloy Development

Microstructure Evolution

Casting

Wrought Alloys

Post Processing

Recycling

Simulation, Modelling

Corrosion

Surface Treatment

Magnesium Matrix Composites

Application

Research Programmes

The conference returns to Wolfsburg, the home of Volkswagen Group, where it saw the

biggest success. The Call for Paper has attracted more than 230 papers from 28 countries.

More than 190 contributions are published in the proceeding volume. They give an

excellent overview on newest developments.

K. U. Kainer

September 2003

Vakat

VII

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Microstructural Design for Enhanced Elevated Temperature Properties inSand-castable Magnesium AlloysC.J. Bettles and M.A. Gibson, CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing (CAST),CSIRO Manufacturing & Infrastructure Technology, Private Bag 33,Clayton South MDC, Clayton, VIC. 3169, Australia ....................................................... 1

Thermodynamic Database for Mg-alloys: Progress and Application toMg-Al-Ca-Si Alloy DevelopmentRainer Schmid-Fetzer and Joachim Grbner, University of Clausthal,Institute of Metallurgy, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany .................................................. 12

Development of the New Creep Resistant Alloy AS31Vadim V. Agalakov, JSC AVISMA , Berezniki, Russia ................................................ 18

Phase Formation, Precipitation and Strengthening Mechanisms in Mg-Zn-Sn AlloysS. Cohen, G.R. Goren-Muginstein, S. Avraham, and M. Bamberger,Department ofMaterial Eng., Technion IIT, Haifa 3200 ISRAEL;G. Dehm, Max-Planck-Institut fr Metallforschung, Stuttgart, Germany ....................... 25

Die Casting for High Performance Focus on Alloy DevelopmentDr. Per Bakke, Dr. Hkon Westengen, Hydro Aluminium a.s., MagnesiumCompetence Centre, Porsgrunn, Norway ........................................................................ 31

New Mg-Alloys for the Thixomolding ProcessJulio Aguilar, Martin Fehlbier, Andreas Bhring-Polaczek, Foundry Institute,Aachen University (RWTH), Germany............................................................................. 37

Structure and Morphology of Effective Obstacles in High PerformanceMg Rare Earth Base AlloysBohumil Smola, Ivana Stulkov, Jitka Pelcov, Barry L. MordikeFaculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic;Zentrum fr Funktionswerkstoffe gGmbH, Clausthal-Zellerfeld; Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, TU Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany ................ 43

Regularities in the Phase Diagrams and Behavior During Aging of the Ternary Mg-Base Alloys Containing Two Rare-Earth Metals of Different Subgroups Lazar Rokhlin, Tatyana Dobatkina, Nadezhda Nikitina, Baikov Instituteof Metallurgy and Materials Science, Moscow, Russia ................................................... 49

Development of New Magnesium Alloys for Advanced ApplicationsB. Bronfin, E. Aghion, S. Schumann, H. Friedrich, Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd,Beer Sheva, Israel;F. von Buch, Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg, Germany ....................................................... 55

VIII

Creep Resistance and Creep Kinetics of Mg-alloysW. Blum, Y. J. Li, X. H. Zeng, Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg, Inst. f. Werkstoffwissen-schaften LS1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;B. von Gromann, C. Haberling, H.-G. Haldenwanger, Audi AG, 85045Ingolstadt, Germany......................................................................................................... 62

Creep Behaviour of MgZnRE Alloys Formed by Semi-Solid-CastingE. D. Morales, N. Hort, K. U. Kainer, GKSS Research Center Geesthacht GmbH,Geesthacht, Germany ....................................................................................................... 68

Creep Resistant Magnesium Alloys for Powertrain ApplicationsMihriban. O. Pekguleryuz, McGill, University, Department of Metals and Materials Engineering, University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B2;A. Arslan Kaya, Tubitak Marmara Research Center, P.O.B.21, Gebze, 41470 Turkey .. 74

Russian Ultralight Constructional MgLi Alloys. Their Structure, Properties,Manufacturing, ApplicationsFedor M. Elkin, Valentin G. Davydov, All-Russia Institute of Light Alloys, Moscow,Russia ............................................................................................................................... 94

The Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of AM-SC1G. Dunlop,Australian Magnesium Corporation, Milton, Australia;C.J. Bettles, J.R. Griffiths, K. Venkatesan, CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing(CAST), CSIRO Manufacturing & Infrastructure Technology, Melbourne, Australia;Lihui Zheng and Ma Qian, CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing (CAST),The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.......................................................... 100

Thermal Properties of Mg-Li and Mg-Li-Al AlloysAlexandra Rudajevov, Pavel Lukc,Department of Metal Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;Stanislav Kdela, Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics SAS, Bratislava,Slovakia ............................................................................................................................ 106

Designing for Improved Creep Resistance in the RE Free Magnesium AlloysVladimir G. Tkachenko, International Center for Electronic materials Scienceand Applied Problems of Aerospace Technology, 3, Krzhyzhanovsky Str,Kyiv, 03680, Ukraine ....................................................................................................... 110

Ageing Characteristics and Creep Resistance of Mg-Y-Nd-Sc-Mn AlloyIvana Stulkov, Bohumil Smola, Jitka Pelcov, Faculty of Mathematics andPhysics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;Ivana Stulkov, Bohumil Smola, Zentrum fr Funktionswerkstoffe gGmbH,Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany;Barry L. Mordike, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, TechnicalUniversity Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany ..................................................... 116

Deformation Behaviour of Mg-Li-Al Alloys at Room and Elevated TemperaturesZdenek Drozd, Zuzanka Trojanov, Viera Grtnerov, Faculty of Mathematics andPhysics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic .................................................... 122

IX

The Effect of Grain Size on the Bolt Load Retention Behaviour of AMC-SC1C.J.Bettles, K.Venkatesan, CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing (CAST), CSIROManufacturing & Infrastructure Technology, Melbourne, Australia;Lihui Zheng, Ma Qian, CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing (CAST), The Universityof Queensland, St Lucia, Australia .................................................................................. 128

High Temperature Behaviour of a New Mg-Ca-Zn AlloyA. Zilberov, G. R. Goren-Muginstein and M. Bamberger, Department of MaterialEng., Technion IIT, Haifa 32000, Israel .......................................................................... 134

Investigation of Die Cast Mg-Al Alloys with Additions of Sn, Si and SbDr. Per Bakke, Dr. Ketil Pettersen, Dr. Hkon Westengen, Hydro Aluminium a.s.,Magnesium Competence Centre, Porsgrunn, Norway..................................................... 140

An Electron Microscopy Investigation on As-cast AZ91D Alloy Modified withNitrogenA.A. Kaya, TUBITAK-MRC, MCTRI, Kocaeli, Turkey;O. Yucel, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey;D. Eliezer, Ben-Gurion University of The Negev Department of Materials Engineering Beer-Sheva Israel;E. Aghion, MRI, Beer-Sheva, Israel ................................................................................. 151

Recrystallization Behaviour of Four Magnesium AlloysL.W.F. Mackenzie, F.J. Humphreys, G.W. Lorimer, Manchester Materials ScienceCentre, University of Manchester and UMIST, UK;K. Savage, T. Wilks, Magnesium Elektron Ltd, Manchester, UK .................................... 158

Dynamic Recrystallization of Mg-3Al-1ZnT. Laser, Ch. Hartig, R. Bormann, Technische Universitt Hamburg-Harburg, 21073 Hamburg, Germany;J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht,Germany ........................................................................................................................... 164

Mechanical Properties and Formability of PM Mg-Al Based AlloysK. Matsuzaki, K. Hatsukano, K.Hanada, M.Takahashi and T. Shimizu, NationalInstitute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), AIST-EAST,1-2 Namiki, TSUKUBA 305-3564, Japan ........................................................................ 170

Corrosion Properties of Conversion Plasma Coated Magnesium Alloys H. M. Nykyforchyn, M. D. Klapkiv, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of theNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine;W. Dietzel, C. Blawert, GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Geesthacht,Germany ........................................................................................................................... 176

The effect of Variations in Melt Temperature on the Grain Structures in an AM60 Die CastingHans I. Laukli, Otto Lohne, Lars Arnberg, Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Trondheim, Norway;Haavard Gjestland, Stian Sannes, Norsk Hydro ASA, Porsgrunn, Norway .................... 182

