Mads Issue 6

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Manual of Aerodrome Design & Safeguarding

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents...................................................................................................................2 List of FIgures ........................................................................................................................8 List of Tables........................................................................................................................12

Chapter 1: Policy, Organisation and Responsibilities ...............................................15 Regulatory Cross Reference................................................................................................15 Authority...............................................................................................................................15 Responsibility .......................................................................................................................15

Chapter 2: Aerodrome Design Procedures.................................................................17 General................................................................................................................................17 Implementation Policy .........................................................................................................17 Airfield Infrastructure Services ..............................................................................................17 Aerodrome Maintenance .....................................................................................................17 Inspections and Surveys .....................................................................................................18 Reference to Other Documents...........................................................................................18

Chapter 3: Aerodrome Design Specification for Fixed Wing Permanent Bases .....23 Aerodrome Data...................................................................................................................23 General................................................................................................................................23 Fixed Wing Aircraft Requirements.......................................................................................23

Chapter 4: Specifications for the Aerodrome Physical Design.................................26 Runways..............................................................................................................................26 Runway End Safety Areas...................................................................................................30 Clearways............................................................................................................................30 Stopways .............................................................................................................................31 Arrester Net Barrier Overrun ...............................................................................................31 Taxiways..............................................................................................................................32 Holding Points .....................................................................................................................35 Aprons .................................................................................................................................37 Compass Calibration Bases ................................................................................................37

Chapter 5: The Management of Obstacles on and Around the Aerodrome.............38 Obstacle Free Zones ...........................................................................................................38 Obstacle Limitation Surfaces...............................................................................................38 Obstacle Limitation Requirements.......................................................................................46 Objects Outside the Obstacle Limitation Surfaces ..............................................................47 Other Objects ......................................................................................................................47

Annex 5A: Compass Calibration Bases ......................................................................48



Introduction ..........................................................................................................................48 Classes of Compass Base...................................................................................................48 Periodic Surveys and Annual Checks..................................................................................48 Sterile Area ..........................................................................................................................48 Compass Calibration Base Specifications ...........................................................................49

Chapter 6: Visual Aids for Navigation..........................................................................50 Indicators and Signalling Devices ........................................................................................50 Markings...............................................................................................................................50 Signs ....................................................................................................................................83 Markers ................................................................................................................................91

Annex 6A: Aeronautical Ground Light and Surface Marking Colours......................96 General ................................................................................................................................96 Discrimination ......................................................................................................................96 Colours for Markings, Signs and Panels..............................................................................97

Annex 6B: Aeronautical Ground Light Characteristics..............................................98 General ................................................................................................................................98 Isocandela Characteristics of Lights for Instrument Runways and Associated Taxiways....99 Collective Notes for Figures 6-27 to 6-39 ............................................................................99

Annex 6C: PAPI Siting and Setting Angles ...............................................................120 Annex 6D: Control of Lighting at Aerodromes During Night Vision Device (NVD) Operations ....................................................................................................................128 Chapter 7: Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles ........................................................131

General...............................................................................................................................131 Marking of Objects .............................................................................................................132 Use of Markers...................................................................................................................133 Marking of Unserviceable Surface Areas...........................................................................133 Lighting of Obstacles..........................................................................................................133 Location of Obstacle Lights................................................................................................134 Aircraft Arresting Barrier Warning Lights ...........................................................................136

Chapter 8: Aerodrome Equipment, Installations, Maintenance and Systems........137 Aircraft Arresting Systems..................................................................................................137 Secondary Power ...............................................................................................................137 Interleaving of AGL Electrical Circuits................................................................................138 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) ................................................................................139 AGL Operational Luminous Intensity .................................................................................139 Runway End Services........................................................................................................139 Maintenance.......................................................................................................................141 General ..............................................................................................................................141



Series Circuit Insulation Resistance ..................................................................................142 Runway Visual Range Systems.........................................................................................142 Measurement of Runway Visual Range (RVR) .................................................................142

Chapter 9: Aircraft Picketing/Tie Down and Earthing Requirements .....................145 Aircraft Picketing/tie down requirements............................................................................145 Introduction........................................................................................................................145 Earthing Requirements for Aircraft on Military Establishments ..........................................145 Introduction........................................................................................................................145

Chapter 10: Aerodrome Design Specification for Rotary Wing Permanent Bases .146 Rotary wing permanent base data & physical characteristics............................................146 General..............................................................................................................................146 Categorisation of Rotary Wing Permanent Bases .............................................................146 Rotary Wing Permanent Base Physical Characteristics....................................................147 Obstacle Restriction and Removal ....................................................................................149 Aircraft Picketing/Tie Down Requirements ........................................................................155

Annex 10A: Domestic Helicopters Landing Sites (HLS) ............................................156 Classification .....................................................................................................................156 Criteria ...............................................................................................................................156 Markings and Cleared Areas .............................................................................................159

Chapter 11: Visual Aids and Marking for Rotary Wing Permanent Bases ...............161 Visual Aids for Surface Level Rotary Wing Permanent Bases...........................................161 Markings and Markers .......................................................................................................161 Lights .................................................................................................................................168

Chapter 12: Classification and Selection of Temporary/Tactical Airfields ..............185 Definition............................................................................................................................185 Classification .....................................................................................................................185 Selection ............................................................................................................................187 Site Reconnaissance .........................................................................................................188 Future Developments ........................................................................................................189 Criteria ...............................................................................................................................189

Annex 12A: Types of Temporary/Tactical Airfields....................................................190 Chapter 13: Criteria for Temporary/Tactical Airfields ................................................191

Application of Criteria.........................................................................................................191 Dimensional Criteria...........................................................................................................191 Obstruction Criteria ............................................................................................................195 Gradient Criteria.................................................................................................................196 Strength Criteria.................................................................................................................197 Surface Roughness Criteria ...............................................................................................199



Annex 13A: Aircraft Data Sheets..................................................................................202 Aircraft Data Sheets...........................................................................................................202

Annex 13B: Criteria for Temporary/Tactical Airfields for TAC AT Aircraft...............210 Criteria ...............................................................................................................................210 Tac AT Airfield Gradients...................................................................................................212 Example .............................................................................................................................213

Annex 13C: Minimum Dimensional Criteria for Temporary/Tactical Airfields for Tactical Air Transport Aircraft...........................................................................................214 Annex 13D: Strength Criteria Graphs for Temporary/Tactical Airfields ...................215 Chapter 14: Instrument Surveys and Marking of Temporary/Tactical Airfields.......217

Instrument Survey of Longitudinal and Transverse Profiles and Analysis of Results.........217 General ..............................................................................................................................217 Survey Lines and Intervals of Readings ............................................................................217 Analysis of Results.............................................................................................................217 Marking of Temporary Airfields ..........................................................................................217 General ..............................................................................................................................217 Marking Devices ................................................................................................................218 Layout of Airfield Markings.................................................................................................225 Emergency Markings .........................................................................................................225

