Made in Bangalore: How social enterprise is transforming business-as-usual

7/31/2019 Made in Bangalore: How social enterprise is transforming business-as-usual

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Ahzst vwjchsbgd he Eiqgmjgz :6;;

Kcc zh`bts zgsgzqgd% Ei vkzt ia tbhs vwjchokthie mkx jg zgvzidwogdhe kex aizm iz jx kex mgkes phtbiwt vzhiz vgzmhsshie ia tbg Ogetzgaiz _iohkc Mkzngts% Aiz vgzmhsshie# vcgksg oietkot ws kt


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TKJCG IA OIETGET_

Aizgpizd

Iqgzqhgp ked _wmmkzx

Tbg Jkttcg`ziwed ia Jke`kcizg - ke hetzidwothie

Gdwokthie- ckxhe` aiwedkthies

Bgkctb- mknhe` ht visshjcg aiz kcc

Heaizmkthie Tgobeici`x- vipgz ti tbg vgivcg

_gzqhogs- simgtbhe` aiz gqgzxieg

Tbg egtpizn ia swvvizt iz`keh|kthies aiz _iohkc Getgzvzhsgs

Oieocwdhe` Eitgs

Koneipcgd`gmgets

@cisskzx

Zgagzgeogs

Kjiwt

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6/96


7/96

AIZGPIZD

Tbhs stwdx tgccs tbg stizx ia ke gmgz he` Hedhk% Ke Hedhk he pbhob tzkdhthiekc aizms ia jwshegss kzg jghe`zg-tbiw`bt# zg-ge`heggzgd ked zg-aizmgd% Eit aiz gmvhzg jwhcdhe`# jwt aiz jwhcdhe` siohkc qkcwg ked zgsviedhe`

ti siohgtkc eggds% Tpgetx xgkzs katgz tbg `zgkt cgkv aizpkzd ia tbg Egp Goieimho Vichox# pbhob chjgzkchsgd tbgHedhke goieimx# pg kzg sgghe` k egp `gegzkthie ia Hedhke getzgvzgegwzs gmgz`g%

Tbhs hs k `gegzkthie tbkt phtegssgd tbg tzkeshthie k`g ia tbg ;886s# pbge iqgzemget oietzic sckongegd ked kqgpkx ti wejiwedgd vzhqktg getgzvzhsg% Tbhs tzkeshthie `gegzkthie hs eip kt tbg bgcm ia simg ia Hedhks mistgrohthe` bxjzhd jwshegss midgcs# azim Dz _bkzke Vkthcs aiz-vzit _vkzsb Bisvhtkc# pbhob mkek`gs tishmwctkegiwscx sgzqhog tbg eggds ia tbg wzjke gchtg ked tbg zwzkc viiz> ti tbg JVI Qhedbxk# pbhob ozgktgsheocwshqg dgqgcivmget ivviztwehthgs aiz tbg dhgzgetcx-kjcgd jzhe`he` dhèhtx ked sgca-zgsvgot aiz k mwobmkz`hekchsgd vivwckthie%

Tidkx tbg oktob-kcc tgzm siohkc getzgvzgegwz hs wsgd ti dgsozhjg swob eie-oieaizmhst jwshegssvgivcg% Jwt tbhsdigs eit di lwsthog ti tbg vbgeimgeie tbkt pg kzg ijsgzqhe`% Ha ksngd# kzg xiw k jwshegssvgzsie iz k siohkcpizngz9 Iwz vzitkìehsts vzicgd he tbhs zgvizt mh`bt pgcc kespgz xgs ti jitb# ked eit obiisg ieg iqgz tbgitbgz% He vkzts ia Hedhk# ieg oke jg he jwshegss ked k siohkc pizngz kt tbg skmg thmg ht sggms%

Tbhs zggots bip mwob bks obke`gd he tbg ckst tpgetx xgkzs% Ieog jwshegss pks k dhztx pizd# oieshdgzgd kjksthie ia tbg sgca-zg`kzdhe`# tbg `zggdx ked tbg wegtbhokc% Eip eit tbkt ht bks jgoimg oimvcgtgcxzgbkjhchtktgd - jwshegss okzzhgs k stzie` vziagsshiekc kvvgkc aiz tbg oiedket ked mithqktgd# ia kcc siohkc ockssgs%

_tkzt-wvs kzg jgoimhe` oimmie he tbg egp Hedhk ked k ngx zgksie `hqge jx getzgvzgegwzs hs tbg ekeohkchedgvgedgeog ht oke jzhe`% He k zgoget swzqgx jx tbg Cg`ktwm Hesthtwtg# 41' ia Hedhke getzgvzgegwzs viccgd ohtgdjghe` tbghz ipe jiss# ked :7 ' ohtgd mknhe` miegx# ks zgksies aiz stkzthe` tbghz ipe jwshegss% Iecx 1' zgagzzgdti mknhe` k dhgzgeog aiz siohgtx ks k akotiz%

He k oiwetzx pbgzg lij ozgkthie sbiwcd jg k vzhizhtx# tbg wz`g aiz sgca-gmvcixmget hs wedgzstkedkjcg% Hedhkswgzs azim k ocisg ti ;6' wegmvcixmget zktg ked kvvzirhmktgcx ;? mhcchie vgivcg getgz tbg lij mkzngt gqgzxxgkz% Tbg sbiztakcc hs eit kooiwetgd aiz jx tzkdhthiekc aizms ia akzm iz eie-akzm gmvcixmget% Ks k zgoget VPOked Oieagdgzkthie ia Hedhke Hedwstzhgs zgvizt vihets iwt# smkcc ked mgdhwm-sh|gd getgzvzhsgs tbg ckz`gst

vzhqktg gmvcixgzs he Hedhk - kzg iecx kjcg ti ozgktg ?%? mhcchie eie-akzm lijs vgz xgkz% Tbhs ozgktgs tbg pgcc-neipevzgsswzg aiz sgca-gmvcixmget he Hedhk% Vgivcg bkqg ti jiit-stzkv tbgmsgcqgs he k zwtbcgss ked weaiz`hqhe` pizngeqhziemget ti swzqhqg%

Tbhs hs tbg oietgrt aiz tbg getzgvzgegwzs vzicgd he tbhs stwdx% Vgzbkvs tbgx kzg mgzgcx k vkzt ia tbg 1' viccgdpbi ohtgd siohkc zgksies aiz tbghz stkzt-wvs% Iz vgzbkvs tbgx kzg vkzt ia ke wesgge siohkc tzged# pbgzg mizg kedmizg kzg wshe` getgzvzhsg ti kddzgss hsswgs ia obzieho dgvzhqkthie# geqhziemgetkc dg`zkdkthie kedmkc-ìqgzekeog he Hedhk% Tbhs hs svgowckthie ked awztbgz pizn hs eggdgd ti gstkjchsb tbg dzhqgzs ked gmvhzhokczgkchthgs aiz tbg gmgz`geog ia tbhs jzggd ia getzgvzgegwz%

Pbkt tbhs stwdx digs sbip# bipgqgz# hs tbkt pbhcg tbg getzgvzgegwzs vzicgd oimg azim dhqgzsg jkon`ziweds#tbgx bkqg swoogssawccx obkccge`gd eithies ia jwshegss ks jghe` sicgcx sgca-sgzqhe` ked grvcihtkthqg% Tbgsggetzgvzgegwzs kzg wshe` mkzngt-gekjcgd midgcs ti kddzgss simg ia Hedhks dggvgst dhqhdgs ked dgvzhqkthies%He si dihe` tbgx kzg ozgkthe` egp eizms aiz bip jwshegss oke ked sbiwcd jg k aizog aiz ìid he midgze Hedhk%

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8/96

AIZGPIZD

?

Tbhs zgvizt hs vkzt ia ke ie-ìhe` heqgsth`kthie jx tbg Ogetzg aiz _iohkc Mkzngts heti bip Hedhks jwshegssckedsokvg hs obke`he` he zgsviesg ti k oimvcgr sgt ia swstkhekjhchtx# siohkc lwsthog ked ìqgzekeog obkccge`gs%

Egqgz stktho# jwshegss hs eip jghe` zgsbkvgd jx egp getzkets sgt ie mijhchshe` tbg mkzngt ks ke hestzwmget iasiohkc obke`g% Ti pbkt dg`zgg tbgx kzg swooggdhe` - ked pbkt nhed ia gekjche` swvvizt sxstgms he tgzms iavwjcho vichox# zg`wckthie iz snhccs dgqgcivmget kzg eggdgd - hs tbg aiows ia tbhs zgvizt%

Pbkt hs ocgkz hs tbkt Hedhk oiethewgs ti jg k bh`bcx obkccge`he` geqhziemget aiz jwshegss ked getzgvzgegwzs%Hekdg{wktg heazkstzwotwzg# pgkn hesthtwthies# obzieho oizzwvthie# viiz ìqgzekeog ked ckp geaizogmget kzgpgcc-neipe mkckhsgs% He tbg Pizcd Jkens keewkc gksg ia Dihe` Jwshegss :6;; zgvizt# Hedhk ieog k`khe soizgskjxsmkccx cip< ;?: iwt ia ;2? oiwetzhgs# jgbhed gqgzx she`cg oiwetzx he iwz zg`hie grogvt Jbwtke%

Mizg eggds ti jg dieg ti kothqgcx geoiwzk`g zhsn-tknhe`# heeiqkthie ked getgzvzhsg he Hedhk% Itbgzphsg pg phcckcpkxs jg k stkztgz ekthie# egqgz k stkzt-wv ekthie% Dgqgcivhe` k ?16 dg`zgg kvvzikob ti getgzvzhsg dgqgcivmgetked lij ozgkthie phcc zg{whzg k zkdhokc sbkng-wv he iwz hesthtwthies ked mhedsgts% Ks tbhs grvcizktizx stwdx sbips#tbg vgivcg ked hdgks kzg tbgzg% Pbkt pg eggd hs ke goisxstgm kvvzikob ti getgzvzhsg swvvizt ozgkthe`ged-ti-ged chenk`gs%

He tbhs zgvizt# pg bkqg bh`bch`btgd getgzvzhsg heeiqkthies tknhe` vckog he tbg gdwokthie# bgkctb# HT ked sgzqhogsgotizs% Iwz pizn bks jgge swvviztgd azim hts heogvthie tbziw`b tbg kothqg oicckjizkthie ia Irakm @J kedIzobhd Obgmhokcs ! Vbkzmkogwthokcs Ctd% pbi bkqg mkdg pgcoimg hetgccgotwkc ked ekeohkc oietzhjwthies ti tbg

gizt% Pg hetged ti aiccip tbhs hehthkc vhgog ia pizn wv phtb ke grkmhekthie ia itbgz ngx sgotizs swob ks tzkesvizt#biwshe` ked gegz`x%

Tbg ijlgothqg hs ti hccwmhektg bip getzgvzgegwzsbhv oke oietzhjwtg ti Hedhks swstkhekjcg dgqgcivmget - mggthe`tbg eggds ia tbg mkex# eit lwst tbg agp# pbhcg jgkzhe` he mhed tbg eggds ia awtwzg `gegzkthies% He si dihe`# pgsggn ti hdgethax jkzzhgzs ti getgzvzhsg dgqgcivmget ked bgcv ozgktg vcktaizms aiz kdqiokox ked kothie# phtb kqhgp ti vzimithe` k mizg getgzvzhsg-azhgedcx geqhziemget aiz jwshegssgs sggnhe` ti mkng k dhgzgeog%

He tbg mietb tbkt tbg `cijkc vivwckthie bks ozissgd sgqge jhcchie# ht hs ocgkz pg eggd midgcs tbkt oke sokcg wvggothqg zgsviesgs ti iwz hetgz-chengd ozhsgs ia `cijkc viqgztx# heg{wkchtx ked swstkhekjhchtx% Ha Hedhks ;%: jhcchievgivcg kzg ti kttkhe tbghz oiesthtwthiekc wkzketggs ia azggdim azim pket ked bwe`gz# pg phcc eggd egp midgcstbkt oke jzhe` jgegts ti tbg mkssgs# eit lwst tbg vzhqhcg`gd wzjke gchtgs ked mhddcg ockssgs%

Tbg ìid egps hs tbkt simg ia tbgsg midgcs mh`bt pgcc jg aiwed he tbg vk`gs ia tbhs jiin% Ieg oke edewmgziws hesvhzkthiekc stizhgs vzicgd bgzg ked ie iwz hetgzkothqg pgjshtg% Ht hs iwz bivg tbkt zgkdgzs#pgcc-phsbgzs ked heqgstizs phcc oieegot phtb tbisg vzicgd tbziw`b tbg pgjshtg ked swvvizt tbghz gizts% Hekddhthie# pg ciin aizpkzd ti aggdjkon ie tbhs zgvizt ked vkztegzsbhvs phtb tbisg kcsi sggnhe` ti mknggetzgvzgegwzsbhv aiz vgivcg# vckegt ked vzisvgzhtx k zgkchtx%

Mkcheh MgbzkAiwedgz ! Obhga GrgowthqgOgetzg aiz _iohkc Mkzngts

Eiqgmjgz :6;;

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9/96

NKZEKTKNK

IQGZQHGP KED _WMMKZX

Tbziw`b vgivcg chng Mwstkak# Vkqhtbzk ked

Obkedzksbgnkz tbhs stwdx hetzidwogs tbg vgivcg tbkt

kzg tbg owzzget cgkdgzs# sowcvtizs ked tbhengzs heJke`kcizgs siohkc getgzvzhsg ckedsokvg% Tbziw`b tbghz

stizhgs pg grvcizg getgzvzhsgs tbkt bkqg tbg qhshie ti

jg jitb aweothiekc ked swstkhekjcg geththgs ked

vishthqg obke`g mkngzs% Tbgsg getgzvzhsgs kzg

vzimithe` viqgztx zgdwothie ked swstkhekjhchtx

tbziw`b k azwht skckd ia kvvzikobgs ked midgcs# pg

ciin kt bip tbgx kobhgqg swoogss# bip tbgx dgtgzmheg

k piznkjcg jwshegss midgc# pbkt hmvkot tbghzgetgzvzhsgs bkqg# ked pbkt bks bgcvgd iz bhedgzgd

tbgm kcie` tbg pkx% Tbhs grvcizkthie ogetzgs ie

Jke`kcizg> k bwj aiz ozgkthqg getgzvzhsg tbkt hs

`zkvvche` phtb zkvhd wzjkehskthie phtb kcc ia tbg

kssiohktgd ivviztwehthgs ked hsswgs% Pbkt hs tbg stizx

jgbhed tbhs ohtx9

He :6?6 Hedhks wzjke vivwckthie phcc zhsg ti 786

mhcchie# wv azim ?46 mhcchie he :662# ked phtb tbhs zhsg

heoimgs vgz okvhtk phcc {wkdzwvcg% Tbg ohthgs phcc`gegzktg 06' ia egp gmvcixmget# dzipehe`

k`zhowctwzg%; Tbg MoNhesgx @cijkc Hesthtwtg Zgvizt

Hedhks Wzjke Kpkngehe`< Jwhcdhe` heocwshqg ohthgs#

swstkhehe` goieimho `ziptb : `igs ie ti vzgdhot tbkt

vivwckthie phcc diwjcg he qg Hedhke stktgs# heocwdhe`

Nkzektknk% Ti dktg Jke`kcizgs bks tbg akstgst

vivwckthie `ziptb zktg azim 1%7 mhcchie he :66; ti 8%7

mhcchie he :6;;%? Ohtgd jx Aizjgs ks ieg ia tbg pizcdsakstgst-`ziphe` ohthgs#4 Jke`kcizg hs tbg `gi`zkvbhokc

aiows ia tbhs stwdx "tbiw`b grkmvcgs kzg kcsi dzkpe

azim Obgeekh ked Bxdgzkjkd(% Azim jghe` k

ckhd-jkon Vgeshiegzs Vkzkdhsg ia mkhecx

vwjcho-sgotiz gmvcixggs# Jke`kcizg bks mizvbgd

heti k azge|x ia goieimho# siohkc# ked vichthokc kothqhtx% K

bh`b-tgob bwj Hedhks ipe _hchoie Qkccgx Jke`kcizg

biwsgs Hedhks jgst-neipe bimg-`zipe tgobeici`x`hkets ked hs kcsi bimg ti tbg pizcds ckz`gst HT zms%

Kcie`shdg tbg stktg jwzgkwozkox# ohtx kdmhehstzkthies

stzw` cg ti mggt mwcthvcg dgqgcivmget obkccge`gs ked ti

nggv wv phtb tbg oimvcgr dgmkeds ia k jzikd zke`g ia

stkngbicdgzs% Jwz giehe wzjke vivwckthies kzg vckohe ke

geizmiws jwzdge ie heazkstzwotwzg ked zgsiwzogs# zgswcthe`

he tbg jzgkndipe ia jksho kmgehthgs cked# biwshe # pktgz#vipgz# bgkctb# ked gdwokthie%

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10/96

NKZEKTKNK

Jke`kcizg


?

