Magazine of Zoo Outreach Organisation - ZOO'S...

Vol. XXVI No. 2, February 2011 Date of Publication: 25 Feb 2011 ISSN 0973-2543

Magazine of Zoo Outreach Organisation

Vol. XXVI No. 2, February 2011 ISSN 0973-2543


Contents

Report on SAZARC Conference, Sarita Jnawali, P.1

Report on SAZARC Conference, Aziz Gul Saqib & Sally Walker, Pp. 2-4

21st Century Crisis – Climate Change and Species Susceptibility, Presentations by Wendy Foden, Pp. 5-7

Climate Change Working Groups Report, Pp. 8-10

Emerging Diseases and related issues, Presentations by Mark Irwin, Pp. 11-17

Bio-security Guidelines Working Groups Report, PP. 18-20

Thanks to the Donors, P. 21

Zoos and Emergency Response, Sally Walker, P. 22

Disaster Management Plan Working Groups Report, Pp. 23-31

Sanjay Molur presents overview of CBSG and RSG principles with emphasis on the RSG Guidelines, P. 32

Teaching about climate change, BA Daniel and R. Marimuthu, Pp. 33-34

SAZARC Presentations, Pp. 35-41

Participant list, Pp. 42-43

Emails afterwards …, Pp. 44-48

A walk in downtown Chitwan

Sunrise in Chitwan NP

Elephant Breeding Centre Chitwan

ZOO’s PRINT, Volume XXVI, Number 2, February 2011 1

The 10th annual conference of South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation (SAZARC) was organized by Zoo Outreach Organization (ZOO) and Wildlife Information Liaison Development, India in Kathmandu, Nepal between 22 and 27 November 2010. The programme was hosted jointly by the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) and National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) and Central Zoo. The inaugural ceremony was organized on 22 November within Central Zoo premises and graciously inaugurated by the Rt. Hon. Subash Chandra Nembang, Chairman of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal. The 10th Conference was the decade celebration of the SAZARC and it was a great coincidence for NTNC- Central Zoo to host the 1st and 10th Conference in Nepal. The Conference was also a part of the 7th Annual Joint Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) and Reintroduction Specialist Group Meeting (RSG). The five-day conference was held in NTNC’s Biodiversity Conservation Centre based in the vicinity of the Chitwan National Park. The Conference was attended by 42 participants from Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka including zoo directors, veterinarians, education staffs and field biologists.

A total of 16 participants representing different organizations in Nepal participated the conference. The theme of the conference - Emergency Response Protocols for 21st Century Crisis in the Zoo: Climate Change, Emerging Disease and Terrorism was very relevant and provided an excellent forum to learn and share the issues on climate change and different diseases of captive animals. In addition, various aspects of zoo management, husbandry work and bio-security measures were also discussed during the conference.

The group work to draft an Emergency Response Plan was an important exercise and learning for all the Nepalese participants - the Central Zoo does not have its emergency plan. The draft plan includes potential emergency cases (outbreak of diseases, escape of animal, earthquake, visitor - keepers injuries and casualties) that the Zoo may encounter. The Central Zoo is committed to produce a draft plan within few weeks.

Wildlife Reintroduction Guideline was shared and discussed during the Conference. This greatly helped new veterinarians and biologist to get knowledge on role, importance and basic procedures of reintroduction programmes.

The facilitators, mainly Sally Walker and Sanjay Molur and resource persons Wendy Foden and Mark Irwin led the group work in a systematic manner so that the group was able to draft plans.

Major Outputs• Capacity of participants to prepare zoo emergency plan was enhanced.• Draft Zoo emergency plan prepared• Approach to teaching about Climate Change to youngsters through life style changes was conveyed. • Knowledge base on climate change issues, captive animal health and disease, and wildlife reintroduction programme enhanced• Network among the professionals associated in captive management of wildlife and conservation breeding programme established.

ConclusionThe 10th Conference of SAZARC was a milestone in introducing new and innovative approaches to manage captive animals, climate change issues in captive management and zoo emergency plan being the major ones. Rigorous group works in framing emergency plan, in particular, empowered the young professionals in preparing such plans. Extensive discussion on reintroduction programme helped participants to understand role and importance of such programmes. The conference also created a platform to establish networks among veterinarians and zoo professionals. Finally, SAZARC has been a very important common ground to bring zoo professionals, biologists and veterinarians to discuss and come up with prudent solutions to address issues related to captive management of wildlife species in the region. SAZARC’s efforts in introducing scientific approaches in zoo management has been well appreciated and felt imperative to continue in the years to come.

AcknowledgementsFinally, I would like to express our sincere thanks to Sally Walker, Founder Director of Zoo Outreach Organization, who made the SAZARC's decade celebration conference possible in Nepal. We, on behalf of Government of Nepal - DNPWC and NTNC and Central Zoo would like to extend deep appreciation for giving us an opportunity to host the Conference in Nepal. As the Central Zoo in close coordination with DNPWC is in the process of upgrading its facilities and expanding role for the better management of the mini zoos in Nepal, the knowledge and experiences gained during the Conference has become instrumental to speed up the overall process. I would like to reiterate in thanking Sally Walker for assisting Central Zoo in many ways over the last one decade. Her assistance has helped to build up the capacity of zoo staffs and school teachers, and adopt science based conservation education programme.

Report on SAZARC ConferenceSarita Jnawali*

*Project Manager, National Trust for Nature Conservation / Central Zoo, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

Sarita Jnawali (Centre) with resource persons and the Afghan contingent after the Inaugural function


The South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation, SAZARC, including CBSG, South Asia and RSG, South Asia, conducted a Tenth Anniversary celebratory conference, which began at its birthplace, e.g. the Central Zoo, Lalitpur, Kathmandu Nepal. Our hosts, Central Zoo and the National Trust for Nature Conservation, NTNC, made very pleasing arrangements to insure participants felt comfortable and welcome. Sponsors were numerous, mostly zoos and animal welfare organisations from western countries.

Central Zoo/NTNC hosted a Welcome dinner for participants in their hotel where all stayed with a programme beforehand. In the programme, Sally Walker welcomed all and related a short history of SAZARC and how it came to be. She called on others who had been at the first meeting, in 2000, in Kathmandu, e.g. Mansoor Qazi (Karachi Zoo, Pakistan), R. K. Sahu (Ahmedabad Zoo, India), Sanjay Molur (Z.O.O., India) and B.A. Daniel (Z.O.O., India). Others attending that first meeting had been transferred to other posts, reflecting one of the many challenges which obstruct continuous progress of zoos in the region.

Sally had asked me to deliver a presentation on Kabul Zoo highlighting its new improvements, in infra-structure, exhibition, veterinary and education. Kabul Zoo has risen like a phoenix from a flattened state resulting from the war in Afghanistan.

Its recovery and progress has been due to the resilience of the Afghans and also to the assistance provided from many zoos throughout the world coordinated primarily by the North Carolina Zoo. Zoo Outreach Organisation contributed in small ways from afar but has been more active recently in providing training, but again, with help from the North Carolina Zoo. The Kabul Zoo team brought one of the specialties of Afghanistan, the enormous red fruit

called Pomegranate which was offered to all following the presentation.

According to schedule the Inaugural Ceremony of SAZARC was conducted on 22 November on the premises of Central Zoo, Lalitpur, Kathmandu under a large shamiana surrounded by the beautiful vegetation of the zoo. SAZARC guests and local officials were welcomed and felicitated with garlands of beautiful, fresh seasonal flowers of Nepal by traditional Nepali dancers. VIPs representing government agencies delivered speeches for the opening ceremony and welcomed all Members of SAZARC, Resource persons and local Guests. The dancers entertained with a beautiful Nepali cultural dancing and very nice songs and music. An elaborate tea was served for all guests followed by the departure of participants to Chitwan National Park where we arrived about 6:00 pm. All the participants lived in the same hotel near to the Park where the conference was held which made us close friends.

On 23 November, the conference began in the auditorium of the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) located adjacent to Chitwan, NP.

Report on 10th Annual Conference of SAZARC, CBSG & RSG South Asia, 22-27 November 2010 hosted by Central Zoo & NTNC, NepalAziz Gul Saqib* & Sally Walker**

*Director, Kabul Zoo, Kabul Municipality, Afghanistan** Director, SAZARC and ZOO, Coimbatore, India

Dr. R.K. Sahu, who has attended all SAZARC meetings since the first in Kathmandu shares his and others’ feeling about SAZARC

Participants enjoying Pomegranates, a speciality of Kabul, Afghanistan.


Director of Chitwan and Director, Central Zoo, welcomed all guests. Director, SAZARC presented each one a traditional shawl, given in the traditional manner by draping it around the shoulders.

SAZARC conferences are strong on training. The training theme for this 10th Anniversary was Twenty-first Century Crises: Climate Change, Emerging Diseases and Terrorism. All of those topics fit under a project that participants were asked to work on, the formulation of an Emergency Response Protocol to include all the expected zoo emergencies and also the 21st Century Crises. Until last year, no zoo in South Asia had an emergency protocol and then only the Indian zoos had just begun. Zoos are by nature “crisis prone” with their mass of visitors and delicate wild animals so an Emergency Protocol was much required.

The first topic for our training on all the days was Climate Change with Dr. Wendy Foden as the Resource Person. Dr. Foden is Programme Manager for Climate Change for IUCN SSC and leads the IUCN “Species Vulnerability to Climate Change” project. This project collects and identifies data on life history and ecological traits of species of animals and plants with particular vulnerability to climate change. She and her group identify species that face the greatest risk of climate change-driven extinctions, using the results to compliment the current IUCN Red Data List and to prioritise conservation efforts. We were able to create a basic species prioritization for our country’s zoos based on some of the principles taught, and also came away with a better understanding of climate change.

The second topic was Emerging Diseases in context with Climate Change. The Resource Person was Dr. Mark Irwin, who is a tenured faculty at Jefferson Community College (JCC), State University of New York since 2002. He is Primary teaching faculty member for all Animal Management (AMG) courses in the Associates of Applied Science degree program for training zoo keepers & educators. Dr. Irwin covered Emerging Diseases, veterinary implications for emergency response to disasters, Biosecurity, zookeeper training and related topics. Each working group, organized by country, used the material from presentations to structure their Emergency Response Plan. Also a Manual entitled Model Disaster Management for Indian Zoos, by Sri R. Hemanth Kumar, former Director, Kanpur Zoo provided an example and

guide for the working groups. The Manual had been commissioned by Central Zoo Authority to help zoo directors with a new CZA directive that every zoo must have an written emergency protocol to compliment their overall management plan. CZA gifted copies of the Plan to us.

Third topic was IUCN SSC Specialist Groups – CBSG and RSG, South Asian Networks. Other training topics were featured around the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group and the Reintroduction Specialist Group. Dr. Sanjay Molur, Executive Director of Zoo Outreach Organization that hosts the South Asian Networks of RSG and CBSG, explained the mandate and activities of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group and reviewed the Guidelines of the Reintroduction Specialist Group in context with South Asia. Dr. Molur emphasized that the Guidelines had been written to guide reintroduction practitioners as many reintroductions, translocations, releases, etc. encountered difficulties due to incomplete or misguided planning. There was much discussion and interest as many zoos and forest departments undertake release of surplus without following guidelines and encounter problems for human and animals’ welfare and survival as a result. Climate change also willforce movements of some animals to higher elevations.

Fourth topic was Climate Change and Education. Dr. B.A. Daniel, Scientist and Mr. R. Marimuthu, Education officer, Zoo Outreach Organization, India presented a good explanation, with information and exhibition of an education program related to Climate

Change developed by Z.O.O. Based on the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, which was to live a simple life, they demonstrated a new educational packet which focused on everyday things that the common man can do to reduce carbon emissions, to modify behaviour, which exacerbates it, and to adjust to activities which mitigate climate change. They led the participants through the various items in the educational packet entitled Live More Simply, which was developed by Zoo Outreach Organisation for distribution at Wildlife Week 2010. Many of the items were intended for children but participants were very charmed by the “global warming spectacle”, Red Cross armbands and small placards to carry when “lobbying” for actions to defeat global warming. There were three different handouts for reading about how to bring about a lifestyle more consistent with the current crisis facing us all. This was a very nice, and new, innovative and effective tool for participants.

The Chitwan Warden had given us a presentation on Chitwan National Park on the first day and followed up with a range of activities in and around the park, e.g. a ride on Elephant back into the park, a visit to the Elephant Breeding Centre, a canoe ride and visit to the Museum of Natural History. One event that was unplanned, was one of the most exciting. This was the daytime visit of a Great Indian One-horned Rhinoceros from the National Park into the village area surrounding it. The village was nearby our conference venue so after lunch on the day, we all walked over to see the rhino peacefully nibbling leaves from

Chief Guests Mr. Juddha Bahadur Gurung, Sally Walker, Director SAZARC and Rt. Hon. Subash Chandra Nembang during inaugural


bushes around villagers houses. This is not an unusual event and the villagers were very calm about such a large animals in their compound. The elderly rhinos periodically make this trip. Other officials of NTNC and the Park gave presentations and participated in the conference.

Many of the directors of Zoos in the conference presented Reports of their zoos to the other participants. There were presentations from all countries. It was a good opportunity to get ideas from so many participants of the same region who face the same difficulties and obstacles in their zoo work.

On the last day, 26 November, we finished our class sessions and reports and gathered for a valedictory ceremony. Each country group selected one person to make a speech on the conference and how it helped them. The first speaker was Aziz Gul Saqib, who said the 10th annual conference of SAZARC was a very nice and efficient meeting for all members, specially for him and his colleagues from Afghanistan who felt they got more information for taking back to their zoo to improve animal care and other zoo duties. He profusely thanked Sally Walker, Founder Director of SAZARC and ZOO and Dr. Sarita Jnawali, Director, and all of her colleagues and assistants from Central Zoo, NTNC for all their hospitality. Dr. Jnawali also spoke about SAZARC,

the conference, Zoo Outreach Organsation and her interactions with ZOO and all participants. Sally Walker thanked Central Zoo, Resource Persons, participants and sponsors. Resource persons related their satisfaction with the work of participants and the conference generally. Following all countries speeches, the D.G., Department of Wildlife and Nature Conservation presented specially made Thangka to each and every participant. The Thangka is a painting on silk with beautiful embroidery and brocade trim of a mandala, a beautiful scene or a Buddhist god. Each painting was done individually for the conference participants. The Thangka is well-known in Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal. It was a generous and perfect gift of the Central Zoo/NTNC for the conference participants. There were many farewells which continued that night with a gala dinner next to a river. The following morning participants left for Kathmandu and most had a good tour to sites of interest which, of course, included the Central Zoo.

Bhutan participant receives traditional garland and welcome with which all South Asia is familiar

Participants and guests enjoyed the lilting music and the traditional dancers’ costumes and performance

Participants with Thangka

Sanjay Molur and B.A. Daniel of ZOO pose with R.K. Shrestha, former Director of Central Zoo,

Convenor of SAZARC (2000) and first President


Dr. Wendy Foden, Programme Manager for the IUCN SSC Climate Change Group, delivered three presentations on climate change and monitored country-based working groups on species susceptibility to climate change.

Dr. Foden began by describing the basic aspects of Climate Change, e.g. Greenhouse effect, climate history, future predictions of climate, etc. Regarding climate history she said that climate has always changed and it is a natural phenomenon, but in last several decades, with increasing human use of elements that increase carbon content of the atmosphere, a cycle of destruction has evolved which has to be reduced or life as we know it will not be possible. Using corals as a keystone she described the uniqueness of coral reefs as the most biologically diverse habitats on Earth and how practically useful to human beings in the hundreds of millions. She described the intensity and rate of decline of coral reefs and the impact of human use on them (over-fishing, destructive fishing, coastal pollution and sedimentation) stating that management of these stresses will determine their survival. She also spoke about Climate Change policy internationally and the failure of the UN Conference of Parties in Copenhagen to reach an agreement after much trial and debate. The meetings which will occur in 2011 may achieve consensus between countries may find their way toward consensus, otherwise the circle of destruction of habitats and species will continue and even escalate.

On the second day, after this overview and background, Dr. Foden focused on her speciality and that of our conference of zoo personnel, which is species susceptibility to climate change. It stands to reason that when temperature increases in countries and regions that ecosystems and habitats also change. Increased temperature leads to heat waves, drought, rainfall, and storms which impact life conditions for species, including human species, plants and animals. She gave examples, other than the Polar Bear that has been used as a model example of climate change impact, stating that many parts of the world have species that have been impacted. For some, the warmer climate reduces their ability to find food and by negative impact of changed interactions between species. She

named the Arctic Fox that is highly specialized for surviving in snow. When snow turns to ice from higher temperatures they are unable to find enough food. Also they become prey themselves to the larger Red Fox and are declining as a result. An example of direct effect is the White Lemuroid Possum which lives in trees in Australia and has such sensitivity to the rising temperature that they die of stress when the heat waves increase in the night. Leatherback Turtles are impacted by both raising sea levels due to weather and also due to higher temperatures. The increased heat causes their eggs to incubate at elevated temperatures which produces a skewed sex ratio that negatively affects long range population increases necessary for survival. Also the increase in weather changes result in beaches normally used as nesting sites to be washed away. There are also species such as Koalas which have declined to less than 50% of their former numbers. Research projects that increase in Carbon dioxide in the air causes Eucalyptus trees to produce leaves with higher oil and chemical compound level which makes them indigestible and leads to malnourish females in particular as they have to feed their young. It is an example of plant and animal

interactions following Carbon dioxide effect on plants which also impacts the animals. The Clownfish is sensitive to an acidic ocean which occurs due to high carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere. The ability to smell and thus find their way to their normal reefs and the sea anemones on which they are dependent, and also to relocate their offspring.

Coral bleaching due to high temperatures and disease severely impacts about 160 species of Staghorn corals which account for about one fifth of reef-building corals. Southern Africa and Nambia are home to the Quiver tree, a soft wood plant species not used by humans which is sensitive to warm temperatures. Plants can’t disperse the way animals can and remove themselves from the heat. This is a range restriction example.

Salmon is a freshwater fish that is familiar to most people on earth. Many countries and cultures depend on salmon for their economy and livelihoods. Increased temperatures, as well as changes in rainfall and melting ice in freshwater systems dramatically affects reproduction of salmon. Changes in nutrient content of the water also impacts salmon, directly disrupting economies in the afflicted countries also.

21st Century CrisisClimate Change and Species SusceptibilityWendy Foden*

Dr. Wendy Foden presenting one of her series of talks on Climate Change

* Programme Officer, Climate Change, IUCN Species Programme, Cambridge, UK


Beluga Whales are losing their refuge from predators, including human predators, due to melting Arctic ice. They are exposed and vulnerable without the ice and also suffering due to noise and pollution from ships.

Golden toad is extinct with the dubious distinction of being the first extinction due to climate change. Wild living examples have not been seen for 14 years due to a disease(chytridiomycosis), global warming, air pollution and restricted range.Dr. Foden made the point that Climate Change doesn’t consign species to become extinct. It is still possible to turn the tide with reduced carbon emission targets if government support and people also help by changing their behaviour to slow down climate change so that species and their habitats have a chance to adapt.

Dr. Foden reviewed a global study conducted by the Species Survival Commission which took into consideration the changing climate, increased temperatures, changes in rainfall and increase in carbon dioxide, to predict . This is to be an ongoing study and the first iteration predicted on mid-range projections that 15-37% of species in the sample studied will be en route to extinction.

Some current and/or anticipated impacts of CC on various Specialist Group’s focal species from the Survey of SGs climate related activities: Less suitable habitats, shifting distribution ranges, decreasing fertility, mortality caused by physiological stress and

extreme weather events, decrease in food or prey, habitats impacted by rise in sea level, Food/prey becomes less abundant, occurrences of phenological mismatches, increase of disease, of freshwater availability, some species gain competitive advantage over others, human/animal conflict increases, uneven sex ratios, acidification of ocean impacts physiology or habitats

Assessing Species Vulnerability to Climate Change in context of zoo animals was the third days

Dr. Wendy Foden related that IUCN had been pursuing the work of special vulnerability to climate change for three years. Their conclusions so far are entirely new and, at the time of the SAZARC conference, had not been published. Thus SAZARC participants were the first group to received and use the information.

Dr. Foden explained the objective of her group in trying to determine which species will be most sensitive to and affected by climate change globally. Information has been coming in from all parts of the world and it is very complicated to make these determinations. The goal is to convert the very complex system they have had to work with into a framework that will be immediately useful. Their group recently conceived a very simple way of thinking about CC impact :

A species is in trouble if it is (i) exposed to a lot of Climate change (exposure), (ii) sensitive to it

(Sensitivity) and (iii) if it cannot adapt to the change (Adaptability). It all boils down to this: Think you are an animal. …how exposed are you? how sensitive are you? how can you escape the problem? For example: If it is you, and you are exposed and sensitive to climate change, you might know an area where you would be comfortable and get a ride there, take a bus or train or flight. If you are very sensitive and cannot move, you have a problem. This could be the case for the animal. So in categorizing species, remember their characters and behaviour to see which species fall into sensitivity and adaptability separately and categorize which species are vulnerable to climate change.

A group of biologists, species experts joined a workshop in Imperial College in London to discuss biological

traits of species that could make them susceptible and problems with sensitivity and adaptability.

Point 1. Sensitivity to climate change – five characters needed to ascertain sensitivity to climate change.A. Specialised habitat – eg Red Panda. B. Narrow environmental tolerances (to) … increases in temperature, susceptibility to disease, etc.C. Environmental triggers. bird migration - time mismatched with habitat and availability of food; applicable to hibernating species also. D. Interspecies interactions. Changes in food sources and the predator prey relationship; change in the quality of food; specialized in its food sources, the food source may decline due to climate change. Also Disease, competition, mutualism E. Rarity –population so low/no room for recovery - any disaster could wipe out

Point 2. Poor adaptability to climate change. A. Poor dispersal (escape) ability

• Low maximum dispersal distances• major barriers to dispersal

B. Poor evolvability. • Low genetic diversity• Slow turnover of generations• Low reproductive output

Point 3. Exposure to Climate ChangeHow big is the problem in your area. Increase in temperature particularly in Himalayas, heat waves that will melt the snow mountains that will change

!

Exposure Sensitivity Adaptability!

Slide on Greenhouse effect


the river flow, rainfall changes, drought, flood, extreme storms, Ocean acidification and sea level rise which will have a big impact on mangrove ecosystem.