Annex 14A: Examples Undulation Analysis on Temporary Airfields........................227 Annex 14B: Bare Minimum Temporary Landing Zone Markings..............................230 Annex 14C: Diagram of STANAG Marking of Temporary Airfields ...........................233 Chapter 15: Aerodrome Pavement Design, Construction and Maintenance............237

Introduction.........................................................................................................................237 Functional requirements of Airfield Pavements .................................................................237 Foreign Object Damage (FOD)..........................................................................................237 Access for Maintenance/Restoration Works ......................................................................237 Relative Importance of Functional Requirements ..............................................................237 Pavement Friction Characteristics and Measurements ......................................................238 Introduction ........................................................................................................................238 MOD Runway Friction Categories .....................................................................................239 Friction Criteria for Manoeuvring Areas .............................................................................239 Friction Survey Requirements............................................................................................239 Runway Friction Classification/Monitoring Survey Procedure ...........................................239 Movement Area Friction Measurement of Compacted Snow and Ice................................246 Application to Aircraft Operations ......................................................................................249 Surface Evenness ..............................................................................................................249 Introduction ........................................................................................................................249



Design and Evaluation.......................................................................................................250 The Bearing Capacity and Load Classification of Airfield Pavements ...............................250 General..............................................................................................................................250 Pavement Design ..............................................................................................................251 Load Classification of Aircraft and Airfield Pavements ......................................................251 Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) ................................................................................251 Pavement Classification Number (PCN) ...........................................................................252 Pavement Classification for Light Aircraft ..........................................................................252 Overload Operations .........................................................................................................252 Stopways, Arrester Net Barrier Overruns and Shoulders..................................................253

Annex 15A: Aerodrome Pavement Materials and Construction ...............................254 Introduction........................................................................................................................254 Material Specification ........................................................................................................254 Runway Surfacing Materials..............................................................................................254 Construction Work/Aircraft Operations Interface ...............................................................255 Restrictions on Surfacing Materials for Roads in Proximity to Aircraft Movement Areas ..255

Annex 15B: Maintenance and Restoration of Aerodrome Pavements .....................257 Introduction........................................................................................................................257 Pavement Distress ............................................................................................................257 Surface Degradation Effects of Climate and Aircraft Operations ......................................257 Reflection Cracking ...........................................................................................................257 Affects of Moisture in Pavements ......................................................................................257 Structural ...........................................................................................................................258 Functional Requirements...................................................................................................258 Pavement Assessment/Evaluation ....................................................................................258 Design/Maintenance Solutions ..........................................................................................258

Annex 15C: Surface Friction Measurement ................................................................260 Rationale ...........................................................................................................................260 Technical Background .......................................................................................................260 Responsibilities..................................................................................................................261 Runway Friction Measurement..........................................................................................261 Friction Criteria for Manoeuvring Areas.............................................................................262 Application to Aircraft Operations ......................................................................................262

Annex 15D: Aircraft Classification Numbers (ACN) Tables for Military Aircraft ..263 Chapter 16: Safeguarding Aerodromes and the Surrounding Environments ......268

SafeGuarding procedures..................................................................................................268 Introduction........................................................................................................................268 Safeguarding on MOD Property ........................................................................................268



Instrument Approach and Departure Criteria .....................................................................269 Clearance of Obstructions in Aerodrome Approaches.......................................................269 Survey Procedure ..............................................................................................................269 Remedial Action.................................................................................................................269 Aerodrome Long Grass Policy - Guidance for Units and Agencies Responsible for Letting Aerodrome Ground Maintenance Contracts ..........................................................278 Grass Maintenance Scheme..............................................................................................279 Grass Management ...........................................................................................................279 Long Grass Policy (LGP) ...................................................................................................279 Over-seeding .....................................................................................................................281 Sites of Special Scientific Interest......................................................................................281 Pest Control .......................................................................................................................281 Land Drainage ...................................................................................................................281

Chapter 17: Safeguarding Obstructions and Waivers.............................................283 Surface Obstructions..........................................................................................................283 Sub Surface Obstructions ..................................................................................................284 Waivers ..............................................................................................................................284 Aerodrome Obstacle Limitation Zones ...............................................................................285 Approach Clearance Planes...............................................................................................285 Description .........................................................................................................................285 Clearance Over Roads and Railways ................................................................................286 Radio/radar navigation .......................................................................................................286 Extraneous Lighting on or in the Vicinity of Aerodromes....................................................286 General ..............................................................................................................................286 Restrictions ........................................................................................................................286

Annex 17A: Air Traffic Control Officers Certificate-Siting, Handover and Re-Appropriation Boards.........................................................................................................290

Certificate by Unit...............................................................................................................290 Comments by HQ AIR/NCHQ/HQ Land/MOD DE&S ........................................................290

Annex 17B: Birdstrike Hazard Safeguarding Off Base............................................291 Introduction ........................................................................................................................291 Consultation .......................................................................................................................291 Hazard Assessment...........................................................................................................292 The Coast ..........................................................................................................................292 Landfills for Food Wastes ..................................................................................................293 Sewage Treatment and Disposal.......................................................................................293 Water .................................................................................................................................294 Mineral Extraction ..............................................................................................................294 Agricultural Attractants.......................................................................................................295



Landscaping ......................................................................................................................295 Protected Sites and Nature Reserves ...............................................................................295

Annex 17C: Standard Long Grass Policy Maintenance Regime...............................296 Maintenance Regime.........................................................................................................296 Navigational and Visual Aids .............................................................................................297

Chapter 18: STANAGS ..................................................................................................298 Chapter 19: Reference Documents ..............................................................................299

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Typical Core Works Process Map ....................................................................19 Figure 3-1 Specimen Aerodrome Layout ...............................................................................23 Figure 4-1 Runway Gradients Longitudinal ............................................................................26 Figure 4-2 Runway Gradients Transverse .............................................................................28 Figure 4-3 Lines of Sight & Transverse Slopes......................................................................28 Figure 4-4 Delethalisation ......................................................................................................30 Figure 4-5 Taxiway Curve Widening ......................................................................................32 Figure 5-1 Obstacle Limitation Surfaces ................................................................................42 Figure 5-2 Inner Approach, Inner Transitional and Balked Landing Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (only applicable to Precision Approach Categories I, II & III) ...............................43 Figure 5-3 Obstacle Limitation Surfaces for an Instrument Runway where the Runway Code is 4-6 .............................................................................................................................43 Figure 6-1 Dimensions of a Wind Direction Indicator .............................................................50 Figure 6-2 Form and Proportion of Numbers for Runway Designation Markings...................53 Figure 6-3 Runway Designation, Centre-line and Threshold Markings..................................54 Figure 6-4 Displaced Threshold Markings..............................................................................55 Figure 6-5 Aiming Point and Touchdown Zone Markings ......................................................57

Figure 6-6 Runway Holding Positions ....................................................................................59 Figure 6-7 Vehicle Roadway Marking ....................................................................................60

Figure 6-8 Runway Ahead Markings ......................................................................................63

