Mafia Capone

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The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra, in English "Our Thing") is acriminal syndicateinSicily,Italy.

It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure and code

of conduct, and whose common enterprise isprotection racketeering. Each group, known as a

"family", "clan", or"cosca", claimssovereigntyover a territory, usually a town or village or a

neighbourhood (borgata) of a larger city, in which it operates itsrackets. Its members call

themselves "men of honour", although the public often refers to them as "mafiosi".

According to the classic definition, the Mafia is a criminal organization originating in

Sicily.[1]

However, the term "mafia" has become a generic term for any organized criminal network

with similar structure, methods, and interests.

The Mafia proper frequently parallels, collaborates with or clashes with, networks originating in

other parts ofsouthern Italy, such as theCamorra(fromCampania),

the'Ndrangheta(fromCalabria), theStidda(southern Sicily) and theSacra Corona

Unita(fromApulia).Giovanni Falcone, the anti-Mafia judge murdered by the Mafia in 1992,

however, objected to the conflation of the term "Mafia" with organized crime in general:

While there was a time when people were reluctant to pronounce the word "Mafia" ... nowadayspeople have gone so far in the opposite direction that it has become an overused term ... I am no

longer willing to accept the habit of speaking of the Mafia in descriptive and all-inclusive terms that

make it possible to stack up phenomena that are indeed related to the field of organized crime but

that have little or nothing in common with the Mafia.[2]

Giovanni Falcone, 1990

TheAmerican Mafiaarose from offshoots of the Mafia that emerged in theUnited Statesduring the

late nineteenth century, following waves of emigration from Italy. There were similar offshoots

inCanadaamongItalian Canadians. The same has been claimed of organised crime

amongItaliansinAustralia.[3]

Contents

[hide]

1 Etymology

o 1.1 "Cosa Nostra" and other names

2 History

o 2.1 Post-feudal Sicily

o 2.2 Fascist suppression

o

2.3 Post-Fascist revivalo 2.4 Sack of Palermo

o 2.5 First Mafia War

o 2.6 Smuggling boom

o 2.7 Second Mafia War

o 2.8 Maxi trial and war against the government
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_syndicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_syndicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_rackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_rackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(crime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(crime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(crime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camorrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camorrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camorrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndranghetahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndranghetahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndranghetahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Canadianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Canadianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Canadianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Australianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Australianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Australianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#.22Cosa_Nostra.22_and_other_nameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#.22Cosa_Nostra.22_and_other_nameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Post-feudal_Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Post-feudal_Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Fascist_suppressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Fascist_suppressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Post-Fascist_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Post-Fascist_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Sack_of_Palermohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Sack_of_Palermohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#First_Mafia_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#First_Mafia_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Smuggling_boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Smuggling_boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Second_Mafia_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Second_Mafia_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Maxi_trial_and_war_against_the_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Maxi_trial_and_war_against_the_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Maxi_trial_and_war_against_the_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Second_Mafia_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Smuggling_boomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#First_Mafia_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Sack_of_Palermohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Post-Fascist_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Fascist_suppressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Post-feudal_Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#.22Cosa_Nostra.22_and_other_nameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Australianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Canadianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndranghetahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camorrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(crime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_rackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_syndicate