Tbg tzkdhthiekc vckxgzs he dgqgcivmget> iqgzemget ked

E@Is# bkqg tzhgd ti zgsvied ti tbg obkccge`gs he

dhgzget pkxs# jwt ocgkzcx tbgzg hs sthcc ivviztwehtx# svkogked eggd aiz egp zgsviesgs ti tbg k`g-icd hsswgs ia

g{whtx ked swstkhekjcg dgqgcivmget%

Tbg sgtthe # Jke kcizg# hs zhvg ti aiz aiows ie kctgzekthqg

obke`g midgcs ked bgeog tbg tbgmktho aiows ha tbhs

stwdx hs siohkc getgzvzhsg% Tbg tgzm siohkc getgzvzhsg# kcsi

zgagzzgd ti ks siohkc getzgvzgegwzsbhv# hs wsgd he tbhs

diowmget ti zgagz ti k zkvhdcx mgz`he` dxekmhovbgeimgeie ia k zke`g ia smkcc ti ckz`g-sokcg qgetwzgs

tbkt khm ti vzimitg siohkc `iid phtbiwt heowzzhe`

cissgs% _iohkc getgzvzhsg bks gmgz`gd ks ke heeiqkthqg

ked ozgkthqg kctgzekthqg midgc aiz vziqhdhe` sicwthies ti

tbg oiethewhe` vzijcgms ia viqgztx# kcie` phtb

hekdg{wktg siohkc sgzqhogs# swob ks bgkctb ked

gdwokthie%

Tbhs stwdx sggns ti wedgzstked tbg vitgethkc ia siohkc

getgzvzhsg he oietzhjwthe` ti dgqgcivmget# si tbkt ht

oke jg cgqgzk`gd ti mkrhmwm ggot% Tbg grvcizkthieia tbg siohkc getgzvzhsgs he tbhs diowmget hs jksgd ie

tpi {wgsthieekhzgs tbkt pgzg ozkatgd ti hccwmhektg eit

lwst tbg midgcs ked iwtoimgs ia siohkc getgzvzhsgs

jwt kcsi ti `hqg k qhgp ia tbg pbicg goisxstgm kziwed

tbgm% Ti geswzg oieshstgeox tbg tpi {wgsthieekhzgs

grvcizgd tbg skmg hdgks# bipgqgz tbgx pgzg wsgd he

sch`btcx dhgzget pkxs# tbg zst pks sbiztgz# vistgd ti

vzisvgothqg siohkc getgzvzhsgs ked ccgd he jx tbgzgohvhget# tbg sgoied stzwotwzgd tbg aiccip wv

hetgzqhgps phtb getgzvzhsgs pbi dgohdgd ti tkng vkzt he

tbg stwdx% Tbg oizg {wgsthies he jitb {wgsthieekhzgs

ogetzgd ie

ozgkthe` mkex egp lijs he jitb wzjke ked zwzkc kzgksked he tbg cie` tgzm bgcvhe` ti stgm zwzkcwzjke

mh`zkthie% Tbgsg cgkdgzs kcsi jzhe` snhccs dzkpe azim

wzjke gdwokthie ti tbg zweehe` ia jh` jwshegssgs he

zwzkc kzgks# tbws ozgkthe` neipcgd`g tzkesagz%

Awztbgzmizg# tbg zwzkc mkzngt oke jg kttzkothqg ks tbg

wzjke mkzngt oke jg mizg oimvcgr ked dhowct ti

wedgzstked% Ks Oi-ivthie Tgobeici`hgs# k 8 xgkz icd

zwzkc vzidwothie ekeog oimvkex# OGI _wjjwzgoi`ehsgs tbkt Pg eggd ti tpgkn tbg Oi-ivthie

midgc ti t ke wzjke ciokthie pbgzg tbg oimmwehtx hs

azk`mgetgd jwt tbg mkzngt hs eit% Wzjke getgzvzhsg#

wechng zwzkc vzidwothie# hs simgtbhe` ti jg dhsoiqgzgd

ked tzhgd% Tbgzg kzg si mkex mizg zhsns%

Ektwzkccx# siohkc getgzvzhsgs qhgp ked dgeg swoogss

dhgzgetcx eit azim tbg vgzsvgothqg ia vzit# iz gqgezgkob ked ewmjgzs# jwt he tgzms ia k vziogss% Hedggd#

gqge smkccgz jwshegssgs ked getgzvzhsgs kzg dihe` tbhs%

Qi`wg# aiz hestkeog# hs k `kzmget jwshegss tbkt qhgps

swoogss ks sbkzhe` tbghz jwshegss phtb itbgz smkcc

`kzmget mkngzs> ieog tbgx zgkob k twzeiqgz tbzgsbicd

tbgx `hqg kex egp oietzkots ti itbgz smkcc jwshegssgs#

tbgx aiows vkzthowckzcx ie tzxhe` ti kw`mget jwshegssgs

ipegd jx viiz pimge% Tbhs vgzsvgothqg hs qgzx dhgzgetazim k txvhokc aiz-vzit jwshegss pbhob hs chngcx ti tkng

ie kddhthiekc pizn jx iwtsiwzohe` tbghz egp oietzkots%

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15/96

_img ia tbgsg obkccge`gs kzg oimmie mkek`gmget

hsswgs# swob ks tbg dhowctx ia mijhchshe` {wkchgd

stk# ked he simg oksgs tbg oiestzkhet ia vkx sokcgsphtbhe k oimvgththqg mkzngt% Bipgqgz# kjiqg ked

jgxied tbgsg hebgzget obkccge`gs kzg sgqgzkc grtgzekc

oiestzkhets tbkt obkccge`g siohkc getgzvzhsgs%

Bip oke pg zkccx ked oiesichdktg tbhs egp gegz x ked

tbg gmgz`he` gcd he tgzms ia bkzegsshe` heeiqkthie#

ozgkthqhtx# ked dgchqgzx ia siohkc iid# jg ht he gdwokthie#

gmvcixmget# bgkctb# tzkesvizt# iz biwshe`9 Tbgsgoksg stizhgs zgqgkc k pgkctb ia siohkc getgzvzhsgs

obhvvhe` kpkx kt heg{whthgs he tbgsg dgqgcivmget

obkccge`gs% Weaiztwektgcx# mist siohkc getgzvzhsgs kzg

sthcc dgvged ie tbg ksvhzkthies ked vgzshstgeog ia k

agp sokttgzgd hedhqhdwkcs pbi bkqg aiwed k pkx ti

jzgkn iwt ia tbg vzit-dzhqge pizcd ti tbhen jgxied

tbgmsgcqgs aiz k ckz`gz ked cksthe` siohkc ìid% Ht hs

ozwohkc ti oiesichdktg tbgsg dhsvgzsgd gegz`hgs kedqhshies# vziqhdg k oimmie vcktaizm ti cgqgzk`g

oiccgothqg grvgzhgeogs ked swoogssgs# ked kddzgss tbg

obkccge`gs tbkt oiestzkhe tbgm% _img hehthkthqgs kzg

kczgkdx wedgzpkx swob ks oieagzgeogs# kpkzds ked

oimvgththies# ks pgcc ks k `ziphe` swvvizt egtpizn

ia Hmvkot Heqgstizs ked heowjktizs% Jwt akz mizg

eggds ti jg dieg he tbhs kzgk ti hqg siohkc getgzvzhsg

tbg skchgeog ht dgsgzqgs he tbg vwjcho ked vichoxdimkhe%


Zicg ia tbg _tktg

vzilgot-jksgd jgtpgge stktg ked getgzvzhsg# tbgzg hsk ocgkz eggd aiz tbg ìqgzemget ti ciin kt tbhs sgotiz

mizg oimvzgbgeshqgcx%

Vkzthohvkets kcsi vihet ti tbg dgckxs# ked jittcgegonsvisgd jx jwzgkwozktho vziogssgs ked vkvgzpizn he`gtthe` ocgkzkeogs aiz vziviskcs% Tbg hejwhctzgshstkeog ti obke`g phtbhe tbg ìqgzemget sxstgm

hmvchgs tbkt obke`g# ha kt kcc# oke iecx oimg azim ke

gech`btgegd ked vzikothqg iohkc% Jwt gqge tbhs

visshjhchtx hs stxmhgd jx azg{wget stk tzkesagzs%Wedgzstkedkjcx tbge# tbgzg hs simg dg`zgg ia

sogvthohsm jitb kmie` siohkc getgzvzhsgs ked tbg

stktg phtb tbg ìqgzemget jghe` scip ti zgoièhsg

tbg vitgethkc tbgsg vkztegzsbhvs bicd%

;%

Tbgzg kzg awedkmgetkc obkccge`gs phtbhe tbggoisxstgm swzziwedhe` siohkc getgzvzhsgs# ieg iapbhob hs tbg zicg ia tbg stktg he swvvizthe` ked

ewztwzhe` siohkc getgzvzhsg% K ewmjgz ia vkzthohvketshe tbhs stwdx vihet ti tbg dhowctx ia koogsshe`

ekeohkc swvvizt# gsvgohkccx he tgzms ia stkzt-wvokvhtkc% Pbhcg tbgzg kzg k agp vkztegzsbhvs# `gegzkccx

8


16/96

?


Ke grkmvcg ia bip tbhs oiwcd jg dieg hs tbg

ìqgzemgets aiows ie vziagsshiekc HT gdwokthie bks

bgcvgd ozgktg tbg ckz`g tkcget jksg azim pbhob tbghedwstzx dzkps hts piznaizog% Tbg ìqgzemgets

vzikothqg kvvzikob tipkzds tbg HT-JVI hedwstzx pks

awztbgz bh`bch`btgd he :662 pbge kothie pks tknge ti

hmvziqg tbg kdmhehstzkthqg aweothiehe` ked

heogethqgs aiz tbg HT hedwstzx swob ks tbg HT Kot

Kmgedmget ked grtgeshie ia tkr heogethqgs%

Eit kcc siohkc getgzvzhsgs oke bivg aiz akqiwzkjcgìqgzemget hetgzkothie# ks tbg oksg ia gAkzm

"vzgqhiwscx Mktobjir _icwthies( dgmiestzktgs%K siohkc getgzvzhsg piznhe` phtb qg`gtkjcg qgedizs#

gAkzm aggcs tbkt tbg ìqgzemget bks hèizgd tbhs

sgotiz# sgghe` ht ks k egogsskzx jwt cip-vzhizhtx

hesthtwthie ks tbg goieimx miqgs azim ke k`zkzhke ti

k sgzqhog izhgetkthie# gssgethkccx vzhizhthshe` wzjke

hedwstzx kjiqg zwzkc lij ozgkthie%

_iohkc getgzvzhsgs piznhe` he tbg gcd ia gdwokthie

kzg oieazietgd phtb ckz`gz stzwotwzkc hsswgs# gsvgohkccx

he tbg vzg-sobiic k`g `ziwv% He tbg vzgsobiic k`g

`ziwv tbg tpi kzgks ia gdwokthie ked obhcd

dgqgcivmget kzg bkedcgd jx tpi dhgzget mhehstzhgs

phtb qgzx chttcg oicckjizkthie jgtpgge tbg tpi# simg

kz`wgd tbkt tbhs okwsgs dwvchokthie# oimmwehokthie

jittcg-egons ked zgdwogs gohgeox% Grkmvcgs he tbgsgoiedkzx gdwokthie kcsi okcc aiz k oibgzget

zg`wckthie ckedsokvg ti vziqhdg qhshie# jkongd jx

heqgstmget azkmgpizn gekjche` vwjcho-vzhqktg

vkztegzsbhvs%

Ieg ia tbg ngx {wgsthies ia tbg stwdx pks Pbkt

piwcd jg tbg ieg mist hmviztket obke`g tbkt oke

stzge`tbge xiwz pizn9 Phtbiwt grogvthie# gqgzxzgsviedget skhd tbkt tbg ìqgzemget mwst# dhzgotcx

iz tbziw`b vkztegzsbhvs# heqgst he kvvzivzhktg ked

zgcgqket gdwokthie tbkt `hqgs oiedgeog ked snhccs

ti jwhcd tbg okvkohthgs ia k egp xiwe` piznaizog%

Grtgedhe` swob vichohgs ked jgegts jgxied tbg

HT-JVI oktgìzx hs ozhthokc% Ks Bkzhsb Bkedg# Mkek`he`

Dhzgotiz ia _gcoi-Hedhk# pbhob vziqhdgs swstkhekjcg

gegz`x sicwthies ti tbg wedgz-sgzqgd zwzkc vivwckthie#

skxs# Pg di eit eggd swjshdhgs# jwt cgt tbg ìqgzemget

vziqhdg grohsg jgegt aiz iwz getgzvzhsg% _gcoi-Hedhk bks

jziw`bt ch`bt ti ;66#666 biwsgbicds ked smkcc

jwshegssgs%Dkcmhk Gcgotzidxeg Tgobeici`hgs# keitbgzgetgzvzhsg he Obgeekh# gobigs tbgsg qhgps%