Figure 6-9 Runway Ahead Markings for CAT II/III Holding Position.......................................63 Figure 6-10 Safe Direction Heading Arrow.............................................................................63 Figure 6-11 Aircraft Arrester System Markings ......................................................................63 Figure 6-12 Closed Runway and Taxiway Markings ..............................................................64 Figure 6-13 Runway/Taxiway Shoulder and Pre-Threshold Markings ...................................66 Figure 6-14 Unserviceability Marker.......................................................................................67 Figure 6-15 Mandatory Instruction Marking............................................................................67 Figure 6-16 Approach Lighting System ..................................................................................71 Figure 6-17 Approach Lighting Plan.......................................................................................72



Figure 6-18 Undercarriage Check Lighting System Layout and Optical Requirements ......79 Figure 6-19 Undercarriage Check Flarepath Layout and Optical Requirements.................80 Figure 6-20 Aerodrome Portable Lighting Standard Layout ...................................................81 Figure 6-21 Examples of Airfield Signs...................................................................................85 Figure 6-22 Runway Holding Position Signs ..........................................................................86 Figure 6-23 Examples of Airfield Signs...................................................................................86 Figure 6-24 Road Traffic Signs............................................................................................91 Figure 6-25 Runway Marker ...................................................................................................94 Figure 6-26 Taxiway Marker ...................................................................................................95 Figure 6-27 Light Intensity Distribution of PAPI ....................................................................101 Figure 6-28 Isocandela Diagram for Approach Centre Line Light and Crossbars (White Light).....................................................................................................................................102 Figure 6-29 Isocandela Diagram for Approach Side Row Light and Crossbars (Red Light) 103 Figure 6-30 Isocandela Diagram for Threshold Light (Green Light) .....................................104 Figure 6-31 Isocandela Diagram for Threshold Wing Bar Light (Green Light) .....................105 Figure 6-32 Isocandela Diagram for Touchdown Zone Light (White Light) ..........................106 Figure 6-33 Isocandela Diagram for Runway Centre-Line Light with 30m Longitudinal Spacing (White Light) ...........................................................................................................107 Figure 6-34 Isocandela Diagram for Runway Centre-Line with 15m Longitudinal Spacing (White Light) .........................................................................................................................108 Figure 6-35 Isocandela Diagram for Runway End Light (Red Light) ....................................109 Figure 6-36 Isocandela Diagram for Each Light in High Intensity Runway Guard Lights Configuration ........................................................................................................................110 Figure 6-37 Isocandela Diagram for Runway Edge Light where Width of Runway is 45m (White Light) .........................................................................................................................111 Figure 6-38 Isocandela Diagram for Runway Edge Light where Width of Runway is 60m (White Light) .........................................................................................................................112 Figure 6-39 Grid Points to be used for the Calculation of Average Intensity of Approach and Runway Lights ...............................................................................................................113 Figure 6-40 Isocandela Diagram for Taxiway Centre-Line (15m Spacing) and Stop Bar Lights in Straight Sections (Intended for use in Runway Visual Range Conditions of less than a value of the order of 350m where large offsets can occur)........................................114 Figure 6-41 Isocandela Diagram for Taxiway Centre-Line (15m Spacing) and Stop Bar Lights in Straight Sections (Intended for use in Runway Visual Range Conditions of less than a value of the order of 350m)........................................................................................115 Figure 6-42 Isocandela Diagram for Taxiway Centre-Line (7.5m Spacing) and Stop Bar Lights in Curved Sections (Intended for use in Runway Visual Range Conditions of less than a value of the order of 350m)........................................................................................116 Figure 6-43 Isocandela Diagram for Taxiway Centre-Line (30m, 60m Spacing) and Stop Bar Lights in Straight Sections (Intended for use in Runway Visual Range Conditions of the order of 350m or greater)................................................................................................117 Figure 6-44 Isocandela Diagram for Taxiway Centre-Line (7.5m, 10m, 30m Spacing) and Stop Bar Lights in Curved Sections (Intended for use in Runway Visual Range Conditions of the order of 350m or greater)............................................................................................118



Figure 6-45 Grid Points to be used for the Calculation of Average Intensity of Taxiway Centre-Line and Stop Bar Lights ..........................................................................................119 Figure 6-46 Arrangement and Setting of PAPIs The distance of the PAPI from the runway threshold will depend upon the following:.............................................................................120 Figure 6-47 PAPI Siting - Principle of Compensation for Different Ground Heights.............124

Figure 6-48 PAPI Flight Check Form ...................................................................................124

Figure 7-1 Examples of Conspicuous Markings...................................................................133 Figure 7-2 Location of Obstacle Lights.................................................................................136 Figure 8-1 RVR Siting Plan ..................................................................................................144 Figure 10-1 Rotary Wing Permanent Base Characteristics..................................................149 Figure 10-2 Rotary Wing Permanent Base Obstacle Limitation Surfaces............................150 Figure 10-3 Maximum and Minimum Sizes for Domestic Helicopter Landing Site...............159 Figure 10-4 NATO Helipad Marking .....................................................................................160 Figure 11-1 Standard Helipad Marking ................................................................................162 Figure 11-2 Hospital Identification Marking ..........................................................................163 Figure 11-3 FATO Designation Marking...............................................................................163 Figure 11-4 Typical Marking and Lighting of Surface Level Rotary Wing Permanent Bases with Runway Designation Marking .......................................................................................164 Figure 11-5 Typical Marking and Lighting of Surface Level Rotary Wing Permanent Bases with Runway Designation Marking .......................................................................................165 Figure 11-6 Aiming Point Marking ........................................................................................166 Figure 11-7 Rotary Wing Permanent Base Identification Marking .......................................166 Figure 11-8 Air Taxiway Marker ...........................................................................................168 Figure 11-9 Air Transit Route Markers .................................................................................168 Figure 11-10 Typical Marking and Lighting of Surface Level Rotary Wing Permanent Bases without FATO and Runway Designation Markings....................................................171 Figure 11-11 Landing Direction Lights .................................................................................173 Figure 11-12 Approach Direction Lights...............................................................................175 Figure 11-13 Heliport Hoverlane Lighting.............................................................................177 Figure 11-14 TLOF Floodlighting .........................................................................................178 Figure 11-15 Characteristics of Obstacle Protection Surface ..............................................179 Figure 11-16 Divergence of the "On Track" Sector ..............................................................181 Figure 11-17 Signal Format of HAPI System .......................................................................182 Figure 11-18 Light Intensity of HAPI System .......................................................................183 Figure 12-1 Illustration of Criteria Terms..............................................................................189 Figure 12-2 Typical Battle Temporary Airfield ......................................................................190 Figure 12-3 Typical Forward Temporary Airfield ..................................................................190 Figure 12-4 Typical Support Temporary Airfield...................................................................190 Figure 13-1 Maximum Longitudinal Gradients .....................................................................212 Figure 13-2 Gradient Angles ................................................................................................212