X

Microstructural Characterisation of AZ91 Magnesium AlloyAndrzej Kiebus, Maria Sozanska, Silesian University of Technology, Katowice,Poland;Lubomirc Cizek, VSB-TU Ostrava, Czech Republic ........................................................ 190

Microstructural Changes of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy after Heat TreatmentAndrzej Kiebus, Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland;Lubomir Cizek, Libor Pawlica, VSB-TU Ostrava, Czech Republic................................. 196

Microstructure of Ultra Fine Grained Mg and Mg-10 wt.% Gd Prepared by High-Pressure TorsionJ. Cizek, I. Prochazka, I. Stulikova, B. Smola, R. Kuzel, V. Cherkaska, Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic;I. Stulikova, B. Smola, Zentrum fr Funktionswerkstoffe GmbH, Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Germany;R.K. Islamgaliev, O. Kulyasova, Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, UfaState Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia ............................................................ 202

Development of New Grain Structure and Tensile Properties Improving in a Hot Pressed and ECAP Processed ZK60 Magnesium AlloyA. Galiyev, R. Kaibyshev, M. Almakaev, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems,Ufa, Russia ....................................................................................................................... 208

Texture Formation and Texture Modelling of AZ31 Magnesium Wrought AlloyA. Styczynski, Ch. Hartig, R. Bormann, Arbeitsbereich Werkstoffphysik und Technologie, Technische Universitt Hamburg-Harburg, 21071 Hamburg, Germany;F. Kaiser, J. Bohlen, D. Letzig, GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany ............................................................................................ 214

Texture Development of AM20 Tensile Samples Under LoadS.B. Yi, H.-G. Brokmeier, Institute of Materials Engineering, Technical University Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany;K.U. Kainer, T. Lippmann, Institute of Materials Engineering, GKSS-Research Center, Geesthacht, Germany ......................................... 220

Strengthening Phases in Extruded Quasicrystal Containing Mg-Zn-Y AlloysAlok Singh, A.P. Tsai, M. Nakamura, National Institute for Materials Science,Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan;M. Watanabe, A. KatoToyota, Motor Corporation, Toyota 471-8572, Japan................ 226

Grain Structure Characterization of AM60 Die Castings by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Measurements in SEMHans I. Laukli, Otto Lohne, Lars Arnberg, Norwegian University of Science andTechnology, Trondheim, Norway ..................................................................................... 232

Possibilities of ECAP of Magnesium AlloyKatarzyna N. Braszczynska, Institute of Materials Engineering, Technical University of Czestochowa, Al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland .......................... 236

XI

Electron Probe Micro Analysis of Sedimented Zirconium Particles in MagnesiumBruce Davis, Materials Science Department, Oxford University, now MagnesiumElektron, Manchester, UK;Keyna OReilly, Materials Science Department, Oxford University, John King,Magnesium Elektron, Manchester, UK ............................................................................ 242

Superplasticity in Hot-rolled Magnesium Alloy AZ31 SheetsP. Zhang, J. Wendt, V. upik, J. Zhang, F. Hollnder, Lehrstuhl Metallkunde undWerkstofftechnik, BTU-Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany ........................................................ 248

Extrusion of Magnesium Profiles and Microstructure CharacterizationSren Mller, Ingwer Denks, Klaus Mller, Technical University Berlin, Berlin,Germany;Anke Pyzalla, Vienna Technical University, Vienna, Austria .......................................... 254

Investigating the Plastic Deformation Behaviour of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 by Plane Strain Forging of U and H SectionsM.S.Yong, S.C.V.Lim, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology,Singapore ......................................................................................................................... 260

Application of Isothermal Rolling for Improvement of Sheet Formability of aMagnesium AlloyA. Galiyev, R. Kaibyshev, D. Voronin, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems,Ufa, Russia ....................................................................................................................... 266