K ckz`gz obkccge g he tbg gcd ia bgkctb hs oimjkthe`

tbg iqgz-mgdhokchskthie ia tbg vziagsshie# ked

grvkedhe` tbg eithie ia bgkctb ks k oimmwehtx-dzhqge

hsswg# hetg`zktgd phtb ckz`gz {wgsthies swob ks zkvhd

wzjkehskthie# pktgz# khz# ked geqhziemgetkc

dg`zkdkthie tbkt txvhax tbg wzjke geqhziemget# skxsDz Zkqh Ekzkxke ia _IOBKZK# k oimmwehtx bgkctb

iz`kehskthie% Dz _bkzke Vkthc ia _vkzsb< Wedwg

hmviztkeog hs `hqge ti zgsgkzob ked dgqgcivmget ia

Tgobeici`x ked heocwshqg `ziptb:%

;6

;;


17/96

bh`b-tgob g{whvmget aiz k smkcc vgzogetk`g ia tbg

vivwckthie ked akz cgss pgh`bt hs `hqge ti wshe`

grhsthe` cip-oist tgobeici`x ti kddzgss tbg sgqgzgbgkctb vzijcgms tbkt oieaziet tbg qkst mklizhtx ia

tbg viiz%

Knsbkxk Vktzk oksts k dhgzget mgkehe` ti tbg hdgk ia

swstkhekjhchtx# ked jgchgqgs tbkt swoogss bks eit xgt

kzzhqgd% _woogss aiz ws hs he geswzhe` tbkt kcc obhcdzge

bkqg g{wkc koogss ti {wkchtx bgkctb ked gdwokthie#

skxs OGI _zhdbkz Qgenkt% _woogss ti ws piwcd jg tbg

dkx pbge Knsbkxk Vktzk htsgca jgoimgs zgdwedket%

Obgeekh# ked itbgz vkzts ia Hedhk% Tbhs grgmvchgs

tbg ksvhzkthies ked tbg okwthies kjiwt sokcg%

_hmhckzcx# Kzwsbk Bimgs# k cip-oist biwshe` hehthkthqgkhms ti sokcg wv ked zgkob tbg cipgst sg`mgets ia

siohgtx# jwt okeeit di si phtbiwt `iqgzemget

swvvizt# iz simg nhed ia vkthget okvhtkc swvvizt%

Kcie` phtb sokche` wv ked swstkhekjhchtx kzg hsswgs ia

mkhetkhehe` tbg {wkchtx ia sgzqhog# vziagsshiekc

tzkhehe` ked mithqkthie ia stk# ked mist

hmviztketcx# hetg`zkthe` heeiqkthie kt gqgzx stgv ia

tbg vziogss%

_okcg ked swstkhekjhchtx?%

K oimmie ked iqgzpbgcmhe` obkccge`g oieaziethe`

mist siohkc getgzvzhsgs hs tbkt ia sokcg ked

swstkhekjhchtx% Dgsvhtg bw`g oimmhtmget# ks pgcc ks

heqgstmgets ia thmg# gegz`x# ked zgsiwzogs# ks Dz

_bkzke Vkthc ia _vkzsb Aiwedkthie# skxs# tbgsg gizts

kzg iecx k dziv he tbg iogke% Bip oke tbgsg smkcc

heeiqkthqg ked ozgkthqg gizts jg tknge ti sokcg si

tbkt tbgx bkqg k mwcthvchgz ggot he tgzms ia hmvkot9

Pbkt kzg tbg dke`gzs ia sokche` wv9 Oke pg eip tkng

simg ia tbgsg midgcs ti sokcg ked wsg he itbgz

oietgrts9

Mx jh``gst pizzx hs ti bkqg mgkehe`awc sokcg phtbiwt

cishe` aiows# kdds Zkm# Aiwedgz ked OGI iaZke` Dg#

ke iecheg ekeog getgzvzhsg ivgzkthe` he Jke`kcizg#


Okvhtkc

Kjsgeog ia oimmgzohkc getgzvzhsgs

Koogss ti heqgstizs phtb vkthget okvhtkc# pbi oke sbhat

tbghz qhshie azim hmmgdhktg vzit ti ieg ia cie`-tgzm

`khes# hs keitbgz kzgk ia obkccge`g% Aiztwektgcx# tbgzg

bks jgge simg obke`g he tbhs kzgk# gqhdget he tbg akot

tbkt jitb oimmgzohkc heqgstizs ked gtbhokc heqgstizs

bkqg stkztgd ti gstkjchsb iogs he Jke`kcizg ked kzgpktobhe`# oikobhe`# mgetizhe`# ked mknhe` kqkhckjcg

okvhtkc# ked kt thmgs# hdgks# aiz hmvkot heqgstmgets%

Dgsvhtg tbg mkex siohkc getgzvzhsgs dgtkhcgd he tbhs

stwdx# tbgzg kzg sthcc tii agp hestkeogs ia oimmgzohkc

getgzvzhsgs ozisshe` iqgz heti tbg siohkc kzgek% Eiz

kzg tbgzg geiw`b vkztegzsbhvs ked cgqgzk`he`

ia oimmgzohkc snhccs phtbhe tbg siohkc sgotiz%

4%

7%

;;

;:


18/96

Zgoimmgedkthies

Koogss ti okvhtkc hs ozhthokc% _iohkc getgzvzhsg okeeit

jg jwhct ie dieiz aweds iz O_Z vzi`zkmmgs kcieg%

Geoiwzk`g vkztegzsbhvs ti bgcv iqgzoimg tbg

obkccge`gs ia sokche` wv ked ia kttzkothe` {wkchgdbwmke zgsiwzogs% He izdgz ti ozgktg k `zgktgz hmvkot#

VVVs# iz gqge k oziss-iqgz ked oieqgz`geog hehthkthqg

phtb jwshegssgs ked siohkc getzgvzgegwzs# kzg

gssgethkc%

Kctbiw`b mist tzkdhthiekc E@Is kzg cgd jx pimge#

tbgzg kvvgkzs ti jg k mhehmkc vzgsgeog iapimge

siohkc getzgvzgegwzs% Akz mizg eggds ti jg dieg tigdwoktg ked geoiwzk`g pimge ked ti mkng ht gkshgz

aiz tbgm ti getgz tbhs kzgek% K mizg oimvzgbgeshqg

stwdx ia pimge he tbg siohkc getgzvzhsg ckedsokvg hs

egogsskzx%

@hqge tbg vcgtbizk ia xiwe` getzgvzgegwzs# ked tbg

iwtjwzst ia ozgkthqg gegz`x# ht hs kcc tbg mizg

hmviztket ti jzhe` heti ieg egtpizn iz shmhckzvcktaizms kcc tbgsg vckxgzs ked kotizs he izdgz ti

heaizm# hesvhzg# ked hewgeog itbgzs ti oiethewg ti

heeiqktg% Ti tbhs ged# mgdhk oiqgzk`g ia ìid stizhgs

ked tbg hetzidwothie ia k sbizt obkvtgz he sobiic

owzzhowck piwcd vkqg tbg pkx aiz mizg swob

getzgvzgegwzs%

@iqgzemget eggds ti ozgktg ke geqhziemget ks htdhd aiz HT he izdgz ti geoiwzk`g ked kccip aiz mizggetzgvzgegwzs ti getgz ked sokcg wv%


Hetgccgokvs Jgxied Vzit# Mkx :6;6 ked Koogetwzgs Hedhks [wgst aiz Heocwshqg @ziptb - k Zgsgkzob Zgvizt :6;6%

Zgoièhthie# zgpkzd ked zgsiwzog swvvizt tbziw`bìqgzemget ked mwcthcktgzkc iz`kehskthies%

Ke heeiqkthie awed tbkt phcc swvvizt siohkcgetgzvzhsgs ti pizn ie sicwthies ie hsswgs ia pktgz#skehtkthie# pkstg mkek`gmget# mijhchtx# bgkctb# kedgdwokthie ti jg mkek`gd jx tbg stkngbicdgzs%

Tbisg pbi kzg kt tbg jittim ia tbg vxzkmhd kzgiatge mizg ozgkthqg ked neipcgd`gkjcg kjiwt tbg

eggds ia tbg oimmwehtx tbke kzg iwtshdgzs% Mizgeggds ti jg dieg aiz tbisg getzgvzgegwzs pbi kzgeit Ge`chsb-svgknhe` ked VipgzVihet-skqqx# keddiet bkqg koogss ti siohkc qgetwzg okvhtkc%

Oieocwshies

Grvgzhgeog ti dktg hedhoktgs tbkt kctbiw`b tbg kotizs

mkx jg smkcc tbgx kzg eit kazkhd ia tknhe` ie tbg

awedkmgetkc obkccge`gs ia viqgztx ked vzit>

heocwshie ked swstkhekjhchtx> dhqgzshtx ked egp

getzgvzgegwzhkc obkccge`gs% Ht hs ocgkz tbkt tbg siohkc

getzgvzgegwz hs bgzg ti stkx% Grvgzhgeog-sbkzhe`#

vkztegzsbhvs ked sxegz`hgs phcc vckx k ozwohkc zicg he

stzge`tbgehe` tbg pizn ia siohkc getgzvzhsgs# ked

geswzg tbkt tbgx mkrhmhsg tbghz oietzhjwthies ti

kddzgsshe` heg{whthgs ked vkqhe` tbg pkx aiz

swstkhekjcg dgqgcivmget%

Hedggd# siohkc heqgstizs bh`bch`bt tbg eggd aiz ckz`g

oimmgzohkc getgzvzhsgs ti cgqgzk`g tbghz kdqketk`g

jx mknhe` stzktg`ho vkztegzsbhvs

;:

;?


19/96

Tbhs sgothie dzkps bgkqhcx azim k oietzhjwthie jx Nkcvkek @ivcke HK_ _gozgtkzx ti tbg @iqgzemget ia Nkzektknk ! Diotizkc Okedhdktg Ogetzg aizVwjcho Vichox Hedhke Hesthtwtg ia Mkek`gmget J ke`kcizg

Ekhz:667

TBG JKTTCG@ZIWED IA JKE@KCIZG KE HETZIDWOTHIE

He tbg ;826s# tbg ohtx ia Jke`kcizg pks sbknge azim hts scggvx grhstgeog heti k stkztcgd zgkchskthie ia hts egp

stktws ks k mgtzivichs ked tbg ohtx ia tbg awtwzg% He tbg shr dgokdgs sheog Hedgvgedgeog# tbhs smkcc keditbgzphsg wezgmkznkjcg ohtx mizvbgd heti ke hetgzekthiekc jiim tipe# pbhob iqgztiin tbg gzstpbhcg

okvhtkc# Mxsizg# ks Nkzektknks mkhe ohtx# ked iwtstzhvvgd Obgeekh ked Bxdgzkjkd% Ei itbgz oietgmvizkzx

Hedhke ohtx jgttgz kccips ws ti tzkon tbg vkssk`g azim smkcc tipe ti mgtzivichtke stktws phtbhe k agp dgokdgs

tbke Jke`kcizg%

Hts dgtzkotizs iatge {wgsthie tbg iqgzpbgcmhe` hmvkot ia tbg ziptb ia tbg HT sgotiz ked hts oietzhjwthie ti tbg

ivviztwehthgs tbkt Jke`kcizg eip igzs% Hedggd# gqge HT heshdgzs# swob ks Ekedke Ehcgnkeh# Oi-Aiwedgz ia

Heaisxs Ctd# ckmget tbkt tbg ohtx egqgz okvtwzgd tbg Hedhke hmk`hekthie he tbg pkx tbg qhcck`g dhd%

Wethc zgogetcx# wzjke stwdhgs eg`cgotgd Jke`kcizg% Phtbhe tbg ckst ;7 xgkzs# bipgqgz# k jidx ia zgsgkzob bks

jg`we ti tbzip ch`bt ie oizg hsswgs swob ks tbg HT vbgeimgeie ked hts vitgethkc> tbg oiehot aiz zgsiwzogs# ked

stkngbicdgzs hewgeohe` egìthkthies ked dgohshies qkzhiws pkxs> tbg zgcgqkeog ia Jke`kcizg ks k `cijkc

bit-svit he zgckthie ti tbg ektwzg ked hmvchokthies ia `cijkchskthie%

Jke`kcizg bks jgoimg k okwcdzie ia mkex kqiwzs jwjjche` kpkx% Tbg egp chtgzktwzg ie Jke`kcizg# pbhob

ghtbgz ciins kt tbg vzimhsg ia HT ked hts ijqhiws eiqgctx ked jw||# iz hs ozhthokc ia tbg siohkc grvcishies tbkt bkqgaiccipgd# zgvzgsgets ht k sizt ia jkttcg`ziwed% Tbg heg{whtx ked vziaiwed obkccge`gs ia swob `ziptb kzg he tbg

geqhziemgetkc# dgmi`zkvbho# ked heazkstzwotwzkc hsswgs tbgsg okeeit shmvcx jg jzwsbgd kshdg% K `ziphe`

ked qgzx kssgzthqg ohqho miqgmget bks cgd ti tbg dgqgcivmget ia egp vkztegzsbhvs ked oiivgzkthie# ked si

ti gmgz`he` sicwthies ie hsswgs swob ks pktgz bkzqgsthe`# bichstho chqhe # mkss tzkesvizt# ked siohkc getgzvzhsg#

ti ekmg jwt k agp% Hedggd# tbgzg kzg `ziweds ti jgchgqg tbkt simg ia tbg ohtxs egp pgkctb mkngzs# swob ks tbg

HT grgowthqgs# kzg tbgmsgcqgs jgoimhe` kothqg k`gets heqgsthe`# grvcizhe`# ked kt thmgs vkztegzhe` ti ed

swstkhekjcg sicwthies ti wz`get ked xgt hetzkesh`get obkccge`gs% _wob hetgzqgethies bicd iwt tbg vzimhsg ia k

`zgktgz ked mizg shèhoket ge`k`gmget%

Jke`kcizgs dhqhdg hs eit lwst k aweothie ia hts egp bhstizx jwt vkzt ia tbg wzjke vzgsget% Obke`g he midgze

mgtzivichtke ohthgs bks mkdg tbgm kzgeks ia oimvchoktgd ked oiehothe` vichthoi-goieimho vziogssgs# jitb

ciokc ked `cijkc% Vckeehe` ked ìqgzekeog kzg sbkvgd jx tbg oie`zwgeog ked oieazietkthie ia oiehothe`

hetgzgst `ziwvs oimvgthe` aiz chmhtgd zgsiwzogs% Tbgsg zgsiwzogs kzg eit lwst vbxshokc# jwt kcsi geoimvkss

hetke`hjcgs swob ks stktg vipgz ked cg`hthmkox%;6

;?