Figure 13-3 Maximum Transverse Gradients .......................................................................213 Figure 13-4 Dimension Criteria.............................................................................................214 Figure 13-5 Strength Requirement For Unsurfaced Airfields................................................215 Figure 13-6 Hercules C Mk 1 - Reduction Of CBR for Limited Movements on Unsurfaced Airfields.................................................................................................................................216 Figure 14-1 Photometric Characteristics: Omnidirectional Runway Edge (Type a and B) and Approach Lights (Type C)..............................................................................................221 Figure 14-2 Photometric Characteristics: (A: Unidirectional Runway Edge and B: Unidirectional Approach Lights (Type D)).............................................................................221 Figure 14-3 Abbreviated PAPI System (APAPI) ...................................................................223

Figure 14-4 Abbreviated PAPI System (APAPI) (Photometric Characteristics: Isocandela diagram for white light. Transmission Factor for Red Sector not less than 20%) .................227 Figure 14-5 Example of Undulation Analysis for Hercules C130 Mk 1 and 3 .......................227 Figure 14-6 Hercules C130 Mk 1 and Mk 3 - Allowable Undulation Amplitudes for Different Aircraft Configurations ..........................................................................................................228 Figure 14-7 Minimum TLZ Marking for Landing and Take-Off from Landing Threshold or Opposite Direction Take-Off .................................................................................................230 Figure 14-8 Minimum TLZ Marking for Landing and Stop/Go Take-Off ..............................231 Figure 14-9 Minimum TLZ Marking-Night (White Light) for Landing and Take-Off from Landing Threshold or Opposite Direction Take-Off ..............................................................232 Figure 14-10 Minimum Temporary Airfield Markings for Day Operations on a Uni-directional Runway (visual glideslope not available) ............................................................233 Figure 14-11 Minimum Temporary Airfield Markings for Day Operations on a Uni-directional Runway (visual glideslope available) .................................................................234 Figure 14-12 Minimum Temporary Airfield Markings for Night Operations on a Uni-directional Runway (visual glideslope not available) ............................................................235 Figure 14-13 Minimum Temporary Airfield Markings for Night Operations on a Uni-directional Runway (visual glideslope available) ..................................................................236 Figure 15-1 Friction Classification Survey Frequency from Before Handover of New or Resurfaced Runways............................................................................................................242 Figure 15-2 Runs Start With Stationary Friction Machine Measuring Wheel/s 10m from Pavement End ......................................................................................................................242 Figure 15-3 Runway Friction Classification Survey Run Sequence .....................................243 Figure 15-4 Typical Friction Values for PFC using 65 km/h Test .........................................255 Figure 15-5 Typical Friction Values for Grooved Marshall Asphalt using 65 km/h Test .......256 Figure 15-6 Typical Friction Values for Coarse Slurry Seal using 65 km/h Test ..................256 Figure 17-1 Extraneous Lighting Controlled Area for Instrument Runways Longer Than 2150m...................................................................................................................................287 Figure 17-2 Extraneous Lighting Controlled Area for Instrument Runways of Length Equal to or Less than 2150m and not Less than 1200m ................................................................288 Figure 17-3 Extraneous Lighting Controlled Area for Instrument Runways of Length..........288 Figure 17-4 Extraneous Lighting Controlled Area for Non-Instrument Runway....................289 Figure 17-5 Landfill Site Flightline Hazards ..........................................................................293



Figure 17-6 Water Flightline Hazards...................................................................................294 Figure 17-7 Optimising a Standard Long Grass Policy Maintenance Regime .....................297

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Current MOD Specialists........................................................................................15 Table 1-2 Military Authority and Appropriate Service Specialists...........................................16 Table 2-1 Responsibilities for Military Aerodromes Design, Standards, Inspections and Surveys ..................................................................................................................................20 Table 2-2 Verification Assurance Certification that should be Presented at Handover of Major and Minor Works ..........................................................................................................22 Table 3-1 Aerodrome Reference Codes ................................................................................24 Table 3-2 Runway Separation Distances for Simultaneous Runway Operations...................24 Table 4-1 Runway Longitudinal Slopes..................................................................................26 Table 4-2 Construction of Runway Ends................................................................................28 Table 4-3 Runway Shoulders .................................................................................................29 Table 4-4 Runway Strips ........................................................................................................29 Table 4-5 Runway End Safety Areas .....................................................................................30 Table 4-6 Clearways ..............................................................................................................31 Table 4-7 Stopways................................................................................................................31 Table 4-8 Taxiway Width and Wheel Clearance ....................................................................33 Table 4-9 Parallel Taxiways ...................................................................................................33 Table 4-10 Taxiway Minimum Separation Distances .............................................................34 Table 4-11 Taxiway Slopes ....................................................................................................34 Table 4-12 Taxiway Shoulders...............................................................................................35 Table 4-13 Taxiway Strips......................................................................................................35 Table 4-14 Minimum Distance from Runway Centre Line to a Holding Bay/Position.............36 Table 4-15 Aprons..................................................................................................................37 Table 5-1 Dimensions and Slopes of Approach Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (slopes are measured in the vertical plane containing the centre-line of the surface) ..............................44 Table 5-2 Dimensions and Slopes of Take-Off Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (slopes are measured in the vertical plane containing the centre-line of the surface) ...............46 Table 5-3 Obstacle Limitation Requirements .........................................................................46 Table 6-1 Dimensions of Strips for Threshold Markings ........................................................52 Table 6-2 Locations and Dimensions of Aiming Point Marking ..............................................56 Table 6-3 Locations and Dimensions of Touch Down Zone Marking.....................................56 Table 6-4 Minimum Prescribed Scales of AGL ..................................................................69 Table 6-5 Spacing of Centre-Line Lights................................................................................76 Table 6-6 Spacing for Taxiway Edge Lighting........................................................................76 Table 6-7 Character Sizes to be used on Airfield Signs.........................................................84



