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MAGMA is molten rock, but is not just liquid - also contains bits of rock crystals and gas. It ranges in consistency from wet concrete to thick oatmeal.
Rock that crystallizes from a magma is IGNEOUS ROCK.
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Phaneritic Aphanitic Glassy
large crystals tiny crystals no crystals
slow cooling fast cooling very fast cooling
Ex/ Gabbro Basalt Obsidian (all the same composition – of ocean seafloor)
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Rock melts when the temperature within the earth (geotherm) exceeds the melting point (solidus) of rock.
This happens for different reasons at (1) subduction zone volcanoes, (2) mid-ocean ridge volcanoes, and (3) hotspot volcanoes.
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Normally the geotherm does not cross the solidus, so there is no melting.
BUT, it is very close at about 100-250 km in depth ( Asthenosphere).
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What are the 3 main causes of volcanoes?
1. Mid-Ocean Seafloor Spreading
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Ridges: “pressure release” melting
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What are the 3 main causes of volcanoes?
2. Seafloor Subduction
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Subduction Zones: “wet” melting
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Mt. Fujiyama
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Pyroclastic flow sweeps down the side of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, 1984.
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A small lahar triggered by rainfall in Guatemala, 1989.
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Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991.
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Mt. Pinatubo: So much ash into the atmosphere that Earth’s temperature dropped, and sunsets were redder.
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What are the 3 main causes of volcanoes?
3. Hotspot Mantle Plumes
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Hawaii rises more than 5 miles above the seafloor.
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Hawaii
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Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Kilauea, Hawaii
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Pahoehoe lava, Hawaii
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“Aa” lava flow, Kilauea, Hawaii
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Kilauea, Hawaii
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Mt. St. Helens:
Giant Eruption
May 18, 1980
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Mt. Adams
Mt. St. Helens
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Crater Lake, Oregon
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Mt. St. Helens:
Before
May, 1980
After
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Phase 1: Small earthquakes and puffs of steam indicate that magma is rising. Bulge develops in North face.
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Phase 2: A magnitude 5.1 earthquake shakes mountain, dislodging bulge which slides down mountain. Decreased pressure on magma starts lateral blast.
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Phase 3: Eruption causes a second block to break free, exposing more magma and initiating an eruption column. Lateral blast goes at 300 mph, covers 230 square miles.
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Phase 4: The Eruption Column reaches 80,000 feet in less than 15 minutes.
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Mt. St. Helens Earthquakes: 1995-2005
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The Dome is Growing Again
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Mechanical Weathering (1):
Frost Wedging
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Mechanical Weathering (2):
Plant growth
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Mechanical Weathering (3):
Pressure release
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Mechanical Weathering (4):
Large Temperature changes (also: forest fires)
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Chemical Weathering (1): Dissolution
Water and carbon dioxide combine to make carbonic acid, which dissolves minerals.
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Chemical Weathering (2): Hydrolysis
Addition of water to minerals makes clay minerals
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Hydrolysis: Greatly accelerated in the presence of acidic rain
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Chemical Weathering (3): Oxidation
Addition of oxygen to a metal-rich mineral forms a new mineral>> RUST
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An end product of weathering is SOIL.
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