This can also be tried at ecosystem level like National Park or Reserve. This can be used in a range of different situation like river, protected areas etc.

IUCN worked on 17000 species that include Birds (~9,856 spp.), Amphibians (~6,222 spp.), Warm-water reef-building corals (799 spp.) and South African Proteaceae (389 spp.). We used 25 pieces of information (biological traits).

One example is Black-breasted Puffleg from South America (Eriocnemis nigrivestis). This has a very specialized habitat, it had a very narrow elevation range, it can tolerate only a very narrow range of temperature at high altitude, so the habitat is likely to be affected by climate change, it cannot move far away to non forest habitat and also has very low opportunity to establish at a new location.

Biological traitsSpecialised habitat: Altitudinal range narrow and at high elevationRestricted to habitats susceptible to climate changeHigh degree of habitat specialization

Poor dispersal abilityLow maximum dispersal distancesLimited opportunity to establish at new locations

An amphibian example is spotted Bull frog from Southern Africa. It breeds only after a particular monsoon rain. And that is likely to be disrupted due

to climate change that will cause reproductive problem for the species.

Hemisus guttatus (Spotted snout-burrower)Narrow environmental tolerance Larvae particularly susceptible to desiccation Poor dispersal ability Geographic barriers limit dispersal opportunity

There are some analysis and evidence to say where are the birds, amphibians in the world that are in trouble. The results are expected to be published in early 2011.

To conclude, if a species is exposed and sensitive and not adaptive we need to help them move to some place where it can be comfortable. This is how we go about it with regard to conservation of species.

CLIMATE CHANGE SUSCEPTIBILITYSusceptibility = Sensitivity + Unadaptability + Exposure

SENSITIVITYA. Specialised habitatB. Narrow environmental tolerances C. Environmental triggers: migration times, hibernation D. Interspecies interactions: changes in food sources, disease, competition & mutualisms E. Rarity

UNADAPTABILITYA. Poor dispersal ability: low maximum dispersal distances, barriers to dispersalB. Poor evolvability: low genetic diversity, long generations, low reproductive output

EXPOSUREA. Sea level riseB. Temperature change: heat waves,

SAZARC Participants seriously taking in one of Dr. Foden’s Climate Change Presentations


Climate Change Working Groups

SAZARC participants formed country-based working groups of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal with Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bhutan working together. The groups assessed animals in their own zoo collections to ascertain which species were more vulnerable to climate change with a focus on education and conservation.

Nepal Working groupHow susceptible to climate change are the species in your collection?

GHARIALSENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Specialized habitat:• Found in running fresh water river banks. Effect of flood, pollution, pesticidesNarrow environment tolerance: • Specific niche/habitatsEnvironmental triggers: • If temperature varies, sex ratio alters• Early flooding: Sweeping of nesting habitat• Extreme flooding: Sweeping of small babies from very turbid water of flood. Babies cannot withstand the turbid water of landslide

Interspecific interaction: less availability of fishRarity: only 81 wild individual, in scattered population in Nepal.

POOR ADAPTABILITYPoor dispersal ability:• Only running fresh water• Construction of dams • Disturbance from people

Poor evolvability:• High alteration in sex ratio• Inbreeding

EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE CHANGEThe Uneven sex ratio without alteration of temperature Early flooding

Species that will be increasingly important for conservation.

India Working GroupMembers: Amitabh Agnihotri, R.K. Sahu, Jasbir Singh Chauhan, Anil M. Anjankar (Presenter), Karunapriya, Markandaiah, B.A. Daniel

Species Sensitivity Unadaptability Exposure

Snow Leopard High reaches of Himalayan ranges. Narrow environment toleranceFood source –prey base affected due to change in vegetation & habitat

Very sensitive to temp. Hence poor dispersal ability

Temperature sensitive

Hoolock Gibbon Highly endemic –Arunachal Pradesh. Mainly arboreal. Prefer dense and continuous evergreen forest

Due to fragmentation of habitat-barrier to its dispersion

-

Nilgiri Tahr Confined to high altitudinal ranges of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Prefers open grasslands.

Since confined to high altitude, it has low dispersal ability

Temperature sensitive

Afghanistan Working GroupMembers: Mahtabudin Ahmadi, Rahila Kohistani, Aziz Gul Saqib (Presenter), Abdul Qadir Bahawi, Najibullah Nazary, Kuenzang Gyeltshen, Md. Monsoor Qazi, Wendy Foden (Facilitator)


Griffin Vulture Deforestation & drought - War

Pelican (Pelicanus Onocrotalus) Migratory bird - War has disrupted migration

Demoisselle Crane Drought - Temperature sensitive

Species sensitivity to climate change - Nepal working group


Bhutan Working GroupMembers: Kuenzang Gyeltsheng (Presenter), Md. Monsoor Qazi, Mahtabudin Ahmadi, Rahila Kohistani, Aziz Gul Saqib, Abdul Qadir Bahawi, Najibullah Nazary, Wendy Foden (Facilitator)


Black-necked crane Number is decreasing every yearMigratory bird

House sparrow Human habitation, Dispersal ability, Physiological stress

Human interventiondecreasing population

Griffin Vulture Deforestation Diclophenic acidexcessive pesticide use. e.g. malaria control

Bangladesh Working group:List of Susceptible Species of Wildlife due to Climate ChangeMembers: Abdur Razzaque, Shakif-Ul-Azam (Presenter), ABM Shahid Ullah, Annanda Mohon Dharm, Zillur Rahman, Ashim Kumar Das, BA Daniel (Facilitator)

Species Name Sensitivity Unadaptibility Exposure

Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock)

Loss of Habitat-Deforestation Scarcity of FoodHuman Animal conflict-Deforestation not in proper mannerPhysiological stress

Maximum dispersal distanceDispersal barrierLow Reproductive out-put

Rise of TemperatureFloods

Bengal Vulture(Gyps bengalensis)

Scarcity of Food-Due to hygenic measures carcass are not availableLoss of HabitatHuman Animal conflict

Low reproductive outputMore unknown causeLoss of breeding place

Heat stress

Gharial(Gavialis gangeticus)

Loss of HabitatSiltation of riverScarcity of FoodHuman Animal conflict-Due to over catching of fishes

Destruction of breeding places

Change in river flowDroughtFlood

Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)

Loss of HabitatSiltation of riveScarcity of Food

Destruction of breeding placesHuman Animal conflict.

Change in river flowSea level riseFlood

Sri Lanka Working GroupMembers: Dammika Malsinghe, Chamila Denagama, Prasad Soyza, Chandani Ganga Wijesinghe (Presenter), Sanjay Molur (Facilitator)

Species Name Sensitivity Unadaptibility Exposure

Giant Squirrel Canopy – deciduous, evergreen and montane forests; Changes observed from disturbances;

Low maximum dispersal ability

Precipitation change unpredictable

Mouse deer Deciduous, evergreen and montane forests; Invasive plants could change the food source;


Mild T increase; Precipitation change unpredictable

Asian Elephant Deciduous, evergreen and montane forests; Invasive plant could change the food source

Barriers to dispersal; Long generations


Golden Palm Civet Canopy – deciduous, evergreen and montane forests;


Mild T increase; Precipitation change unpredictable

Sloth Bear Deciduous and evergreen forests; Barriers to dispersal Precipitation change unpredictable

Rusty spotted cat Deciduous and evergreen forests Precipitation change unpredictable

Leopard Deciduous and evergreen forests; Low maximum dispersal ability


Fishing Cat Marsh lands; Narrow environment tolerance; Changes in food sources



Pakistan Working GroupMembers: Md. Monsoor Qazi (Presenter), Mahtabudin Ahmadi, Rahila Kohistani, Aziz Gul Saqib, Abdul Qadir Bahawi, Najibullah Nazary, Kuenzang Gyeltshen, Wendy Foden (Facilitator)


Tortoise Testudo horsefildie Hibernating disruption (narrow hibernation period)

Gender disruption (temperature sensitive)

Physiological stress from heat threatened in Pakistan

Pelican (Pelicanus Onocrotalus)

Migratory bird – climate

- Highly threatened

Black bear Hibernates – disruption - highly threatened

- Poaching concern (common)

Good examples in the collections to use for climate change educationPakistan

Tortoise Testudo horsefildie -popular with kidsthreatened in Pakistan -hibernating disruption (narrow hibernation period) -physiological stress from heat ,narrow tolerance rangePelican (Pelicanus Onocrotalus)

- Migratory bird, Temp migratory times - Highly endangered

Black bear Ursus thibetanus -hibernates -habitat destruction -poaching concern (common) -highly threatened

Bangladesh Climate Change working group Afghanistan, Bhutan and Pakistan Climate Change working group

Sri Lanka Climate Change working group Indian Climate Change working group


Presentation one - 23.11.2010Zoo Preparedness - Introduction, import of planning (prevention & response)

Defining “emerging disease” as a disease that is increasing in prevalence and is new, or new in its character/presentation. Mark also defined in simple language the other components of such disease. •Re-emerging Disease: A disease

that is increasing in prevalence and has occurred in the past.

•Disease Outbreak: Documented episode/occurrence of a disease in a specific time/place, often used with “epidemic” to imply excessive occurrence.

• Epidemic / Epizootic: Occurrence of a disease in excess of what would be considered normal for a given situation. and

•Pandemic / panzootic : Disease epidemic that spans a broad geographical area. I.e. distribution across multiple-continents. E.g. Swine flu

Causes of Emerging Diseases include the following :•Changing world: Changing health

concerns•Human activities: such as

Population growth, Urbanization, Sanitation challenges, Technology

• Environmental changes, such as Climate change including Vector distribution and stressors

•Globalization – including travel and movement of goods

• Interaction which includes i) human beings (zookeepers, veterinarians, farmers, etc.); ii) domestic animals and both in situ and ex situ wildlife.

Why should zoos care?, he asked as a rhetorical question. There are many reasons, such as i) the very mission of conservation itself, e.g. the impacts of disease in both field and captive facilities, as well as zoos educational role; ii. In parks with wildlife at risk, the “One Health” concept, iii) Seventy to seventy-five percent of emerging diseases are of animal origin. Animal keeper and vets, handing animals as they do, are at higher risk; iv. Zoos bring people, diverse exotic wildlife and native wildlife together in the same place and as public attractions, perception can impact as much as reality.

Vulnerabilities of emerging diseases : i. Visitors, staff and animal health … it is crucial to be prepared to protect them, ii. vulnerabilities must be identified and risk assessment done,

and iii. all of this should be incorporated into planning. The threat is in the normal things that one uses daily in running an animal facility, Staff practices (domestic animals, hygiene, etc.)Site specific – seasonal variations, Endemic disease & emerging diseases, Seasonal variations, Topographical. E.g. pools of standing water, Waste handling system, Water supply, Climate changes & weather episodes. Cautionary actions must be taken so as to prevent the disease from occurring in one’s facility with various plans and strategies:

Prevention PlanWork to prevent the disease: i. Identify risks & vulnerabilities, ii. Previous disease in zoo (re-emerging), iii. Local wildlife disease, iv. Serious disease, v. Exotic or other emerging/re-emerging disease, vi. Develop comprehensive Bio-security & preventative medicine programs, vii. Staff training plan – prevention procedures, viii. Surveillance & monitoring, ix. Acquisitions & dispositionsPreventative Medicine Plan: i.General medical program – includes emerging disease threats & bio-security, ii. To be evolved by veterinarian in consultation with stakeholders and advisors, E.g. Vaccination protocols, quarantine proceduresBiosecurity Plan: Prevent the introduction and spread of disease into and within the facility is CRITICAL.

Biosecurity will be explained in detail in another session.Surveillance plan: In a surveillance plan you i. Establish contacts and resources, ii. Develop relationships with colleges, NGOs, government departments, etc. and iii. conduct sample collecting such as zoos’ animal collections, local wildlife and public health departments.

Response Plan – Your response should be that you are prepared to manage a disease outbreak when it does happenCrisis response – you need a decision-making team, and a list of resources and contact information for advisors and resources.•Anticipated resources required : i.

Quarantine & other facility needs, ii Equipment & supplies and iii. Financial resources

•Staff Training – i. essential for both prevention and response, e.g. identification, technique and compliance. ii. 75% of emerging diseases are of animal origin, iii. Preventative measures training includes PPE Personal protective equipment and understanding & compliance, iv. Strong lines of communication critical.

• Facilities - Facilities required are i. Quarantine and ii. Staff set up for compliance with routine finishes with quarantine, ventilation, waste, foot traffic flow and tool use and sharing.

• Equipment – needs a maintenance schedule so that it is always ready, availability in crisis situation, and back-ups in case of breakage.

Emerging Diseases and related issuesMark Irwin*

* DVM, Animal Management Program Director, State University of New York, Jefferson Community College, Watertown NY

Dr. Mark Irwin presenting his introductory talk on emerging diseases


•Supplies – in quantity and of good quality. Supplies should be adequate for likely crisis situations (e.g. dust mask won’t work for flu outbreak) and a Maintenance schedule (up-to-date drugs, latex items (gloves, coveralls, booties). For Pathology exams need a room with equipment (scalpel, forceps, work table, scissors, etc.; it should be cleaning and disinfection friendly, should be able to decontaminate equipment and personnel, set up for handling and storage of samples and biological waste.

• Finances - Budget should be available for surveillance & testing of Necropsy of deaths, unusual deaths, equipment and supplies (PPE & emergency supplies) and time and resources for staff training.

•Communication plan: i. Media, partnerships, colleagues, scientific community, etc., ii. Regulation & reporting: e.g., Government and other local, regional, national, international regulatory bodies, Association Accreditation standards and NGOs, Colleges, governments, OIE, etc.

•Communication includes: Reporting responsibilities & stakeholders, e.g. i. Government, public media, faith-based groups, victims/victims families, medical personnel, local & broad community, etc., ii. Goal: Improve coordination & outcome, iii. Key Points: 3-10 points, iv. Public, v. Build trust, vi. Use only credible sources and check information for accuracy/completeness, vii. Announce early if public behavior is a factor, viii. Clear, open and candid, ix. Consider context: public’s beliefs, culture, knowledge, x. Minimize public anxiety and confusion (can call on WHO resources)

Presentation Two - 24 November 2010Emerging Disease: Crisis PlanningMark gave his second presentation by narrating a scenario to give an example of emerging disease. You were hiking in the Adirondack Mountains of NY, yesterday. Today you find a little black round thing, the size of a sesame seed attached to your leg. Red rash … somewhat shaped like a “bullseye” target.

Lyme Disease is a bacteria that is caused by tickOrganism: Borrelia Burgdorferi (Bacteria)Spread: Bite of deer tick vector. (Host: white-tailed deer, white-footed mouse.Signs & Symptoms: Acute and chronic. Red rash, flu-like, stiffness. Chronic - joint pain, skin, heart, nervous.Diagnosis: Blood testTreatment: AntibioticsPrognosis: Good with early treatmentPrevention: Tick removal and avoidance

Another example but on a bigger scale is Opossom.

Infectious Disease-Will an animal become sick? We can say it is a combination of many factors when an animal becomes sick. He narrowed down into three factors: Pathogen, host and environmentPathogen Load/number, Pathogenicity Host Immunity, StressEnvironment Stressors/competition, Conducive to pathogen/host

Emerging Disease & Climate ChangeClimate change:• Pathogen New selection pressures E.g. Temperature may favour the Pathogens to grow in more number, Change in precipitation, host species New distributions E.g. Expanding north, south, in elevation, etc. New vectors & vector distribution New combinations of host & environment in which to interact Stressed hosts = increased pathogen susceptibility

• Host New stressors & susceptibility Competition from new/other species Environmental Exposure to new diseases Weather & climate Habitat change (both gradual & catastrophic) Food availability Exposure to new diseases

Why do we need to be concerned about this? He summarized it into two categories. 1. Health concern - “One Health”Human / Domestic Animal / Wildlifewww.onehealthinitiative.com 2. Financial costPotentially crippling to economiesE.g. SARS, Avian flu, etc.

Pathogens:Bacteria : Viruses, Fungi, Parasites, Protozoa, Other (Prion)

How the situation is handled?Prevention?How the disease is spread / TransmissionTreatmentThreat levelLinger in environment?

ExposureFomite: Inanimate object that can transfer pathogen. E.g. Brush, footwear, blanket, etc.

Either direct or indirect:• Direct: contact with a disease carrying animal• Indirect: contact with objects, materials that have been in contact with disease carrying animal.Eg. Contaminated fomites.

TransmissionIngestion: Food and waterInhalation: Moisture particles from ill animal breathing/sneezing can become aerosolized or spread on dust particles. Most likely in small, closed environment with poor ventilation. Contact with skin, mucous membrane, wound. Pathogen can enter into body to cause disease.

http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/

http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/


Injection: Bite of fleas, ticks, lice, mosquitoes or other insects. Injection by other means - needles, injuries etc.

Control and PreventionCleanliness and Personal hygiene Wash hands with soap and waterWear protection as needed when working around animals, with feces, raw meat, dead animals, etc. (gloves, masks, etc.) Wash and cook food wellRegular health exams and monitoring Fecal Examinations, TB testing, VaccinationKnowledge: Relevant animal diseases and transmission Public Education

Emerging and re-emerging diseases are 70% vector-borne or zoonotic.

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has published a document ‘The Deadly Dozen’Diseases expected to have greater impact due to climate change: Avian Flu, Plague, Babesia, Cholera, Intestinal & external parasites, Ebola, Lyme Disease, Tuberculosis, Sleeping Sickness, Rift Valley Fever, Red Tides, Yellow Fever

InfluenzaMany different strains – mutates quickly and can adapt / move between speciesAvian strain H5N1 – highly deadly to domestic & wild birdsPotential to mutate into human-spread strainPandemic concernWidely spread through domestic poultry Food supply safe? (Staff, zoo, etc.?)

Avian InfluenzaOrganism: Avian Influenza VirusSpread: Secretions from infected birds, equipment, people. Not common infection of peopleSigns & Symptoms: Conjunctivitis, potential to lead to flu-like symptoms. Diagnosis: Clinical symptoms in birds and virus isolationTreatment: Supportive Prognosis: Strain dependent. Usually not severe in people. In birds, morbidity and mortality can reach 100%Prevention: Depopulation of bird flocks.

InfluenzaWild birds can spread. Increase risk with climate change through: Distribution and movements of wild birds Greater interaction of domestic and wild populationsQuickly mutating virus Difficult to vaccinate forPotential for other strains and species involvement Swine flu pandemic

ParasitesExternal & internal parasites Many can be spread between domestics, wildlife & people. Temperatures & precipitation changes Changes in species interaction Exposure & transmission opportunities through intense weather episodes

PlagueBacterium, Yersinia pestis Spread by rodents - fleasChanges in rodent distribution Temperature & precipitation Global transportation /shipping

Rift Valley FeverRift Valley Fever VirusAfrica & middle EastAbortions & death in hoofstock Can be fatal in humans Butchering infected animalsWildlife factor in spread?

Yellow FeverVirusVector: mosquitoesDistribution changes of vectorRecent outbreaks have impacted South American wild primate populations

Your deer have a persistent, chronic cough. Some seem to have laboured breathing…TuberculosisBovine, avian, human …Zoonotic Often present in wildlife populationsUnpasteurized milk consumptionDistribution changes & changes in wildlife/domestic interactions concerns Organism: Mycobacterium species (Bacteria) (human, bovine, avian) Spread: Airborne / inhalation Signs & Symptoms: Fever, chills, respiratory – chronic cough. (Acute or Chronic) Diagnosis: Intra-dermal test (follow up 3 days) Treatment: Antibiotics Prognosis: Good, unless disease is advanced Prevention: Masks, screening, quarantine

Disease?Particular concern for female workers- pregnancy (birth-defect) threatOnset of flu-like symptomsDefinitive host: felines

ToxoplasmosisOrganism: Toxoplasma gondii (Parasite)Spread: Raw meat, cat feces, unwashed fruitSigns & Symptoms: None, flu-like, birth defects.Diagnosis: Blood testTreatment: Some medications Prognosis: Very good – death depending on health statusPrevention: Hygiene (food, cat)

You find your horse dead. It has blood coming from its nose and eyes.AnthraxOrganism: Bacillus anthracis (Bacteria)Spread: Spores from diseased animalSigns & Symptoms: Flu-like, pustules (1), respiratory (2), bleeding vomit/diarrhea (3), shock, death. (3 forms)Diagnosis: Blood culture and otherTreatment: Antibiotics Prognosis: Depends on when it is diagnosed Prevention: Don’t necropsy suspect! Spores are highly resistantEmerging zoonotic disease of South AsiaCauses serious disease and death in peopleInflammation of the brain (encephalitis)1999 outbreak on swine farm in Malaysia12 outbreaks since (incl. India & Bangladesh)

Nipah VirusOrganism: Nipah virus (Paramyxoviridae)Spread: body fluids or tissue (swine, fruit contaminated by fruit bat urine)Signs & Symptoms: asymptomatic to death. Headaches, myalgia, vomiting, sore throat, dizziness, respiratory


Diagnosis: Virus isolation tests/ DNA (ELISA, PCR)Treatment: Symptomatic Prognosis: Good after acute encephalitis. 20% have lingering problems. Some report 45-75% fatal Prevention: Biosecurity & food hygiene. Culling ill & quarantine.

LeishmaniasisOrganism: parasiteSpread: Sand fly bite. Particular issues of late in Afghanistan Signs & Symptoms: disfiguring skin sores Diagnosis: often clinical based, on presenting signsTreatment: Painful injections of sodium stibogluconate repeatedly Prognosis: Injections can cure parasitePrevention: Biosecurity & food hygiene. Culling ill & quarantine.

SalmonellaOrganism: Salmonella species (Bacteria)Spread: Feces. Some animals can be chronic carriers Farm animals, wild animals, esp. reptiles, etc.Signs & Symptoms: Fever, diarrhea, abdominal cramps. Can spread and become fatalDiagnosis: Fecal culture, blood test, etc.Treatment: AntibioticsPrognosis: Good with early treatment. Can develop into Reiter’s Syndrome – chronic irritation (joints, urination, etc.)Prevention: Hygiene and proper food preparation (meat, eggs, milk)

EbolaEbola hemorrhagic fever virus (similar to marburg fever virusHighly lethal to humans, gorillas & chimpanzeesNo cureOutbreaks seem related to changes in rainfall/dry seasons

CholeraBacterium Vibrio cholerae Spread through contaminated water in small organismsHaiti – infrastructure, flooding, etc.Temperature dependent

Red TideHarmful algal bloom – dinoflagellate species (phytoplankton)NeurotoxinWorldwide concern of mass aquatic animal deaths (incl. seabirds, penguins, etc.)Human deaths & marine mammal stranding Marine or aquatic ecosystems

Sleeping sicknessTrypanosomiasis, protozoan Zoonotic Tsetse fly vector – distribution changes?Sub-Saharan Africa300 000 new cases/year40 000 deaths / yearThe day after cleaning out an old storage barn, staff members develop a fever, and muscle aches. The attic was very dirty with old musty clothes and mouse droppings.