Table 6-8 Sign Luminance......................................................................................................84 Table 6-9 Details of Information Signs and Location of both Mandatory and Information Signs.......................................................................................................................................88 Table 6-10 IRDM Brilliancy Levels..........................................................................................91 Table 6-11 Colours for Markings, Signs and Panels ..............................................................97 Table 6-12 Average Intensity Ratio ......................................................................................101 Table 6-13 Wheel Clearances ..............................................................................................121 Table 6-14 Differential Settings ............................................................................................124 Table 6-15 Control Plan Checklist ........................................................................................128 Table 7-1 Dimensions of Obstacles Marking Bands.............................................................133 Table 7-2 Characteristics of Obstacle Lights ........................................................................135 Table 8-1 Maximum Switchover Times.................................................................................137 Table 8-2 Recommended AGL Luminous Intensity Control Stages .....................................140 Table 8-3 AGL Serviceability Levels.....................................................................................142 Table 10-1 Performance Classes of Helicopters ..................................................................146 Table 10-2 Rotary Wing Permanent Base Physical Characteristic.......................................147 Table 10-3 Separation Distances (expressed in multiples of maximum design helicopter overall dimension with rotors turning) ...................................................................................149 Table 10-4 Obstacle Limitation Surfaces Dimensions & Slopes - Non-instrument & Non-precision FATO (slopes measured in the vertical plane containing the surface centre-line) 151 Table 10-5 Obstacle Limitation Surfaces Dimensions & Slopes - Instrument (Precision Approach) FATO (slopes measured in the vertical plane containing the surface centre-line) .......................................................................................................................................152 Table 10-6 Obstacle Limitation Surfaces Dimensions & Slopes - Straight Take-off (slopes are measured in the vertical plane containing the surface centre-line) ................................153 Table 10-7 Criteria for Curved Take-off Climb/Approach Area - Non-instrument Final Approach and Take-offa........................................................................................................154 Table 10-8 Obstacle Limitation Requirements - Surface Level Rotary Wing Permanent Bases....................................................................................................................................155 Table 10-9 Daylight Operations ............................................................................................157 Table 10-10 Additional Requirements for Night Operations .................................................158 Table 11-1 Light Distribution of FATO Lights........................................................................170 Table 11-2 Light Distribution of Landing Direction Lights .....................................................172 Table 11-3 Light Distribution of Approach Direction Lights...................................................174 Table 11-4 Dimensions and Slopes of Obstacle Protection Surface ....................................179 Table 13-1 CBR....................................................................................................................199 Table 14-1 Operating Criteria for Minimum Strips ................................................................219 Table 14-2 Light Unit Characteristic .....................................................................................220 Table 14-3 Light System Specifications................................................................................224 Table 14-4 Heaviest Configurations for Hercules C130 Mk1 and Mk3 Applicable to Permissible Roughness Zones .............................................................................................228



Table 14-5 Parameters Applicable to Configurations A,B,C,D and E For Hercules C 130 Mk 1 And Mk3 ......................................................................................................................229 Table 15-1 Pavementa Classification Friction Table for the 65 km/h Self Wetting Test .......239 Table 15-2 Friction Survey Requirements............................................................................240 Table 15-3 Runway Friction Classification/Monitoring Survey Procedures ..........................241 Table 15-4 Runway Friction Classification Survey Run Sequence and Results ..................243 Table 15-5 Runway Friction Monitoring Survey Run Sequence and Results.......................244 Table 15-6 Runway Friction Survey Report .........................................................................245 Table 15-7 Classification of Rubber Deposits ......................................................................246 Table 15-8 Classification of Surface Conditions...................................................................246 Table 15-9 Friction Monitoring Procedures in Compacted Snowy, Icy or Slushy Conditions247 Table 15-10 Friction values for compacted snow and/or ice-covered runways....................247 Table 15-11 Condition Descriptions for Compacted Snow and/or Ice/Slush-Covered Runways...............................................................................................................................248 Table 15-12 PCN Reporting .................................................................................................252 Table 15-13 ..........................................................................................................................263 Table 17-1 Floodlighting Intensities......................................................................................287 Table 17-2 Street Lighting Intensities...................................................................................288



Chapter 1: Policy, Organisation and Responsibilities

REGULATORY CROSS REFERENCE

This document supports and must be read in conjunction with RA 3016 - Military Aerodrome Design and Safeguarding Criteria. AUTHORITY

1. General. The authority to operate and regulate military aircraft is vested in the Secretary of State for Defence, who on 1 Apr 2010 established the Military Aviation Authority (MAA) as the single independent regulatory body for all Defence aviation activity. As the Regulator, Director General MAA (DG MAA) is accountable to SofS, through the 2nd Permanent Under Secretary of State (PUS), for providing a regulatory framework, certification and approvals for the acquisition, operation and airworthiness of air systems within the Defence aviation environment. DG MAA is responsible for providing assurance to SofS that the appropriate standards of military Air Safety are maintained.

2. Custodian. The custodian of this Manual is the MAA. The MAA is the defence operating authority and contact details can be found in Table 1-2. 3. Specifications. Where possible specifications accord with NATO standards and the International Standards and Recommended Practices contained within ICAO Annex 14, in particular the AMLIP STANAGS as detailed in Chapter 18.

RESPONSIBILITY

4. 5. MOD Specialists.

Table 1-1 Current MOD Specialists

SUBJECT MOD SPECIALIST ADDRESS Safeguarding DIO, Safety , Environment and

Engineering, Environment and Planning Support, Safeguarding Officer (Statutory & Offshore)

Kingston Road Sutton Coldfield West Midlands B75 7RL Tel: 0121 311 3818

Pavements DIO, Safety, Environment and Engineering, Technical Authority (Pavements) Engineering and Construction, Airfield Pavement


Visual Aids DIO, Safety, Environment and Engineering, Technical Authority (AGL) Engineering and Construction, Electrical Infrastructure


Compass Calibration Bases

QinetiQ, Land Magnetic Facilities MOD Portland Bill Portland Dorset DT5 2JT Tel: 01305 862022 or 01305



SUBJECT MOD SPECIALIST ADDRESS 862000

6. Appropriate Service Specialists. Table 1-2 lists the military authority contact details and the details for the appropriate service specialists.

Table 1-2. Military Authority and Appropriate Service Specialists

MIL AUTHORITY AND SPECIALISTS

ADDRESS CONTACT DETAILS

Authority for Service Military Airfields

MAA Reg ATM2 ADInfra Juniper 1 Wg 4 MOD Abbey Wood (North) Bristol BS34 8JH

Tel: 0306 7984231 Email: [email protected]

Non-FLC and Contractor Aerodromes

OA Ops Spt Juniper 0 Wg 1 MOD Abbey Wood (North) Bristol BS34 8JH


Royal Air Force Air Cmd BM ATM SO2 Infra HQ AIR RAF High Wycombe Buckinghamshire HP14 4UE


Joint Helicopter Command (JHC)

SO2 JHC SA Safety Policy HQ JHC HQ Land Forces Marlborough Lines, Monxton Road Andover SP11 8HT


Royal Navy NCHQ CSAV SO2 ATC HMS Excellent Whale Island, Portsmouth Hampshire PO2 8ER


12 (Force Sp) Engr Gp

SO1 12 (Force Sp) Engr Gp Building 408 RAF Wittering Peterborough PE8 6HB


PJHQ PJHQ CESO PJHQ Northwood HQ Sandy Lane NORTHWOOD Middlesex HA6 3HP




Chapter 2: Aerodrome Design Procedures

General

1. This Section describes the procedures and responsibilities for the provision of aerodrome pavements, visual aids, their maintenance, inspection and survey. It should be noted that the Manual is only relevant for UK military aerodromes and temporary airfields in the UK and overseas.

2. Procurement of airfield infrastructure services, whether new works or maintenance, is the responsibility of the Defence Infrastructure Organisation (DIO), less on deployed operational bases in Military Works Areas where the military are responsible, usually through the Royal Engineers. All airfield infrastructure services should comply with this manual.