;4


20/96


Tbg Itbgz Jke`kcizg< pbisg `ziptb hs ht kexpkx9

He hts cktgst mgtzivichtke vbksg# Jke`kcizg txvhgs k `ziwed ie pbhob jzikdcx tpi oietgedhe` aizogs stkng

tbghz ockhm< ie tbg ieg bked kzg tbg zglwqgektgd ohth|ges# pbi kzg kmvcx ksshstgd jx k tgobeiozktho qhshie ia

obke`g igzgd jx tbg cgkdgzs ia tbg egp goieimx> ie tbg itbgz kzg scwm dpgccgzs# wegmvcixgd xiwtbs# kedpimges `ziwvs aiz pbim dgmiozkox bkso oimg ti bkqg k dhgzget mgkehe` he tbg wzjke sgtthe`% Eit kcc ia

tbg obke`gs tknhe` vckog he Jke`kcizg oke jg jckmgd iecx ie `cijkc aizogs%

Ht hs k obkccge`g# kt tbg jgst ia thmgs# ti sgzqhog tbgsg dhgzhe`# ked kt thmgs oiehothe`# zg{whzgmgets%

Tbg hetgzekthiekchskthie ia Jke`kcizg bks bkd mkhecx eg`kthqg hmvkots ie tbg wzjke viiz% Tbg tzkeshthie azim

smkcc tipe ti mgtzivichs bks jgge viizcx mkek`gd> tbg zgaizms wedgztknge sheog tbg ;886s# tbiw`b zgswcthe`

he k bh`b goieimho `ziptb# bkqg kcsi ozgktgd mkliz siohkc ked geqhziemgetkc vzijcgms% Tbgsg heocwdg weg{wkcgmvcixmget ked heoimg dhstzhjwthie# tbg gmgz`geog ia egp aizms ia qwcegzkjhchtx# pgkngehe stktg zg`wckthie#

dgtgzhizkthe` `iqgzekeog> tbg vkzkdirhokc vzgsgeog ia viqgztx# hmjkckeogd dgmi`zkvbhos# ked hetzk-ohtx

dhsvkzhthgs% Tbgzg hs ei dgexhe` tbkt tbg `ziptb bks kcsi ozgktgd k siohkc ked goieimho dhqhdg%

Jke`kcizg hs tbg sbipvhgog ia tbg swoogss ia tbg egp goieimx% Xgt tbg sbhehe` ohtx mksns ke webgkctbx vziogss ia

wevckeegd `ziptb ked dgqgcivmget# ked kssiohktgd heazkstzwotwzg ked sgzqhog dgohgeohgs% Kt tbg skmg thmg ht

bks kcsi vzidwogd egp pkxs ia piznhe`# egp ked dhowct vkztegzsbhvs# egp wedgzstkedhe`s ia tbg obkccge`gs ks

pgcc ks grohthe` pkxs ia oiivgzkthe`%

Dhqhdgs ked jzhd`gs

Tbg hetg`zkthie ia Jke`kcizg heti tbg`cijkchshe` egtpizn ia tzkdg ked tbg bh`bcx

oimvgththqg azkmgpizn ia hetgz-ohtx chenk`gs

bks cgd ti obke`gs he tbg bkjhtkthie vkttgzes#

siohkc zgckthiesbhvs# ked vichthokc vziogssgs ia

tbg wzjke sgtthe`% Tbg `ckss-pkccgd iog

oimvcgrgs# grocwshqg sbivvhe` mkccs# ked

getgztkhemget akohchthgs tbkt zhqkc tbg jgst he

tbg oiwetzx# oietzkst phtb tbg dgesg s{wkttgzsgttcgmgets ked ckon ia sgzqhogs he tbg bgkzt

ia tbg ohtx%

;4

;7


21/96


Tbg pktgz sbiztk`g pizsges gqgzx xgkz ks tbg

vivwckthie oiethewgs ti `zip% Zgoncgss mhehe` ia

pktgz bks dgvcgtgd tbg pktgz tkjcg ked tbg ohtx akogske hmmheget pktgz ozhshs phtb tbg oiesg{wgeogs aiz

bgkctb ked skehtkthie aizohe` tbg kdmhehstzkthie ti

zg`wcktg ked hetzidwog cg`hsckthie ie pkstg

mkek`gmget ked pktgz bkzqgsthe`% Phtb tbg

sgpgzk`g sxstgm ked hts mkek`gmget kcsi stzkhehe`

wedgz tbhs vzgsswzg# vzhqktg-sgotiz hetgzqgethies kzg

gmgz`he`%

Kt vzgsget# kcmist ieg-tbhzd ia tbg vivwckthie bks

iecx vkzthkc iz ei koogss ti vhvgd pktgz% _cwm zgshdgets

pkcn jgtpgge :6-;666 mgtzgs ti agtob pktgz ked

pimge ked obhcdzge pgzg vkzthowckzcx kgotgd jx tbg

viiz geqhziemgetkc oiedhthies%

Tbg goieimx# tbg vgivcg# ked tbg iz`kehskthies tbkt

kzg jgegthe` azim Jke`kcizgs `ziptb kzg tbg cgkstkgotgd jx tbg hmjkckeogs he tbg ektwzkc

geqhziemget% Tbg viiz akog tbg hmmgdhktg ggots ia

tbg wejkckeogd ektwzkc geqhziemget% Eit swzvzhshe`cx#

mist ia tbg dhsgksgs khothe` pimge ked obhcdzge kzg

zgcktgd ti oietkmhektgd iz hekdg{wktg pktgz swvvchgs

aiz vgzsiekc bx`hgeg sokjhgs# dhkzzbigk# obicgzk#

txvbihd# ked gxg heagothies% He tbg akog ia swob kjxsmkc

chqhe` oiedhthies# tbg aiows ia vwjcho vichox ie tbgbh-tgob ziptb sgotiz bks jgge tgzmgd vgzqgzsg%

Jgelkmhe ":666< ?2-4;( vziqhdgs ke hccwmhekthe` dhsowsshie ie tbg scwms he Jke`kcizg ked tbg stktg ia dgvzhqkthies tbg viiz swgz tbgzg%

Vwjcho heazkstzwotwzg pks tbg zst ti aggc tbg stzkhe ia

tbg wzjke grvcishie% Azim pktgz ti sgpk`g ked

pkstg mkek`gmget# tbgsg sgzqhogs pgzg wekjcg tinggv vkog phtb tbg tzgmgediws vivwckthie `ziptb

ked tbg zg{whzgmgets ia tbg egp goieimx% _i

wevzgvkzgd hs Jke`kcizg tbkt ia tbg ?#666 tieegs ia

sichd pkstg ht `gegzktgs gkob dkx# iecx kjiwt ;#;66

tieegs kzg oiccgotgd ked sget ti oimvisthe` wehts>

tbg zgst hs dwmvgd he tbg ivge iwtshdg tbg ohtx% Tbhs

akhcwzg ia `iqgzekeog bks cgd ti k zke`g ia ohth|ges

`ziwvs ked kothies ti mkek`g ciokc pkstg% Tbg DkhcxDwmv# aiz grkmvcg# igzs k zke`g ia sicwthies aiz

oimvisthe` ked mkek`he` biwsgbicd pkstg% Ht pks

stkztgd jx Ms Viekm Jhz# eip neipe ks tbg

Oimvistpkch+

;7

;1


22/96


Zkdhokc obke`g eggdgd9

Tbg tzwg swoogss ia tbg jw|| eggds ti jg obkccge`gd#kooizdhe` ti 46-xgkz-icd Hssko Kzwc _gcqk# k ockss 4

sobiic dziv-iwt pbi zwes k qgzx swoogssawc Nkeekdk

liwzekc okccgd _CWM LK@KTBW "iz Tbg Pizcd ia tbg

_cwm(# pbhob chens dhgzget scwms he Jke`kcizg% Phtb k

midgst ohzowckthie ia kjiwt :#666 ht zgkobgs mizg

tbke ;26 scwms# ks pgcc ks ngx cgkdgzs# iohkcs ked

mkhestzgkm mgdhk ked itbgzs phtb ke hetgzgst he

scwm hsswgs%

Lkek _kbkxi`k# ke iz`kehskthie tbkt pizns aiz tbg

zh`bts ia scwm dpgccgzs# `kqg bhm tbg hehthkc swvvizt

phtb k dgsn ked oimvwtgz% Xiw sgg tbgzg pks ei

dzhenhe` pktgz he mx scwm wethc ;88:% H pks awzhiws% Pbx

sbiwcd H jg he tbhs oiedhthie H ksngd mxsgca% Tbhs hs pbkt

tzh``gzgd ked vziqingd mg ti `bt aiz lwsthog aiz mx

vgivcg%

Tbg egtpizn ia scwm iz`kehskthies koziss tbg stktg ia

Nkzektknk bks oiesichdktgd iqgz tbg xgkzs ked bks

stkztgd ti ksogztkhe ked kssgzt tbg zh`bts ia scwm

dpgccgzs% Pg bkqg ti pizn oieshstgetcx ti gekjcg ked

gmvipgz iwz vgivcg si tbgx iqgzoimg ke ktthtwdg ia

sgzqhtwdg% Tbg zgkc jgegt ia tbg si-okccgd swoogss ia

Jke`kcizg ohtx bks eit zgkobgd ws ked hedggd pg eggdti `bt ti zgtkhe pbkt pg bkqg kobhgqgd phtb iwz

stzw``cg% Ocgkehe` tbg ohtx hs tbg sci`ke tbkt mgkes

ocgkehe` ht ia tbg vgivcg pbi nggv ht ocgke si pg bkqg

k jh` stzw``cg ti iqgzoimg tbhs ktthtwdg skxs _gcqk#

phtb k oiedget smhcg%

;0


23/96

GDWOKTHIE CKXHE@ AIWEDKTHIE_

;2


24/96


_gqgzkc hsswgs hmvgdg tbg ìkc ia kobhgqhe` wehqgzskc

gdwokthie# stkzthe` phtb viqgztx% Dgsvhtg tbg jke ie

obhcd ckjiwz# mhcchies ia obhcdzge he Hedhk oiethewg ti

pizn# pbhob dgvzhqgs tbgm ia k vzivgz gdwokthie% Tbg:66; ogesws sw``gsts tbkt simg ;? mhcchie obhcdzge

jgcip tbg k`g ia ;4 kzg he gmvcixmget%;: He kddhthie#

hsswgs ia koogss ked {wkchtx tpi awedkmgetkc

vkzkmgtgzs aiz kssgsshe` gdwokthie kzg sgqgzgcx

oimvzimhsgd% Kvvzirhmktgcx 0;' ia sobiics he Hedhk

kzg swvviztgd jx tbg ìqgzemget iz tbg jx ciokc

oimmwehtx# phtb gdwokthie oimhe` wedgz tbg

lwzhsdhothie jitb ia tbg ogetzg ked ia tbg stktg% _imgngx ìqgzemget hehthkthqgs bkqg heocwdgd Ivgzkthie

Jckonjikzd#;? tbg _kzqk _bhnsbk Kjbhxke#;4 ked tbg

Ekthiekc Vzi`zkmmg ia Ewtzhthiekc _wvvizt "tbg

mhd-dkx mgkc sobgmg(% Tbg zgogetcx gekotgd Zh`bt ti

Gdwokthie "ZTG( mkedktgs tbkt kcc obhcdzge zgoghqg

gdwokthie tbziw`b k :7' zgsgzqkthie aiz wedgz-vzhqhcg`gd

obhcdzge he kcc sobiics# heocwdhe weksshstgd vzhqktg

gstkjchsbmgets% Tbg dgjktg tbzips heti sbkzv aiows tbgoietzksts obkzkotgzhshe gdwokthie he Hedhk%

Pizcd-zgeipegd vziagsshiekc tzkhehe hesthtwtgs swob ks tbg

HHTs ked HHMs grhst kcie`shdg iqgzemget sobiics phtb

ozwmjche heazkstzwotwzg ked zgsiwzogs# ked kjsget#

wemithqktgd iz we{wkchgd tgkobgzs# pbi wedgzmheg kex

kttgmvt kt {wkchtx gdwokthie%

_kqg tbg Obhcdzge# Hedhk Obhcd Ckjiwz Digset Pizn%

Ivgzkthie Jckonjikzd pks k ogetzkccx awedgd vzi`zkmmg ckweobgd he ;820 ti `hqg tbg jkzg mhehmwm akohchthgs ti vzhmkzx sobiics

_kzqk _bhnsbk Kjbhxkm hs tbg @iqgzemget ia Hedhk's k`sbhv vzi`zkmmg aiz kobhgqhe` tbg Wehqgzskchskthie ia Gcgmgetkzx Gdwokthie%;7 :667 ogesws

Gdwokthie hs ieg ia tbg mkhe vhcckzs ia swstkhekjcg viqgztx gzkdhokthie# k awedkmgetkc bwmke zh`bt# ked k

aiwedkthie aiz dgqgcivmget% Aiz hestkeog# tbg sgoied Mhccgeehwm Dgqgcivmget @ikc "MD@( khms ti Kobhgqg

Wehqgzskc Vzhmkzx Gdwokthie jx :6;7% Xgt# mizg tbke k ogetwzx sheog _pkmh Qhqgnkekedk gmvbkshsgd tbg

ozhthokc hmviztkeog ia wehqgzskc vzhmkzx gdwokthie he Hedhk# tbhs bks xgt ti jg kobhgqgd% Tbg ckedsokvg hs ieg ia

heg{whtx# phtb viiz sobiic gezicmget ked zgtgethie zktgs# ked bh`b ewmjgzs ia obhcdzge dzivvhe` iwt ia

sobiic%

Ke gsthmktgd 17 mhcchie obhcdzge he Hedhk kzg eit

geziccgd he gcgmgetkzx gdwokthie#;7 phtb tbg

oiwetzxs gdwokthie jwd`gt kt k vkctzx 4%:' ":667( ia

tbg @DV# dgsvhtg tbg kqgzk`g ia ;6';:' ia @DV aizcip-heoimg oiwetzhgs% Tbiw`b tbgzg bkqg jgge

shèhoket khes he chtgzkox "11%1' he :66; ti 07%1' he

:6;;(# mwob zgmkhes ti jg dieg he tgzms ia

gdwokthie iqgzkcc# ked aiz tbg mkz`hekchsgd he

vkzthowckz% Ekthiephdg# 06' ia obhcdzge kzg geziccgd he

ìqgzemget sobiics# hedhokthe` tbg ozhthokc

hmviztkeog ia piznhe` phtb tbg ìqgzemget sxstgm%

Jwonhe` tbg gchthst okvtwzg ia gdwokthiekc jgegts hs k

ewmjgz ia gech`btgegd egp tzwsts ked sobiics ked

siohkc getgzvzhsgs tbkt kzg mknhe` pkqgs jwt bkqg xgt

ti zgkob k ozhthokc mkss% Tbgsg heocwdg Lkhe tzwsts#

hehthkthqgs swob ks _gqkckxk he Obgeekh# Tbg _obiic aiz

Eimkdho Obhcdzge# ked Tbhzwqkccwqkz @wzwnwckm

Mhddcg _obiic# pbhob grgmvchax qkzhiws gdwokthie

hehthkthqgs% He tbhs jzhga iqgzqhgp pg stkzt ti sgg tbkt

iz`kehskthies piznhe` ie gdwokthie kzg wshe`

dhgzget stzktg`hgs ti geswzg swstkhekjhchtx ia tbghz

qgetwzgs%

_wehc Nbhcekeh# Vziagssiz ked Dhzgotiz ia tbg _iwtb Kshk

_twdhgs Vzi`zkm "_KH_( kt Libes Bivnhes Wehqgzshtx# stktgs ht kddzgssgs tbg obkccge`gs ia gedgz

heg{wkchtx jx geswzhe` tbkt bkca ia tbg piznaizog hs pimge# pbi kzg eip gkzehe` kvvzirhmktgcx HEZ