HantavirusOrganism: Hantavirus (Virus)Spread: Rodent feces and urineSigns & Symptoms: fever, aches, respiratory, poor kidney function.Diagnosis: Serology and otherTreatment: SupportivePrognosis: Depends on infection (good – death 6-15%)

Prevention: Hygiene, mask & gloves if working in rodent areasDengue fever & heamorrhagic feverschytridiomycosis

BabesiaVector – tickDomestic and wild animal concernEmerging as greater risk in humansCan increase susceptibility to other diseaseE.g. large die-offs of lions in Africa in conjunction with canine distemper

Many Others:SARS – Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeChandipura Hemorrhagic fevers Crimean-Congo hemmorrhagic fever Dengue Fever Kyasanur forest diseaseTick borne, viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in South AsiaSimilar to yellow fever and dengue fever“monkey disease”

Emerging Diseases: DefenseCommonalities Biosecurity Vector controlWildlife/feral animal controlSanitation / HygieneSurveillance & monitoringCommunication

Remember: PreventionCleanliness and Personal hygiene Wash hands with soap and waterWear protection as needed when working around animals, with feces, raw meat, dead animals, etc. (gloves, masks, etc.) Wash and cook food wellRegular health exams and monitoring Fecal Examinations TB testing VaccinationKnowledge: Relevant animal diseases and transmission Public Education

Summary• The occurrence of disease is a consequence of factors relating to the pathogen, host & environment. • Environmental change from climate change and other factors impacts all. • There are numerous emerging diseases but common principles of prevention prevail• It is important to understand the pathogen, its unique characteristics and mode of transmission to most effectively manage the disease.

Third presentation Emerging Disease Preparedness: Biosecurity Changing world = Changing disease dynamics

Biosecurity:• Those precautions taken to control infectious disease and minimize the risk of its introduction to an animal population.• Essential component of disease prevention and facility health planning.

Disinfection – application of a chemical that kills 100% of labeled organisms (US)


Sanitize – killing up to 99.999% of organisms listed (may not include viruses & fungi)Effective contact time & dilution are essentialFollow labelChlorine broadcast (ammonia mix)

Developing a Biosecurity plan:Identification of risks- E.g. Avian influenza riskIdentification of vulnerabilities- E.g. Staff maintain poultry at home. Development of disease management plan- E.g. Uniforms stay at zoo, etc. Coordinate with government agency to monitor wild & collection birds.PreventionOutbreak Implementation facility-wide- Staff training program, etc.

SPIDER:Set goalsPlanImplementDocumentEvaluateRe-adjust

SPIDER entered the zoo field as a framework for animal enrichment programs but has value for other situations.

SPIDER – Setting goals:Minimize the risk of disease introduction and spread Quick, effective management when a disease crisis does occurProgram should acknowledge that specific disease situations will vary. Disease prevention vs. disease control Eradication vs. management

SPIDER - Planning:Assess risks & vulnerabilitiesIdentify program’s leadership team & their individual roles Establish communication lines Determine decision making process

Facilities Biological breaks between Areas of the zoo Formal quarantine area Program animals vs. main collection Animals & visitors Animals & staff Staff & home Visitor Animal contact – direct / indirect Hand-washing stations Staff hygiene facilities (uniforms)

Policies & Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)Animal care SOPs Develop with biosecurity in mind E.g. Quarantine last E.g. High risk areas /activities last (compartmentalize) E.g. divide staff to areas to create biological zones Disinfectant protocols Visitor contact (direct & indirect) E.g. hand washing Outreach animals – separate zoneStaff hygiene/sanitation E.g. uniforms stay at zoo

Staff TrainingBest practices Compliance Instruct, mentor, check for understanding, and then follow-up periodically

Animal food & water Source Safe? Reliable? Back-up available? Quality check Do staff know what to look for? Will they? Monitoring / testing required? System for rotating supplies Traceable / trackable in the case of an outbreak? Documentation E.g. Public donation & DOT

Wild & feral animalsIdentification of specific disease threats E.g. feral cats – toxplasma Endemic wildlife diseasesPest control measures Safe – animal collection, visitors, staff? Humane? Public scrutiny?Prevent access & contamination (urine/feces)Plan for dealing with healthy, ill and dead wildlife on site. Disease monitoring plan for cases of concern

Surveillance & MonitoringEssential for early identification of diseaseRoutine: General health monitoring of collection Necropsy of dead Investigate unusual mortalities Record & assess mortality & morbidity Report unusual or serious cases to regulatory bodiesPartner with other institutions to share resources Institutions of higher education NGOs Government (Public health)

CommunicationsInternallyBetween all departments Critical step between keeper (front line) and director/veterinarian/curator (How?) To professionalsGovernment & regulatory bodiesOther facilitiesScientific publications

To publicWhen does the public need to be notified?Who decides and who relays the information?Carefully consider the instution’s obligations to public safety and consequences


Other considerations:Documentation How, who, why, etc.? FinancesSpecific disease situations May require unique protocol for diseases of particular significance (danger or prevalence)

SPIDER - Implementing:Keeper & staff training Compliance?Routine disease surveillanceRegular meetings Risk assessment Documentation, evaluation, re-adjusting

SPIDER - Documenting:Internal records Daily Keeper Reports (DKR), pest control records, yearly summaries, etc. Medical: baseline valuesRegulatory bodies Government AssociationsPartners

• “If it wasn’t documented, it didn’t happen.”

SPIDER - Evaluating:Regularly scheduledRefer to documentation – analyze as neededInclude representatives from each relevant dept.What worked? What didn’t?

SPIDER – Re-Adjust:Make necessary changesPlan to gather any missing information

SummaryAn effective biosecurity program will minimize the introduction and spread of disease. It needs to include plans for disease outbreak.An organized, structured approach should be used when developing the plan. Implementation must be facility-wide.

Presentation Four-26.11.2010Zookeeper Training for Disease Preparedness

Keeper TrainingCan your keepers: Identify signs of illness? Communicate their observations effectively to zoo leaders? Identify and minimize biosecurity threats such as the transfer of pathogens within the zoo or into/out of the zoo? Precisely comply with biosecurity & quarantine protocols? Provide adequate, safe & humane assistance to veterinary staff through animal restraint, handling & training in the case of a disease outbreak?

Zookeeper TrainingKeepers: Daily, intimate contact with animals Eyes, ears, hands for managers & veterinary staff on the daily basis Frequently moving between animal, staff & visitor areas. Often have animals at home Diverse responsibilities & training

Duties:Basic: Observation Cleaning Feeding & WaterIntermediate: Enrichment Documentation & records Treatments Training Advanced: Public demonstrations Regional participation (e.g. Studbook keepers, workshops) Keeper exchanges Assist in researchAn educated, interested and motivated keeper is CRITICAL!

Keeper Training: MentorshipMentorship IS training:E.g. Improved compliance & success with protocols & prescribed treatmentsImproved Operations and Animal Health: E.g. Increased & earlier detection of health concerns. Observation / training. Animal Welfare & Health Monitoring: E.g. Anticipation & Proactive thinking Communication & Reporting: Accuracy Compliance Efficiency: E.g. “Conservation is a team effort” Morale Productivity: E.g. Open effective communication

Keeper Training: ComplianceA keeper that understands the reasons behind policies & wants to excel: Less supervision with greater compliance More likely to identify early signs of disease & effectively communicate it to their supervisor Precisely follows directions for prevention and during an outbreak

Keeper Training: MentorshipRelationship-based Trust, Questions go both ways?, Develop before crisis occursEffective learning Visual & experiential teaching/learning Vs. reading or tellingMutual understanding of objectives, expectations & outcomesCulture of Learning & TeamworkProvide material to review / readEncourage questions and ask questions Do you know why…? Have you seen this before…? Can you identify the problem here? What do you think I am going to do and why?Encourage participation, E.g. Meetings, training sessions,… Informal When learning opportunities arise Individually or small group Conversation Relationship building Preparation for crisisFormalPlanned, structuredInstitutionally coordinated (team) Workshops, Keeper exchange, Guest speakers/experts Partnerships w/ other facilities, Role play scenarios, Drills


Observation & ReportingBest practices Active & Purposeful Learned skill “An elk is ill”Characterize History & duration, Signs & symptomsWhy is it Important? Preparation & prioritization, Scheduling, Logisticsi.e. Does the keeper identify “observation” as an important responsibility for which they should budget some time and a skill to practice?

Keeper Training: Disease PreparednessActively promote hygiene & sanitation policies Hand washing, Attire & equipment, Prevent cross contamination between exhibits / areas of the zoo or workplace & home Leaders are de facto role models

Mentorship: BiosecurityQuarantine Teach basic principles & explain why Establish & use Foot baths, separate tools, boots, etc. May require demonstration / practice Direction without understanding often has poor compliance Concepts of disease spread, subclinical disease and carriers may not be appreciated

PPEPersonal Protective Equipment

Proper use & maintenance Discuss, demonstrate & practice Different levels of protection depending on disease & riskGoogle fog… Commercial products Soap/dish detergent Create film on googles Dry, Buff

Keeper Training: CommunicationBetween co-workers, public, managersRecord keeping Discern what is important Details Ask questions – both ways? Intimidation factor Ok to be wrong with mutual respect Drills / Scenarios

Keeper Training: Chemical SafetyDrug / Hospital safety Proper use of chemicals & equipment Effective, Safe Use of PPE Biological threat Drugs, disinfectants, cleaning agents, etc.Institutional policies – Examples: Explain/illustrate, Check/test for understanding, Practice: drills, scenarios

Keeper Training: Visitor InteractionPrevent spread of disease to visitors Tools & equipment out of public areas Proper cleaning of public areas Hand washing following any animal interactions HygieneCommunication with visitor Clear understanding of what is appropriate and what is not.

Keeper Training: Animal HandlingProfessional Guidance Visitor friendly Calm, in control Control emotionsPlan & coordinate Objectives & methods Diagnostics, treatments, etc.Minimize Psychological Stress Explain the consequences Rough handling methods Fear / anxiety Socially inappropriate groupings Animal Husbandry Training (Operant conditioning) Outthought, not Outfought

Acknowledgements and references for all presentationsA sincere thank you to: The Central Zoo team Chitwan National Park teamThe ZOO team1. Wildlife Health Center and Cooperative Extension, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine2. Dr. Don Janssen, San Diego Zoo Global3. USDA APHIS, Dr. Jeanie Lin & Andrea Ball-Morawa

www.onehealthinitiative.org (One Health Initiative)www.oie.org (World Organisation for Animal HealthSearch: WAHID: up-to-date disease prevalence &monitoring informationwww.cdc.org (Center for Disease Control)www.aazv.org (American Assoc. of Zoo Veterinarians)https://izvf.portal.isis.org/default.aspx (Int’l Zoo Vet Forum, ISIS)www.wcs.org (Wildlife Conservation Society)•

http://www.onehealthinitiative.org

http://www.onehealthinitiative.org

http://www.oie.org

http://www.oie.org

http://www.cdc.org

http://www.cdc.org

http://www.aazv.org

http://www.aazv.org

https://izvf.portal.isis.org/default.aspx

https://izvf.portal.isis.org/default.aspx

http://www.wcs.org

http://www.wcs.org


Bio-security Guidelines Working Group

Bangladesh group

General Bio-security Guidelines for Dhaka ZooGroup Members: Md. Abdur Razzaque (Facilitator), Md Shakif-Ul-Azam (Presenter), ABM Shahid Ullah, Ananda Mohan Dhar, Zillur Rahman, Ashim Kumar Das

DefinitionBiosecurity is a “buzz word” meaning management practises designed to minimize the risk of introducing infectious diseases into an animal population.PurposeBiosecurity is an approach to preventing and managing infectious diseases that could threaten the health of animals, employees, guests and visitors. This is a document to be followed by employees, guests, visitors and contractors that work with and around the animals on the premises.

A) Monitoring and supervising chief - Director General, DLS

B) Implementing authority:Curator, Deputy curator, Deputy curator (animal survey), Zoo officers, Information officer, Security officer, Administrative officer, Nutrition officer, Veterinary surgeon, Scientific officer, Museum in-charge, Estate officer.

Bangladesh group was mostly veterinarians and made an outstanding set of guidelines for Dhaka Zoo

General Biosecurity Measures:1.Animal waste: pollution, disease problem2.Pollution: manure, odours, noise, feathers, dusty air,

water runoff, insects, dead birds/animals, visitors refuse3.Waste disposal: spreading on soil, dehydration by

hydrators, composting, burning, lagoons, manure tank, bio-gas, digester, dried on sun, concentration or density of animals risk of disease disaster.

Preventive MeasuresSite selection, adequacy of housing and equipments, buy certified animal/bird stock, immunization, elimination stress, adequate nutrition, preventive medication, animal placement and management care, health care personnel, avoid sites of cross infection, fence on perimeter, decontaminae staff, vehicles and zoo premises, sick animal/bird isolated regularly, protect zoo animals/birds from wild bird, animal and rodents, secure zoo premise during night, lorries load and unload from an out side area

Daily Biosecurity Measures/Activities Of Dhaka Zoo:1.Entrance gate: foot bath, spray disinfectant2.Animal area: use foot bath in entry and all enclosure,

spray disinfectant, wash any contaminated area or waste, clean the premises.

3.Animal feed and storage: general food safety principals of bio-securities to be followed, uncooked whole egg products or containers will not enter in zoo premises, investigate food sources like meat (live animals), fish, fruits, vegetables, grass etc from possible contamination, nutrition department conduct site visit to vendors, follow the principle of HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points).

4.Working staff: employee preventive and occupational health care: officers, animal caretaker, visitors, all others employees’.

5.Wild and feral animals: minimize access of wild and feral animals around the enclosures, prevent fecal contamination from wild birds and other vermin, prevent standing water accumulation, follow protocols for handling dead animals/wildlife.

6.Routine surveillance: passive surveillance- timely investigation of unusal mortality events, monthly morbidity and mortality meetings to detect diseases strains, plans for avain influenza outbreaks control.

7.Biosecurity communications and evaluation: Public communication: curator will develop a public communication module that sets strategies and truth massage to the media and community - Regulatory communication: curator will work with local and national regulatory officials - Employee and voluntary training: all employees will receive training on basic infection control and zoonosis on a regular basis.

India groupGroup Members: J. Chauhan, K.B. Markandaiah, Karuna Priya, R.K. Sahu (Presenter), A. Anjankar

Disease Identification1.Viral diseases: Avian influenza, FMD, Rinderpest, Rabies,

Ranikhet, Feline distemper, Canine distemper2. Bacterial Diseases: Anthrax, H.S. (Hemorrhagic

Septicemia), Salmonella, Tuberculosis, Tetanus 3.Protozoan Diseases: Trypanosomiasis, Babesia, Malaria,

Leptospirosis, Coccidiosis4. Fungal Diseases: Gosipol poisoning.

The Indian group split in two sub-working groups for this topic


Preventive measures to be takenQuarantine for new animals, isolation for sick animals, vaccination, disinfection (by chemical, by heat), animal keepers hygiene and periodical medical tests, proper procurement of feed, its treatment and storage, proper disposal of waste material (animal excreta and feed left over), safe drinking water, enclosure and feeding cell -- Potassium permanganate solution, application of turmeric powder, providing foot bath, installation of fly catchers and mosquito repellents, proper ventilation of feeding cells and storage facility, proper slope within feeding cells, providing fly proof mesh in feeding cells, proper drainage system, routine examination of animals proper disposal of dead animals

Nepal Group

Biosecurity Guidelines for Central ZooGroup Members: Fanindra R. Kharel, M. Dhakal, S. Jnawali, J.Thapa, A. Narsingh Rana, Ramita Rai, Suk B.Gurung, Ganesh Koirala, C. Pokharel, Madhu Chetri, Kamal Pd. Gairhe, Shree Chandra Sharma, Baburam Aryal, Mukta Lal Giri, Madhav Khadka, Jeewan Thapa (Recorder & Presenter)

General biosecurity measures takenFacilities/ EnclosuresUnwanted entry of visitors in enclosures is discouraged.Daily cleaning of feces, urine and left over food and disposing it separate waste disposal pan.The waste is then separated into degradable and non degradable components. The degradable components are then composted. The non-degradable components is taken outside the zoo and taken care by waste management authority.

Nepal participants were from Central Zoo and a few of the small zoos in the country and wildlife areas

For cleaning: In concrete area, the waste is swept, it is brushed and flushed with water, disinfectants like Kohrsolin® used once a weekly, the ground feces are picked up, the upper soil is dug up regularly, on small cat enclosure, sand is placed at the end. Cat defecates on soil and it is easy to pick it up, in Rhino enclosure, that defecates in one place, lime spraying is done once the feces is taken out, regularly the wall, logs and wires are cleaned with water and painted with disinfectant, every year the zoo premises are painted. The inner wall is painted with lime, the lime is placed near the door as a foot bath.

Animal care staffThe zoo is divided into four sections with separate hospital and quarantine staff.Each section has a head zoo keeper and assisted by three zoo keepers. Hospital and quarantine are cleaned by separate keeper.The animal carestaff (keepers, vets and curators) wash their hands often and specifically when arriving at work, before and after animal contact, between animal activities, before eating and before leaving work.

Every staff has separate uniform. They are provided with boots, gloves, and masks.Staff are dewormed twice a year.They are vaccinated against rabies.TB testing of staff is planned in near future.All staff has health insurance and they get reimbursed with their medical expenses.Each unit has washbasin, towel and soap.The staff clean the hand once they come to office.After handling the dead animal, staff takes bath.

Collection of Animals There is separate quarantine place and all incoming animals go for compulsory quarantine as required.The domestic animals and pets are not allowed to enter the zoo.In quarantine, fecal examination is done and preventive medical care is taken.The small sick animals are placed in isolation room and taken care by separate staff. These staff do not look after the healthy animal in display.After animal die, PM is done in separate place. The dead animal is buried by lime is sprayed during burial.There is separate PM kit. They are cleaned and disinfected after use.

Animal feedThere is contract system for collecting feed. Grains and other non perishable feed are collected for a month. Fresh vegetable and fresh meat are supplied daily.The feeds are inspected daily by a team lead by vet.The vegetables and fruits are washed with potash water.If the feed do not meet the criteria, they are discarded and zoo will buy itself. There will be penalty to contractors.

Wild and feral animalMice and mongoose is the most feral animal. Mice traps are used. In birds section, water is placed in enclosure and mice come out. They are killed then.In hoofstocks enclosure, mice are killed by using chemical.For pigeons, traps are used.

OthersEvery year there is zoo keeper’s workshop and keeper are trained to take special care for biosecurity measure.Each new staff and volunteer will receive special class on biosecurity measure When students come for animal feeding program, special class is taken for them. They are provided separate apron, soap and water while working.Biosecurity program of the central zoo is disseminated to students through conservation education department.


Sri Lanka groupBio security plans for National Zoo Sri LankaGroup Members: D. Malsinghe, C. Denagama, C. Ganga Wijesinghe, P.De Zoysa. Presenter: Ganga Wijesinghe

Goals - To prevent disease introduction; to prevent disease spreading; to minimize the risk of zoonotic diseases

Sri Lanka’s National Zoo has several veterinarians and is known for its excellent veterinary services.

Risks1.Lot of feral animalsEnclosure designingMaintenance of enclosuresBarriers to prevent animals entering into the zooAssign a security guard with a firearm to chase the feral birds during feeding times

2.Rescue wild animalsQuarantine Clinical examination – if required euthanize and further investigations

3.Feed itemsAccept only feed fit for human consumptionAccept only certified meatPurchase from reputed ISO standard farmsSeparate area for preparation - restricted areaDaily inspection of meat quality Random samples for lab investigation Live chicken: separate area for receiving and slaughtering, anti-mortem inspection, PM inspection, communicate with the veterinarian in charge of the farm

4.Public interactionsVisitor barriersSignageAnnouncements

5.Animal keepersEarly identification of diseasesRecord keepingHygieneRoutine health checks

Afghanistan Bhutan and Pakistan group

Emerging diseases Bio security for Afghanistan, Bhutan and Pakistan Group Members: Aziz Gul Saqib (Presenter), Mahtabudin Ahmadi, Rahila Kohistani, A Qader Bhawi, Najib Nazary, M Mansoor Qazi, Kuenzang Gyeltshen

Bio security: Minimize the risk of introducing an infectious disease into animal population. and control of disease when it occurs.

Animal Care Staff and FacilitiesComplete health screening of staff related to animal care twice in a year, e.g. TB, hepatitis, parasites; resources provided by zoo; uniforms – 3 sets each, good shoes, gloves; hygiene practices. e.g. hand washing, shower regularly, etc.; Foot baths with disinfectant; separate keepers for different areas; female keepers who may be pregnant will not be assigned to felines; keepers injured by animals – will have health treatment/testing done; tools –separate for area, keep clean; pest control – flies, rodents, birds, etc.; areas must be painted to avoid rusting, etc. (lime painting/white washing and oil painting of metals); proper disposal of fecal material & old feed (meat, etc.); signage –encourage good visitor behavior (e.g. no spitting at animals).

Food QualityEstablish standards of quality of food, Communicate to suppliers – standards of quality, Fresh supply of everyday for meat, vegetables/fruit, fish; Monthly supply of dry feeds; Feeding table for animal and feed supplementation; Feed provided on clean/cleanable table/ surface; Set time of feed provision. Remove after to avoid spoiling; Remove all uneaten feed (e.g. hoof stock); Clean drinking water – check and change frequently; Addition of 15% water for aquatic exhibits; Wash / clean food items before feeding (vegetables, browse); Monitor feed intake (ingestion) as a method of health monitoring

Wild Animal / Feral AnimalBirds (crows, eagles, gulls, pigeons), rodents, mongooses, snakes - Consume animal feed - Secure walls & fences - Traps (rodents) - Feeders that favour zoo animals over wild animals - No domestic animals allowed (walls to prevent feral) - Removal of bird nests from all zoo animal areas - Shoot species of particular concern (crows that pick at zoo animal injuries).