Implementation Policy

3. The specifications and criteria described in this manual apply to the new construction, modification and restoration of facilities. They are mandatory unless specific engineering or operational considerations dictate a variation, in which case sponsors should apply for a Waiver, Exemption or Alternative Acceptable Means of Compliance (AAMC) in accordance with MAA 03 MAA Regulatory Processes. For the Temporary Airfield see Chapters 12,13 and 14; the appropriate military authority is the Air Commander. The specifications do not, of themselves, establish an entitlement to construct new facilities or to modify or to restore existing facilities and changes to existing facilities should not be supported solely to meet the letter of the criteria.

Airfield Infrastructure Services

4. Core Works. Core Works are typically high value or complex projects, and the typical process is shown in Figure 2-1. 5. Core Services. Core Services are typically lower value or less complex maintenance tasks. 6. Verification of Works. A Verification Plan should be established, concurrently with the project development, for each of the phase of the project and detailed in the appropriate and relevant documentation. The Verification Plan should provide and document or refer to the criteria, techniques and tools to be used in the verification process. 7. Handover Documentation. Handover documentation should include Verification Assurance Certification detailed in Table 2-2. Aerodrome Maintenance

8. General. A maintenance programme, including preventative maintenance where appropriate, should be established at aerodromes to maintain facilities in a condition which does not impair the safety of operations in accordance with these regulations. The maintenance policy should address the following aspects:

a. The organisation, roles and responsibilities.

b. The maintenance philosophy, that includes and takes account of:

(1) The maintenance objectives.



(2) The operational requirements.

(3) The maintenance resources.

c. A maintenance schedule and procedures, which include:

(1) The maintenance objectives.

(2) The operational requirements.

(3) The maintenance resources.

(4) Planned, controlled, conditional and corrective maintenance programmes.

(5) Post-maintenance activities.

(6) The modification or upgrading of equipment.

(7) Specific safety procedures.

(8) The management of records and documentation.

(9) The provision of spares, tools and test equipment.

(10) Inspections.

9. Aerodromes should perform to their design standards yet will deteriorate through usage and in time. Maintenance is an aid to retaining acceptable standards and maximising facility life.

Inspections and Surveys

10. Inspections and surveys are a technical maintenance tool and a staff tool to support requests for the funding of projects and to audit compliance of aerodromes with this Manual. Measured Height Surveys update the position and height of all obstructions to the Approach Clearance Planes and provide data to OCA Flt No 1 AIDU for the provision of airfield approach procedures. Table 2-1 details the responsibilities for Inspections and Surveys of aerodrome operating facilities. Defence Works Functional Standard 06 Guide to Airfield Pavement Maintenance is a reference document for Stations to back up recommendations arising from inspections and surveys. . 11. For verification assurance certification to be presented at handover of major and minor work see Table 2-2. Reference to Other Documents

12. Bibliography. The Bibliography in Chapter 19 gives a comprehensive, but not exhaustive, list of related publications. Of particular note are ICAO, CAA and NATO publications, any of which may contain conflicting standards and criteria. Where uncertainty exists, advice should be sought from the sponsor of the relevant section of this Manual.

13. STANAGS. This Manual implements a number of STANAGS. Information on the edition and implementation status of the STANAGS referenced can be found in the Chapter 18.



Figure 2-1 Typical Core Works Process Map

Raise user need Identify requirement

TLB DIO

Initial procurement strategy Options to meet user needsPrepare Business Case

Obtain Business Case approval

Approved?

No

Prepare Project BriefYes

Prepare Viability Study Confirm Procur ment eStrategy Obtain authority to proceed

Proceed?

Yes

No

Whole life based design

Contract preparation

No

Obtain authority to proceed

Proceed?

Yes

Tender process

No

Obtain authority to proceed

Proceed?

Yes Award contract

Do Contract works

Handover contract worksAccept completed works

Post Project Review Process review



Table 2-1 Responsibilities for Military Aerodromes Design, Standards, Inspections and Surveys

Friction Surveys

Responsible Organisation/Responsibility

Staf

f Ins

pect

ion

Cla

ssifi

catio

n

Mon

itorin

g

Spec

ial

Mai

nten

ance

Insp

ectio

ns

Mea

sure

d H

eigh

t Sur

veys

Wor

ks (M

ajor

& M

inor

)

Remarks

APPROPRIATE MILITARY AUTHORITIES Assist Operations Staffs to set minimum standards Confirm requirement for special surveys related to flight safety

Approval Authority for proposed deviation from Regulations Promulgate Staff Inspection Programme Approval Authority for friction measurement machines

With MOD Specialists advice

TLB REPRESENTATIVES

Set operational and design requirements Seek MOD Specialists' advice

Sponsor, fund and programme any major projects Agree and promulgate the Inspection/Survey programme annually

From MOD Specialists input

DLO

Equipment Manager for in-service friction measuring devices.

Including. those held by STRE (Air Sp) when Authorised.

Fund spares and calibration of in-service approved friction classification equipment held

Currently Mu-Meter Mk V

MOD SPECIALISTS

Policy on construction materials and equipment (i.e. performance, characteristics, testing, etc.)

For airfield pavement wks see Chapter 15

Maintain Inspection/Survey databases for MOD aerodromes Approval Authority for Inspection/Survey procedures and agencies. Draft/advise on Inspection/Survey Programmes Annually



Friction Surveys

Responsible Organisation/Responsibility

Staf

f Ins

pect

ion

Cla

ssifi

catio

n

Mon

itorin

g

Spec

ial

Mai

nten

ance

Insp

ectio

ns

Mea

sure

d H

eigh

t Sur

veys

Wor

ks (M

ajor

& M

inor

)

Remarks

Arrange contract support to Inspections/Surveys STRE (Air Sp) Maintain and operate in-service friction measuring devices

When issue authorised

Carry out operational Inspections/Surveys at FOB STATIONS

Set operational and design requirements Seek MOD Specialists' advice

Conduct Friction Monitoring Surveys Stns without Mu-Meters to request surveys as required

Fund Inspections/Surveys

Except at handover of major projects when project pays

Request surveys as required

Conduct periodic inspections In accordance with the Manual of Military ATM

Frequency of Inspections/Surveys (years) 1 4c a a 2 1d

a As required b Statutory c Annually when Friction Level is below MPL d Check Survey Annually, Full Survey every 5 years, or at frequencies as determined in accordance with CAP232



Table 2-2 Verification Assurance Certification that should be Presented at Handover of Major and Minor Works

Verification Assurance

Certificates* Run

way

Ta

xiw

ay

Apr

ons

Manual References Comments

* To be provided at Handover

AGL System Installation Compliance Certificate*

Chapter 6 Para 1 Indicators and Signalling Devices Chapter 6 Para 4 Markings Chapter 6 Para 27 Lights Chapter 6 Para 47 Signs Chapter 6 Para 56 Markers Chapter 7 Obstacles Chapter 9 Para 2 Earthing

Where compliance is not assured a Waiver, Exemption or AAMC should be submitted to the MAA (see MAA 03 MAA Regulatory Processes.