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o 2.9 Provenzano years

o 2.10 Modern Mafia in Italy

3 Definition

4 Structure and composition

o 4.1 Clan hierarchy

o 4.2 Membership

o 4.3 Commission

5 Rituals and codes of conduct

o 5.1 Initiation ceremony

o 5.2 Introductions

o 5.3 Etiquette

o 5.4 Ten Commandments

o 5.5 Omert

6 Protection rackets

o 6.1 Protection from theft

o 6.2 Protection from competition

o 6.3 Client relations

o 6.4 Protection territories

7 Other activities

o 7.1 Vote buying

o 7.2 Smuggling

o 7.3 Bid rigging

o 7.4 Loan sharking

o 7.5 Forbidden crimes

8 Violence and reputation

o 8.1 Murder

o 8.2 Reputation

9 Notable Sicilian mafiosi

10 See also

11 References

12 Sources

13 External links

Etymology[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Provenzano_yearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Provenzano_yearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Modern_Mafia_in_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Modern_Mafia_in_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Structure_and_compositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Structure_and_compositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Clan_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Clan_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Membershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Membershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Rituals_and_codes_of_conducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Rituals_and_codes_of_conducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Initiation_ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Initiation_ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Introductionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Introductionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Etiquettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Etiquettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Ten_Commandmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Ten_Commandmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Omert.C3.A0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Omert.C3.A0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_racketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_racketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_from_thefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_from_thefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_from_competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_from_competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Client_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Client_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Other_activitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Other_activitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Vote_buyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Vote_buyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Smugglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Smugglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Bid_rigginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Bid_rigginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Loan_sharkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Loan_sharkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Forbidden_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Forbidden_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Violence_and_reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Violence_and_reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Notable_Sicilian_mafiosihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Notable_Sicilian_mafiosihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Mafia&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Mafia&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Mafia&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Mafia&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Notable_Sicilian_mafiosihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Murderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Violence_and_reputationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Forbidden_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Loan_sharkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Bid_rigginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Smugglinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Vote_buyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Other_activitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Client_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_from_competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_from_thefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Protection_racketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Omert.C3.A0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Ten_Commandmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Etiquettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Introductionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Initiation_ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Rituals_and_codes_of_conducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Membershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Clan_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Structure_and_compositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Modern_Mafia_in_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#Provenzano_years


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There are several theories about the origin of the term "Mafia" (sometimes spelled "Maffia" in early

texts). TheSicilianadjective mafiusu (in Italian:mafioso) may derive from the

slangArabicmahyas(), meaning "aggressive boasting, bragging", ormarfud()meaning "rejected". In reference to a man, mafiusu in 19th century Sicily was ambiguous, signifying

a bully, arrogant but also fearless, enterprising, and proud, according to scholarDiego

Gambetta.[4]

In reference to a woman, however, the feminine-form adjective "mafiusa" meansbeautiful and attractive.

Other possible origins from Arabic:

maha = quarry, cave[5]

mu'afa = safety, protection[5]

The public's association of the word with the criminal secret society was perhaps inspired by the

1863 play "I mafiusi di la Vicaria"("The Mafiosi of the Vicaria") by Giuseppe Rizzotto and Gaetano

Mosca. The words Mafia andmafiusiare never mentioned in the play; they were probably put in the

title to add a local flair. The play is about a Palermoprison gang with traits similar to the Mafia: a

boss, an initiation ritual, and talk of"umirt"(omertor code of silence) and "pizzu"(a codeword for

extortion money).[6]

The play had great success throughout Italy. Soon after, the use of the term

"mafia" began appearing in the Italian state's early reports on the phenomenon. The word made its

first official appearance in 1865 in a report by the prefect of Palermo,Filippo Antonio Gualterio.[7]

According to legend, the word Mafia was first used in the Sicilian revolt theSicilian Vespers

against rule of theCapetian House of Anjouon 30 March 1282. In this legend, Mafia is the acronym

for "Morte Alla Francia, Italia Avanti" (Italian for "Death to France, Italy Forward!"), or

"Morte Alla Francia, ItaliaAnela" (Italian for "Death to France, Italy Begs!").[8]

However, this version

is now discarded by most serious historians.[4]

"Cosa Nostra" and other names[edit]

According to Mafia turncoats (pentiti), the real name of the Mafia is "Cosa Nostra" ("Our thing").

When theItalian-AmericanmafiosoJoseph Valachitestified before thePermanent Subcommittee on

Investigationsof theU.S. Senate Committee on Government Operationsin 1963 (known as

theValachi hearings), he revealed that American mafiosi referred to their organization by the

term cosa nostra ("our thing" or "this thing of ours").[9][10][11]

At the time, it was understood as a

proper name, fostered by theFBIand disseminated by the media. The designation gained wide

popularity and almost replaced the term Mafia.[citation needed]

. The FBI even added the article la to the

term, calling it La Cosa Nostra (in Italy, the article la is not used when referring to Cosa Nostra).

Italian investigators initially did not take the term seriously, believing it was used only by

theAmerican Mafia.[citation needed]

. In 1984, the Mafia turncoatTommaso Buscettarevealed to the anti-

mafia magistrateGiovanni Falconethat the term was used by the Sicilian Mafia as well.[12]

Buscetta

dismissed the word "mafia" as a mere literary creation. Other defectors, such asAntonino

CalderoneandSalvatore Contorno, confirmed the use ofCosa Nostra to describe the

Mafia.[13]

Mafiosi introduce known members to each other as belonging to cosa nostra ("our thing")

orla stessa cosa ("the same thing"), meaning "he is the same thing, a mafioso, as you".