06662666 k mietb k`khest ke gkzchgz HEZ ;#766 k mietb%

Jzikdgehe` soivg< _heog Agjzwkzx :662# jksgd ie k zg{wgst azim tbg Jzwbkt Jge`kcwzw Mkbkek`kzk Vkchng"JJMV(# Knsbkxk Vktzk bks grvkedgd hts oiesthtwgeox jgxied obhcdzge ked sobiics ti vziqhdhe` mhd-dkx

mgkcs ti ;6#?;7 sgehiz ohth|ges he 04 ogetzgs koziss Jke`kcizg%

Zijwst ked phdg-svkeehe` vkztegzsbhvs


33/96


Obkzhtx sbiwcd eit heqicqg `hqhe` grogss ked cgatiqgzs ti simg obhcdzge# jwt zktbgz `hqhe` tbgm pbkt kcc

itbgz obhcdzge piwcd bkqg# skxs _zhdbkz Qgenkt% Tzwg swstkhekjhchtx hs kobhgqgd pbge tbg iz`kehskthie

ogksgs ti grhst gcsg ht mgkes tbkt tbg vzijcgm bks oiethewgd ti zgmkhe%

Dgges Kokdgmx

Aiwedgd< :661

_wmmkzx< Dgges Kokdgmxhs k vzhqktg sobiic tbkt

igzs k qkzhgtx ia dhgzget vzhohe` ivthies ti phdgevkzthohvkthie heocwdhe`< sobickzsbhvs ie kokdgmho

mgzht# dhgzgethkc vzhohe`# vkxhe` jx hestkcmget%

Obhcdzge azim kcc pkcns ia chag kzg hetg`zktgd he tbg

skmg sobiic ked tbisg azim cgss pgcc i

jkon`ziweds `gt bgcv he sgttche` heti tbg sobiic%

Jwshegss midgc< Dgges hs k agg vkxhe` sobiic phtb

k oziss swjshdhskthie midgc ti kccip phdgz

vkzthohvkthie%

Pgjshtg< ppp%dggeskokdgmx%oim

Oksg _tizx ?< Oimmgzohkc kttgmvts kt g{whtx< Dgges Kokdgmx ked tbg Hedws _obiic

Hedws _obiic

Aiwedgd< :66?

_wmmkzx< Tbg Hedws Hetgzekthiekc _obiic wsgs k

oziss swjshdhskthie midgc ti awed HedwsHetgzekthiekc Oimmwehtx _obiic# pbhob vziqhdgs

bh`b {wkchtx gdwokthie aiz stwdgets azim

wedgz-vzhqhcg`gd jkon`ziweds%

Jwshegss midgc< Hedws Hetgzekthiekc _obiic wsgs

oziss swjshdhskthie ked diekthies azim tzwsts#

oizvizktg ked hedhqhdwkcs ti awed hts shstgz sobiic

Hedws Hetgzekthiekc Oimmwehtx _obiic%

Pgjshtg< bttv


34/96


Pbhcg tbg vzhqkthskthie ked heozgkshe`cx gchthst ektwzg

ia simg sobiics bks jgge mwob ozhthohsgd# simg

sobiics swob ks Dgges Kokdgmxked tbg Hedws _obiickcsi tzx ti kddzgss hsswgs ia koogss ked {wkchtx

gdwokthie he tbghz ipe pkxs%

Hedws# pbisg keewkc aggs zke`g azim qg ti sgqge

cknbs koogvts iecx k smkcc ewmjgz ia stwdgets gqgzx

xgkz ti mkhetkhe hts tgkobgzstwdget zkthi ia ;


35/96


Tbhs pgjshtg jzhd`gs k bw`g `kv he tgzthkzx gdwokthie - ht hs gsthmktgd tbkt kvvzirhmktgcx aiwz mhcchie

ge`heggzhe` stwdgets `zkdwktg gqgzx xgkz azim kjiwt ?#766 oiccg`gs koziss tbg oiwetzx jwt iecx ?66466 ia

tbgsg oiccg`gs bkqg tbg egogsskzx zgsiwzogs ked {wkchtx stkedkzds% JTgob@wzw `hqgs mkex stwdgets kedhesthtwthies koogss ti {wkchtx bh`bgz gdwokthie tbkt shmvcx pkset visshjcg wethc zgogetcx> k stwdget kttgedhe` k

ciokc hesthtwthie he k zwzkc kzgk oke eip gt koogss ti HHT {wkchtx gdwokthie%

JidbJzhd`g G_VC pks aiwedgd jx tpi aizmgz HHT Obgeekh stwdgets> Jkckzklw Niedkqggth ked K Vzksbketb

Nkztbhon% Tbghz qhshie hs ti sgzqg stwdgets he bh`bgz gdwokthiekc hesthtwthies jx vziqhdhe` kizdkjcg# bh`b {wkchtx

neipcgd`g jksgd sgzqhogs ti oktkcxsg ggothqg ked gohget cgkzehe`%

Tbg 87' ia tbg sgzqhogs tbkt tbgx igz aiz azgg kzg swvviztgd jx tbg 7' ia sgzqhogs tbgx vziqhdg kt oist tbhshs swstkhekjcx jgokwsg tbg iz`kehskthie bks qgzx cip zweehe` oists% JidbJzhd`g bks awztbgz ksvhzkthies ti

wvsokcg# Jkckzklw skxs

tbg _wqkzek Nkeekdk Zklxitskqk Vzksbkstbh azim tbgNkzektknk Owctwzkc Kokdgmx> ked tbg JgcchObwnnh-:660 azim tbg Nkzektknk VzktbhjbkqkzdbknkKokdgmx# ti ekmg iecx k agp%

Nhonhe` tbg jwshegss iwt ia bgkctb

Obkccge`gs

jgchgqgs tbkt pbhcg zgsgkzob ked dgqgcivmget kzg

hmviztket#geswzhe` tbkt tbg jgegts ia bgkctbtgobeici`hgs ked kdqkeogmgets zgkob tbg mkrhmwmewmjgz ia vgivcg hs tbg zgkc hmvgzkthqg% Iwz giztskzg iecx sxmjicho# k dziv he tbg iogke%

Dz _bkzke Vkthcs _vkzsb Aiwedkthie hs aiwedgd ie bhs

zm jgchga tbkt bgkctb hs k bwmke zh`bt% Bkzd pizn#gdwokthiekc {wkchokthies# ked sbggz ìid cwon okeoieagz miegtkzx zgpkzds jwt bgkctb hs k awedkmgetkcjhztbzh`bt% Zg`kzdcgss ia xiwz pgkctb iz stkthie he chaggqgzxieg bks ke g{wkc zh`bt ti `gt tbg skmg {wkchtx iaokzg kexpbgzg he tbg pizcd%

Aiz mkex zgksies gsvgohkccx jwshegss hetgzgsts weaiztwektgcx pg bkqg ozgktgd k shtwkthie pbgzg tbgzg hsk bw`g dhgzgeog jgtpgge tbg bgkctb okzg kqkhckjcg ti k

zhob vgzsie ked k viiz vgzsie% Tbhs hs eit egogsskzx% Pgmwst shmvcx nhon bkzd-oizg jwshegss iwt ia tbg |ieg iabgkctb# ked skx tbkt bgkctbokzg bks ti jg g{wkc aizgqgzxieg% Kt tbg mimget ht ciins chng k qgzx dhstketdzgkm# jwt ht eggd eit jg chng tbkt%

_i pbi sbiwcd tkng zgsvieshjhchtx9 Gqgzxjidx eggdsti oimg ti`gtbgz aiz tbhs% @iid bgkctb okzg hs gqgzxiegs

jhztbzh`bt% Weaiztwektgcx# tbg kdqkeogmget ia bgkctbokzg hs ke gedcgss vziogss% He tbg ekmg ia zgsgkzob keddgqgcivmget# ia pkethe` ti chqg aizgqgz# pg heqgetbgkctb tgobeici`hgs ked vziogssgs tbkt kzg heozgkshe`cxgrvgeshqg# oktgzhe` iecx ti k eg`ch`hjcg vgzogetk`g iatbg vivwckthie% g%`% tgobeh{wgs ti dhkèisg bgkztkttkons tbkt mkx ioowz :6 xgkzs cktgz+ Hestgkd# pg eggd

ti heqgst thmg ked gegz`x ti vziqhdg cip-oist {wkchtx

bgkctb okzg ti tbg mkrhmwm ewmjgz ia vgivcg# vgivcgpbi okeeit koogss gqge jksho {wkchtx bgkctb okzg%

Dz Vkthc zg`kzds simg ia tbg ngx obkccge`gs ks jghe`

tbg ìqgzekeog ia bgkctb okzg# gsvgohkccx he k stktgsxstgm zhag phtb jwzgkwozkox ked oizzwvthie% Bg kcsi

BGKCTB MKNHE@ HT VI__HJCG AIZ KCC

?7


41/96

Hs ht jgokwsg bgkctb bks jgoimg vzhqkthsgd# k jwshegss#

phtb tbg stktg bkedhe` iqgz bgkctbokzg ti tbg vzhqktg

sgotiz9

Tbgzg kzg mkex zgksies aiz tbhs% Tbg kdqkeogmget ia

mgdhokc sohgeog mgkes tbkt mist vgivcg he ckz`g vkzts

ia tbg pizcd diet gqge `gt tbg jgegts ia grhsthe`

mgdhokc neipcgd`g% Aiz grkmvcg# he ;814# ke kztbzhths

tzgktmget vziogdwzg pks dgqgcivgd ti zgvckog lihets#

ked xgt kcmist 76 xgkzs cktgz mist vgivcg ì wetzgktgd

jgokwsg ia tbg vzibhjhthqg oists% _i pbkts tbg wsg ia ht9

Bgkctb okzg mwst zgkob tbg mkrhmwm ewmjgz ia vgivcg

visshjcg% Pbkt pg kzg dihe` hs tii smkcc ti tiwob tbg

bw`g ewmjgzs ia tbg vivwckthie ht hs iecx sxmjicho%

Bgkctb okzg# ks ht grhsts he _vkzsb# kt tbg mimget# hs

oziss-swjshdhsgd tbkts tbg iecx pkx ti pizn% Pg tzgkt

simgjidx he k vzhqktg dgcwrg ziim# ked wsg tbkt

vkxmget ti oziss-swjshdhsg simgieg he k `gegzkc pkzd%

Jwt tbkts eit ìid geiw`b ti tkng ws tipkzds tbg ìkcia geswzhe` wehqgzskc bgkctb okzg aiz kcc% Oist hs tbg mkhe

ijstkocg ti bgkctb g{whtx%

Aiwedgd< :667 he Kedzk Vzkdgsb# :662 he Nkzektknk_wmmkzx< ;62 hs k swoogssawc vkztegzsbhv jgtpgge@QN GMZH ked tbg ìqgzemget ti vziqhdg k zgchkjcgked bh`bcx snhccgd kmjwckeog sgzqhog%Jwshegss midgc< 87' ìqgzemget ked Ekthiekc ZwzkcBgkctb Mhsshie "EZBM( jwd`gts awedgd# 7' awedgdjx ked vzhqktg diekthiesPgjshtg< ppp%gmzh%he

Oksg stizx :< Akst-tzkonhe` g{whtx he bgkctb Kqkhckjhchtx ia k chag-skqhe`

kmjwckeog> Kgothiektg okzg jx tzkhegd vkzkmgdhos>

Kizdkjhchtx% ;62 hs k ;66' azgg sgzqhog ti tbg

vkthget# ked ht khms ti zgsvied ti ?6 mhcchie

gmgz`geohgs ked skqg ieg mhcchie chqgs jx :6;;%

;62 he Nkzektknk

Nkzektknks ;62 eip bks 7;0 kmjwckeogs# 11

dgdhoktgd ti Jke`kcizg ked tbg zgst kt dhstzhot

bgkd{wkztgzs% Tbg ocionpizn vzgohshie dgehe` hts

ivgzkthies zhqkcs tbisg kexpbgzg he tbg pizcd% Tbg

gmgz`geox ivgzkthies oieshst ia tbzgg vkzts

ked hts :#1:1 kmjwckeogs mkng wv ti qg tzhvs k dkx%

Jke`kcizg kcieg bkedcgs iqgz ;;#766 gmgz`geox okccs

k dkx azim koziss Nkzektknk%

Zgkobhe` tbg viizgst ia tbg viiz

Mist gmgz`geox okccs kzg azim zwzkc kzgks# pbgzg tbg

kjsgeog ia bgkctb ked tzkesvizt akohchthgs zgedgzs tbg

qhothms bh`bcx qwcegzkjcg% ;62s miehtizhe` dktk zgqgkc

tbkt ?4' ia okccs zgcktg ti vzgèkeox)obhcdjhztb

oimvchokthies# ;0' azim zikd koohdgets# ked ;4' azim

kowtg kjdimhekc dhsgksgs% Okzdhko vzijcgms#

zgsvhzktizx dhsizdgzs# swhohdg kttgmvts# ked kehmkc

jhtgs kooiwet aiz tbg zgmkhehe` okccs% He kcc# iqgz ?66

chqgs kzg skqgd he k txvhokc dkx# ked tbg sgzqhog bks

zgswctgd he k :6' :7' zgdwothie ia mktgzekcmiztkchtx ei mgke kobhgqgmget# hqge tbkt Hedhk bks

kmie` tbg pizcds bh`bgst mktgzekc miztkchtx zktgs%

;62 bks kcsi jgge k bw`g gmvcixmget-`gegzktiz#

jiksthe` iqgz ;1# 400 kssiohktgs ked vziqhdhe`

vziagsshiekc tzkhehe` ked zgozwhtmget aiz ?2#704

vkzkmgdhos# ked tbiwskeds mizg ks gmgz`geox

mgdhokc tgobehohkes# kmjwckeog dzhqgzs# okcc tkngzs# keddhsvktobgzs% Tbg heoimg- gegzkthie ked viqgztx-kccgqhkthie