AGL Photometric Test Certificate of Compliance*

Annex 6B

New, refurbished or modified installations where more than 25% of the system has been changed. All Runway Services and Taxiway Centreline only

Apron Floodlighting Photometric Test Certificate of Compliance*

Chapter 6 Para 44

Certificate of Compliance for provision of Secondary Power Supplies*

Chapter 8 Paras 3-6

Determined by Approach Category (i.e Non-precision, Precision CAT I and Precision Approach CAT II as applicable)

PAPI Flight Check Form* Annex 6C

Where bases mayhave been affected or PAPI unit has been damaged or removed and replaced.

MCS Functional Test Certificate* Chapter 6 Para 46f

Full system check required after any work is undertaken. Compliance with DIO Policy Instruction 19/2006 is mandatory.

Insulation Resistance Test Results*

Chapter 8 Para 19 Results to comply with DIO Policy Instruction 29/2005 Annex B

As Built Drawings Should be provided within the period detailed in the contract (normally within 28 days of handover)

Updated Airfield Lighting Schedule

Should be provided within the period detailed in the contract (normally within 28 days of handover)

O&M Manuals* AGL Equipment Warranty* Annex 6B Para 3

Friction Test Certificate* Chapter 15 Para 7

Note: DIO Policy Instructions can be downloaded at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/MicroSite/DIO/OurPublications/TechnicalDocuments/



Chapter 3: Aerodrome Design Specification for Fixed Wing Permanent

Bases

AERODROME DATA

General

1. These specifications and criteria apply to the new construction, modification and restoration of military aerodrome facilities at home and overseas. They are mandatory unless specific engineering or operational considerations dictate a variation, in which case the sponsors should apply for a Waiver, Exemption or AAMC in accordance with MAA 03 MAA Regulatory Processes. 2. Fixed Wing Aircraft Requirements

3. The specifications in this part of the document cover the general requirements of all military fixed wing aircraft, including wide bodied transport aircraft. A specimen layout of an aerodrome is shown at Figure 3-1 Specimen Aerodrome Layout. Specifications and criteria for military rotary wing aircraft and heliports are laid down in Chapters 10 and 11.

Figure 3-1 Specimen Aerodrome Layout

4. For the purpose of defining standard dimensions for aerodrome movement areas in this document, permanent aerodromes are divided into categories and assigned an Aerodrome Reference Code comprising a Code Number and Code Letter. The basis for these categories, which include grass runways, shown in Table 3-1 are runway length and aircraft wing span/wheel span. The standard runway widths are shown, but do not affect aerodrome categories. Codes 4-6 equating to the ICAO Code 4, are introduced to allow compatibility with NATO Criteria. The codes should be determined as follows:

a. The Code Number corresponds to the highest value of the aerodrome reference field lengths of the design aircraft.



b. The Code Letter corresponds to the greatest wing span, or the greatest outer main wheel gear span, whichever gives the more demanding code letter of the design aircraft.

Table 3-1 Aerodrome Reference Codes

Aerodrome Code Number Main Runway Length Minimum Runway Width

a

1 < 800m (2600ft) 18m (60ft)b and 23m (75ft) 2 800m (2600ft) and < 1200m 30m (100ft) 3 1200m (3900ft) and < 1800m 45m (150ft) 4 1800m (6000ft) and < 2300m 45m (150ft) 5 2300m (7500ft) and < 2750m 45m (150ft) 6 2750m (9000ft) 60m (200 ft)

a The width of precision approach runways 30m (100ft) b Subject to requirements of aircraft manuals, will normally only be considered for light aircraft operations.

Aerodrome Code Letter Wing Span Outer Main Gear Wheel Span

A < 15m < 4.5m B 15m and < 24m 4.5m and < 6m C 24m and < 36m 6m and < 9m Dc 36m and < 52m 9m and < 14m Ec 52m and < 65m 9m and < 14m Fc 65m and < 80m 14m and < 16m

c The minimum runway width is 45m.

5. Simultaneous (Parallel) Runway Operations. The conditions of Table 3-2 are unlikely to be feasible on existing military aerodromes and so simultaneous runway operations are not normally permitted in peacetime. Stations whom wish to carry out simultaneous runway operations, but do not meet the requirements of Table 3-2, should submit a Waiver/Exemption or AAMC in accordance with MAA 03 MAA Regulatory Processes.

Table 3-2 Runway Separation Distances for Simultaneous Runway Operations Centre-line Separation Distance

Aerodrome Code Number a 1 2 3-6 Use

Non-instrument simultaneous 120m 150m 210m Independent parallel approaches b 1035m Dependent parallel approaches b 915m Independent parallel departures b 760m Segregated parallel operations b 760m cd



a Based on the higher code number for the intended use b See ICAO Manual of Simultaneous Operations on Parallel or Near-Parallel Instrument Runways (Doc 9643) c Decreased by 30m (minimum 300m) for each 150m that arrival runway is staggered toward the arriving aircraft d Increased by 30m for each 150m that arrival runway is staggered away from the arriving aircraft



Chapter 4: Specifications for the Aerodrome Physical Design

Runways

1. The following rules for all runways apply, regardless of the aerodrome category or of the specified or actual dimensions of the paved and prepared runway surfaces:

a. Length. Runway length should be sufficient to meet the operational requirement. 150m at each end of each runway should be of rigid construction to combat the effects of jet engine efflux.

b. Width. Width should be in accordance with Table 3-1 unless a greater width is required for operational reasons.

c. Longitudinal Slopes. Figure 4-1 shows the split of the runways/stopways that should be considered. Runway longitudinal slope limits are given in Table 4-1. Stopway slope limits are given in Table 4-7.

Figure 4-1 Runway Gradients Longitudinal

Paved Runway

End Section Centre Section End Section

Stopway Stopway

Table 4-1 Runway Longitudinal Slopes

Longitudinal Slope Aerodrome Code

Number Overall(a) Local Changes Transitional Rate of Change

1 2% 2% 2% 2 2% 2% 2%

0.4% per 30m (radius of curvature > 7500m)

3 1% 1.5% ( 0.8%)d 1.5% 0.2% per 30m (radius of curvature > 15000m)

4 1% 1.25% ( 0.8%)c 1.5% 5 1% 1.25% ( 0.5% up or 1.5% 6 1% 1.25% ( 0.5% up or

0.8% down)b 1.5%

0.1% per 30m (radius of curvature > 30000m)

a =Difference in elevation between the runway ends on the centre-line divided by the runway length b For end thirds of runway viewed from the centre section c For end quarters of runway d For end quarters of a precision approach Category II or III runway



d. Distance Between Slope Changes. Undulations or appreciable changes in slopes located close together along a runway should be avoided. The distance between the points of intersection of two successive curves should not be less than:

(1) The sum of the absolute numerical values of the corresponding slope changes multiplied by the appropriate value as follows:

(a) 30000m where the code number is 4 or greater;

(b) 15000m where the code number is 3; and

(c) 5000m where the code number is 1 or 2; or

(2) 45m, whichever is the greater.

e. Lines of Sight. Where slope changes cannot be avoided, unobstructed lines of sight are as given in Table 4-2.