The Afghanistan, Bhutan and Pakistan group despite challenges of language worked very well together.


A Great Big Heartfelt Thank You ! to SAZARC 2010 donors

LocalDepartment of National Park and Wildlife Conservation

National Trust for Nature Conservation/Central Zoo, Nepal

InternationalChester Zoo, UK

Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, UKColumbus Zoo, USA

North Carolina Zoo, USAZoological Society of London, UK

Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, USAGerman Nepal Friendship Association, Germany

Saint Louis Zoo, USASedgwick County Zoo, USA

Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, USAApenheul Zoo, Netherlands

Cologne Zoo, GermanySea World, USA

Disney Animal Kingdom, USA


21st century crises and Emergency Response / Crisis ResponseIn the coming decades a whole new breed of crises loom over us which need • long range strategic planning. •practice with frequent drills and •Preventative protocols which should

be mandatory

Most zoos of South Asia (and even all Asia) do not have Emergency Response protocols even for ordinary emergencies.

2010 SAZARC Conference theme 21st Century Crises proposes training in ER Emergency Response protocols for every zoo should be added in zoo legislation

Central Zoo Authority has added it very recently in their requirements for acceptance of Management Plans, and even published a Manual.

In addition to “ordinary” crises that have always been a potential threat to zoos, there are now three (3) major new crises, e.g., Climate change, Emerging diseases and Terrorism

Climate change impacts on species in the wild and in the zooImpact on captive species: •Animal comfort, health, reproductive

behaviour •Collection plans of the future will

have to focus on species with tolerance to new climatic scenarios

Impact on wild species • IUCN SSC study on “Species

Susceptibility” to Climate Change•Many new documents available –

corals, birds •New funding for studies on mammals

- PI interested in collaboration with zoos

•Scientific articles recommending movement of in situ spp to more appropriate climatic areas – AC ass col – assisted colonisation

•SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group tasked with revising IUCN Guidelines to address this

Climate change impacts on zoosImpact on humans•Zoo visitors may need more shade,

water, transport vehicles, rest areas, etc.

•Possibility of more extreme reactions – fainting, heat stroke … require on

site first aid or serious emergency treatment

•Possibility of reduction in visitors and consequently, zoo income

•Zoo staff also vulnerable to severe weather

•Other potential impacts are related extreme weather events: heavy, long rains, ice storms, floods, drought, cyclones and other wind events, etc.

•enhanced susceptibility to fires due to dryness, etc.

Emerging diseases•SARS, H1N1, etc.•Deadly dozen pathogens – WCS

website•Zoos and 3 mile radius “rule” for

containment •Up-side : clear example of how

monitoring wildlife can help human health

•Diseases show up first in wild animals•Studying them in wildlife vaccines,

knowledge that will help human beings

WCS website -- http://archive.wcs.org/deadly-dozen/wcs_deadly_dozen.html

“WCS callS for a wider network of monitors. Wildlife can be our early warning system.”

The coming contagion – the Deadly Dozen•Avian influenza •Babesiosis •Malaria•Cholera •Ebola • Intestinal and external parasites •Lyme disease •Red tides •Rift Valley •Sleeping sickness •Tuberculosis •Yellow fever

Workshop entitled Global Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events: Understanding the Contributions to Infectious Disease Emergence. You can access a summary or download the whole book free from National Academies Press NAP

http://search.nap.edu/nap-cgi/de.cgi?term=EXTREME+WEATHER+EVENTS TerrorismZoos may be next – zoos provide a perfect terrorist target•People are emotionally attached to

zoos – a city zoo is like its child•The innocence of the animals makes

the terrorist act more monstrous•Bombing a zoo would make people

feel they are nowhere safe•Two or more kinds of terrorism in

zooso Personal or Emotional

terrorism – visitor comes to the zoo to commit suicide, or get attention, or act out some emotion

•Political terrorism is already a threat to zoos!

o Make a statement about religion, rights, etc.

o Labor unions killing animals •A well-designed and well-practised

Emergency Response procedure must be in place

•Professional negotiators are badly needed. Not common in South Asia but badly needed.

What to do? Every zoo must •Create an Emergency Response Plan

that covers the 21st Century Crises•The ordinary crises also need to be

addressed and few Asian Zoos have done

• Include Emergency Response Plan in zoo policy and zoo legislation.

Zoos and Emergency ResponseSally Walker

Twenty-first Century Crisis Management in South Asian Zoos -- The need for Plans, Protocols, Practice, Prevention, Preparation and Performance (This presentation was first given at the South East Asian Zoo Association (SEAZA) meeting in Seoul, South Korea, on 06 August 2009)

http://archive.wcs.org

http://archive.wcs.org

http://search.nap.edu/nap-cgi/de.cgi?term=EXTREME+WEATHER+EVENTS





Working Group -- Disaster Management Plan

Afghan, Bhutan, Pakistan Draft Disaster Management PlanGroup Members: Mahtabudin Ahmadi, Rahela Kohistani, Aziz Gul Saqib, Abdul Qadir Bahawi, Najibullah Nazary, Kuenzang Gyeltshen (Presenter), Mansoor Qazi, Mark Irwin (Facilitator), Aziz Gul Saqib (Recorder)

DisasterAn emergency event that occurs with little or no warning causing more destruction or disruption of operation

Disasters covered in this plan:1. Terrorism2. Flood 3. Visitor disturbance4. Earthquake5. Disease outbreak6. Fire

A. Terrorism 1. Political terrorism– such as a bomb, mine, rockets,

suicide bomber, poison for the food stores

Solutions for Suicide bomber –• inform security agencies / intelligence then • try and evacuate the visitors; • share knowledge of whereabouts of animals with security; indicate areas and animals; then emergency gateSolutions for Bomb, mine - As above

Solutions for Rocket • call police, hospitals, negotiator, rescue to help injured, • destroyed building or area - if animal cage, get keepers to capture animals & put in safe place with appropriate equipments(nets, ropes, capture gun) • if animals escape, keepers and other should treat them kindly and bring them safely to another enclosure in a skilled manner •Turn on emergency lights

Solutions: Development of a rescue team• Zoo Overseer – in charge of animal escape & enclosure repair, moving of injured visitor, • Garden Overseer – electrical poles, branches/trees or other hazards of roads or greenery.• Security – safe evacuation & direction of visitors. Close doors (animal, visitor, fire control).

• Chief veterinarian – management of injured animals & people (staff & visitors)Use emergency no. of police station in every area of the zoo.• Use of Security agencies; security cameras; • Scanning tools at the gate• Fire-fighting devices • Meet and discuss with Security Agencies to get good suggestions and good relationship

2. Personal Terrorism• Suicide -- call a negotiator; security people should move crowd which have gathered along • poisoning an animal for personal gratification and attention o have a special area designated for visitors to leave

their food items until they finish their visit o construct barrier to prevent foodstuff from being

offered to the animal o check food • Install more signs to warn visitors not to feed animals.• Visitors can be fined for offering food to animals

Flood Prevention – Stone wall in Kabul Zoo; good sewage system; platforms for animals (in enclosures which are particularly vulnerable to high water)-Provide platforms so animals do not stand in water and shelters so they get away from rain.-Keep supply of sandbags to use as buffer against rising water -Strong water pumps for emptying enclosure; basic tools for draining water-Ensure dry and clean storage area for essential food and water supply -Contact national disaster management department and health volunteers

-Insure alternative electricity through generators-Generator for filtering aquatic enclosures -Designate a team who will handle the situation in case of any tree fall down.-Have adequate system of gutters throughout the zoo and keep them clean and desilted -Insure safety measures to avoid electrocution

Visitor disturbance-Consult visitor records and know when maximum number of visitors are likely (EID holidays, other high number days)-Directional signage and controlling of crowds -Create services and facilities for visitors so they do not get frustrated and misbehave-Get more coordinators to control the crowds.-Maintain safe carrying capacity. Inform public in press about carrying capacity strategy.-Cameras of different areas in control room to warn of pending problems with crowd.

EarthquakePrevention / Preparation-Light foundations to structures-Standardize wall system/construction to earthquake risk-Cut/trim dangerous trees-Staff training for the safety measures of earthquake-Budget for reconstruction-Drills / practice-Isolation cages & surplus stock of security fences to be used in escape / isolation of animals-Maintain supply of light materials for construction

Response-Establish good emergency communication system – medical services, emergency response teams


-Back-up generator for electrical outage-Evacuation of buildings to designated safe places (visitors directed by staff)-Record & evaluate response-Turn off electricity for safety measures

Disease OutbreakPrevention-Biosecurity Program – implemented -Animal vaccination – proper vaccination for at-risk species (for common diseases) -Staff vaccination & disease monitoring program-Food quality program – animal feed security-Maintenance of vaccinations – ensure that vaccines are current (not expired)-Maintain adequate equipment and supplies -Training of staff in proper use of tools -Establish good laboratory resources-Footbaths-Spray / disinfect vehicle wheels-Avoid contact between feral/wild animals and collection animals

Response-Respond immediately to address early-Limit access of visitors as needed during disease outbreak situation-Use/spray disinfectant-Proper information for media-Isolation & quarantine of sick animals/staff-Cull & dispose of seriously ill animals-Proper disposal of dead animals FireMedia control-Designate a person with alternate to deal with media-Control room with an area above the zoo

India Group - Draft Disaster Management Preparedness PlanGroup Members : J. Chauhan, A. Agnihotri, K.B. Markandaiah, Karuna Priya, R.K. Sahu, A. Anjankar (Presenter)

Disasters likely to occur within zoos 1) Man-made disorders

a. Fire-caused due to smoking, lightening, short circuit; b. Electric & water supply failure; c. Food shortage; d. Wall collapse; e. Stampede; f. Local conflicts; g. Vehicle accidents; h. Suicide attempts; i. Poisoning; j. Poaching; k.Illicit cutting2) Escape of Zoo Animals

3) Animal Diseases4) Natural Disaster: a. Flood, b. Mud slides, c. Earthquake, d. Tree fall, e. Tsunami5) Civil disturbances etc :a. War, b. Terrorism, c. Nuclear attack, d. chemical attack6) Extreme visitors behaviours:a. lost & found, b. vandalism, c. visitor injury7) Miscellaneous: a. Snake bite, b. staff injury, c. disturbances due to stray dogs, rats, cats, crows, etc.

Measures to tackle these activities1) Man-made disordersa. fire: Fire-fighting equipments, installation of ban smoking, Timely removal of dry leaf litters, [Security task]b. Electric & water supply failure: Generator backup, Non-conventional sources, use of: Wells & above wells network, Storage facilities, Tankers utilization, Electric & water supply staff to take this [Administrative task]c. Strikes: either declare zoos under E.S.M.A. (Essential Security Maintenance Act) or seek help of zoo volunteers (Proper training should be given, list of them to be maintained, administration to take this)d. Food shortage – advance storage to be made kitchen staff to take thise. Wall Collapse – either outer boundary wall or enclosure wall. Regular check-up and maintenance[Security staff as well as civil staff to take this]f. stampede: Visitor circulation path, Barriers, Entry gates, Emergency gatesg. Local conflicts: Curfew etc, Closure of zoo, Consult with local police Administration to take thish. Vehicle accidents: Roads of proper width, Proper marking on roads, Speed limit restriction inside zoo premises, Speed breakers, Different routes for vehicle circulation & visitors, Alternate gates for other vehicles (for developmental works) [Civil as well as security staff to tackle this.]i. Suicide attempts: refuse admission visitors under liquor influences, Proper barriers, Enclosure should be so design that it is not possible to enter inside. from visitor side, Deployment of security guards [Civil as well as security staff task]j. Poisoning : Thorough screening of visitors; curtail any feeding of animals by visitors; Deployment of security guards. [Security staff to tackle this.]k. Poaching and Illicit cutting: same as above and Regular patrolling of zoo premises [Security staff to tackle this]

2) Escape of Zoo Animalsa. Proper enclosure designing as per standards (Ht. width of enclosure). Special care with respect to enclosures for jackal, foxes, langurs, panthers etc., b. Trimming of inside and outside trees, c. Staff should be vigilant (Proper closing/locking of the gates), d. To keep tranquilizing equipment and trapping cages always ready; e. Form rescue team; f. All required materials should be kept ready (Prepare check lists). [Civil as well as Vet. Staff task].

3) Animal Disease Protocola. If there is any disease outbreak, we have to identify the disease & accordingly we have to take preventive and curative measuresb. If disease is notifiable, we have to inform the concerned and authority to avoid further outbreak in other livestock.c. The affected animals should be treated for curative measures while non-affected animals should be given preventive measures.d. Disinfection may play an important role to prevent further spread of diseases.e. Animal husbandry department and Veterinary Colleges should be involved in controlling the diseases.


f. If required with the permission of authority and looking to the severity and the outbreaks, we can cull the animals. [Vet. Staff task.]

4) Natural Disastera. remove trees which are likely to fall during storm, or rains to avoid damages to enclosures, animals escape, loss to man and animal life.b. To erect proper boundary wall to prevent flood water or excess mud to enter enclosure area. [Horticulture staff and Civil staff task]

5) Civil Disturbancesa. Install metal detector at main entry gatesb. Thorough screening of visitorsc. Install close circuit TV cameras at strategic locationd. To educate the visitors about informing the Zoo Authority about finding of unclaimed baggages, suspicious behavior of visitors etc. [Security staff task]

6) Extreme visitors behaviora. Create a separate cell to deal with lot of found itemsb. Proper announcementc. To strictly watch visitors movement inside zoo premisesd. Proper signage about Do’s and Don’ts inside the zoo premisese. This will prevent injuries to visitors [Security staff as well as Education officer task]

7) Miscellaneousa. Keep first aid box and Anti snake Venom vaccinationb. Proper display about thisc. To catch or trap periodically all the stray dogs, rats, cats, etc. from zoo premises.d. It is always better to take timely actions before to prevent all man-made disasters as well as natural disasters, instead of taking actions after the disasters take place.e. Time actions taken before can reduce the intensity of natural disasters, if we are well prepared to tackle this.f. Some of such time actions to take before includes

1. Giving sufficient administration and financial powers to Director as well as Veterinary Officer

2. To make available the budget in time3. To fill all the vacant post of the staff like security,

electric and civil using plumber, welder, carpenter etc.

Seasonal measures to prevent animal illness, suffering, injuryWintera. avoid or restrict wind flow in feeding or resting enclosuresb. provide heating arrangements like heaters, safe fire, Earth Tube Heat Exchangers (ETHE)c. Provide paddy husk, wooden platforms, sawdust, bark pieces, etc.d. animals should not be released into the enclosures to avoid harsh exposure.e. Provide hot water through coil system using solar heaters.f. Provide earth pots with electric bulbs,or heating arrangement in reptile enclosures & in case of bird enclosures provide brooders.g. Provide blankets, woolens to Primates, Apes & other supplies.h. Food enrichment

Summera. Provide proper ventilation with exhaust fansb. Provide coolers, mats, sprinklers, water holes, wallowing grounds, etc.c. Provide ice blocksd. Food enrichmente. Provide ETHEf. Paint roof tops with white colour or thatched with grass

g. All water holes inside the enclosures should be suitably covered to avoid heating of waterh. Provide tree cover as well as shelters to avoid sun strokes.i. Insure adequate water supply. Monsoona. Provide proper water proofing. • Provide proper drainage. • Undertake all pre-monsoon works effectively.b. -provide shelter placesc. -provide raised platforms to escape from floodd. -emergency arrangements to shift animals in case of high floodse. -food enrichmentf. -avoid food and water contaminationg. -to take all preventive measures to prevent outbreak of diseases

Preparedness Plan for Terrorism a. thorough screening of visitorsb. install metal detectorsc. install CCTV camerasd. deployment of security staffe. set up police check post with bomb squadf. educate staff and visitors about informing the zoo authority findings of unclaimed baggage, suspicious behaviour of visitorsg. in case of incidences immediately inform fire brigade, police, anti-terrorism squads, local administrationh. evacuation of visitors to safe places, if required call for ambulances.i. for further safety, screening of entire zoo premise; if everything is correct, zoo may be opened to visitors again.

Nepal GroupDisaster management in NepalGroup Members: Fanindra R. Kharel, M. Dhakal, S. Jnawali, J.Thapa (Recorder & Presenter), A. Narsingh Rana, Ramita Rai, Suk B.Gurung, G. Koirala, C. Pokharel, M. Chetri, K. Pd. Gairhe, S.C. Sharma, B. Aryal, M. Lal Giri, M. Khadka

List of common probable disasters:Collapse of walls, Poaching, Animal escape, Injuries to visitors or keepers, Disease outbreak, Fire, Quantity and quality of water,Waste disposal, Staff strike, Feeding of animals by visitors, Power failure, Poisoning, Adverse climate, Flooding, Snake bite, Casualty to animals by visitors, Waste management, Natural calamities: earthquake, Nepal bandh

Prioritized disasters:1. Disease outbreak2. Earthquake3. Fire4. Animal escape5. Injuries to visitors and keepers

Step 1. Building the emergency team• Overall supervisor: Project Manager• Emergency coordinator: Vet. Officer• Members: Administrative officer, Field supervisor, Asst. Curator Unit coordinators:• Disease outbreaks: Vet officer and vet assistants• Medical coordinator (Animal escaping and casualties): Vet officer• Communication coordinator: Project Manager and responsible unit coordinators• Maintenance works: Overseer


• Supply of food: Administrative officer• Visitor’s management: Administrative officer• Security: Security in charge

Step 2 : Assessment of disaster hazard preparednessPurpose:

• To conduct the assessment of the capacity to handle the disasters.• Identify resources (human resources, equipments)

Conducting the hazard analysisCapacity to handle the hazardIdentify the resources (finances, equipments, labs, trained manpower)Performing the simulation exercise to tackle the disasters

Components of animal disease emergency preparedness planning1.Strict provision of the quarantine of the animals2.Surveillance of disease• Lab facility with equipments (coordinate with Central Veterinary Lab and human lab)• Strengthening the existing lab• Active surveillance with regular health check up: physicals, lab test, and diagnostic kits• Passive surveillance3. Disease outbreak4. Assessment of disease with the vet team in Zoo, CVL, DLS & IAAS for scientific assessment of disease. Sharing of information in international community.5. Communication with stakeholders: within central team, unit coordinators, DNPWC, Police as and when necessary6. Identify the disease outbreak area as risk zone7. Collect dead animals; perform post-mortem, collection of sample and submission of sample for diagnosis.8. If disease is diagnosed by symptoms and PM, report it and start curative treatment.9. Segregate diseased animals and keep out of contact from visitors and other animals. 10. All people in working in such condition should follow biosecurity code of conduct like wearing PPE, maintaining sanitation and hygiene.11. Start treatment

What are disasters?The meaning of the word disaster differs according to person, culture and time. The following definition of natural disaster is from the “International agreed glossary of basic terms related to disaster management (1992), UN-DHA, IDNAR, Geneva: “Situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to national or international level or external assistance”

It is an emergency event that occurs with little or no warning, causing more destruction or disruption of operations that the museum can correct by application of its own ordinary resource. It means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence affecting any area, arising from natural or manmade causes, or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of property, or damage to, degradation of environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.

Disaster preparedness is the process of possessing in advance the capability of taking the immediate action or actions necessary to cope with a disaster in order to prevent its occurrence or to minimize its impact.Disaster management means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary pr expedient for:- Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.

- Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences.- Capacity-building- Preparedness to deal with any disaster- Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster- Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster-Evacuation, rescue and relief-Rehabilitation and reconstruction-Preparedness

List of common probable disasters:Natural and Man-made disasters• Floods• Earthquake• Staff strike• Nepal bandh• Fire• Power failure• Water supply (quality and quantity)• Snake bite to visitors and keepers• Waste management• Poaching

Escape of Zoo animals Animal DiseasesCivil Disturbances • Staff strike• Curfew and Nepal bandh

Extreme Visitor Behaviour• Casualty to visitors by animals• Casualty to animals by visitors• Suicide attempts by visitors• Feeding of animals by visitors

Prioritized Individual Disasters - Disease outbreak- Earthquake- Fire- Animal escape

STEP 1 : Building emergency management team or central control room • Overall supervisor: Project Manager• Emergency coordinator: Vet. Officer• Members: Administrative officer, Field supervisor, Asst. Curator STEP 2: Assessment of Disaster Hazard Preparedness Purpose: To conduct the assessment of the capacity to handle the disasters and to identify resources (human resources, equipments)• Conducting the hazard analysis• Capacity to handle the hazard• Identify the resources (finances, equipments, labs, trained manpower)• Performing the simulation exercise to tackle the disasters

Disease Outbreak: List of the common diseasesTB, Bird flu, FMD, HS, Anthrax, Rabies, Food poisoning, SARS, Fowl pox, External parasites, Round worms and tape worms, Influenza and Pneumonia, Feline distemper. Components of animal disease emergency preparedness planning• Strict provision of the quarantine of the animals• Surveillance of disease o Lab facility with equipments (coordinate with

Central Veterinary Lab and human lab) o Strengthening the existing the lab


o Active surveillance with regular health check up: physicals, labs test, and diagnostic kits

o Passive surveillance• Disease outbreak• Assessment of disease with the vet team in Zoo, CVL, DLS & IAAS for scientific assessment of disease. Sharing of information in international community.• Communication with stakeholders: within central team, unit coordinators, DNPWC, Police as and when necessary• Identify the disease outbreak area as risk zone• Collect dead animals; perform post-mortem, collection of sample, submission of sample for diagnosis and proper disposal • If diseases is diagnosed by symptoms and PM, report it and start curative treatment.• Segregate diseased animals and keep out of contact from visitors and other animals. • All people in working in such condition should follow biosecurity code of conduct like wearing PPE, maintaining sanitation and hygiene.• Start treatment• Proper disinfection of the enclosure and surrounding areas• If the diseases are of the chronic types like TB then without consultation with ministry and DNPWC consider culling of the affected herd.

Animal Escape 1. Big Carnivores like Tiger and Leopard2. Small Carnivores like leopard cat, civets3. Herbivores4. Birds

Large Carnivores, Tiger and Leopard Communication: • Keepers or security people should inform veterinary officer• Veterinary officer should inform team leader and all concerned supporting staff

Working strategyIn day time, the team should assess the situation and decide whether the capture procedure will take short or long time.• If it takes short time, do not inform the visitors and cautiously perform the procedure• If the situation seems to take long time, inform the visitors and security persons. Isolate the escape zone as a risk area and secure it. Create the area peaceful.• If authorities are outside (in night time), security people should watch the situation and perform the capture procedure with feasibility.