The Sicilian Mafia has used other names to describe itself throughout its history, such as "The

Honoured Society". Mafiosi are known among themselves as "men of honour" or "men of respect".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gambettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gambettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gambettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-mafiusu-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-mafiusu-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-mafiusu-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omert%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omert%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omert%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzo_(extortion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzo_(extortion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzo_(extortion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Antonio_Gualterio_(senator)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Antonio_Gualterio_(senator)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo3-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo3-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo3-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Vespershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Vespershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-hess2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-hess2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-hess2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-mafiusu-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-mafiusu-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-mafiusu-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Mafia&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Mafia&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Mafia&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valachi_hearingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valachi_hearingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valachi_hearingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Buscettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Buscettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Buscettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Calderonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Calderonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Calderonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Calderonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Contornohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Contornohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Contornohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-paoli24-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-paoli24-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-paoli24-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-paoli24-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Contornohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Calderonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Calderonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Falconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Buscettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valachi_hearingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Valachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_Mafia&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-mafiusu-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-hess2-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Vespershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo3-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Antonio_Gualterio_(senator)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizzo_(extortion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omert%C3%A0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-GambettaSicilianMafia259-261-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-mafiusu-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gambettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gambettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_language


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Cosa Nostra should not be confused with other mafia-type organizations in Italy such as

the'Ndranghetain Calabria, theCamorrain Campania, or theSacra Corona Unitain Apulia.

History[edit]

The genesis ofCosa Nostra is hard to trace because mafiosi are very secretive and do not keep

historical records of their own. In fact, they have been known to spread deliberate lies about their

past, and sometimes come to believe in their own myths.[14]

Post-feudal Sicily[edit]

Modern scholars believe that its seeds were planted in the upheaval of Sicily's transition out

offeudalismin 1812 and its later annexation by mainland Italy in 1860. Under feudalism, the nobility

owned most of the land and enforced law and order through their private armies. After 1812, the

feudal barons steadily sold off or rented their lands to private citizens. Primogeniturewas abolished,

land could no longer be seized to settle debts, and one fifth of the land was to become private

property of the peasants.[15]

The oldest reference to Mafia groups in Sicily dates back to 1838, in a

report of the General Prosecutor of theKingdom of the Two Sicilies, although the term "mafia" was

not used. The report described the phenomenon rather than the name: "In many villages, there are

unions or fraternities kinds of sects which are calledpartiti, with no political colour or goal, with

no meeting places, and with no other bond but that of dependency on a chief. "[8][16][17]

TheBrigandfamily, 19th century

After Italy annexed Sicily in 1860, it redistributed a large share of public and church land to private

citizens. The result was a huge boom in landowners: from 2,000 in 1812 to 20,000 by 1861 .[18]

The

nobles also released their private armies to let the state take over the task of law enforcement.

However, the authorities were incapable of properly enforcing property rights and contracts, largely

due to their inexperience with free market capitalism.[19]

Lack of manpower was also a problem:

there were often less than 350 active policemen for the entire island. Some towns did not have any

permanent police force, only visited every few months by some troops to collect malcontents,

leaving criminals to operate with impunity from the law in the interim.[20]

With more property owners

came more disputes that needed settling, contracts that needed enforcing, and properties that
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5/8

needed protecting. Because the authorities were undermanned and unreliable, property owners

turned to extralegal arbitrators and protectors. These extralegal protectors would eventually

organize themselves into the first Mafia clans.