hmvkots ia tbg sgzqhog kzg ks eitgpiztbx%


?0


43/96

Tbg sgzqhog hs kcsi ia bh b {wkchtx# phtb 8;' ia tbg okccs

kespgzgd ie tbg zst zhe`% Tbhs bks bkd tbg gqge mizg

shèhoket# ked vgzbkvs wehetgedgd# hmvkot ia

oietzhjwthe` ti k vishthqg sbhat he vwjcho vgzogvthie ia k

mwob-zgqhcgd stktg bgkctb sxstgm ked hts sgzqhogs% He

kddhthie# kdmhsshie heti stktg bgkctb akohchthgs tbziw`b

;62vwts tbg stktg bgkctb sxstgm he tbg vwjcho ked mgdhk

gxg# heozgkshe` vwjcho vzgsswzg ked kooiwetkjhchtx%

Mizg hetke`hjcg# jwt g{wkccx ozwohkc# hs tbg bh`b sgesg

ia `zkthokthie ked vzhdg kmie` tbg iz`kehskthies

stk tbg qgzx zkhsie-dtzg aiz k siohkc getgzvzhsg# aiz

pbhob tbgzg hs vzijkjcx ei swjsthtwtg% Bhs gxgs

sbhehe` phtb vzhdg# ?2-xgkz-icd Jbhmk# k vkzkmgdho#

skxs# @hqge vzgèkeox-zgcktgd oimvchokthies# mkex

obhcdzge kzg jize he tbg kmjwckeog htsgca# jgaizg pg

oke gt tbgm ti k bisvhtkc Ieg ia tbgm pks ekmgd

katgz mg% Ke gsthmktgd 2#666 jkjhgs bkqg jgge jize

he ;62 kmjwckeogs%

Bip bks ;62mkek`gd ti kobhgqg swob k bw`g hmvkot9

Ieg digset eggd ti ì akz ti ed tbg kespgzs%

;62s vkztegzsbhv midgc hs zijwst ked phdg< jzhe`he`

ti`gtbgz# ìqgzemget "heocwdhe` vichog# zg# bgkctb#

ked tgcgoim dgvkztmgets(# sgzqhog vziqhdgzs swob ks

bisvhtkcs#jciid jkens# kmjwckeogs# tgcgoim# ked

hetgzekthiekc vzhqktg oizvizkthies "_he`kvizg Bgkctb

_gzqhogs ked @gimgd( ked kokdgmho hesthtwthies swob

ks _tkeaizd Wehqgzshtx# Okchaizehk# W_K% Ke hedgvgedget

k`zggmget phtb gkob vkztegz geswzgs stzie`

ìqgzekeog# bh`b stkedkzds# ked ocgkz chegs ia

kooiwetkjhchtx%

Ke hetg`zktgd kvvzikob< tbg wehqgzskc ticc-azgg

ewmjgz vziqhdgs hetg`zktgd sgzqhogs oktgzhe` ti kcc

aizms ia gmgz`geox mgdhokc# zg# vichog shmhckz ti

tbg hetgzekthiekc 8;; iz ;;:%

Zgsgkzob-dzhqge gmgz`geox mgdhokthie ked

mkek`gmget# ked k zhìziws miehtizhe` ked

kwdhthe` sxstgm tbkt {whoncx hdgethgs ked oizzgots

jittcgegons# geswzg tbkt tbg sgzqhog mggts hts

vzimhsg%

Tzkesvkzgeox ked kooiwetkjhchtx kzg he-jwhct# phtb

mietbcx zgvizts swjmhttgd ti tbg Bgkctb Mhehstgz#

ked {wkztgzcx zgvizts ti tbg Obhga Mhehstgz%

Heeiqkthie ked hetg`zkthie ia HT kt gqgzx stgv hs

ozwohkc ti hts gohgeox kmjwckeogs kzg

oiethewiwscx tzkongd tbziw`b k @H_)@V_ sxstgm# ked

vkzkmgdhos vziqhdhe` vzhmkzx gmgz`geox okzg

zgoghqg iecheg bgcv azim tbghz kchktgd bisvhtkcs%

_okckjcg ked zgvchokjcg< Tbg Mkbgedzk _ktxkm

siatpkzg wedgzvheehe` tbg pbicg sxstgm hs kqkhckjcg

aiz azgg wsg jx itbgz GMZH# akohchtkthe` hts sokcg-wv ked

zgvchokthie%

He ke he-dgvtb hetgzqhgp# Dz _wdbknkz Qkzkeksh#

Aizmgz OGI ia ;62 ked Qhog Vzgshdget ia _ktxkm#

sbgds ch`bt ie bhs grvgzhgeog phtb ;62 ia

hmvcgmgethe` k swoogssawc ckz`g sokcg siohkc vzilgot

wshe` mwcthvcg vkztegzs%


?2


44/96

Zicg ia ìqgzemget# ked cgkzehe` ti pizn phtb tbgm vichthohkes bkqg zgoièhsgd tbkt ìid

dgqgcivmget hs ìid vichthos# ks hs gqhdget he stktgs swob

ks Jhbkz ked @wlkzkt% Tbg vzhqktg sgotiz# mgdhk# ked

hetgccgotwkcs mwst kdqioktg ked cgkd tbhs obke`g# ti

tbhen dhgzgetcx kjiwt# ked phtbhe# tbg ìqgzemget% Ha

tbg vzhqktg sgotiz sbips tbg pkx jx tzkesvkzget

heeiqkthqg kvvzikob ti sicqg simg ia tbg tiw`b

vzijcgms# vkztegzsbhv phtb tbg iqgzemget oke zgswct he

vbgeimgekc swoogss# sokcg ked hmvkot%

_gesg ia vzhdg ked hesvhzkthie< H jgchgqg tbkt ha xiw bgcv

ieg hedhqhdwkc he ke gmgz`geox ked skqg k chag he k

chag-ked-dgktb shtwkthie# xiw phcc jg k tzkesaizmgd

vgzsie% Pg `gegzktgd k sgesg ia swob k vzhdg he

tbiwskeds ia iwz gmvcixggs# ked ht hs tbhs {wkchtx tbkt

stkeds ws he ìid stgkd phtb kcc iwz GMZH stk%

Oiedgeog he tkonche` hetgzekc vzijcgms< Tbhs vzilgot

bks `hqge ws tbg tzgmgediws skthsakothie tbkt pg pgzg

kjcg ti kddzgss k qgzx stzie` eggd% Gkzchgz# tbg tgedgeox

he Hedhk pks ti ciin aiz sicwthies azim tbg Pgst ti sicqg

iwz vzijcgms% H jgchgqg tbg ;62 vzilgot phcc vziqhdg tbg

vishthqg hmvgtws aiz shmhckz ckz`g-sokcg vzilgots he

dgqgcivhe` oiwetzhgs%

_okckjhchtx< Hedhk hs k jh` oiwetzx# tbg vzijcgms kzg jh`

si tbg sicwthies bkqg ti jg jh` tii% Pg eggd ti tkng k

sxstgms kvvzikob ked sicqg tbg vzijcgms ie k ckz`gsokcg% _wstkhekjhchtx ked sokckjhchtx kzg zgcktgd k vzilgot

hs eit sokckjcg wecgss ht hs swstkhekjcg% Pg geswzgd

tbkt he tbhs vzilgot# ked pg swooggdgd he sokche` jgxied

iwz grvgotkthies he k sbizt thmg%

Bh`b {wkchtx ia sgzqhog ked heeiqkthie< Pg bkd sgt

iwzsgcqgs tbg ìkc ia vziqhdhe` k tiv-ockss sgzqhog ked

dhd eit oimvzimhsg ie {wkchtx phtb tbg stkedkzd growsg

tbkt pg kzg k viiz dgqgcivhe` oiwetzx% Tbhs oke jg sgge

he tbg kmjwckeog dgshè# tbg {wkchtx ia tzkhehe` he gmgz-

`geox mgdhokc sgzqhogs "azim _tkeaizd Wehqgzshtx gmgz-

`geox mgdhokc tzgktmget `ziwv(% Kt gkob stgv he iwz

liwzegx# heeiqkthie pks k tiv ozhtgzhie heeiqkthie he

vziogssgs# tgobeici`x# ked tbg okzg vziqhdgd kt tbg

gmgz`geox shtg ked cktgz% Pg kcsi jziw`bt heeiqkthies

he jzkedhe` ked kdqgzthshe`% Pg hmvziqgd tbhs sgzqhog

jx eit iecx kdkvthe` ht ti tbg Hedhke oiedhthies# jwt kcsi

geswzhe` heeiqkthie he bwedzgds ia pkxs% Tbhs bks

bgcvgd ws hmmgesgcx he tbg sokcg wv%

Tbg jh``gst gkzcx obkccge`g ;62 akogd pks

ìqgzemget sogvthohsm tbkt swob k ch`btehe`-svggd

zgsviesg ti gmgz`geox shtwkthies pks visshjcg# ked

tbghz zgcwotkeog ti vziqhdg k she`cg wehqgzskc ticc-azgg

ewmjgz%

Tbgsg pgzg `zkdwkccx kddzgssgd tbziw`b sbggzvgzshstgeog ked kdqiokox# ked dgmiestzkthe` tbkt ha ht

pks visshjcg he itbgz oiwetzhgs swob ks tbg W_K# ht oiwcd

jg k zgkchtx he Hedhk ks pgcc% Pbkt piwcd awztbgz

stzge`tbge hts zgkob ked hmvkot hs `zgktgz ìqgzemget

swvvizt he grgowthe` kddhthiekc akohchthgs# grvkedhe`

zgsiwzogs tbziw`b ìqgzemget ked oizvizktg swvvizt#

ked heozgkshe` kpkzgegss ia ;62 ked hts sgzqhogs

tbziw`b oimmwehokthie okmvkhès%

Obkccge`gs


?8


45/96

Dz Vkdbmkekjb Zgddx# OGI ia tbg EHOG Aiwedkthie he

Bxdgzkjkd# skxs< ;62s oietzhjwthie hs heqkcwkjcg ks ht

zgdwogs dgktbs he bisvhtkcs% Mist ia tbg dgktbs bkvvge

phtb ke biwz ia kdmhsshie% Chngphsg ;62 bks

heoizvizktgd egp tgobeici`hgs chng @V_ ked @H_ tbkt kzg

koogsshjcg azim kex cked cheg iz mijhcg% Tbg obkccge`g hs

eip ti mkng ;62 vke-Hedhke si tbkt ht zgkobgs tbg

zgmitgst oizegzs ia gqgzx stktg%

Oksg _tizx ?< Aizws Bgkctb vziqhdhe` cip-oist

bgkctb vzidwots ti tbg viiz

Aiwedgd< :6;6

_wmmkzx< Aizws dgqgcivs heeiqkthqg sicwthies ked

vzidwots aiz bgkctb okzg he tbg dgqgcivhe` pizcd#

heocwdhe` ke gksx ti ivgzktg gxg sokeehe` dgqhog tbkt

dgtgots tbg 7 gxg dhsgksgs tbkt okwsg 86' ia jchedegss%

Jwshegss midgc< aiz vzit siohkc getgzvzhsg phtb k

ewmjgz ia heqgstizs%Pgjshtg< ppp%aizwsbgkctb%oim

Hesvhzgd jx tbg qhshie ked vbgeimgekc swoogss ia tbg

Kzqhed Gxg Okzg Aiwedkthie# he Lkewkzx :6;6 Aizws

Bgkctb Vqt Ctd pks stkztgd wv jx Vksshiektg

Tgobeici hgs he Jke`kcizg% Hts mhsshie# ks hts ekmg

sw``gsts "Aiz-ws( hs ti dgmiozkthsg koogss ti bgkctbokzg% Ht aiowsgs ie wshe` cip-oist bgkctb tgobeici`x aiz

dgqgcivhe` pizcd-ockss bgkctb vzidwots# ked heeiqkthqg

ked kizdkjcg bgkctb-okzg sicwthies# pbhcg kcsi

vzitgothe` stkngbicdgz hetgzgsts tbziw`b swstkhekjcg

jwshegss% He vkzthowckz ht aiowsgs ie zgkobhe` tbg viiz

ked tzgkthe` kqihdkjcg bgkctb vzijcgms swob ks

dhkjgtgs ked oktkzkot-zgcktgd jchedegss%

He tbg zst xgkz ia ivgzkthie# Aizws Bgkctb aiowsgd ie

gxg okzg% Ht bks dgqgcivgd k shmvcg# cip-oist sozggehe`

dgqhog# ?egtbzk# tbkt oke kwtimkthokccx dgtgot k zke`g

ia gxg vzijcgms heocwdhe` oktkzkot ked dhkjgtho

zgthek# gqge he tbg kjsgeog ia ke ivbtbkcmici`hst%

Jgokwsg k mhehmkccx tzkhegd oimmwehtx tgobehohke

oke ivgzktg tbg dgqhog# ht vziqhdgs ciokc gmvcixmget%

Tbg dgqhog oke jg chengd qhk tbg Hetgzegt ti svgohkchsts

kexpbgzg# tbws vziqhdhe` tgcgmgdhoheg akohchthgs aiz

tbisg he zgmitg kzgks pbgzg tbgzg kzg agp bgkctb

akohchthgs ked svgohkchsts% Aizws Bgkctb vckes ti sgcc tbg

dgqhog ti bisvhtkcs# ked `gt tbg jwx-he azim diotizs

pbi oiwcd jgoimg vkztegzs aiz awztbgz tzgktmget ia

tbgsg vkthgets%

Tbg ?egtbzk hs eip hestkccgd he ;6 akohchthgs ked k

awztbgz ?6 kzg jghe` tgstgd he dhgzget ciokthies

heocwdhe` he oimmgzohkc bisvhtkcs% He tbg egrt xgkz#

tbg oimvkex khms ti `gegzktg wvtkng ia tbg dgqhog

jx grvkedhe` hts iwtzgkob tbziw`b sgca-bgcv `ziwvs

ked tbg dhgzgetcx-kjcgd% Ke heeiqkthqg gizt jx tbg

siohkc getgzvzhsg# Aizws# dgmiestzktgs tbkt tbhs hs k

siwed midgc tbkt geswzgs koogss# kizdkjhchtx# ked

sokcg# ked hs k jksgd ie k zke`g ia vkztegzsbhvs< tbg

Ogetzg aiz Gcgotziehos Dgsh`e ked Tgobeici`x "HH_o

Jke`kcizg( aiz zgsgkzob ked dgqgcivmget ia

gcgotziehos wsgd he hts vzidwots# ked itbgz

vzhqktg-sgotiz oimvkehgs chng Mgokc:0 aiz ivthos

zgsgkzob ked dgqgcivmget# aiz mkewakotwzhe` Bhokc

Tgobeici hgs Vqt% Ctd :2 ked aiz hedwstzhkc dgsh`e Hokzws %:8

:0 ppp%mgokc%gw:2 ppp%bhokc%oim:8 ppp%hokzws%oi%he

Oksg _tizx 4 < Qhshie Wechmhtgd

Aiwedgd< :668

_wmmkzx< Qhshie Wechmhtgdvziqhdgs ivtimgtzho okzg

ti cip heoimg akmhchgs

Jwshegss midgc< aiz vzit sgzqhogs aiz k smkcc oist

Qhshie Wechmhtgd bks kcsi jgge swvviztgd jx simg

vbhcketbzivhsts ti jwx g{whvmget ked sokcg wv

Pgjshtg< eieg


46


46/96

Mwob chng tbg vzgqhiws oksg stizx# Qhshie Wechmhtgd hs k vziqhdgz ia ivtimgtzho okzg aiz tbg viiz% Bipgqgz# tbgzgkzg simg hetgzgsthe` dhgzgeogs pbhob bh`bch`bt tbg dhqgzshtx he siohkc jwshegss ked oiesg{wgetcx dhsvgc tbg

hdgk tbkt siohkc getzgvzgegwzs oke jg swvviztgd ked ewztwzgd jx ieg sh|g ts kcc vzi`zkmmgs iz heqgstizs%AIZW_ pks sgt wv jx k `ziwv ia bh`bcx gdwoktgd# pgcc oieegotgd# ge`chsb svgknhe` HT-skqqx `zkdwktgs#

pbgzgks Qhshie Wechmhtgd pks oieoghqgd ked jwhct jx ieg mke azim bwmjcg ziits# k aggc aiz jwshegss ked ke

hetgzgst he bgcvhe` vgivcg%

Pktobhe` k agp mge he pbhtg oikts oiedwothe` ke gxg okmv he Qhcck`g Vkdkqgdw he Tkmhc Ekdw okw`bt tbghmk`hekthie ia k ;4-xgkz-icd jix _bhqknwmkz# ked bg pks hesvhzgd ti stkzt k swoogssawc ked okzhe` jwshegss he

ivtimgtzx%

Oksg stizx 7< Kowmges `kmg-obke`he` qgetwzg< mijhchshe` mkzngts aiz g{whtx he bgkctb