Collection of drugs and equipments• The drugs should be ready with labelled dose requirement for individual species.• The necessary equipments like transport cages, net, stretcher, ropes, medicines should be collected.• The animal should be darted.• The physical and medical examination of the animal should be done and the animal should be placed in the enclosure.

EarthquakeThe emergency shell for the earthquake consisting the center emergency preparedness team should be formed. The emergency preparedness team should be aware of the situation and should have the prior communication with all the concerned authorities beforehand. The contact address and phone number of the all the stakeholders maintained systematically beforehand.

The drill exercise should be performed on regular basis to update. The checklist of the necessary equipments should be ready. The first aid kit with clear direction should be ready.

The safe area should be selected for all the staff to come at that place during earthquake outbreak. In the case of animal casualties, the specific area should be selected to keep such animals. Exit gates should be opened. The staff and public outside the zoo should be educated and informed about the possible situations.

District police office, hospitals, red cross, head office, DAO, DNPWC, municipality should be contacted. The name and phone number of the personnel in these offices to be contacted should be taken and contacted asap.People safety should be considered. The animals should be observed from the safe distance. The animals should be captured or managed depending on their biology.

Injuries to visitors and staff from animals • The appropriate signage should be placed in vulnerable enclosures indicating not to feed and tease animals. • The keepers should be trained and educated on proper handling of animals.• The emergency first aid kit should be ready with all drugs and accessories with clear instructions of use.• Once the incident happens, it should be communicated to the emergency team and rescue of affected visitor and keeper should be taken simultaneously. • The hospital should be contacted in advance. The ambulance should be called or the zoo vehicle should be ready. The injured people should be taken to hospital as soon as possible.• If the animal had escaped and injured the visitor, such animal should be captured.• If there are loopholes in the enclosure, such loopholes should be repaired immediately.• The appropriate distance between enclosure and visitors should be maintained.

Disaster Management Plan for Sri LankaGroup members: Dammika Malsinghe (Presenter), Chamila Denagama, Ganga Wijesinghe (Recorder), Prasad De Zoysa, Sanjay Molur (Facilitator)

Animal Escape- Keeper informs the Duty Officer and Veterinary Surgeon- Duty Officer: Keepers, Curators, Security Veterinary Surgeon: Veterinary Assistants, Emergency equipments


Try to Capture within a short period. If not- Inform pubic using pubic addressing system- Prevent admission of new visitors- Direct visitors to safe areas- Open emergency gates- Try to locate and capture the animal

Need to improveKeeper’s duties – Maintenance of locks etcSupervisors –Head Keepers, Assistants, CuratorKeeper trainingMaintenance of disaster management plan and regular testingMaintaining a control room

Appointing an emergency teamOfficer in charge/Emergency Coordinator- Duty OfficerUnit Coordinator – All the staff Officers (DD, AD, Accountant, VS) Mock drillsWarning/Information Coordinator-Education Officer, Education and Research AssistantsAssessment Coordinator – Assistant DirectorMaintenance Coordinator – Maintenance SupervisorMedical Coordinator – Senior Veterinary SurgeonSecurity Coordinator – Chief Security Officer

Enclosure Designing- Double doors-in night dens

Keeper StrikesPreventive MeasuresMonthly meetings with representatives of all sections - Animal Section- Garden Section- Maintenance Section etc Discuss their problems and find out remedies

Train keepers Team work, capacity building, moraleIn case of a strike . . . If the strike occurs uninformed the Duty Officer gets to know about it in the morningDuty Officer informs the Director and other Staff Officers

Staff DiscussionNegotiate with the leaders of the strike to settle the issueIf it is not successful Inform the Ministry and take actionsRequest the service of a professional negotiator

Surplus padlocks and keysBack up team • the other staff members and YZA members• Military forcesNegotiate and settleFollow the Establishment Code for disciplinary action

Fire Fire Extinguishers –Sufficient equipments, regular maintenanceRoutine Fire drillsAll the staff members should have the access for the emergency no.s of Fire Brigade Evacuation of visitors-Open emergency exitsPrevent fire spreading animal enclosures-with assistance of whole staff

Disease OutbreakPreventive MeasuresPractice Biosecurity measures In case of a sudden outbreak• Diagnose the disease

• Inform the Staff and the relevant authorities• Follow the Disease Act • Quarantine sick and exposed animals • Purchase necessary drugs and PPE• Treatments for infected animals and prophylactic treatments for other susceptible animals• Strict Biosecurity measures will be practiced to prevent further spreading of the disease.

Disaster Management Plan (Draft) for Dhaka Zoo, BangladeshGroup Members: Abdur Razzaque (Facilitator), Shakif-Ul-Azam (Presenter), A. B. M. Shahid Ullah. Ananda Mohan Dhar, Zillur Rahman, Ashim Kumar Das.

Disasters are defined by an occurrence such as hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, earthquake, drought, blizzard, pestilence, famine, fire, explosion, volcanic eruption, building collapse, transportation wreck, or other situation that causes human and animal suffering or creates human/animal needs that the victims cannot alleviate without external assistance”

Disaster Management definitions:• Preparedness means being ready to handle disasters and

emergencies. Risk assessments, disaster planning, adequate supplies, trained staff, and community partnerships all contribute to disaster preparedness.

• Mitigation is the process of preventing or minimizing the losses and damages that

• emergencies can cause.• Response involves actions taken to deal with a disaster or

emergency. Response is• about the emergency itself, as well as the problems it

creates.• Recovery means restoring services, facilities, programs,

collections, and infrastructure.• Basic Emergency Planning Concepts

· There has to be a overall in-charge in the zoo for giving direction and getting the plan prepared and implemented· The members of the team are to be identified meticulously· Control room and media centers will help in coordinated approach to the disaster and in the dissemination of information· Establish adequate communication and warning capabilities· Establish adequate evacuation procedures· Establish damage assessment capabilities


Some of the emergency situations that the Dhaka Zoo faces are:Natural/ Manmade Disorders like Fire, Escape of Zoo animals, Animal diseases, Natural disaster like floods, mud slides, earthquakes, Civil disturbances etc., Extreme visitor behaviour. Staff strike/Problem, Drought, Wall collapse, Tree fall, Snake bite, Electricity disturbance, Extreme cold stress, Food poisoning, Procurement Hazard, Animal Fighting.The Emergency Team-The members of the team -(A) In-charge/ Director/Curator of the Zoo(B) Emergency Coordinator-Deputy Curator.(C) Unit Coordinator(s)-All Zoo Officer’s.(D) Information Coordinator-Information Officer.(E) Assessment Coordinator: Deputy Curator (Animal Survey).(F) Maintenance Coordinator: Nutrition Officer.(G) Medical Coordinator- Veterinary Surgeon.(H) Security Coordinator- Security Officer

Upon prioritizing the possible impacts, the major threats to the Zoo are in the following order :

Hazards Possib-ility

Employee Impact

Property

Impact

Economic Impact

Total Impac

tNatural/ Manmade Disorders like Fire

2 1 3 3 09

Escape of Zoo animals

3 3 2 2 10

Animal diseases 3 3 3 3 12Natural disaster like floods, mud slides, earthquakes

2 3 3 3 11

Civil disturbances etc

2 2 1 1 06

Extreme visitor behaviour

2 3 2 2 09

Staff strike/Problem

1 1 3 3 08

Drought 1 1 1 1 04Wall collapse 1 1 1 1 04Tree fall 1 1 1 1 04Snake bite 1 1 1 1 04Electricity disturbance

1 1 2 2 06

Extreme cold stress.

2 1 2 3 08

Food posioning 2 2 2 2 08Feed Procurement Hazard

3 1 1 3 08

Animal Fighting 3 3 2 2 10

Equipments: The Curator/Zoo director/has to prepare the basic equipment needed by the zoo for dealing with different kinds of

emergencies. It will be much useful if different lists are prepared for different emergency situations.

Captive animals Minimal requirementLarge carnivores Nets, pole, syringes,snare, Projectile guns,

equipment, crates, and darts, blow dart, squeeze cages etc.

Small carnivores Nets, gloves, pole, snare, Projectile guns, equipment, crates, and darts, blow dart, squeeze cages etc.

Hoofed stock Projectile guns and darts, blow dart, equipment, crates etc.

Elephants Elephant hook, projectile guns and darts, chins, Incenerator

Small mammals (e.g. primates).

Nets, gloves, pole, snare, Projectile guns, equipment, crates, and darts, blow dart, squeeze cages etc.

Large Primates like Chimps

Nets, gloves, pole, Projectile guns, equipment, crates, and darts, blow dart

Birds Nets, gloves, pole, syringe, towelsReptiles Nets, gloves, snare, plastic shield, bags,

plastic tubes, snake tong, snake hock, submersible pump etc

Part 2 – Bangaldesh GroupDisater Managment plan (Draft) for Dhaka Zoo, BangladeshGroup Members: MD Abdur Razzaque (Facilitator), MD. Shakif-Ul-Azam (Presenter), A. B. M. Shahid Ullah, Ananda Mohan Dhar, Mr. Zillur Rahman, Ashim Kumar Das.

Shakif presents the Disaster Management Plan of Bangladesh group to all participants.

For warning people about the emergenciesMinimal requirementAlarm systemsPublic address systemRadio communication and electronic media

FacilitiesThe zoos must have the basis facilities like control room, media centre and evacuation assembly areas.

Resource ListA resource list provides a single point of reference for available public and private sector resources within, as well as outside of the Zoo community.

Animal diseases 12 pointsNatural disaster like floods, mud slides, earthquakes

11 Points

Animal Fighting 10 pointsEscape of Zoo animals 10 PointsExtreme visitor behaviour 09 PointsNatural/ Manmade Disorders like Fire 09 PointsExtreme cold stress 08 PointsFood posioning 08 PointsFeed Procurement Hazard 08 PointsStaff strike/Problem 08 PointsCivil disturbances etc 06 PointsElectricity disturbance 06 PointsDrought 04 PointsWall collapse 04 PointsTree fall 04 PointsSnake bite 04 Points


Key official contact list

Name/Title of OfficialTelephone NumbersTelephone NumbersTelephone Numbers

Name/Title of OfficialOffice Home Cell

Secretary MoFSecretary MoHomesSecretary Forest & EnvironmentSecretary Food & Disaster Mgt.Secretary AgricultureInspector General of PoliceMD DESCOMD WASACEO WTBMD TelecommunicationDirector General DLSDirector General Fire ServiceDirector General BLRIDirector’s DLSDeputy Commissioner (Dhaka)Police SuperDirector Botanical GardenDD Poultry FarmCurator Dhaka ZooOfficer in Charge, Shaha Ali Thana

List of Zoo experts of Dhaka Zoo

Name/Title of OfficialTelephone NumbersTelephone NumbersTelephone Numbers

Name/Title of OfficialOffice Home Cell

Zoo Consultant MD. ABDUR RAZZAQUE, EX. DGDR. KAZI ABDUL FATTAH, EX. DGDR. SALEHUDDIN KHAN, EX. DGVeterinary doctor’s1.2.Sections Officer’s1.2.Zoo Experts from Universities1.2.

Transporters list

Name of the TransporterTelephone NumbersTelephone NumbersTelephone Numbers

Name of the Transporter Office Home Cell1. Director General livestock2. Curator Dhaka Zoo

Supplier’s (Food & Machine)Supply Address Contact Person Telephone

Number

Natural Disaster: - Floods & StormsFloods• Dhaka Zoo is situated in a flood prone areas of Bangladesh.• Zoo’s areas not in floodplains but vulnerable to the changing pattern of rainfall.

Challenges:• Dhaka Zoo should have a full proof contingency planning process for effectively dealing with flood situation.

Points need to be considered:• Historical information of the area.• Information on the drainage systems and geographical advantage. • Rainfall record of past 10 (Ten) years.

Management Plan for the Zoo During Floods• Quality and quantity of water should be ensured.

• Protect contamination of surface source water or otherwise.• Protect contamination of groud water with sewer water.• The water suspected to be contaminated should not be used for animals/birds consumptions.• Food items should be stored above ground in water proof container.• Contaminated and decaying food materials should not be given to animals.• During transportation, ensure protection of food from any flood contamination.• Ensure thorough sanitation of food store.• The various aspects of food safety management in a flood situation should encompass all processes related to storage, processing, preparation, handling and distribution of food.• In case of Flood it is important to ensure proper water quality to prevent the spread of diseases, which include diarroheal diseases, parasitic infestation as well as epidemic cholera.• Floods often provide condition for proliferation of species of flies and mosquitoes, which causes threat to vector borne diseases.• Vectors of significants: Mosquito, Flies. Ticks, snakes, fleas, mites and Cockroaches etc.• Increase risk of transmission vector borne diseases, needs to be deals seriously during floods and need a good surveillance which helps save the life’s of animals/birds of the Zoo. • A zoo has a rapid response team equipped with required equipment. The rapid response team will be formed and worked under the leadership of the Curator of the Zoo.

(A) Civil Disturbance:Disturbance like demonstration, hartal, strike, work stoppage by the employees and other form of disturbances. Which can threaten supply of food and other emergency materials for Zoo animals.The Zoo is susceptible to following disturbances.

Actions:• The Zoo managements should have a site emergency team to develop and alternative set of response procedures including provision for maintaing essentials operation and services in action. • The emergency response will asses the situation and determine the actions needed to protect the Zoo, visitors & Zoo personnel.

Animal disease emergencies and preparedness of the ZooDhaka Zoo is vulnerable to a number of diseases of like FMD, Foot-Rot, TB, Avian-Flu and Colibacillosis.

Components of Animal disease emergency preparedness planningThe two very important components of the planning are: early warning and early reaction to the disease.

1. Early warningAdvance warning becomes imperative to zoo, considering the fact that most of the zoos get their food requirements met from outside sources. These can be very important sources for transmitting diseases from outside areas into the zoo.

Step-ADiseases Surveillance- Passive Diseases Surveillance: It is essential that passive surveillance be supplemented by a strong system of active disease surveillance, particularly for emergency animal diseases. Periodical inspections of the food sources


(slaughter houses, areas where the grasses are grown) must be given top priority.- Active Diseases Surveillance: The zoo vet as a part of the disease surveillance in Zoos must follow the practice of performing complete necropsies on every animal that dies within the Zoo and should maintain a record of it. Daily observation by animal care staff of each animal for clinical signs of disease and method of reporting abnormalities helps in early veterinary investigation.

Step-BRisk Analysis Risk analysis is a tool that can also be used to good advantage for animal disease emergency preparedness planning. Under risk analysis we mostly follow: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication.

Step-CLaboratory Diagnostic CapabilitiesAccurate diagnosis of diseases can only be assured in fully equipped laboratories that have a range of standardized diagnostic reagents, experienced staff. Some of the diseases like FMD, Foot-Rot, TB, Avian-Flu and Colibacillosis can be diagnosed only in microbiologically high-security laboratories.

Maintaining hygiene of the zoo through proper waste disposal system

Disposal of waste should be completed as soon as possible after destruction to minimize opportunities for infectious material to disperse. Some of the measures that can be adopted by the zoo managers are listed as below :A) BurialB) IncineratorsC) Composting

VaccinationWell-planned vaccination programmes supplemented by other disease control measures help in eliminating disease at Dhaka Zoo. The issues related to vaccines are :· Time- tested vaccines only should be used.· It is important to select the correct antigenic type and subtype vaccine in order to achieve good levels of immunity.· It's been documented that poor quality vaccines have actually caused the diseases that they were meant to prevent. Hence, procure vaccines from reputed firms only.· Vaccines must be stored at the correct temperature by refrigeration at all times and used before expiry dates. Heat-stable, live vaccines, if available, reduce coldstorage problems.· Depending upon the necessity the veterinarian can go for ring vaccination and/or blanket vaccination.

Manual on Crisis Management and Emergency Response in Zoological gardens.

Until recently there was no official position on crisis management in zoos in India. Previous to that, in 1985 Zoo Outreach Organisation had published an issue of ZOO ZEN which compiled articles on zoo safety and crisis response, primarily from the Animal Keepers Forum AKF. Over the years ZOO brought out several compendiums of new material in this important topic. In 2008 ZOO wrote to the Regional Association Chairs throughout the world and asked what role, if any, emergency response played in their management. Most of the western zoos had extensive arrangements but it was found that other parts of the world did not have anything in place.

It was also around 2008 that the Central Zoo Authority added the requirement of emergency preparedness to their extensive requirements for zoo Master Plans. CZA contracted Dr. Hemanth Kumar, I.F.S., former Director of the Kanpur Zoo to assemble a Manual for on the topic for the use of Indian zoos. Thus the Model Disaster Manage-ment Plan For the Zoos of India came to be written.

About the same time, SAZARC put up a theme for its 10th Annual Conference on 21st Century Crises, e.g. Climate Change, Emerging Diseases and Terrorism, all crises for which zoos anywhere had not yet begun to plan. When we heard about CZA’s Manual we put it all together for our conference. CZA was very kind to donate hard copies of the plan for our use in SAZARC training. Participants found it very useful to refer. We also gave every participant a CD with many articles from different sources on this important topic. We hope CZA will add 21st Century Crises to subsequent revisions of the book.


Sanjay Molur, Member of CBSG and Chair of the South Asian branch of the IUCN SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group gave a presentation on the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group and Reintroduction Specialist Group and then another presentation on “Planning Re-introduction Programmes”.

Sanjay told the group a bit about the history of CBSG in South Asia, that it started as CBSG India and conducted several PHVA and CAMP workshops for India and then helped neighboring countries with PHVAs and CAMPs of their own. For some time there were several CBSG networks, CBSG, Nepal; CBSG, Sri Lanka as well as CBSG India but as all of the activities were being planning in India, Sanjay and his colleague Sally Walker, Convenor of CBSG India decided to make one regional CBSG which was CBSG South Asia. This has worked well over last 10 years. This decision was taken some time after the founding of SAZARC.

He explained the purpose and activities of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group and how it integrates almost all aspects of wildlife conservation. In South Asia, he and Sally have linked taxon based networks and other international groups with CBSG activities creating a holistic dynamic of stochastic elements or events in which one event sparks off another. This was called Network Engineering.

Sanjay introduced the Reintroduction Specialist Group by explaining the different terms relating to the evolution of reintroduction and the year they were defined, e.g., Introduction – outside historic range, (IUCN, 1987); Reintroduction Historic Range IUCN, 1995), Re-enforcement/Supplementation (IUCN, 1995) Conservation Introduction (IUCN, 1995), Substitution (Seddon & Soorae, 1999) and (Translocation: the movement of animals from one part of their range to another). There was a lively discussion which was carried over the to second presentation the following day.The following day he spoke about the importance of proper planning for reintroduction projects, describing the main states with feasibility study, then implementation stage (release), Post-release monitoring stage, and dissemination stage. He stressed that the dissemination or “lessons learned” stage is very important whether the event was successful or not. There are immense lessons in every attempt.

Sanjay described RSG’s comprehensive approach which involves three critical factors. First is the site or habitat which should be safe with sufficient space and knowledge of why the species had declined in the first previously.

Second is the species of which wild stock is preferred or if captive it must have been genetically and demographically managed. It must meet all health requirements and have a probability of survival approximating that of its wild counterpart. Sanjay stressed that captive stock, if selected for release, must have the needed survival skills for their wild, that is, they should not be so accustomed to human presence that it threatens their chances of survival.

Sanjay also stressed one of the most important principles of reintroduction from captive stock, which is that Re-introductions should not be conducted simply because there are a great many surplus animals. Zoos and nature parks in South Asian have been noted to use this method to dispose of surplus animals, rather than implementing well-known birth control methods. There was much enthusiastic

discussion of this topic as it struck home with zoo directors from most of the countries. Sanjay explained all the negative effects that can occur by hasty and careless releases of surplus animals.

The third element in the comprehensive approach is the social, political and economic aspects of reintroduction. If the species is a dangerous animals there can be fear of nearby villagers or even townspeople. Different groups of people with different interests and things to gain or lose can be a threat to the released population and generate political issues among local people and even between partners in the exercise.

Since the start of contemporary reintroductions over 699 species have been reintroduced to the wild in one of the forms described. The numbers of species of vertebrates successfully reintroduced is 424, of invertebrates, 65 and plants 210.

Discussion continued fast and furious until it was announced that participants had to join the tour. Many of them felt that they were hearing and understanding the RSG Guidelines fully for the first time. Sally Walker

Sanjay Molur presents overview of CBSG and RSG principles with emphasis on the RSG Guidelines

Components of Reintroduction


A demonstration of teaching techniques focused on biodiversity and climate change was delivered following Dr Wendy Foden’s presentation entitled ‘Climate change Update 2010’. An educational packet on climate change called ‘Live More Simply’ (LMS) had been developed by Zoo Outreach Organisation for Wildlife Week 2010 and was selected for demonstration to compliment Dr. Foden’s presentations.

This session being a demonstration, the SAZARC participants were asked to imagine themselves as children and the entire subject of Climate change and its impact on biodiversity was delivered to them as if teaching children of age group 14-17.

To start with the demonstration, the title of the session was explained. The title had two key words “biodiversity or biological diversity’ and ‘climate change’. When they were asked to explain the word biodiversity, enthusiastic volunteer participants gave different definition for biodiversity. A simple definition given in the LMS booklet was explained to them and one of them read the definition aloud: ‘Biodiversity means the variety and variability of life on earth’. Then they were told that there are about 19 Lakhs (18,97,000) species that are known to science and, for our convenience, scientists grouped them into five Kingdoms. What are the Kingdoms? The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The 5 kingdom cards in the LMS packet conveyed simple information about the kingdoms of life. They were asked to take out the cards from the packet and to read the information given in the card. The card has information about the general description of the kingdom, an example of the kingdom, and total number of species known to science. For example, Kingdom Fungi (mushroom, yeast) occurs in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Fungi get their food from other sources since they cannot convert the sun’s rays into energy like plants do. So far 72,000 fungi are known to science.

At the end of the demonstration, a simple test was conducted by asking simple questions from 5 kingdoms to test their memory and learning skills. The Circle of Life diagram by E.O. Wilson in the LMS booklet was used as a supporting document to explain the kingdoms. Then, after explaining the basics of biodiversity in a way that youngsters could understand, the interaction and

interdependency and of biodiversity and the association between species was explained. One of the important points to get across to youngsters, while they are young is that human beings are just one species of all the myriad living things on the earth. The earth was formed about four+ billions of years ago; the first life appeared on earth about three+ billions of years ago but man appeared only about 1+ millions of years ago. In the evolutionary process many species appeared and disappeared proving that extinction is a natural process. But the present rate of extinction has been accelerated many times and it is overwhelmingly man-made due to various threats. There are a number of reasons for biodiversity loss and climate change is one of the biggest threats for loss of species. It has been accepted by scientists that Climate change is real and it is ongoing. In the last 100 years due to various human-induced activities, the earth has been warmed by 0.6o C.