Banditrywas a serious problem at the time. Rising food prices,[18]

the loss of public and church

lands,[15]

and the loss of feudalcommon rightspushed many desperate peasants to banditry. With

no police to call upon, local elites in countryside towns recruited young men into "companies-at-

arms" to hunt down thieves and negotiate the return of stolen property, in exchange for a pardon for

the thieves and a fee from the victims.[21]

These companies-at-arms were often made up of former

bandits and criminals, usually the most skilled and violent of them.[18]

Whilst this saved communities

the trouble of training their own policemen, this may have made the companies-at-arms more

inclined to collude with their former brethren rather than destroy them.[18]

There was little Mafia activity in the eastern half of Sicily. This did not mean there was little violence;

the most violent conflicts over land took place in the east, but they did not involve mafiosi .[21]

In the

east, the ruling elites were more cohesive and active during the transition from feudalism to

capitalism. They maintained their large stables of enforcers, and were able to absorb or suppress

any emerging violent groups.[22]Furthermore, the land in the east was generally divided into a

smaller number of large estates, so there were fewer landowners and their large estates often

required its guardians to patrol it full-time. This meant that guardians of such estates tended to be

bound to a single employer, giving them little autonomy or leverage to demand high payments .[23]

Mafia activity was most prevalent in the most prosperous areas of western Sicily,

especiallyPalermo, where the dense concentrations of landowners and merchants offered ample

opportunities for protection racketeering and extortion. There, the estates tended to be smaller than

in the east, and thus did not require the total, round-the-clock attention of a protector. A protector

could thus afford to serve multiple clients, giving him greater independence. The greater number of

clients demanding protection also allowed him to charge high prices.[23]

The landowners in this

region were also frequently absent and could not watch over their properties should the mafiosowithdraw protection, further increasing his bargaining power.

[24]

The lucrativecitrusorchards around Palermo were a favorite target of extortionists and protection

racketeers, as they had a fragile production system that made them quite vulnerable to

sabotage.[25]

Mafia clans forced landowners to hire their members as custodians by scaring away

unaffiliated applicants.[26]

Cattle ranchers were also very vulnerable to thieves, and so they too

needed mafioso protection.

In 1864,Niccol Turrisi Colonna, leader of the Palermo National Guard, wrote of a "sect of thieves"

that operated across Sicily. This "sect" was mostly rural, composed of cattle thieves, smugglers,

wealthy farmers and their guards.[16][27]

The sect made "affiliates every day of the brightest young

people coming from the rural class, of the guardians of the fields in the Palermitan countryside, and

of the large number of smugglers; a sect which gives and receives protection to and from certain

men who make a living on traffic and internal commerce. It is a sect with little or no fear of public

bodies, because its members believe that they can easily elude this."[28]

It had special signals to

recognize each other, offered protection services, scorned the law and had a code of loyalty and

non-interaction with the police known as umirt("humility").[27][29]

Colonna warned in his report that

the Italian government's brutal and clumsy attempts to crush unlawfulness only made the problem

worse by alienating the populace. An 1865 dispatch from the prefect of Palermo toRomefirst
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officially described the phenomenon as a "Mafia".[7][30]

An 1876 police report makes the earliest

known description of the familiarinitiation ritual.[31]

1900 map of Mafia presence in Sicily. Towns with Mafia activity are marked as red dots. The Mafia operated mostly in

the west, in areas of rich agricultural productivity.

Mafiosi meddled in politics early on, bullying voters into voting for candidates they favoured. At this

period in history, only a small fraction of the Sicilian population could vote, so a single mafia boss

could control a sizeable chunk of the electorate and thus wield considerable political

leverage.[32]

Mafiosi used their allies in government to avoid prosecution as well as persecute less

well-connected rivals. The highly fragmented and shaky Italian political system allowed cliques of

Mafia-friendly politicians to exert a lot of influence.[12]

In a series of reports between 1898 and 1900, Ermanno Sangiorgi, the police chief of Palermo,

identified 670 mafiosi belonging to eight Mafia clans that went through alternating phases of

cooperation and conflict.[33]

The report mentioned initiation rituals and codes of conduct, as well as

criminal activities that included counterfeiting, ransom kidnappings, robbery, murder and witness

intimidation. The Mafia also maintained funds to support the families of imprisoned members and

pay defense lawyers.[34]

Fascist suppression[edit]

In 1925,Benito Mussoliniinitiated a campaign to destroy the Mafia and assert Fascist control over

Sicilian life. The Mafia threatened and undermined his power in Sicily, and a successful campaign

would strengthen him as the new leader, legitimising and empowering his rule.[35]

Not only would

this be a great propaganda coup forFascism, but it would also provide an excuse to suppress his

political opponents on the island, since many Sicilian politicians had Mafia links.