Influence of Al Content (

XII

Superplasticity in Magnesium Alloys Processed by Different-Roll-Speeds RollingShangli Dong, Tsunemichi Imai, Ichinori Shigemastu, Naobumi Saito, Institute for Structural and Engineering Materials, National Institute of Advanced IndustrialScience & Technology (AIST), Nagoya, 463-8560, Japan;Shangli Dong, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China......................... 300

Results of Tempered Hydroforming of Magnesium Sheets with Hydroforming Fluids Reimund Neugebauer, Michael Seifert, Fraunhofer Institute of Machine Tools andForming Technology in Chemnitz, IWU, Germany ......................................................... 306

Bending Magnesium ExtrusionsR. Gradinger, M. Brandecker, H. Kilian, A. Wahlen, ARC Leichtmetallkompetenz-zentrum Ranshofen GmbH (LKR), A-5282 Ranshofen, Austria ....................................... 313

Drawing of Magnesium Wires at Ambient TemperatureJrg Eickemeyer, Albert Gth, Martina Falter, Ralph Opitz, Leibniz-Institut fr Festkrper- und Werkstoffforschung Dresden, Institut fr Metallische Werkstoffe,Dresden, Germany ........................................................................................................... 318

The MAGNEXTRUSCO Project: Process and Alloy Development for HydrostaticExtrusion of MagnesiumA.J. den Bakker, W.H. Sillekens, TNO Industrial Technology, Eindhoven,The Netherlands;J. Bohlen, K.U. Kainer, GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht, Germany;G. Barton, RWTH Aachen Institute of Metal Forming (IBF), Aachen, Germany ........ 324

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Squeeze Cast AM60 Mg Composites Reinforced with AISI 304 WiresJae Joong Kim, Jong Dae Lim, Hyundai Motors Company, Whasung, Korea;Min Soo Yoo, Nack J. Kim, Pohang University of Science and Technology(POSTECH), Pohang, Korea ........................................................................................... 331

Thermal Strain in Mg CompositesAlexandra Rudajevov, Pavel Lukc, Department of Metal Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ................................................................................ 337

Synthesis of TiC Dispersed Composite in Mg-alloy MatrixD.W. Lee, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials. Changwonn, Kyungnam,Republika KoreaS.V. Aleksandrovkii, V.M. Sizyakov, D.V. Kutsenko, St. Petersburg Mining Institute(Technical University), Russia ......................................................................................... 342

Influence of Fibre Preform Permeability on Infiltration of Magnesium-Zinc BaseAlloysM.S. Yong, R.I. Temple, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore;A.J. Clegg, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Lough-borough University, UK ................................................................................................... 348

XIII

Magnesium Integral Foams Production and PropertiesMarkus Hirschmann, Matthias Lamm, Carolin Krner, Robert F. Singer, Department of Materials Science, Lehrstuhl Werkstoffkunde und Technologie der Metalle (WTM),Friedrich-Alexander-Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg, Erlangen,Germany ........................................................................................................................... 354

Creep of Reinforced and Unreinforced QE22 Magnesium AlloyM. Pahutova, V. Sklenicka, K. Kucharova, M. Svoboda, Institute of Physics ofMaterials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-616 62 Brno, CzechRepublic;K.U. Kainer, Institute for Materials Research, Center for Magnesium Technology,GKSS Research Center, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany ................................................ 360

Thermal Exposure Behaviour of Aluminum Borate Whisker Reinforced MagnesiumMatrix CompositesM. Y. Zheng, K. Wu, M. Liang, School of Materials Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China;S. Kamado, Y. Kojima, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka 940-2188, Japan ...................................................................... 366

Creep Properties of Mg Dispersion-strengthened by GraphiteHans Ferkel, Institut fr Werkstoffkunde und Werkstofftechnik, TechnischeUniversitt Clausthal, Agricolastr. 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany................. 372

High Strength Si-O-C Ceramic Foams for the Reinforcement of Mg-AlloysJ. Zeschky, T. Hfner, M. Scheffler, P. Greil, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen, Germany;J. Lo, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, Ontario,Canada ............................................................................................................................. 378

Creep Behavior of Mg-Alloys AE42 and AZ91 Reinforced with Carbon Short FibersS. Ataya, E. El-Magd, Department of Materials Science LFW, RWTH, Aachen,Germany;S. Mielke, Kolbenschmidt, Neckarsulm, Germany ........................................................... 384