At this point the participants were asked to tell ‘What is climate change?’. Again many definitions came from the audience. They were asked to refer to the simple definition given in the LMS booklet that is ‘alteration in the regular weather sequence due to warming up in earth’s climate system’. Some of the key words that one has to understand before going into the details of Climate change are, weather, climate and the sequence of events in climate change and how alteration of gases in the atmosphere leads to climate change? LMS booklet was used to show participants how to understand and convey to youngsters three important sequences, and the terminology of Climate change that is often misunderstood. They are:

Green house gases (GHG) - a class of gases that can trap heat near Earth’s surface.Global warming – refers to an average increase in the earth’s temperature. The GHGs increase in the atmosphere leads to Global warming due to trapped extra heat. Climate Change – The global warming in turn places pressure on Earth’s climate system that leads to climate change. Climate change represents a change in long-term weather patterns.

A booklet entitled ‘The Greenhouse Gas Guardian and the Greenhouse Gas Ghost’ for very young children was demonstrated. Greenhouse gases support all life by maintaining the warmth of the earth (greenhouse gas guardian), but also transform into a gas that is a threat for life on earth (Greenhouse gas Ghost). This is achieved by causing the extreme weather we are experiencing now – frequent cyclones, tornados, floods, higher temperature etc.

Greenhouse gas effect was explained. The Sun keeps our planet warm by sending rays into earth’s atmosphere. The gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, called as greenhouse gases, are transparent to shortwave radiations from the sun. The radiation from the sun reaches the earth surface and some of the rays are reflected back to the atmosphere as longer infrared radiation. These longer infrared radiations are absorbed by the greenhouse gases, which help the earth to keep warmer. This is very essential for keeping earth’s temperature at the right levels for all life forms such as animals, plants and humans on earth to survive. They act much like a blanket, keeping in warmth from the sun. If there were no greenhouse gases the earth would be -18oC

Teaching about climate change: demonstration for SAZARC participantsBA Daniel* and R. Marimuthu**

*Scientist, **Education Officer, ZOO

Mansoor Qazi, Karachi Zoo Director, appreciates E.O. Wilson’s Wheel of Life which shows the comparative

percentage of different groups of organisms that make up Life on Earth


cooler than the present atmospheric temperature. The same greenhouse gas is also responsible for climate change.

Why do we blame Greenhouse Gases for Climate change? A comparison was given to illustrate how good gases become bad. The greenhouse gas phenomenon is very much like eating sweets. When we eat a small amount of sweets, we enjoy fully and it is not harmful also. But if we eat too many sweets, bad things happen to us. Similarly if the composition of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is maintained, it is useful to all life. If it is altered, however, by liberating huge amounts of greenhouse gases by way of human activities, it will cease being useful by warming earth’s atmosphere that result in climate change. Who is to be blamed for excess greenhouse gases and alteration of greenhouse gas composition in the atmosphere? It is us, human beings. Today’s problem is that human beings are releasing too much of greenhouse gases, by overuse of natural resources, which are absorbed by the atmosphere and create a thicker layer of gases around our planet. This result in trapping heat below the atmosphere that leads to global warming that ultimately influences the earth’s climate.

How are biodiversity and climate change are linked? We could hardly believe when scientists, two decades ago, claimed that climate change could have drastic impact on biodiversity. The average person is stubborn about the existence of climate change; they do not want to believe or to understand the link between climate change and biodiversity. This stubbornness may be caused by reluctance to change! Now it has been accepted by scientists that climate change and biodiversity are interconnected and climate change is a new threat to the biodiversity. If biodiversity is affected, it will bring negative impact for human wellbeing – who wants to hear, or believe, that? Managing and conserving biodiversity has now become essential; biodiversity help mitigate climate change through its ecosystem services. For example, if forests are conserved, they can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thus helping to address climate change by storing carbon. Participants listed out indications of climate change: Frequent storms, droughts, floods, fire, increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere, in ocean, extreme rainfall, change in rainfall pattern, temperature extremes, sea level rises, changes in seasons etc.

In what way does climate change affect species? Changes in species distribution ranges, loss of habitat, death of species due to increased stress etc. are some impacts of climate change on species.

The present cause of Climate change is man made. Excess use and over-exploitation of natural resources through industrialization, land use pattern, deforestation, large scale farming of domesticated animals, etc .are the main causes of global warming that leads to climate change. Now we see enhanced Greenhouse gas effect and global warming.Towards the end of the session participants were asked to take out the booklet ‘what you can do to live simply’. The best approach is to ‘Live More Simply’. Mahatama Gandi advocated living simply before the concepts of Loss of biodiversity and Climate change even came about. It is not hard to guess what might have been the beginning of what we only now admit has been an orgy of consumption, of overuse of all our natural resources, animals, vegetables, and everybody minerals.

At the end of the session all participants were asked to wear ‘global warming’ spectacles and participant in a “march” through the conference hall while chanting slogans advocating living more simply.

If the Big Boss is such a good sport to wear global warming spectacles, everybody should wear them

Participants joined a mock “march” while wearing their global warming glasses, their red cross arm

bands and carrying their small placards. Hopefully some of them will organise programmes on climate

change for school children visiting their zoo

and everybody did


Zoo Legislation in Nepal: A Road AheadSarita JnawaliProject Manager, National Trust For Nature Conservation, Central Zoo, Kathmandu, Nepal

Background: Zoos in NepalCentral Zoo at Kathmandu, established in 1932, is the only officially recognized zoo in Nepal. The Government of Nepal entrusted National Trust For Nature Conservation with the management of the Central Zoo, Kathmandu for 30 years on December 29, 1995.

There are many other facilities that are holding wild animals in captivity and are open to public visitors, yet no official records of such facilities exist. They are neither recognized nor authorized by concerned authorities, which leads to certain problems, the major ones below:• Lack of legal provision to operate zoos.• No legal status of animal facilities.• Improper management of animals in captivity-animal welfare issues. • Lack of coordination between such institutions within the country.

Zoo legislation The need of the hour is Zoo legislation - that recognizes a zoo as a place of ex-situ conservation where animals are managed in a state of excellence so that it provides recreation, conservation, education and research activities.

We, the Central Zoo, being the only national zoo of the country, have initiated work to prepare and endorse the zoo legislation in Nepal. The first phase of our work was to survey all the animal facilities in the county. This was carried out by a team of three people from the Department of Wildlife Conservation and the NTNC. The team found 9 facilities which are operating as a zoo. Most of them are managed either by municipality at one corner of the city park or by the community forest group at one corner of the forest. These facilities have come up mainly through collection through rescue of problem and orphan animals. The list of zoos that were visited and inspected is below.

Survey methodologyThe survey methodology was site visits by a team of experts from Central Zoo. They reviewed the Physical infrastructure, management structure, animal welfare and educational component were studied and found that: • All these animal facilities are poorly managed with pathetic animal welfare condition.

• Keeping staff without any formal training and education in this field.• No record keeping system.• No conservation education activity.• Creation of bad public image of what a zoo should be.

Survey ReportA Report was prepared and circulated to all concerned government authorities who recognized the requirement for zoo legislation and a system of regularly. This lead to further meetings and discussions with concerned government and legal experts, and a need for a workshop involving all identified stakeholders.

List of non-organised animal facilities in Nepal # Name of facility Location Area

in ha.

Sps nos.

Animal nos.

1 Fulbari Resort Pokhara unk 7 56

2 Sadhi Smarak Park Hetauda 20 12 57

3 Mani Mukunda Sen Park Butwal 10 9 73

4 Nepalgunj Zoo Nepalgunj 4 9 85

5 Yalambar Park Dharan 20 9 71

6 Hariyali Community Forest Dharan 700 6 56

7 Panchakanya Mini Zoo Dharan unk 8 24

8 Pashupati Deer Park Kathmandu 4 3 110

WorkshopA workshop was organized involving with the Secretary of Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Director General of Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation, all concerned government officials and legal experts. In the workshop a decision was made to draft legislation and proceed forward to incorporate it in the National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act and a two member expert committee was formed to prepare the draft of zoo legislation. After the draft has been prepared there will be another workshop to discuss the draft legislation involving all concerned authorities and finalize it.

The document can then be submitted to the government departments for endorsement or further work and hopefully approval.

Veterinary Division of the National Zoological GardensC.G. WijesingheVeterinary Division, National Zoological Gardens, Dehiwela, Elephant Orphanage, Pinnawela At NZG and Pinnawela, we have a Veterinary Division with Veterinarians, Education and Research Assistants and Veterinary Assistants.

The role of this division and the veterinary hospital is to perform both medical and surgical treatments, watch out for diseases and take all measures to prevent disease. The Veterinary Division is also involved with animal nutrition and conservation breeding. In the division we will also be involved in education, research and wildlife forensics in the public interest.

We are also approached to help with tranquilization of conflict animals which create emergency situations. Treatment of wild animals takes many forms. We treat disease, both infectious and non-infectious. We are called to look after injured and orphaned wild animals, including

SAZARC Presentations


those which have been electrocuted by fallen wires, victims of road traffic accidents and orphaned and injured juveniles.

Disease Surveillance is another programme of our division. We have to conduct routine investigations using blood, feces and tissue samples from necropsies, and also by taking sample collection from feral animals. For birds we have to do tracheal and cloacal swabs. We have to examine brain tissue for rabies investigation.

In disease prevention it is important to carry out prophylactic treatment, parasitic control of external and internal parasites and vaccinations for rabies, tri-cat and tetaus toxoid. In the area of nutrition, the division has to conduct diet evaluations and provide appropriate nutritional supplements for pregnant and lactating animals, recovering animals, and geriatric animals. We have to carefully inspect meat and fish for quality. Another of our activities is the hand rearing of orphaned/rejected animals

We are conducting conservation breeding for Rusty-spotted cat, leopard, pigmy hippopotamus, and scarlet macaw.

In education we focus on university students, veterinary interns, school children as well as the general public; some of our education tools include exhibitions. In Research we have taken up elephants studying reproduction, including their puberty years, and also contraception using population control also on spotted deer. We have studied Balantidium coli in primates and Parasites in birds. In Zoo Management we have researched the effects of environmental enrichment on captive sloth bears and genetics in mouse deer.

Wildlife Forensics includes the identification of wild animals and parts of wild animals including identification of tusks, meat and invertebrates that appear in the animals. Also we have had to identify butterflies, tarantulas, and mussles for trade authorities. In forensics we must identify the causes of death from explosions, bullet injuries, etc. We are called to give evidence as expert witnesses in Court.

Problem animals are prevalent now and cause much inconvenience and suffering to the public even in cities and also villages. Problem monkeys have become a major irritant and also a danger to the public when they invade neighborhoods and schools searching for food. Our Veterinary Division is called upon to tranquilize monkeys and also to face emergency situations with problem elephants.

Conservation Education Program of Central ZooArun RanaConservation Education Assistant, NTNC, Central Zoo

The Central Zoo is located at the heart of the Kathmandu Valley. It was established by the Late Prime Minister Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana in 1932 as his personal collection of wild animals. After the democratic change in 1951 the jurisdiction of the Central Zoo came under the Nepal Government and opened to the public in 1956. On 29th December 1995, the management of the Central Zoo formally handed over to the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) for 30 years.

Soon after, a Conservation Education Section of Central Zoo was established and in 1997 started the Friends of the Zoo (FOZ). FOZ is a public participatory programme featuring conservation awareness and education designed for school students. The objective is to involve them in raising awareness and Wildlife Conservation activities. Central Zoo has more than 80,000 FOZ students members out of which 3200 are active FOZ members.

NTNC is committed to develop the Central Zoo as a Centre of Excellence in Conservation Education and Wildlife ResearchAs a commitment, the Central Zoo offers two types conservation education programmes, based on:- Schools’ request- Friends of the Zoo (FOZ) membership

Friends of the Zoo (FOZ) membership based program networks with over 150 schools and has registered 18,000 FOZ members. Activities include competitive programmes such asEssay/Quiz/Poem/Drawing, Educational tour to National Parks and conservation areas, Winter and summer day camp and Trainings like Bird Identification, Solid Waste management etc.

The Annual Conservation programme includes the following:1. FOZ, Coordinator Teacher Meeting. Teachers play a great role in the program so FOZ member-holding schools name a FOZ co-ordinator teacher to coordinate between zoo education program and students. 2. Night Guided Tour in which students observe the behavior of nocturnal animal’s active at night. 3. Education Program in which FOZ members visit different National Parks of Nepal like Chitwan National Park, Bardiya National Park etc. and Conservation Areas.4. Animal Feeding make the students understand the feeding behavior of captive animals.5. Solid Waste Management Training to further enlighten students at an early age about environmental programmes. Other activities include• Winter and Summer Camp to develop awareness among the students towards environmental problems and interact with countryside schools. • Cage-cleaning program FOZ members learn to clean animals cages with help from Zookeepers and section staff. They learn how important sanitation is for animals too.• Essay competition: The competition is organized in different title concerning wildlife. • Parcel Game provides a knowledge about the different animals and birds which are in Central Zoo.• Plastic bag prohibition program teaches that plastic is very harmful for animals. Students convince the visitor not to use plastic inside the Zoo during their visit.• Plantation program• World Environment Day-June 5th,2010

Members of FoZ get an ID card and some internal and external privileges from the zoo, newsletters etc., and shopping discounts.Membership Charge is 150-100 Rs for students and Rs. 500-Rs. 400 for family of four persons.

Members are informed that Central Zoo belongs to all and needs the support of the public in protecting rare species of animals and providing education.

The Education Department suggests the following ways to contribute to the zoo:- visit the Zoo and learning about the animals- follow the zoo code of conduct- sponsor animals at the Zoo- become a member of the Friends of the Zoo program- participate in various events organized by the Zoo- contribute to the zoo for conducting its routine operations-‐ refrain from using plastic bags and other potentially

harmful materials inside the Zoo premises.


Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, MysoreK.B. Markandaiah Executive Director, Sr Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore

History: The Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, was founded in 1892 and was the private property of the Maharaja of Mysore until 1912 when it was turned over to the Government of Mysore under the Maharaja of Mysore in 1948.

In 1948 it was under the Horticulture Department till 1972 when it was transferred to the Karnataka Forest Department. The Zoo was turned over to a newly founded Zoo Authority of Karnataka.1979. The zoo proper is 100 acres. Its Mission statement is: to connect visitors and animals through exemplary animal welfare and care, best educational and inspirational experiences, fostering public appreciation and support for in-situ and ex-situ conservation of wild animals.

In 2009-10 the Mysore Zoo took in 780 lakhs Revenue and had expenditure of 743 lakhs. It is estimated to increase to 920 lakhs Revenue and 910 lakhs expenditure and 24.50 lakhs visitors.

Animal Collection # Species # Individual AnimalsMammals 54 530Birds 81 668Reptiles 21 89Total 159 1287

Health Care: There are 3 Veterinarians in the rank of Assistant Director and Veterinary Officers with experience in wildlife are working in zoo out of a full fledged hospital with sophisticated operation theatre, lab for conducting simple laboratory procedures and inpatient wards.

Breeding Programme: The Mysore Zoo has bred more than 150 species in captive covering rare, exotic, endangered and indigenous species. The Central Zoo Authority has recognized this zoo under captive breeding programme for LTM and Gaur.

The Mysore Zoo landscape is outstanding and was awarded the best public garden prize since 2001 during Dasara celebrations. During 2005 dasara celebrations 86 prizes in various categories were awarded.

Mysore Zoo Youth Club offers the following activities: Summer Camp, Animal Keepers’ Training programme, Teachers Training programme and other Educational & awareness creating activities, Fire Fighting

Visitor Facilities of Mysore Zoo are Wheel Chair for Disabled, Sitting Benches, Coin Booth, Umbrella facility, Safe drinking water, resting places and benches, seven battery operated vehicles, food court, Suggesting Box, Luggage room, Zoo shop, Removal of plastics, toilets, Refreshment centers, Signages, Directional Boards

The Mysore Zoo has a comprehensive Education Programme with the following activities : Summer Camp, Youth Club, World Environment Day, Wildlife Week, Tuesday Special Programme, Zoo In-reach (sic), Zoo Outreach, Wildlife Photography, Essay Writing, Elocution, Drawing and Painting, Quiz and Wildlife Week; naming ceremony of baby animals, project preparation assistance, Range Forest Officer Trainees, Volunteers Programme, Zoo Guide Facility Adoption of zoo animals, Vermi-compost programme and Teacher training.

Vandalism Programme: Keepers, volunteers and club members are encouraged to interact with visitors to curb vandalism and zoo patrol is enforced. There is also a Vandalism awareness programme

The most pressing concerns of the management are i) Single and aged exotic animals, ii) Stock of native animals, iii) Illiterate and over-aged staff, iv) Prolonged exchange deals, v) Frequent Floods. Vi) Sustainability and vii. Parking problem for visitors.

Karanji Lake is India’s largest aviary. It has 90 acres of lake area. Inside the aviary water tower, children’s park, resting area, cafeteria, milk parlor and joggers path are found.

Department of National Zoological Gardens of Sri LankaDammika Malasinghe

The Department of National Zoological Gardens includes the following facilities: Dehiwala Zoological Gardens/ Colombo Zoo, Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage, Safari Park, Hambanthota, New Zoo. Pinnawala, Aquarium, Elephant Park

The NZG Mission is to Co-operate the progress of ex-situ conservation through upgrading animal welfare, breeding and reintroducing threatened species, research programmes, education programme & acknowledging the public”. Its Vision is to create one of the world’s outstanding zoological institutions that is a centre of excellence for conservation, research and education. NZG commitment to conservation is to provide a long term refuge for rare endangered and endemic fauna through captive breeding and maintaining self- sustaining population. NZG is committed to Animal welfare and will do their best for animals to keep them healthy, well fed condition in naturalized environments. Public Education and awareness programmes enlighten people about animal world by direct and indirect ways of education, including attractive and interesting exhibitions.

Visitor facilities include a variety of restaurants and snack bars, easily traversed pathways, a souvenir shop and seating facilities. Recreation facilities include performance of Sea Lion and Elephant, and pony rides. The ongoing projects at Dehiwala Zoo are development of the new Master Plan and urgent and other constructions.

Dehiwala Zoo visitors number 1702387 of which 33% are local children, 66% are local adults, foreign visitors 1%.

Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage visitation is 520146 of which 25% are foreign adults, 1% are foreign children, 47% are local adults, and 27% are local children.

Kabul Zoo, Afghanistan Azizgul Saqib

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is located in central part of Asia with 647,500 km2 and surrounded by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, Pakistan and Iran. Afghanistan’s population is about 32 million. Afghanistan has a cold winter and hot summer. The country has many species which are common to India and other South Asian countries.

History of Kabul Zoo: the Faculty of Science of Kabul University used to keep some animal collections for research. The public became interested in these animals,


which led to an idea of founding a proper zoo. A "Committee of Zoological Projects" in Afghanistan was founded by the President HRH Prince Nader with members taken from the Royal Afghan government, the Municipality of Kabul, and zoologists from the science faculty at the University of Kabul. Dr. Gunther Nogge from Cologne Zoo, Germany but working at the University of Kabul was adviser for the Kabul Zoo in Afghanistan.

A new fountain and education complex right at the entrance.

A large site for the zoo was selected in Dehmazang Baricot made available by the Municipality of Kabul on the bank of the Kabul River. The zoo was inaugurated in 1967 and the zoo director was also Prince Nader , The zoo was supported financially by the Government (Kabul Municipality).

The focus of the zoo was Afghan fauna. In 1972 there were 32 species of mammals, 85 species of birds and 4 species of reptiles. The total number of animals in the zoo was 417, nearly all of which were collected in Afghanistan. There was also a lion, a tiger, some pheasants and parrots and an elephant which was a gift of India. Kabul zoo maintained the Afghanistan leopard which could be seen only in six zoos of the world at the time.

War in Afghanistan : three decades of war (1971-2001) in Afghanistan affected the entire country including the zoo. Kabul Zoo was completely destroyed in civil war because the zoo was located in the area of front line. Then only our lion (Marjan), a few vultures and monkeys survived.

New Animal Health Clinic

Improved enclosures for the Afghan Wolves. Space and place to dig

Donation and Assistance for Reconstruction of Kabul ZooThe North Carolina Zoo in the United States raised funds from around the world and provided supervision for some projects inside of Kabul zoo in 2002. The World Association for Zoos and Aquariums also raised some funds. The Mayhew Home for Animals donated feed for animals for 18 months in 2002. The Chinese government donated some animals for Kabul zoo and also funded some constructions. Brendan Whitington-Jones came twice, training and supervised during some of the construction. David Jones coordinated several visits from different experts. ECO Economic Cooperation Organization helped with1.3 million US dollar for reconstruction of Kabul zoo and expansion of that to Artel Bridge. In 2007 US embassy in Afghanistan donated 16,500 US dollar for signboards and supplies for the Environmental Education Center 2008. Now Kabul Municipality is spending its own funds for reconstruction of inside and outside pathways from a good quality stone, green parks and some enclosures.

NTNC – Vision for next five yearsNaresh SubediConservation Officer of NTNC, Chitwan

NTNC is in the process of preparing a “Strategic Plan” for the next 5 years. In this process, we seek valuable inputs from our respected Trustees to “Vision for the next 5 years” so that NTNC can work to fulfill the need and aspirations of the people to build a new Nepal while conserving the rich natural resources of the country for present and future generations.

1. Background on NTNC’s mission, principles goals

Mission Statement of NTNC:“To conserve, manage and promote nature in all its diversity balancing human needs with the environment on a sustainable basis for posterity - ensuring maximum community participation with due cognizance of the linkages between economics, environment and ethics through a process in which people are both the principal actors and beneficiaries.”

Guiding principles to attain Mission:- Always ensuring a balance between human needs and the environment to guarantee long-term sustainability,


- Always seeking maximum community participation with people recognized both as the principal actors and beneficiaries,- Always linking economic, environmental and ethical factors in conservation activities,- Always managing operations on sound business-oriented principles,- Always aiming for quality in all activities through conformance to stakeholder requirements.

Goal of NTNC:To be recognized as the leading nature conservation organization in Nepal and as a major contributor to nature conservation internationally.