f. Transverse Slopes. Figure 4-2 shows the split of runway/shoulders/ graded portions of strips outside of shoulders, to be considered. Runway transverse slope limits are given in Table 4-3. Shoulder slope limits are given in Table 4-3. Strip slope limits are given in Table 4-4.

g. Strength. The bearing strength of the runway should be capable of accepting the design aircraft operations including the safe movement of rescue and fire fighting vehicles. Further details are given at Chapter 15 Para 27-46.

h. Surface of Runways. Runway surfaces should be constructed and maintained so that they permit safe take-off and landing of aircraft. This includes requirements in respect of surface integrity, friction and surface evenness. Further details are given in Chapter 15.

i. Construction at the End of Runways. In order to minimise the possibility of damage to aircraft landing short of the paved runway surface, the end of the runway pavement should be inclined to the horizontal at a slope of 12.5%. The inclined portion at the end of the runway should be formed by the provision of a concrete ramp, finishing below the ground surface, 2.4m in length and of 0.15m minimum thickness. See Figure 4-3.

j. Blast Pads. Concrete blast pads, when authorised, should be of sufficient size to prevent surface erosion and migration of foreign material onto the runway. The ends should to comply with the provisions of Chapter 4 Para 1a. Blast pads should form part of stopways, in which case they should be designed as paved stopways.

k. Runways for VTOL/STOL Operations. Runway dimensions (length and width) for VTOL/STOL operations are laid down in respective aircraft manuals and will vary from aircraft to aircraft. The requirements will be dependent on payload and crosswind components and the manuals for the aerodrome/runway design aircraft should be consulted before any design or construction work is undertaken. In all other respects the runway should be treated as a normal runway with the criteria being dictated by the Aerodrome Code Number and Letter.



Figure 4-2 Runway Gradients Transverse

Strip StripShoulder ShoulderPaved Runway

3m 3m

Figure 4-3 Lines of Sight and Transverse Slopes

>

Table 4-2 Construction at Runway Ends Aerodrome

Code Letter

Line of Sight (any point of the given height to all other points of the same given height within at

least runway length Transverse Slope

A 1.5m B 2m

1% slope 2% C D E F

3m 1% slope 1.5%

2. Runway Shoulders. Shoulders should be provided symmetrically either side of the runway centre-line in accordance with Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3. Paved shoulders should be authorised in special cases (eg for aircraft with outrigger wheels on the wing-tips or where jet blast from large aircraft with wing-mounted engines overhanging the pavement edge causing possible FOD problems or where the topsoil/climate will not support grassed shoulders). See Chapter 17 Para 3.



Table 4-3 Runway Shoulders Slopes Aerodrome

Code Letter Overall Widtha Longitudinal Transverse

Strength (Paved/Unpaved)

A B C

Shoulders not required

D 60m E 60m F 75m

As for the runway

2.5%. Edge to be flush with

runway

Refer to Section Chap 15 para 27.

a Overall width=runway +2 x shoulder width

3. Runway Strips

a. A runway and any associated stopways should be included in a strip with characteristics as shown in Table 4-4. There should be no isolated hard or soft areas of ground in the graded portion so as to minimise hazards to aircraft arising from differences in load bearing capacity. The strip should be of sufficient strength such that it does not hinder the movement of rescue and fire fighting vehicles. See also Chapter 15 Para 28 and Chapter 17 Para 4.

Table 4-4 Runway Strips

Widthh

Graded Portion (distance from runway centre-

line. Flush where abutting

runway/shoulder/ stopway)

Slopes

Aer

odro

me

Cod

e N

umbe

r

Leng

th (b

efor

e th

resh

old

and

beyo

nd ru

nway

/sto

pway

Prec

isio

n

Non

-Pr

ecis

ion

Non

-In

stru

men

t

Obj

ects

(not

allo

wed

with

in

give

n di

stan

ce o

f run

way

ce

ntre

-line

)

Inst

rum

ent

Non

-In

stru

men

t

Long

itudi

nal

Tran

sver

see,

f

1 60/30ma 30m 30m 2 75m 40m 45m

b 40m 40m 2% 3% 3 1.75% 4 5 6

60m 150mg 75m 60mc,d 75m 1.5% 2.5%

a 60m instrumented, 30m non-instrumented b Precision approach runway Category I c Precision approach runway Categories I, II, or III d Change to within 77.5m for precision approach runway category I,II or III where the code

number is 4 or more and the code letter is F e Slope of 3m from runway/shoulder/stopway to be downwards and 5% to aid drainage f Beyond graded portion slope 5% upwards. Downward slope as given above. g 90m for subsidiary runways h Each side of centre-line



b. Delethalisation. The graded portion of runway strips should be delethalised as indicated in Figure 4-4; the sub-surface ramp should be inclined to the horizontal at a maximum slope of 12.5%.

Figure 4-4 Delethalisation

Runway Strip Surface Hard object (eg manhole cover, cable duct or edge of intersecting pavements) within runway strip

Unpaved soft runway

Slope 12.5%

>300

mm

c. An object situated on a runway strip which may endanger aeroplanes should be regarded as an obstacle and should, as far as practicable, be removed. See Chapter 17 Para 9.

Runway End Safety Areas

4. RESA, providing an undershooting or overrunning aircraft with a cleared and graded area, should be provided in accordance with Table 4-5. No fixed object, other than visual aids required for air navigation purposes, which satisfy the relevant safeguarding criteria, is permitted on a RESA. The RESA should be prepared/constructed to reduce the risk of damage to an aeroplane undershooting or over running the runway and to facilitate the movement of rescue and fire fighting vehicles.

Table 4-5 Runway End Safety Areas Slopesb Aerodrome

Code Number

Lengthac Width Longitudinal Transverse

1 2 3 4 5

6

Minimum of 90m. Recommended 120m for code number 1 or 2 runways and 240m for code 3 or greater runwaysd

2 x associated runway width

5% downwards with gradual changes in slope

5% with gradual changes in slope

a Aerodrome Code 3, 4, 5, 6 require RESA, also for Code 1 & 2 if the runway is an instrument one b RESA not to penetrate approach or take-off climb surface c Extending from the end of the runway strip d A safety assessment which takes account of a reasonable probable combination of adverse operational factors should be provided where the Recommended distances are not practicable, notwithstanding compliance with the minimum requirement.

Clearways

5. The requirement for clearways at each end of the runway is dependent on the declared runway length and the required TODA of the design aircraft. Where the declared



runway length is shorter than the TODA required for the design aircraft a clearway should be provided at the end(s) of the runway in accordance with Table 4-6. Objects on a clearway which may endanger aircraft in the air should be regarded as obstacles and removed. Chapter 17 Para 6.

Table 4-6 Clearways Length Width Slopes

Origin at end of TORA Length TORAa

75m to each side of extended runway centre-line

a. Ground not to penetrate an upward slope of 1.25% from the TORA endb. b. Abrupt upward slope changes should be avoided. c. Within 22.5m of extended runway centre-line, slope changes and transition from runway

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