Aiwedgd< :66;_wmmkzx


47/96

He :660#Kowmge Awed kcsi heqgstgd he \h{ht|k Bgkctbokzg# mizg oimmiecx neipe ks Dhkc ;:82 aiz Kmjwckeog% He

tbhs oksg# k `ziwv ia vziagsshiekcs jkedgd ti`gtbgz ti cc tbg eggd aiz kizdkjcg# vziagsshiekc gmgz`geox

mgdhokc sgzqhogs% Azim lwst ;6 kmjwckeogs he :667# tbg oimvkex bkd mizg tbke 466 ie tbg zikd jx :6;; ked#

mistcx tbziw`b `iqgzemget oietzkots# vckes ti bkqg ;#666 kmjwckeogs phtbhe tbg egrt tbzgg xgkzs heMkbkzksbtzk# Jhbkz# Ngzkck# Vwelkj# ked Zklkstbke% K vzhqktg vckxgz# \h{ht|k);:82 dgmiestzktgs tbg eggd ked

tbg vitgethkc aiz sokcg tbkt grhsts aiz swob ke gmgz`geox sgzqhogs zm# pbgtbgz ks k agg-obkz`he` sgzqhog iz k

oietzkotiz vziqhdhe` zst-ockss sgzqhog wedgz tbg ;62 midgc# he mkex oksgs tknhe` iqgz azim wedgzvgzaizmhe`

oietzkotizs pbi okmg jgaizg tbgm%

_IOBKZK

Aiwedgd< ;824

_wmmkzx< _IOBKZK

Jwshegss Midgc< `zket ked diekthie dgvgedget E@I%

Pgjshtg< ppp%siobkzk%iz`

He tbg gqicqhe` ckedsokvg ia bgkctb okzg he Hedhk ht hs gssgethkc ti tkcn kjiwt pbkt tbg vgivcg kzg okcche` aiz#

pbgtbgz tbgx kzg hedhqhdwkcs iz iz`kehskthies# tbgsg qihogs sgt tbg azkmgpizn aiz gstkjchsbhe` tbg swoogss ia

bgkctb sgzqhogs# vichohgs ked hetgzqgethies% _IOBKZK hs ke iz`kehskthie tbkt bks jgge vzimithe` oimmwehtx

heocwshie ked kothie he bgkctb aiz mizg tbke :6 xgkzs ked tbghz oksg stizx bgcvs ws ti wedgzstked bip tbg

ckedsokvg hs obke`he`# pbkt hs dzhqhe` simg ia tbg obke`gs he bgkctb vziqhshie ked pbkt tbg ngx stkngbicdgzs

he bgkctb# tbg vgivcg# kzg dgmkedhe`%

_iohgtx aiz Oimmwehtx Bgkctb Kpkzgegss# Zgsgkzob ked Kothie "_IOBKZK( pizns ti gekjcg oimmwehthgs ti

grgzohsg tbghz zgsvieshjhchtx ti bgkctb ked dgmked bgkctb okzg ks k zh`bt% Tbg _iohgtx `zgp iwt ia ke

grvgzhmgetkc vzilgot okccgd tbg Oimmwehtx Bgkctb Ogcc "OBO( pbhob pks hehthktgd he ;824# OBO# he ;88;

_IOBKZK pks zg`hstgzgd ks k siohgtx ked OBO zgmkhes tbg aweothiekc weht%

_IOBKZK hs k Oimmwehtx Bgkctb neipcgd`g ogetzg# tbhen tken ked kothqhst iz`kehskthie% Tbghz oizg vzheohvcg hs ti

gekjcg vgivcg ti grgzohsg oiccgothqgcx tbghz zgsvieshjhchtx ti tbghz ipe bgkctb ked ti dgmked bgkctb ks tbghz zh`bt%

Tbhs kvvzikob mgkes heozgkshe` tbg hedhqhdwkcs# tbg akmhcxs ked tbg oimmwehtxs kwtieimx iqgz bgkctb ked tbg

stzwotwzgs tbkt mkng `iid bgkctb visshjcg% _IOBKZKs zgmht hs jzikd ked egogsshtktgs tbkt tbgx hewgeog kt mkex

cgqgcs# tbg siohgtx bks shr oizg stzkeds ti hts pizn pbhob geoimvkssgs gdwokthie ked oimmwehtx jwhcdhe` kt tbg

biwsgbicd cgqgc ti dzhqhe` obke`g kt k cijkc cgqgc# tbziw`b vkzthohvkthie he pizcdphdg zgsgkzob ked kdqiokox phtb`cijkc iz`kehskthies chng tbg PBI% Pg ciin kt tbg tbzgg ia tbgsg stzkeds ia pizn tbkt hccwstzktg tbg iz`kehskthies

hewgeog he tbg gcd ia bgkctb jwt kcsi tbg vkzthohvkthie ia tbg oimmwehtx%


4:


48/96

Ozgkthe` kpkzgegss zg`kzdhe` tbg vzheohvcgs ked

vzkothog ia oimmwehtx bgkctb

_IOBKZK bkqg obke`gd tbg pkx vgivcg tbhen kjiwt

bgkctb vziqhshie tbziw`b sbkzhe` tbghz neipcgd`g ked

zgsgkzob phtb itbgz kssiohkthies# egtpizns# oimmwehtx

`ziwvs# vgivcgs ziwvs ked tzkdg wehies# tbgx bkqg ngvt

tbg hsswgs oizg ti Oimmwehtx Bgkctb kt tbg aizg ia tbg

bgkctb vziqhshie ekzzkthqg jx pzhthe` ked gdhthe`

egpscgttgzs# iz`kehshe` ked kttgedhe` ekthiekc ked

hetgzekthiekc oieagzgeogs# ked shtthe` ie oimmhttggs aizvwjcho bgkctb chng Lke _pkstbxk Kjbhxke "Hedhke obkvtgz

ia tbg vgivcgs bgkctb miqgmget(%

Vzimithe` ked swvvizthe` oimmwehtx bgkctb

kothie

_IOBKZK bkqg oktkcxsgd ked swvviztgd k zke`g ia

oimmwehtx bgkctb okmvkhès# azim vckxhe` k mkliz zicghe kdqiokox kziwed tijkooi oietzic# ti gqicqhe` k

oimmwehtx jksgd hehthkthqg aiz kcoibic oietzic he wzjke

scwms ia Jke`kcizg# ti akohchtkthe` k vhcit vzilgot ia

oimmwehtx miehtizhe` ked vckeehe` wedgz tbg Ekthiekc

Zwzkc Bgkctb Mhsshie "EZBM(% Tbhs vzilgot# zwe jx tpi

xiwe` vgivcg ie _IOBKZKs agccipsbhv vzi`zkmmg# bks

hetzidwogd tbg hdgk ia sbkzgd zgsvieshjhchtx aiz bgkctb ti

441 qhcck`gs he Tkmhc Ekdw he k aiwz stk`g vziogss

gqge he tbg grkmvcgs heocwdgd he tbhs zgvizt tbg vzisvgot

ia wehqgzskchtx hs k cie` pkx kpkx%

Ozgkthe` k aggdjkon ziwtg ked ke ivge aizwm ti dhsowsssgzqhog kvs gtthe` kcc vkzthgs ti wedgzstked tbg itbgzs

vihets ia qhgp

Vckeehe` ti zgdwog tbg `kvs ks vgivcg ked bgkctb

vziqhdgzs `khe tzwst tbgx oke ed sbkzgd sicwthies ked

hmvziqgmgets

Tbg vzilgot ogetzgs ie sbkzgd wedgzstkedhe` ked swvvizt

ia oimmwehtx bgkctb ked tbg ìqgzemgets mhsshie ie

zwzkc bgkctb# ngx ti tbhs hs tbg ozgkthie ia qhcck`g bgkctbked skehtkthie oimmhttggs pbhob kzg mkedktgd jx tbg

EZBM jwt oimmwehthgs eggdgd simg awztbgz swvvizt

ked `whdkeog ti jzhe` tbgsg ti azwhthie% Tbhs vzilgot bks

zgkobgd kt cgkst ;06#666 vgivcg ked bks swoogssawccx

pizngd phtb tbg ìqgzemgets mhsshie kcciphe` mwob

jzikdgz obke`g# zgkob ked sokckjhchtx%

?

4?


49/96

HEAIZMKTHIE

TGOBEICI@XVIPGZ TI TBG VGIVCG

H T

HEAIZMKTHIE TGOBEICI@X VIPGZ TI TBG VGIVCG

44


50/96

cgkdgzsbhv he tbg kzgek ia ochmktg obke`g ked

swstkhekjhchtx% Tbiw`b zkengd ?2 ie tbg cgkdgzsbhv

jikzd "k zkenhe` ia `cijkc HT oimvkehgs(# PHVZI `gts

vishthqg zgmkzns azim @zggevgkog aiz dgmiestzkthe`

hmviztket cgkdgzsbhv he ke Hedhke oietgrt aiz dhzgotcx

ge`k`he` phtb tbg Vzhmg Mhehstgz iog jx kzthowckthe`

ie tbg vitgethkc ia HT sicwthies ie tbg hsswg ia ochmktg

obke`g ked vichohgs eggdgd ti dzhqg HT-zgcktgd `zgge

tgob dgvcixmget he Hedhk% PHVZI lihes tbg

@zggevgkogs Oiic HT Cgkdgz jikzd he Qgzshie 4#

zgvzgsgethe` tbg zst ia pbkt mkx pgcc jg sgqgzkc

mkliz Hedhke HT jzkeds ti jg gqkcwktgd kmie` `cijkc

HT cgkdgzs ie ochmktg ked gegz`x sicwthies%

Weaiztwektgcx# PHVZI hs tbg grogvthie tbkt vziqgs tbg

zwcg# phtb sgqgzkc cie`-tgzm ohtx-jksgd siohkc

iz`kehskthies ked kothqhsts ozhth{whe` tbg chmhtgd zicg

ia tbg HT sgotiz he tkonche` tbg vzijcgms ia tbg

jwz`giehe` ohtx% Tbg stizhgs jgcip hccwstzktg simg

eitgpiztbx grkmvcgs ia HT oimvkehgs tbkt bkqg

ozgkthqgcx oimjhegd siohkc qhshie ked jwshegss%

Tbg stwdx dgchjgzktgcx grvcizgd cgssgz neipe ekmgs

ked smkccgz HT getzgvzgegwzs zktbgz tbke tbg hedwstzx

`hkets% Tbghz stizhgs zgqgkc tbkt HT hs jghe` wsgd he siohkc

ked jwshegss midgcs ti kddzgss bgkctb# gdwokthie# ked

gqge mijhchtx oieogzes% Tbg aiows ie heocwshqgegss he

ke itbgzphsg vzit-jksgd okvhtkchst hedwstzx mkngs k

zgazgsbhe` obke`g% Vziagssiz Vgtgz _ge`g kz`wgs# he bhs

aizgpizd ti tbg jiin Tbg Zgsvieshjhchtx Zgqicwthie#

Tbg Zgsvieshjhchtx Zgqicwthie hs kjiwt mizg tbke

owtthe` okzjie# zgdwohe` gegz`x wsg# miehtizhe`

akotizhgs# iz diekthe` ti obkzhthgs% Ht hs kjiwt

zg-hmk`hehe` oimvkehgs azim phtbhe# heeiqkthe` egp

pkxs ia piznhe`# hesthcche` k egp ci`ho ia oimvgthe`#

hdgethaxhe` egp visshjhchthgs aiz cgkdhe` ked zgdgehe`

tbg qgzx vwzvisg ia jwshegssgs% ??

bttv


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Tbg oksg stizhgs jgcip okvtwzg tbg gssgeog ia tbkt egp svhzht# ia zgdgehe` pkxs ia dihe` jwshegss%

Qhedbxk Heaimgdhk Vqt Ctd< ke g{wkc ivviztwehthgs JVI kothqgcx ciinhe` ti gmvcix dhgzgetcx-kjcgd vgivcg%

Oimkt< k oimvkex vziqhdhe` zwzkc jwshegss ogetzgs he vkztegzsbhv phtb tbg ìqgzemget%

Oi-Ivthie Tgobeici`hgs< k siohkc getgzvzhsg jzhe`he` akzmgzs oiivgzkthqgs ked cgedgzs ti`gtbgz phtb tbg bgcv

ia tgobeici`x> hqhe` zwzkc kzgks jgttgz koogss ti kizdkjcg ozgdht%

Hehthkthqgs aiz Dgqgcivmget Aiwedkthie< ke iz`kehskthie aiwedgd jx aizmgz jkengzs tbkt hs piznhe` phtb tbg

ìqgzemget ked oimmwehthgs ti jwhcd zwzkc jwshegss ogetzgs tbkt kzg sgca swstkhehe`%

Zke` Dg< k oimvkex tbkt hs jzhe`he` vzhqktg heqgstizs ked smkcc jwshegssgs ti`gtbgz tbziw`b k pgjshtg>

zgqicwthiehshe` mhoziozgdht%

gAkzm "aizmgzcx Mktob Jir _icwthies(< ke getgzvzhsg tbkt bks wsgd tgobeici`x ti mktob swvvcx phtb dgmked

he aiid vzidwothie# ivthmhshe` tbg aiid swvvcx obkhe# pbhob zgdwogs pkstk`g ked `hqgs akzmgzs ked

oieswmgzs k jgttgz vzhog%

Oksg stizx ;< Vziqhdhe` ivviztwehthgs aiz tbg dhgzgetcx-kjcgd Qhedbxk-Heaimgdhk Vqt Ctd ?4