Vision for the next 5 yearsAt Central Office level:-Promote community managed Conservation Areas (e.g. community managed ACAP)-Expansion of Integrated Conservation and Development Program (ICDP) approach in new locations of the country (management of new protected areas).-Request Government for continuation of MCAP.-Intensive fund raising initiatives with international donors.-Applied researches at species level.-Focus on livelihood alternatives targeting women, dalits and disadvantaged communities.-Climate Change and its adaptations.-Social inclusions and gender mainstreaming at all levels.

At existing project level:

ACAP:ACAP to be managed by community by 2012- Amendments in CAMR- Intensify capacity strengthening programs.- Focus on women, dalits and disadvantaged communities.- Management Plan 2008 – 2012.- CAMC Operational Plan – 5 years.

MCAP:- Request management mandate from Government for another 10 years.- Management Plan.- CAMC Operational Plan.- Intensive project development and fund raising initiatives.- Focus on women, dalits and disadvantaged communities.

Central Zoo:- Request bigger plot of land from Government for a new zoo to fit the modern zoo concept.- Extensive fund raising initiative to build new infrastructure.- Use existing zoo facility at Jawalakhel, Lalitpur for representative species exhibit and develop as a “Conservation Education Center”.

BCC, Chitwan:- Develop BCC Chitwan as a “Regional Training Center”.- Intensive collaboration with academic institutions nationally and worldwide.- Intensive initiation of research at species level.- Expand livelihood programs targeting women, dalits and disadvantaged communities.

BCP, Bardia:- Continue basic and applied research at species and ecosystem levels.- Collaborate national and international academic institutions for research and monitoring of key wildlife species and critical ecosystems (e.g. aquatic ecosystem).- Continue and expand livelihood programs targeting women, dalits and disadvantaged communities.

SCP, Suklaphanta:- Study feasibility to adopt sanctuary conservation approach for rhinoceros.- Continue support to establish community infrastructures in the buffer zone.- Seek collaboration with international partners to restore and manage wetland ecosystems in and around the Reserve.- Continue and expand livelihood programs targeting women, dalits and disadvantaged communities.

Chitwan National ParkGanesh PantaAssistant Warden, Chitwan National Park, Dept. of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Sauraha, Chitwan

PA SYSTEM OF NEPAL

National Park -10, Wildlife Reserve -3, Conservation Area -6, Hunting Reserve -1, Buffer Zone -12 (More than 23% of country’s area)

Chitwas is located in Southern Central Terai of Nepal (84020’E; 27030’N). Its National Park Area is 932 km2, Buffer Zone Area : 750 km2

Chitwan has much diversity with more than 40 lakes, 3 major river system (Reu, Rapti and Narayani) and a variety of forest and Grassland types

Taxa Nepal Chitwan % Mammals 181 68 37 Birds 862 526 61 Amphibians and Rep@les 143 49 34 Fish 185 120 65

Outstanding Features CNP reflects the conservation history of Nepal which is also an icon of conservationAn important component of Terai Arc landscape. A biodiversity hotspot as designated by Conservation International One of the WWF 200 Global Eco-region - Terai-Duar Savannas and GrasslandsImportant Bird Area Home to second largest population of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros in the worldPrime habitat for Tigers which is among few sites that holds more than 100 breeding adults A refuge for the remnant population of critically endangered Gharial crocodile

World Heritage Site- Inscribed as Natural World Heritage Property in 1984 (Site No. 284)- Criteria vii : Superlative natural features of exceptional natural beauty in terms of its scenic attractions of forested hills, grasslands, great rivers and views of the distant Himalayas - Criteria ix : The last major surviving example of the natural ecosystems of the Terai region


- Criteria x : Significant populations of several rare and endangered species, especially the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros, Royal Bengal Tiger and the Gharial crocodile

Ramsar Site- Beeshazar and associated Lakes declared as RAMSAR Site- wetlands of international importance in 2003 (Site No. 1313)- Area of Ramsar Site - 3200 ha, Area of Beeshazar Lake- 100 ha- An extensive, typical oxbow lake system of the tropical Nepal inner Tarai, providing excellent habitat conditions as a water hole and corridor for endangered wildlife species- Assemblage of some rare and endangered large mammals, reptiles and monogeneric species that is important for conservation of genetic diversity

Park Security Posts- Post with Park Staff only 14- Post with Army only 17- Post with Combined 16- Old post Vacant 4

Human ResourcePark Director 1Chief Conservation Officer 1Senior Veterinarian 1Asst. Conservation Officer 4Ranger 18Senior Game Scout 19 Administrative Staff 15 Game Scout 85Total 143

Elephant Staff 129 Protection Unit 1000Gorakh Bahadur Battalion, Chitwan Sardul Sangram Company, Nawalparasi

Major Activities Habitat Conservation and ManagementSpecies Conservation Anti-Poaching ActivitiesResearch and Monitoring Buffer Zone ManagementConservation EducationCultural and Religious Site ConservationInfrastructure DevelopmentTourism Management

Some Special Activities Gharial Breeding Turtle ConservationVulture ConservationElephant BreedingOrphan Animal Management

Ongoing research / studyTiger MonitoringGharial MonitoringRhino MonitoringInvasive Species Control

Buffer Zone ProgrammeEnsuring sustainability for biodiversity conservation through community participation in PA management and sustainable utilization of resources in buffer zone

Rhino Population

Some issuesPoachingHuman-Wildlife ConflictInvasive Species

Other Challenges• Inadequate human resource – Limited number of staff – Capacity• Poor infrastructure – Road network – Living condition• Paucity of financial resources – Plan implementation• Orphan animal management – Facility – Technician – Resources

PROJECT BRIEFING: Biodiversity Conservation Centre, National Trust for Nature ConservationSauraha, ChitwanNaresh Subedi, Research Officer, Officer In charge, NTNC, Chitwan, Nepal

NTNC was established in 1982 by a legislative Act of Nepal as an autonomous, non-profit organization.

NTNC Mission is to“To Conserve, manage and promote nature in all its diversity balancing human needs with the environment on a sustainable basis for posterity-ensuring maximum community participation with due cognizance of the linkage between economics, environment and ethics through a process in which people are both the principal actors and beneficiaries.”

Projects of NTNC• Lowland/Terai • High Altitude • Kathmandu

– BCC – ACAP – Head office– BCP – MCAP – Central zoo– SCP – GCAP – PCP


Biodiversity Conservation Centre (BCC)

Project Area: Chitwan NP, Buffer Zone & Barandabhar

Historical background of centreFrom 1973 –1983 the Tiger Ecology Project focused scientific studies on Tigers, their prey base and habitats as a collaborative initiative between Nepal Government and Smithsonian Institution, USA. In 1984 the Project was renamed as Nepal Terai Ecology Project and focused on survey on small carnivores, such as Jungle Cat, Toddy Cat, Large and Small Indian Civet, Leopard Cat etc.

In 1986 – 1988: there was a Study on rhinoceros and its habitat, a Rhino’s census (346 individuals) and Rhino translocation from CNP to BNP. In 1989, the Trust took over the management responsibilities of the project from Smithsonian Institution, USA and named it as Nepal Conservation Research and Training Center (NCRTC). Its activities were focused on Habitat restoration in buffer zone with community participation and Conservation training to local people as well as park and army personnel.

In 2002 NCRTC was transformed as Biodiversity Conservation Center (BCC) with the following objectives:

• To promote biodiversity research and monitoring and build national capacity on wildlife research • To promote biodiversity conservation in and around Chitwan National Park while giving due focus to local livelihood. With the following focused programs: i) Wildlife research and monitoring, ii) Natural resources conservation, iii) Sustainable livelihood program, iv) Conservation education, v) Elephant TB surveillance & healthcare, vi) Species conservation and breeding support, vii) Human wildlife conflict management, viii) National capacity building

The Wildlife research and monitoring project included i) Tiger and Prey-base monitoring, ii) Rhino monitoring and its ecological study, iii) Bird monitoring, iv) vegetation study, v) Invasive species study.

Natural resource conservation i) Community forests (11,000 ha), ii) School greenery, iii) Alternative energySustainable livelihood program includes: i) Mushroom farming, ii) Wool spinning, iii) Health Post & Veterinary clinics establishment, iv) Saving and Credit and micro-financing, v) Nature guide trainingConservation education includes : i) Green force clubs strengthening, ii) Environment teachers forum, iii) Conservation awareness camps, iv) Educational materials development, v. Radio programElephant TB surveillance & healthcare results: i) 6 TB deaths 2002-2009, ii) 205 tested, iii) 23% elephants found TB positive, iv) 19 treated, v) rest are under treatmentSpecies conservation & breeding support : i) Vulture Conservation & Breeding, ii) Gharial Breeding, iii) Elephant breeding Human wildlife conflict management: i) Solar fencing, ii) Problem animal management, iii) Support for wildlife victims

Speaking of rhinos, SAZARC participants were treated to a rare sighting of an elderly male Great Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros visiting a small village adjacent to the NTNC offices and SAZARC venue. It happens

from time to time the locals told us. They wander out of the Chitwan National Park and nibble on bushes and shrubs, and probably a few kitchen gardens. Locals take it easily and do not disturb the great rhino’s

outing. The black dog seems to be pretending he is a black panther, cooly observing his prey!


AFGHANISTANMahtabudin Ahmadi Advisor to the Mayor, Kabul Municipality, Zarnigar Park, [email protected],[email protected]: +93 700279199

Rahila KohistaniDirector, Culture Dept. Kabul Municipality, Zarnigar Park, [email protected],[email protected]: +93 776611422

Aziz Gul SaqibDirector, Kabul Zoo, Kabul MunicipalityBaricot Dehmazang, [email protected]: +93 752020515, Mob: +93 700285852, 93 777285852

Abdul Qadir Bahawi Veterinarian, Kabul Zoo, Kabul Municipality, Baricot Dehmazang, [email protected]

Najibullah Nazary Education Officer, Kabul Zoo, Kabul Municipality, Baricot Dehmazang, [email protected]: +93 795646306

BANGLADESHMd. Abdur Razzaque Mia Former Director General and National Advisor (ECDLS), 6B Silicon Palace8/3 Block A, Lalmatia, Dhaka [email protected], [email protected]: +880 2 8157134, Mob: +880 181 9186875

A.B.M. Shahid UllahCurator, Dhaka Zoo, Mirpur, Dhaka [email protected]: +880 29002020, TeleFax: +880 28035035, 29002738, Mob: 01199839394

Ananda Mohan Dhar Deputy DirectorCattle Purchase & DevelopmentDept. of Livestock ServicesDhaka, [email protected]: +880 2 9115524; Fax: +880 2 9110326; Mob:+8801815471388

Md. Zillur RahmanAssistant Director (Farm)Dept. of Livestock ServicesDhaka, [email protected]: +880 2 9114587; Mob: +880 1712234477

Md. Shakif-Ul-AzamScientific OfficerDhaka Zoo, [email protected]: +880 29002020, TeleFax: +880 28035035, 29002738, Mob: +880 171 2005239

Ashim Kumar DasZoo Officer, Dhaka Zoo, Mirpur, [email protected]: +880 29002020, TeleFax: +880 28035035, 29002738, Mob: +880 171 7151415

BHUTANKuenzang Gyeltshen Livestock Officer, Nature Conservation Division, Dept. of Forest and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture [email protected]: +975 17652038

INDIAAmitabh AgnihotriDirector, National Zoological ParkMathura Road, New Delhi 110 [email protected] Ph: +91-11-24359825, 24358500, Mob: +91-9013544427, Fax: +91-11-24352408

R.K. SahuZoo Superintendent, Kamla Nehra Zoological Garden, Kankaria 380 008Ahmedabad, [email protected]: + 91-79-25463415, 32984115, Mob: +91- 9327038791, Fax: +91-79-25463818, 25350926

Jasbir Singh Chauhan Director, Van Vihar National Park, Central TT Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya [email protected], [email protected] Ph: +91-755-2674278 (Telefax)Mob: +91-9424790610

Anil. M. Anjankar Director, V. J. B. Udyan Zoo, Dr. B. Ambedkar Road, Byculla, East Mumbai–400 027, [email protected], [email protected]: +91-22-23725799, 23723578, Mob: +91-9819044227, 9890866593

V. Karunapriya Wildlife Warden, Children's Corner, Chennai 600 022, Tamil [email protected],[email protected]

Ph: +91-44-22351471, Mob: +91-9443032290

K.B. MarkandaiahExecutive Director, Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Indira Nagar, Mysore 570 010, [email protected]: +91-821-2440752, 2520302Mob: +91-9686668866, Fax: +91-821-2563494

NEPALFanindra R. KharelPlanning OfficerDept. of National Parks and WildlifePBox 860, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, NepalPh: +977 1 4227926, Mob: +977 9741122875, Fax: +977 1 4227675

Maheswar DhakalEcologist, Dept. of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC), P. Box 860, Babarmahal, KathmanduPh: +977 1 4227926, 4220912, Mob: +977 9849154767, Fax: +977 1 4227675

Ganga Jang ThapaExecutive Officer, National Trust for Nature Conservation, [email protected]: +977 9851036613

Deepak Kumar SinghAD, National Trust for Nature Conservation, [email protected]: +977 9851036615

Jitendra Raj OntaFD, National Trust for Nature Conservation, [email protected]: +977 9851036616

Sarita JnawaliProject Manager, National Trust for Nature Conservation / Central ZooPO No. 3712, Jawalakhel, [email protected], [email protected]: +977 1 5526571, 5526573, Mob: +977 9851106793, Fax: +977 1 5521467

Jeewan ThapaVet. Officer, National Trust for Nature Conservation / Central Zoo, PO No. 3712, Jawalakhel, [email protected]: +977 1 5526571, 5526573, Mob: +977 9841560312, Fax: +977 1 5521467

10th Annual SAZARC Conference South Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation

7th Annual Joint Meeting of CBSG, South Asia & RSG South Asia22-27 November 2010 hosted by Central Zoo, NTNC, Nepal

mailto:[email protected]























































Arun Narsingh Rana CE Assistant, National Trust for Nature Conservation / Central Zoo, PO No. 3712, Jawalakhel, [email protected]: +977 1 5526571, 5526573, Mob: +977 9841221310, Fax: +977 1 5521467

Ramita RaiCE Assistant, National Trust for Nature Conservation/ Central Zoo, PO No. 3712, Jawalkhel, [email protected]@centralzoo.com.npPh: +977 1 5526571, 5526573Fax: +977 1 5521467 Mob: +977 9841247724

Suk B. GurungAccounts/Admin OfficerNational Trust for Nature Conservation/ Central Zoo, PO No. 3712, Jawalkhel, [email protected]: +977 1 5532094, 5538079Fax: +977 1 5521467 Mob: +977 9851095065

Ganesh KoiralaAssistant Curator, National Trust for Nature Conservation/ Central Zoo, PO No. 3712, Jawalkhel, [email protected]: +977 1 5532094, 5538079Fax: +977 1 5521467Mob: +977 9841303557

Chiranjibi PokharelConservation Officer, National Trust for Nature Conservation, Suklaphanta Conservation Progm. SCP, Chandmari, [email protected]: +977 9741087936

Naresh SubediResearch Officer (Officer In charge), National Trust for Nature Conservation Biodiversity Conserv. Centre (BCC),Sauraha, [email protected]: +977 9855056934

Madhu ChhetriConservation Officer, (Officer In charge), National Trust for Nature Conservation, Manaslu Conservation Area Project [email protected]: +977 9856023385

Ganesh PantaAssistant Warden, Chitwan National Park, Dept. of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Sauraha, Chitwan

Kamal Pd. Gairhe Veterinary Officer, Chitwan National Park, Dept. of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Sauraha, [email protected] Mob: +977 9745008503

Shree Chandra SharmaCVice ChairpersonMartyr’s Memorial Park Development Committee, Nawalpur, Hatauda 11Tel: +977 57 521988, 525804Mob: +977 9851033977

Baburam AryalChief, Shankernagar Zoo, NepalPh: +977 071562485

Mukta Lal GiriChief, Butwal Zoo, Mani Mukunda Sen Park, Bhoolpari, Bhutwal 4Ph: +977 71 544041, Mob: +977 9847024823

Madhav KhadkaWildlife Trade Monitoring Officer, WWF Nepal Programme, PO Box 7660, Baluwatar, [email protected]: +977 9741148969, Mob: +977 974118969, Fax: +977 1 4438458

PAKISTANMd. Monsoor QaziDistrict Officer, Karachi Zoo and Aquarium, Nishter Road, [email protected], [email protected]: +92 333 2238980, Mob: + 92 0300 2683289, Resi: +92 212238980

SRI LANKADammika MalsingheDeputy Director (General), Dept. of National Zoological Garden, Anagarika, Dharmapala Mawatha [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]: +94 011 2717913, 2712751-3, Resi: +94 011 2717440, Mob: +94 071 8071145, Fax : +94 011 2734542

Chamila Denagama Assistant Director, Dept. of National Zoological Garden, [email protected] : +94 060 2088369Fax : +94 011 2734542

Chandani Ganga Wijesinghe Veterinarian, Dept. of National Zoological Garden,, [email protected], Ph: +94 060 2172164, Res: +94 011 2844168

Prasad SoyzaVeterinary Surgeon, Dept. of National Zoological Garden,Dehiwala [email protected] : +94 011 2712751-3,Fax : +94 011 2734542

RESOURCE PEOPLEWendy Foden Programme Officer: Climate Change, IUCN Species Programme, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK [email protected]: +44 1223 277 966/960, Fax: +44 1223 277 845

Mark Irwin Animal Management Program DirectorSUNY Jefferson, Watertown, 1220 Coffeen Street, Watertown, New [email protected]: 888-435-6522, 315-786-2200

Sally WalkerDirector, Zoo Outreach OrganisationPeelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil [email protected]: +91422 2561087,

Sanjay MolurExec Director, Zoo Outreach Org., Peelamedu, Coimbatore 4, [email protected]: +91422 2561087, Fax: +91422 2563269, Mob: +91-9367619991

B.A. Daniel Scientist, Zoo Outreach OrganisationPeelamedu, Coimbatore 4, [email protected]: +91422 2561087, Fax: +91422 2563269, Mob: +919344830425

R. MarimuthuEducation Officer, Zoo Outreach Organisation, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil [email protected]: +91422 2561087, Fax: +91422 2563269, Mob: +91-9842222774

Guy DutsonBirdlife International Girton RoadCambridge, CB3 0NAUnited Kingdom
















































Emails afterwards . . .INDIA Dear All Participants:Thank you for your presence and participation in the 10th Annual Conference/ Training of SAZARC. We at ZOO were very happy to see all of you, some old timers and some we met for the first time. We were so very happy with the arrangements, outings, souvenir and entertainment provided by Ms. Sarita Jnawali and her very efficient team and hope that all of you were equally comfortable and content.

We appreciate your attention to the presentations and hope that you learned some new things that interested you. We will prepare a brief review with attachments and a Report of the conference/ training which will be sent to you separately. Again thanks for your attendance and we hope that you all reached your place safely. Best wishes,Sally, Sanjay, Daniel, Marimuthu, Latha & ZOO team.

NEPALDear SAZARC Participants,Hope you all already reached safely to your homeland. I express my sincere Thanks to all of you for your presence and cooperation, I really enjoyed your company.

Thank you resource persons !!! You made us aware and more clear on the Theme of the Conference.

I am very much greatful to my Institution National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) and its Senior Officers, for their full support and assistance to conduct 10th SAZARC here in Nepal. I also would like to acknowledge the support and assistance provided by the Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation and its Officers, Chitwan National Park and NTNC-BCC Chitwan- specially Nareshji and his efficient team for the successful completion of the Conference.

On behalf of host, I also would like to thank SAZARC Donors for their support, so that we completed conference comfortably and successfully.

Sally! You are always the Centre of attraction. I am very much grateful that you provided the opportunity to host 10th Conference in Nepal. Thanks for your appreciations and supports. It is always inspiring for me. Thanks to ZOO team especially Sanjay, Daniel, Marimuthu and Latha.

Last, but not least I also want to thank the Central Zoo team, who is always with me for the good reason. Thanks again and Warm regards,Sarita Jnawali, Director, Central Zoo, Nepal

Greetings from Nepal. I hope you all had good memories of Nepal and NTNC/Central Zoo team. We feel proud to have hosted the 10th SAZARC Conference in Nepal and that also in our BCC complex in Chitwan National Park. We are always happy to collaborate with Zoo Outreach Organization as we find your programs innovative, informative and easy for the participants to understand so that it can be implemented. We will be happy to collaborate with ZOO in other future activities. If there is anything, please do not hesitate to contact us or Ms. Sarita Jnawali. Our best wishes for ZOO and its team. Best regards and thank you all,Ganga Jang Thapa, Executive Officer, NTNC

Ms Sally walker and ZOO team,Thank you very much for your detailed e-mail. Actually, it was our pleasure to host the 10th SARZAC meeting and our

responsibility as well. In my personal opinion, the meeting was extremely successful. The rigorous discussion in the groups and continuous support of resource persons were the remarkable parts of the meeting. I would like to share my sincere thanks to Ms Sarita Jnawali and her Central Zoo team, Mr. Naresh Subedi and NTNC-BCC team and Chitwan National Park for their wonderful management. At last, but not the least, the country delegates from South Asia deserved the especial thanks for their continuous and tireless efforts throughout the meeting to make the meeting highly success. Thanking you,Maheshwar Dhakal, Ecologist, Ministry of Forest, Nepal

SRI LANKA Dear Ms. Sally Walker,We were fortunate enough to select to attend 10th Annual conference of SAZARC. The ice breaker event was held at the Goodwill Hotel at Kathmandu. The way it was conducted helped us to meet participants and resource personnel in a friendly atmosphere.

The Opening of the conference was arranged in a fascinating way at Central Zoo premises with important speeches and traditional dance. We could meet many Zoo people and feel the warmth of their welcome. As you have done in previous years site selection to conduct the conference was excellent. Calm and quiet environment of Chitwan National Park provided the required tranquility for listening and working for the personnel who spend their lives in Zoos and Wildlife Parks. Though the way to reach Kathmandu to Chitwan National Park is long and time-consuming, it provided us an ample opportunity to understand the country and its culture. During that six hours tour we saw the beauty of the Nepal as well as situation of the country.All sessions were arranged in an impressive way. Resource personnel Mark and Wendy done their maximum to make aware the participants to disasters to which the Zoos could face. Working groups could share their experiences and absorb the new ideas through the guidance received from the resource personnel. It was amazing experience for all of us to contribute to the working group sessions. We could know the latest research findings of climatic changes and how to guide the staff in disaster situations. Food and accommodation we received are moderate and suitable for this type of working environment. We have to appreciate the assistance we received from Dr. Sarita Jnawali, Director of Kathmandu Zoo and her Team and Chitwan National Park team and also their superiors for the success of the conference.