High Performance Magnesium Composite Alloys with Mg2Si Dispersoids viaSolid-state Synthesis ProcessKatsuyoshi Kondoh, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST),The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;Tatsuhiko Aizawa, Center for Collaborative Research (CCR), The University of Tokyo,Tokyo, Japan .................................................................................................................... 390

Fracture Toughness Behaviour of As-Cast and Long-term Annealed Pressure Die Cast Magnesium AlloysDoris Regener, Gabriele Dietze, Institute of Materials Engineering and Materials Testing, Otto-von Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany ....................................... 396

Magnesium Proceedings of the 6th International Conference Magnesium Alloys and Their ApplicationsPrefaceContentsMicrostructural Design for Enhanced Elevated Temperature Properties in Sand-castable Magnesium AlloysThermodynamic Database for Mg-alloys: Progress and Application to Mg-Al-Ca-Si Alloy DevelopmentDevelopment of the new Creep Resistant Alloy AS31Phase Formation, Precipitation and Strengthening Mechanisms in Mg-Zn-Sn AlloysDie Casting for High Performance Focus on Alloy DevelopmentNew Mg-Alloys for the Thixomolding ProcessStructure and Morphology of Effective Obstacles in High Performance Mg Rare Earth Base AlloysRegularities in the Phase Diagrams and Behavior During Aging of the Ternary Mg-Base Alloys Containing Two Rare-Earth Metals of Different SubgroupsDevelopment of New Magnesium Alloys for Advanced ApplicationsCreep Resistance and Creep Kinetics of Mg-alloysCreep Behaviour of MgZnRE Alloys Formed by Semi-Solid-CastingCreep Resistant Magnesium Alloys for Powertrain ApplicationsRussian Ultralight Constructional MgLi Alloys. Their Structure, Properties, Manufacturing, ApplicationsThe Effect of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of AM-SC1Thermal Properties of Mg-Li and Mg-Li-Al AlloysDesigning for Improved Creep Resistance in the RE Free Magnesium AlloysAgeing Characteristics and Creep Resistance of Mg-Y-Nd-Sc-Mn AlloyDeformation Behaviour of Mg-Li-Al Alloys at Room and Elevated TemperaturesThe Effect of Grain Size on the Bolt Load Retention Behaviour of AMC-SC1High Temperature Behaviour of a new Mg-Ca-Zn AlloyInvestigation of die Cast Mg-Al Alloys with Additions of Sn, Si and SbAn Electron Microscopy Investigation on as-cast AZ91D Alloy Modified with NitrogenRecrystallization Behaviour of Four Magnesium AlloysDynamic Recrystallization of Mg-3Al-1ZnMechanical Properties and Formability of PM Mg-Al Based AlloysCorrosion Properties of Conversion Plasma Coated Magnesium AlloysThe effect of variations in Melt Temperature on the Grain Structures in an AM60 die CastingMicrostructural Characterisation of AZ91 Magnesium AlloyMicrostructural Changes of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy After Heat TreatmentMicrostructure of Ultra Fine Grained Mg and Mg-10 wt.% Gd Prepared by High-Pressure TorsionDevelopment of New Grain Structure and Tensile Properties Improving in a Hot Pressed and ECAP Processed ZK60 Magnesium AlloyTexture Formation and Texture Modelling of AZ31 Magnesium Wrought AlloyTexture Development of AM20 Tensile Samples Under LoadStrengthening Phases in Extruded Quasicrystal Containing Mg-Zn-Y AlloysGrain Structure Characterization of AM60 Die Castings by Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Measurements in SEMPossibilities of ECAP of Magnesium AlloyElectron Probe Micro Analysis of Sedimented Zirconium Particles in MagnesiumSuperplasticity in Hot-rolled Magnesium Alloy AZ31 SheetsExtrusion of Magnesium Profiles and Microstructure CharacterizationInvestigating the Plastic Deformation Behaviour of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 by Plane Strain Forging of U and H SectionsApplication of Isothermal Rolling for Improvement of Sheet Formability of a Magnesium AlloyInfluence of Al Content (