As prime minister, he visited Sicily in May 1924 and passed throughPiana dei Greciwhere he was

received by the mayor, Mafia bossFrancesco Cuccia. At some point Cuccia expressed surprise at

Mussolinis police escort and whispered in his ear: "You are with me, you are under my protection.

What do you need all these cops for?" After Mussolini rejected Cuccia's offer of protection, Cucciainstructed the townsfolk to not attend Mussolini's speech. Mussolini felt humiliated and

outraged.[36][37]

Cuccias careless remark has passed into history as the catalyst for Mussolinis war on the Mafia.

When Mussolini firmly established his power in January 1925, he appointed Cesare Morias the

Prefect of Palermo in October 1925 and granted him special powers to fight the Mafia.[36]

Mori

formed a small army of policemen,carabinieriand militiamen, which went from town to town,

rounding up suspects. To force suspects to surrender, they would take their families hostage, sell
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off their property,[38]

or publicly slaughter their livestock.[39]

By 1928, over 11,000 suspects were

arrested.[40]

Confessions were sometimes extracted through beatings and torture. Some mafiosi

who had been on the losing end of Mafia feuds voluntarily cooperated with prosecutors ,[41]

perhaps

as a way of obtaining protection and revenge. Charges of Mafia association were typically leveled

at poor peasants andgabellotti(farm leaseholders), but were avoided when dealing with major

landowners.[42]

Many were tried en masse.[43][44]

More than 1,200 were convicted andimprisoned,

[45]and many others were internally exiled without trial.

[46]

Mori's campaign ended in June 1929 when Mussolini recalled him to Rome. Although he did not

permanently crush the Mafia as the Fascist press proclaimed, his campaign was nonetheless very

successful at suppressing it. As the Mafia informantAntonino Calderonereminisced: "The music

changed. Mafiosi had a hard life. [...] After the war the mafia hardly existed anymore. The Sicilian

Families had all been broken up."[46]

Sicily's murder rate sharply declined.[47]

Landowners were able to raise the legal rents on their

lands; sometimes as much as ten-thousandfold.[41]

Many mafiosi fled to the United States. Among

these wereCarlo GambinoandJoseph Bonanno, who would go on to become powerful Mafia

bosses inNew York City.

Post-Fascist revival[edit]

In 1943, nearly half a millionAlliedtroops invaded Sicily. Crime soared in the upheaval and chaos.

Many inmates escaped from their prisons, banditry returned and the black market thrived.[12]

During

the first six months of Allied occupation, party politics in Sicily were banned.[48]

Most institutions,

with the exception of the police andcarabinieri,[49]

were destroyed, and the American occupiers had

to build a new order from scratch. As Fascist mayors were deposed, theAllied Military Government

of Occupied Territories(AMGOT) simply appointed replacements. Many turned out to be mafiosi,

such asCalogero VizziniandGiuseppe Genco Russo.[50][51]

They could easily present themselves

as political dissidents,[52]

and theiranti-communistposition gave them additional credibility. Mafia

bosses reformed their clans, absorbing some of the marauding bandits into their ranks.[53]

The changing economic landscape of Sicily would shift the Mafia's power base from rural to the

urban areas. The Minister of Agriculture acommunist pushed for reforms in which peasants

were to get larger shares of produce, be allowed to form cooperativesand take over badly used

land, and remove the system by which leaseholders (known as "gabelloti") could rent land from

landowners for their own short-term use.[54]

Owners of especially large estates were to be forced to

sell off some of their land. The Mafia, which had connections to many landowners, murdered

manysocialistreformers. The most notorious attack was thePortella della Ginestra massacre,

when 11 persons were killed and 33 wounded duringMay Daycelebrations on May 1, 1947. The

bloodbath was perpetrated by the banditSalvatore Giulianowho was possibly backed by local

Mafia bosses.[55][56]In the end, though, they couldn't stop the process, and many landowners chose

to sell their land to mafiosi, who offered more money than the government.[57]

In the 1950s, a crackdown in the United States ondrug traffickingled to the imprisonment of many

American mafiosi. Furthermore,Cuba, a major hub for drug smuggling, fell toFidel Castro. This

prompted the American mafia bossJoseph Bonannoto return to Sicily in 1957 to franchise out

hisheroinoperations to the Sicilian clans. Anticipating rivalries for the lucrative American drug

market, he negotiated the establishment of aSicilian Mafia Commissionto mediate disputes.[58]
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