And we have to appreciate you, Ms. Sally Walker, and your team for organizing 10th annual conference of SAZARC successfully. It is always your effort and contribution.Dammika Malsinghe, Dy Director, Natl Zoo, Sri Lanka

BANGLADESHMadam,On behalf of Dhaka Zoo, Bangladesh, I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to all of the Members of Zoo Outreach Organization for completion of a successful SAZARC Conference 2010. We all the members of Bangladeshi side safely returned to home. We are the people also grateful to Central Zoo, Nepal and NTNC, Nepal for their hospitality and all sorts of cooperation. We hope all others members reached their home safely. Also thanks to Mark & Wendy for their presentation. At last I would like to show my respect to you for nominate me for the SAZARC Conference-2010 this year. ThanksDr. Md. Shakif-Ul-Azam, Sci. Officer, Dhaka Zoo


UNITED KINGDOMHi SallyWe're back in the UK as of yesterday and I'm slowly sorting through emails and unpacking - and generally putting feet back on flat and muddy UK ground. The conference was an excellent experience. I have not worked in the region before and learned much about how things work there. I left feeling happily satisfied to hear the participants thinking through climate change impacts on biodiversity in a structured way, even if some of the details were a little murky. I hope it lays down the foundation for their on-going thought on the issue as the horrid climate change scenarios unfolds, and also that it makes them feel a little more empowered to engage on the issue and hopefully to do something about educating their visitors about it. It was a pleasure to meet with you and to see all your wonderful work. I will keep in touch - please do too. Warmest and very best wishesWendy Foden, Project Officer, Climate Change IUCN Species Programme Cambridge,

USADear Sally, Sarita, Sanjay, and other colleagues:It was a privilege and an honour to be invited to participate in the 10th Annual SAZARC conference as a resource person. The theme, "21st Century Crises: Species Susceptibility to Climate Change & Emerging Disease" was both timely and very appropriate. More than other conferences that I've attended, this one seemed to consistently translate introductory lecture and theory into substantive and concrete action. Thanks in large part to the sincerity and focus of the organizers and participants, the conference was not only enjoyable, but very productive.

As a veterinarian & college professor with a life-long interest in zoo animal care and management, it was fascinating to meet and discuss disease & zoo management issues with the participants. There are many similarities and many differences in the challenges that we encounter in our facilities and regions. I think that the opportunity to compare notes and openly discuss challenges & solutions was incredibly valuable for everyone.

Following my lectures on emerging disease, there was significant discussion about avian influenza and related management & preventive strategies. The discussion served to highlight some different approaches to the same issue and made clear the benefit of sharing information. Ultimately, a small task-force was established to investigate current practices & recommendations and report back. Such collaboration will certainly result in improved practices and the advancement of regional zoo operations.

Another important concept - biosecurity - was the theme of both a lecture and an afternoon working group session. Biosecurity - preventing the introduction and spread of disease within a collection - is an important tool that must be used with others such as judicious vaccination if we are to protect our collections and public from emerging and re-emerging diseases. The afternoon working group session provided opportunity for participants to start the development of their own biosecurity program and share their work with the entire conference. The importance of an effective emergency management plan was emphasized during the conference. The initial brainstorming session on zoo emergencies and the subsequent working group session to draft emergency management plans was interesting and another opportunity for theory to translate into action. The concept of emergency preparedness is critically important; the results of these working groups have great potential for real and lasting impact.

I was also very pleased to be able to attend the sessions by fellow resource people, Drs. Wendy Foden & Guy Dutton. Topics such as global climate change can be disturbing, but it is encouraging to know that there is work being done to understand and address the problems. The opportunity to learn about the latest research and investigate the ways that zoos can prepare was unique, valuable and motivational.

There were many other highlights for me during the week - the evening cultural dancing, the tour of Chitwan, the visit to the Central Zoo - but overall, my fondest memory will be of the generosity and hospitality of our hosts, the organizers and the participants. In making preparations to attend, I expected that there would be a lot of work, that I would see & learn a lot, and meet many new people. I didn't expect that I would smile so much! I'm thankful to have made so many new professional colleagues and friends.

My heartfelt thanks also goes to the sponsors of this valuable event, our generous hosts from National Trust for Nature Conservation, Chitwan National Park & the Central Zoo, the dedicated organizers from the Zoo Outreach Organization and all of the hard-working participants. It seemed that everyone enjoyed their time at SAZARC and left as I did, with a significant feeling of accomplishment. Clearly, SAZARC, its partners, and its members are doing important work. It has been a pleasure for me to be involved. Yours sincerely, Mark Irwin, DVM, Animal Management Program Director, State University of New York,

INDIADear Sally, HiIt was wonderful conference, we have learned new things about climate change and its effect on wildlife, Wendy and Mark are quite knowledgeable, all the arrangements are excellent under yours able guidance.

Sally I was reading your article of Mysore zoo it is really memorable and challenging time, you have done so many things together and now you are on different height, you can write a beautiful book on your experiences, So many happenings, A different life.

Just now we want to thank you for every thing, all pain and trouble which you are taking for the conservation of wildlife and environment. Also Thanks to my dear Sanjay, Daniel Sir, Marimuthu and of course Latha who is making all transportation and other arrangements. Yours sincerely,R.K.Sahu, Director, Kamla Nehru Zoo, Ahmedabad

Dear Madam Sally,Thank you very much for extending me this opportunity to be part of the 10th SAZARC conference. It was really a wonderful experience for me to look into such important aspects of modern Zoo management. I really appreciate your efforts for bringing Zoo fraternity in SAARC countries together on one platform and share our views. I also take this opportunity to thank all your team members for having organized this conference so nicely.Thanks once again.J S Chauhan, Director, Van Vihar National Park, Central TT Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Dear Ms. Sally Walker, The 2010 SAZARC Conference was of immense use to me in further improving the management of Mysore Zoo.

The topics covered specially Crisis Management in the Zoo which was dealt in detail on the issues relevant to Indian Zoos gave us an account of importance of the topic deliberated. This was not given much importance as it deserved in the Zoo Management so far. The topic on


Emerging Diseases & Zoo Preparedness, Emerging Diseases, Development of a Bio-security Program, Zookeeper Training and Implementation & Practice covered the importance of these in animal upkeep.

The topic on effect of Climate Change on important animals highlighted the threats the Wildlife which is going face in the future.

Overall, the Conference was very useful and it also gave theopportunity to exchange the views, management practices, animal exchange etc., between the Zoo Managers of participating countries. Congratulations to you and your team for conducting the Conference in a befitting manner. With regards,K.B. Markandaiah IFS, Conservator of Forests andExecutive Director, Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore.

PAKISTANDear Sally,I hope you are fine and enjoying good health. I arrived safely and joined my duty. I would like to thank you for providing me an opportunity to attend the 10th Annual Conference of SAZARC and 7th CBSG & RSG workshop at Kathmandu, Nepal. The visit of Central Zoo, Chitwan National Park and Elephant Breeding Center was really an excellent experience for me.

It’s no doubt a very memorable experience of my life. Chitwan National Park is really another treasure of wildlife like Gir forest of India & Bundala Forest of Sri Lanka, in South Asia. The people who are managing this treasure are very professional and praiseworthy & deserve all appreciation for their wonderful work. The presentations of Mark, Wendy, Sanjay & Daniel were very informative & worthwhile. In the light of the presentations/observations of the honorable resource persons I would further improve different sections of Karachi Zoo. The selection of the topics like Emerging Diseases & Disaster Management are also a very necessary for the improvement and up gradation of South Asian Zoos. It enabled the participants like me to understand the technicalities very deeply and how to improve skills of Zoo staff or identify the mistakes which we do not consider during our daily routine work. All resource persons mentioned above deserve my heartfelt applause. Working group sessions held during the conference were also very useful & brain storming for a manager dealing with the wildlife. It represented the collective views of all the participants of different countries, which reflected a comprehensive & complete picture to solve the problems that face captive wildlife of this region. Please convey my special regards and thanks to DG, Department of National Park and Wild Life Conservation, Ms Sarita Janawali, her proficient Central Zoo team & Mr Nareshji and NTNC staff regarding organizing such a good SAZARC Conference at Chitwan National Park Nepal . During the whole conference I enjoyed Halal as well as vegetarian food very much. The cultural activity were also very pleasing. The schedule of conference, visit of archeological sites & shopping were very hectic but we enjoyed the whole activity very much. I also enjoyed the company and very much amused with the jokes of Dr Sahu during the whole conference. I would again like to thank you for arranging such an excellent conference and workshop for which you & your special team deserve appreciations from myself. With best wishes & regards.

MM Qazi, DO, Zoo & Aquarium, Karachi Zoo, PAKISTAN

BANGLADESHDear Sally,Recently completed SAZARC conference held in Nepal was a wonderful. The very design of the entire program site selection and its location in National Trust for Nature Conservation and mobilization of Resource person and overall management of host country was really appreciable. Besides our accommodation in an area which was suitable of the topic natures conservations. Riding of elephant and visit to elephant breeding farm was really much more educative.

The topic selection climate change and emerging diseases is very much inconformity with the global climate change issue. Actually your thought and actions on Zoo and Wildlife is always dynamic. The Zoo Directors learnt lot from the deliberations of the resource persons. Ms. Foden from IUCN was very much knowledgeable and her selection to this conference was worthy. Dr. Mark Irwin for Emerging diseases was also very appreciable, particularly in the way he set up his presentations for all to understand.

In this conference I personally was happy with the performance of Bangladeshi participants. I hope I could make you happy with the Nominations of these participants. If you have any comment I will appreciate to hear from you. My feeling on the arrangement of SAZARC conference is that every coin of the SAZARC fund was correctly utilized and fruitful for which you deserve sincere thanks and appreciation. Hope to see your future plan of action on SAZARC. Wish SAZARC will live long. With regardsAbdur Razzaque Retd. D.G., Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh

BHUTANDear Sally, Hope you are well. Thanks for inviting Kuenzang. I think from what you wrote the training was very relevant and useful for him. Please include Bhutan in such trainings in the future too. We have lot of field staff, who have lot of experiences but not availed any such trainings. Thank you for your continuous support. Warm regardsSonam Choden Sr. Forest Officer , Wildlife Conservation Div., Bhutan AFGHANISTANDear Ms Sally,I hope you are well. We arrived yesterday to our country safely , and once again I want to thank you deeply and all colleagues of Zoo Outreach Organization especially from your good self.Ms Sally Walker and all supporters and donor organizations, really we got more experiences from the meeting of SAZARC and visits of Zoos in India. We will send all our reports of our trip to you and thanks for hospitality of both countries (Nepal and India).Thanks and Best regards Aziz Gul Saqib, Director, Kabul Zoo, Afghanistan

AFGHANISTANDear all!I would like to thank David Jones, Sally Walker, all persons and organizations who provide all facility for Afghan delegation during the conference in Nepal and training in India. We had a very nice time in the two countries. We learn a lot about new issues during the conference and training. I hope to provide a standard management for zoo and ensure a safe and comfortable environment for zoo animals and birds.


I would like to mention about the conference and training report which we submit to Kabul municipality organization level especially Kabul Mayor. They became so happy and the report satisfied them. I would like to pass the Mayor’s warm regards to you. And we will share our conference and training knowledge with our colleague and other organizations which are involved with wild and zoo. We are working on a report to send for all persons and organization who arrange and fund the program conference and training.Best wishes,Mahtabuddin Ahmadi, Kabul Zoo Team, Municipality

NEPALDear SAZARCI participated in the 10th SAZARC annual conference held in Nepal during 22nd to 27th Nov 2010. The theme of the conference was 21st Century crisis – “Climate change, emerging disease and Terrorism affecting Zoos”. Representatives of various zoos of India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bhutan attended the conference. Although I am working in conservation area, this conference has enriched and bestowed me with great knowledge and the importance of Zoos. Zoo is such a forum that one can educate not only children but can be use to educate each and every citizens for environment and biodiversity conservation. All the participants were experienced and friendly. Facilitators and resource persons were excellent.

Presentation made by Mark Irwin, is very informative and useful. Presentation highlighted that emerging & re-emerging diseases are a real threat to public health and zoo operation. It also highlights that 70-75% of emerging diseases are of animal origin. And for this Zoo need to plan for prevention, and response to emerging diseases. Identification of vulnerabilities, bio-security program, staff training, facilities, equipment & supplies and communications plan and finances are important. He also highlighted different types of diseases and its prevention. The occurrence of disease is a consequence of factors relating to the pathogen, host & environment. Environmental change as a result of climate change and other factors impacts all. There are numerous emerging diseases but common principles of prevention prevail. It is important to understand the pathogen, its unique characteristics and mode of transmission to most effectively manage the disease.

Presentation made by Wendy Foden about Climate Change and update till 2010 is fascinating, informative and of great importance. We blame each other for CO2 emission, but the fact is that it’s a high time to react and act how to minimize CO2 release in the atmosphere. Let’s try to live simply as much as practicable. Presentation reveals that with such increase of temperature by 2050, 15-37% of species and taxa in sample regions will go to extinction. At the end of the presentation panel discussion about the impact of climate change in relation to specific region was done and the result comes out excellent. Participants provided several examples in relation to climate change viz. glaciers shrinking, trees shifting in Himalayas, mosquitoes in higher altitude, phenology changes, sex ratios become uneven in case of turtles and gharial etc. The theme of the presentation according to my opinion is simply how devastating affects it will be if we continue like this without acting immediately to protect the environment and species. We must unit and act in order to safe this universe from further deterioration. Presentation also reveals that even the animals in zoos are threatened as a result of climate change and mitigation measures must be adopted. Group exercise was done to identify the species which are vulnerable to climate change including their sensitivity, exposure and adaptability.

The major outcome of this conference is the drafting of the Disaster management Plan based on the model developed for Zoological Parks of India. This will be adopted after finalizing for better benefit of our Zoo’s including visitor, staff and animals. This conference becomes such a nice forum where each and every country participants share their knowledge and their working modality. This has increased knowledge and understanding of different Zoos in the SAARC region and has helped the participants to share knowledge and experience about Zoos management, species response and sensitivity. This will ultimately help the SAARC region for better improvement of zoos, better education and long term conservation of species.

Lastly, I would like to thank my organization National Trust for Nature Conservation for giving me the opportunity to participate in the conference. I would also like to thank Sarita Jnawali for continuous inspiration to participate in the conference. My sincere thanks go to the organizers for enriching me with great knowledge and learning. Last but not the least; I would like to thank all the participants for being so nice and friendly. I hope to see you all again in future. Sincerely,Madhu Chetri, NTNC,Manaslu Cons. Area Project

INDIADear All at NTNC and Central Zoo :Thanks for all your great hospitality, planning and teamwork which made our SAZARC meeting so enjoyable and productive. There were no complaints and I can't think of a stone left unturned. You were great in the workshops also. I had a nice time with you, as usual, and we hope to do many more things with Central Zoo and NTNC.Best wishes and thank you from all around,Sally, Sanjay, Latha, Daniel, Marimuthu, and ZOO team To Donors Dear All -- SAZARC Donors and others The 10th Annual SAZARC conference was completed successfully. It was conducted in Chitwan National Park, Nepal which was a superb venue. We had a gathering the first night in Kathmandu at our hotel which included a short summary of the first SAZARC meeting which also was held in Kathmandu and then a presentation on the Kabul Zoo by Azizgul Saqib, Director, Kabul Zoo, and dinner. The following morning there was a very charming and enjoyable Inaugural ceremony that lasted just one hour when several dignitaries from the National Trust for Nature Conservation NTNC (our hosts along with Central Zoo) gave very short speeches followed by a gala tea and then a 5 hour drive to Chitwan.

As it was chilly in Chitwan NP we presented each participant a souvenir of an Indian shawl on the first day in the traditional manner of honoring each person by placing the shawl around their shoulders. The Central Zoo presented each participant with a genuine Tangkha made just for this occasion.

The training component took up most of four days but our host, Sarita Jnawali, Director of Kathmandu Zoo and SAZARC President arranged for tours into the National Park, visit to the elephant breeding centre of NTNC, canoeing, natural history museum visit, etc. all of this was done after training in the mornings before 9am or evenings after 5pm. The training was quite unique and special. The theme was 21st Century Crises: Species Susceptibility to Climate Change (3 lectures and a working group), Emerging Diseases with reference to the zoo and climate change (4 lectures and 2 working sessions) and Terrorism (a discussion including not just political but emotional terrorism such as suicide threats and attempts, etc.). We had as resource persons Dr. Wendy Foden, the climate


change programme officer for SSC IUCN, who was a fascinating presentor; Dr. Mark Irwin a zoo veterinarian and college lecturer whose lectures had been so well prepared and were so simple that even the people not so good in English could follow. Sanjay Molur presented on CBSG, RSG and the RSG Guidelines. B.A. Daniel and R. Marimuthu led the entire group in a one hour active learning session on education using our Climate Change and Biodiversity education packets.

Participants then worked country wise on an Emergency Response protocol for their country using a Manual developed by Central Zoo Authority. All of the groups did this very well and although it could not be completed in the three working afternoons, the need for such a plan for their zoo was firmly burned on their brains and it is almost certain they will progress it after their return. The participants, all from South Asian countries, had never even participated in a fire drill. Forward planning of this type does not occur so far in south Asia. All of them agreed that it was a necessary thing and appreciated the opportunity to work on it and discuss. We will include the country work in our Report of the conference and also make sure each participant gets a copy of their work in the next day or two so they can take it to their superior officer. Participants were from Afghanistan (5), from Pakistan (1), India 6 + ZOO staff, Sri Lanka (4), Bhutan (1), Bangladesh (6), and Nepal (17).

My staff and I were impressed with the attention and cooperation given the training and events by participants. I would like to thank you for your donation of funds to support this Annual event. I am not going to conduct

SAZARC next year but instead try and raise some funds for a corpus fund for Zoo Outreach Organisation. The next SAZARC meeting will, Insha'llah, be conducted at Kabul Zoo Afghanistan in 2012. Most of you have given generously for several years and I am very grateful. Starting with Afghanistan I am going to target international NGOs with an interest in supporting such and hope to begin a programme of convincing governments to support the training and conference. I think what you have invested has been invested well, for the most part and the very difficult zoo community of South Asia has learned many things and improved in a wide range of way. Again my very grateful thanks.

Best wishes,Sally Walker, Founder/DirectorSouth Asian Zoo Association for Regional Cooperation.

ALL COUNTRIESTo Superior officers giving permission to participants: Thank you for permitting your officers to attend the meeting. We had an excellent group and appreciate their input and enthusiasm for the topics on the Agenda.

My staff and I were impressed with the attention and cooperation given the training and events by participants. I would like to thank you again for permitting your officer to attend. Their time has been invested well as they have learned many things and their capacity might have improved in a wide range of ways. Again my very grateful thanks to you. Best wishes,Sally Walker, Founder/Director, SAZARC

Ladies of SAZARC 2010 from Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, India and USA


Late evening canoeing after a long day in classes.

An early morning elephant ride into Chitwan NP

Better late than never! Conference Host and SAZARC President Sarita presents each participant with their

certificate that somehow didn’t make it to the Validictory function! We meant to do it like this! Yay Sarita !

xxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx

Few participant could resist the charm of stick dancing !

Nighttime stick dancing, a local cultural treasure before outdoor dinner under the trees.

Publication Information

ZOOS’ PRINT, ISSN 0973-2543Published at: CoimbatoreOwner: Zoo Outreach Organisation, 9A Lal Bahadur Colony, Peelamedu, CBE 4

Editor: Sally R. WalkerAssociate Editor: R.V. Sanjay Molur and Daniel B. AyyachamyManaging Editor: Latha G. RavikumarEditorial Assistant: R. Marimuthu

Zoo Outreach Organisation Trust Committee and Sr. Staff Managing Trustee: Sally R. WalkerChairman Trustee: R. NandiniExecutive Director: R.V. Sanjay MolurFinance Director Trustee: Latha G. RavikumarScientist: B.A. DanielResearcher: R. MarimuthuOther staff: B. Ravichandran, Pravin Kumar, K. Geetha, S. Radhika, Arul Jagadish, Ravindran, S. Sarojamma

ZOOs’ PRINT magazine is informal and newsy as opposed to a scientific publication. ZOOS’ PRINT magazine sometimes includes semi-scientific and technical articles which are reviewed only for factual errors, not peer-reviewed.

Address: Zoo Outreach Organisation Post Box 1683, PeelameduCoimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 004, IndiaPhone: +91 422 2561087Fax: +91 422 2563269E-mail: [email protected]: www.zooreach.org, www.zoosprint.org

ZOO’s PRINT Publication Guidelines

We welcome articles from the conservation community of all SAARC countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and other tropical countries if relevant to SAARC countries’ problems and potential.

Type — Articles of semi-scientific or technical nature. News, notes, announcements of interest to conservation community and personal opinion pieces.

Feature articles — articles of a conjectural nature — opinions, theoretical, subjective.

Case reports: case studies or notes, short factual reports and descriptions.

News and announcements — short items of news or announcements of interest to zoo and wildlife community

Cartoons, puzzles, crossword and stories

Subject matter : captive breeding, (wild) animal husbandry and management, wildlife management, field notes, conservation biology, population dynamics, population genetics, conservation education and interpretation, wild animal welfare, conservation of flora, natural history and history of zoos. Articles on rare breeds of domestic animals are also considered.

Source : zoos, breeding facilities, holding facilities, rescue centres, research institutes, wildlife departments, wildlife protected areas, bioparks, conservation centres, botanic gardens, museums, universities, etc. Individuals interested in conservation with information and opinions to share can submit articles ZOOS’ PRINT magazine.

Manuscript requirements:Articles should by typed into a Word format and emailed to [email protected]. Avoid indents, all caps or any other fancy typesetting. You may send photos, illustrations, tables.

Articles which should contain citations should follow this guideline: a bibliography organized alphabetically and contain ing all details referred in the following style : surname, initial(s), year, title of the article, name of journal, volume, number, pages.

Editorial details :Articles will be edited without consultation unless previously requested by the authors in writing. Authors should inform editors if the article has been published or submitted elsewhere for publication.




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