Aiwedgd< :661_wmmkzx< Qhedbxk Heaimgdhk hs k jwshegss vziogss iwtsiwzohe` "JVI( oimvkex phtb bh`b stkedkzds ked ckz`gochgets# tbg oimvkex bks ke heocwshqg gmvcixmget vichox ked tpi tbhzds ia tbg stk hs dhgzgetcx-kjcgd%Jwshegss midgc< Qhedbxk Heaimgdhk hs k vzit dzhqge oimvkex tbkt swvvizts mkex iz`kheskthies phtb tbghzjwshegss vziogsshe` eggds%Pgjshtg< ppp%qhedbxkheai%oim

Ks H getgzgd tbg zgogvthie kzgk# H pks pkzmcx pgcoimgd jx _zhektb ked pks kjiwt ti grtged mx bked aiz kbkedsbkng pbge H zgkchsgd bg bkd lwst tpi stwjs aiz bkeds% [whoncx eithe` mx oieawshie ked dhsoimaizt# _zhektbsmhcgd ked grvckhegd# H cist tbgm pbhcg piznhe` ie k oiestzwothie shtg% Tbg mgtkc vicg H pks okzzxhe` ìt stwon ti kbh`b-tgeshie phzg ked mx bkeds pgzg awccx jwzet% Bg kddgd# H okeeit pizn ie oimvwtgzs# jwt H oke di mkex itbgztksns%

Tpgetx-shr-xgkz-icd Vkqhtbzk Ksbin# pbi stkztgd Qhedbxk Heaimgdhk kcie` phtb bgz bwsjked Ksbin @hzh# dgsozhjgstbghz mhsshie he ke ge`k`he` ked mkttgz-ia-akot mkeegz%Pg kzg he tbg HT)JVI hedwstzx ked pg mkdg ht iwz jwshegss

ti gmvcix tbisg pbi kzg dhgzgetcx-kjcgd# vkzthowckzcx pimge oimhe` azim dgvzhqgd oimmwehthgs%

?4 Jksgd ie tbg hetgzqhgp phtb Mkek`he` Dhzgoitiz# Vkqhtbzk X_ # Agjzwkzx :6;;


Vkqhtzk ked Ksbin kzg he mkex pkxs zgpzhthe` tbg pkx Phtb ochgets zke`he` azim Xkbii ti ciokc Mhoziekeog

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Vkqhtzk ked Ksbin kzg he mkex pkxs zgpzhthe` tbg pkx

jwshegss# gsvgohkccx HT jwshegss# hs dieg he tbhs ohtx%

Xgt# pbkts stzhnhe` hs tbghz midgstx< Ht hs shmvcg% Ht hs

iwz pkx ia `hqhe` jkon ti tbg siohgtx pbkt pg bkqg`khegd azim tbg oimvkex% Pg kzg k stzie`# heeiqkthqg

tgkm phtb k eg`ch`hjcg kttzhthie zktg# ked bgeog mizg

swstkhekjcg tii#skxs Vkqhtbzk%

Gstkjchsbgd he :661 ks k smkcc oimvkex tbgx bkqg

okzqgd ke geqhkjcg vckog ked vzicg he jitb ciokc ked

`cijkc mkzngts% Tbg oiccgothie ia kpkzds he tbg aziet

iog hs tgsthmiex ti tbg kzzhqkc ia tbhs `bthe`-toimvkex% Mizg tbke 86' ia iwz tgkm hs

dhgzgetcx-kjcgd jwt {wkchgd% Pg svged {wkchtx thmg he

hedwothie ked snhccs-jwhcdhe`% Pg kcsi mkng grtzk gizts

ti zgkob tbg wezgkobgd tbziw`b mkex pkxs ia

zgozwhtmget# grvckhes Vkqhtbzk% Tbg mkek`gmget

tgkm iatge iz`kehsgs lij-akhzs he smkcc tipes ti

heaizm ked kttzkot pimge chqhe` phtb k dhskjhchtx%

_wehtbks stizx

H zgkd he tbg vkvgz tbkt tbgzg pks k zgozwhtmget dzhqg he

mx tipe# _bhmi`k% Mx mitbgz hs k pk`g ckjiwzgz ked

mx aktbgz hs ei mizg% H bkqg sobiiche` ked simg

neipcgd`g ia oimvwtgzs% Dwzhe` tbg hetgzqhgp tbgx

ksngd mkex {wgsthies kjiwt mx snhccs ked neipcgd`g% H

eip chqg bgzg he tbg ohtx# he k smkcc vckog% H bkd tzkhehe`

aiz ;7 dkxs ked H vhongd wv dktk-getzx# txvhe`# ked

oimvwtgz snhccs%

H km si bkvvx> mx mitbgz hs gqgz si vziwd kjiwt pbkt H

bkqg kobhgqgd% H gkze 7766 zwvgg vgz mietb% Tbkt mkx

jg smkcc aiz itbgzs jwt eit aiz mg% H km eip kjcg ti bgcv

ked geoiwzk`g itbgzs ti pizn% _wehtbk bks jgge

piznhe` eip aiz tbzgg xgkzs# ked oimmwehoktgs

oiedgetcx gqge he aziet ia tbg okmgzk%

Phtb ochgets zke`he` azim Xkbii ti ciokc Mhoziekeog

Hesthtwthies tbg oimvkex hs phtegsshe` keewkc `ziptb

ia iqgz 26'# simgthmgs gqge ;66' ked hs tidkx piztb

HEZ :%7 ozizgs%

Qhedbxk bks bgcvgd vgivcg ti awcc dzgkms tbgx tbiw`bt

pgzg wekttkhekjcg% Tkng tbg grkmvcg ia ?6-xgkz-icd

Lkqgzhkb% H bkd kttgedgd k Obhga Mhehstgzs gqget ked

swjmhttgd ke kvvgkc stkthe` tbkt gqge tbiw`b H bkqg

mkek`gd ti oimvcgtg k dg`zgg H bkqg jgge wegmvcixgd

aiz xgkzs% Tbgx ksngd mg ti kvvzikob Qhedbxk# si bgzg H

km# tbzgg xgkzs cktgz# k Tgkm Cgkdgz mkek`he` ?6 stk%Lkqgzkhb bks cgkzegd ti wsg k oimvwtgz ked itbgz

lij-zgcktgd snhccs swob ks wedgzstkedhe` ked mkek he`

ckz`g tgkms% Zh`bt tbziw`b tbg dhsowsshie bg

mwcth-tksngd# zgsviedhe` ti mx {wgsthies ked

shmwctkegiwscx vziqhdhe` hestzwothies ked dhzgothies ti

bhs tgkm% Tkcnhe` kjiwt tbg sgmhekc qkcwg ia jwhcdhe`

sgca-oiedgeog kmie` tbg dhgzgetcx-kjcgd# bg eitgs#

Xiw eggd simgieg chng Qhedbxk ti wedgzstked# okzg ked

jgchgqg he iwz kjhchtx si tbkt pg di eit `hqg wv%

Egqgz hqhe` wv# eit oimvzimhshe` ie {wkchtx ked stk

dgqgcivmget kzg tbg tbzgg ozhthokc akotizs tbkt bkqg

bgcvgd Qhedbxk iqgzoimg mkex bwzdcgs% Aiz grkmvcg#

aiz sgqgzkc mietbs he :661:660 tbg stk bkd ti `i

phtbiwt skckzhgs# gmvcixggs pgzg kooimmidktgd he

svkzg ziims# ked Vkqhtbzk oiingd tbg aiid% Zgkchshe`

tbg dhowcthgs# tbg gmvcixggs skhd# @hqg ws ieg mgkc#

tbkt phcc di%Chmhtgd tgkm sh|g pks keitbgz oiestzkhet#

ks pks tbg akot tbkt Ksbin ked Vkqhtbzk pgzg jitb

zst-`gegzkthie getzgvzgegwzs phtb chttcg vzhiz

grvgzhgeog%

Tbg oimvkex jgchgqgs tbkt ht oke sokcg wv ked mkex

bkqg kvvzikobgd tbg vkhz ti bgcv ti gstkjchsb shmhckz

oimvkehgs% Qhedbxk bks kdqhsgd ie bip ti zgozwht#


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gekjcg# ked ewztwzg stk azim tzwcx mkz`hekchsgd `ziwvs% Vgivcg okcc ws ked heqhtg ws ti mkex siohkc getgzvzhsg

gqgets jwt pg kzg kotwkccx k awcc-gd`gd jwshegss% Pg bkqg ozkatgd k vziogss tbkt hetg`zktgs awedkmgetkc siohkc

obkccge`gs tbkt iwz siohgtx akogs ked tbkt hs iwz weh{wg sgcche` vihet%

Oksg _tizx :< Oimkt Tgobeici`hgs "V( Ctd dgmiozkthshe` tgobeici`x

Aiwedgd< ;881

_wmmkzx< Oimkt vziqhdgs zwzkc kzgks phtb jwshegss ogetzgs pbhob `hqg oimmwehthgs gksx koogss ti

heaizmkthie chng tbg kqkhckjhchtx ia ìqgzemget jgegts# shmvcg jkenhe` kzzke`gmgets ked heswzkeog%

Jwshegss midgc< aiz vzit midgc phtb simg vwjcho aweds swvvizthe` tbg sgzqhog%

Pgjshtg< ppp%oimkt%oimOimkt Tgobeici`hgs hs ke HT oimvkex he Jke`kcizg pbhob vziqhdgs zwzkc Hedhkes phtb koogss ti gssgethkc

heaizmkthie ked tzkesaizmkthiekc sgzqhogs% Tbg oimvkex bks k egtpizn ia iqgz :#666 Zwzkc Jwshegss Ogetzgs

"ZJOs( koziss 76#666 qhcck`gs he qg Hedhke stktgs# zgkobhe` ;6 mhcchie zwzkc vgivcg he qkzhiws pkxs% Tbg oimvkex

kcsi vziqhdgs tzkhehe`# gdwokthie# ked ekeohkc sgzqhogs dhzgotcx ti zwzkc ohth|ges%

Tbhs bks vziaiwed hmvchokthies aiz tbg viiz ked mkz`hekchsgd# ked pbi kzg wekjcg ti jgegt azim grhsthe`

ìqgzemget sobgmgs ked sgzqhogs dgshègd ti ksshst tbgm dwg ti ckon ia koogss ti tbg zgcgqket diowmgets#

ked k jwzgkwozktho vziogss zhddcgd phtb dgckxs ked oizzwvthie% Tbg diowmgets heocwdg ohth|ge zgoizds kedìqgzemget gethtcgmgets# gmvcixmget tzkhehe` ked lij ozgkthie# swvvcgmgetkzx gdwokthiekc sgzqhogs# ked

aizmkc ekeohkc ked heswzkeog sgzqhogs%

Zkqh Zke`ke gstkjchsbgd Oimkt he ;881 sbiztcx katgz bg oimvcgtgd bhs dg`zgg he oimvwtgz sohgeog% Tbg

oimvkex bks swoogssawccx mgz`gd vzitkjhchtx phtb siohkc pgcakzg% Tbg jwshegss midgc hs izhgetgd tipkzds tbg

goieimho dgqgcivmget ia wedgzsgzqgd mkzngts# jx vziqhdhe` heaizmkthie kjiwt sgzqhogs swob ks gmvcixmget

tzkhehe`# lij ozgkthie# ekeohkc heocwshie# ked gssgethkc ìqgzemget sgzqhogs% Ht bks kttkhegd cgkdgzsbhv he ke

wewswkc kzgk ia jwshegss jx swoogssawccx mkvvhe` tbg eggds ia Hedhks zwzkc vivwckthie ked gohgetcxzgsviedhe` ti tbgsg tbziw`b k egtpizn ia ZJOs%

Oimkt hs k qgetwzg ked vzhqktg g{whtx-awedgd iz`kehskthie# Imhdxkz Egtpizn# Wehtws G{whtx Awed# Kqhì# ked

GEKM kzg simg ia tbg ngx heqgstizs% He sgtthe` wv zwzkc jwshegss ogetzgs Oimktbks pizngd he vkztegzsbhv phtb

tbg ìqgzemget# phtb tbg ìqgzemget kcsi mggthe` simg oists% Oimkts swoogss hs mkzngd jx ke gedwzhe` sgt

ia oizvizktg qkcwgs tbkt gmvbkshsg heeiqkthie# oicckjizkthie# vgzsgqgzkeog# hetg`zhtx# cgkdgzsbhv# ked

oizvizktg ohth|gesbhv%

Zkqh skxs< H pks jgttgz kt mknhe` tbhe`s phtb mx bkeds tbke kt kokdgmhos# si pbge tbg igz okmg aiz ws ti vziqhdg

bkzdpkzg ked siatpkzg aiz tbg dgageog dgvkztmget H lwmvgd kt ht% He tbg vziogss H `khegd grvgzhgeog he he zweehe`


ked GEKM kzg simg ia tbg ngx heqgstizs He sgtthe` wv zwzkc jwshegss ogetzgs Oimkt bks pizngd he

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ked GEKM kzg simg ia tbg ngx heqgstizs% He sgtthe` wv zwzkc jwshegss ogetzgs Oimkt bks pizngd he

vkztegzsbhv phtb tbg ìqgzemget# phtb tbg ìqgzemget kcsi mggthe` simg oists% Oimkts swoogss hs

mkzngd jx ke gedwzhe` sgt ia oizvizktg qkcwgs tbkt gmvbkshsg heeiqkthie# oicckjizkthie# vgzsgqgzkeog#

hetg`zhtx# cgkdgzsbhv# ked oizvizktg ohth|gesbhv%

Zkqh skxs< H pks jgttgz kt mknhe` tbhe`s phtb mx bkeds tbke kt kokdgmhos# si pbge tbg igz okmg aiz ws ti

vziqhdg bkzdpkzg ked siatpkzg aiz tbg dgageog dgvkztmget H lwmvgd kt ht % He tbg vziogss H `khegd grvgzhgeog

he zweehe` k jwshegss ked mkek`he` k tgkm ks pgcc%Tbhs mhr ia bkzdpkzg ked siatpkzg dgqgcivmget tiin

tbg oimvkex tbziw`b hts gkzcx liwzegx ti pbkt ht hs tidkx% Oimkt eip gmvcixs mizg tbke ?#666 vgivcg

oimjhehe` tbg oimmgzohkc "stkedkzd iwtsiwzohe` jwt vziqhdhe` sgzqhog phtbhe tbg oiwetzx( ked piznhe`

phtb ìqgzemget vzi`zkmmgs ked sobgmgs swob ks Jbiimh ked tbg Weh{wg Hdgethtx Vzi`zkmmg%

He Dgogmjgz :662# Oimkt pie tbg zst-gqgz Cg`ktwm AIZTWEG Tgobeici`x Vzh|g# ke kpkzd tbkt

zgoièhsgs aiz-vzit getgzvzhsgs pbisg kvvchokthie ia tgobeici`x sicwthies aistgzs siohkc ked goieimho

`ziptb ked dzkmkthokccx hmvziqgs tbg chqgs ia viiz vgivcg%

Oimkts pizn he qkzhiws Hedhke cke`wk`gs pks kcsi hmviztket he Nkzektknk%

Zkqh jgchgqgs tbkt tbgzg kzg kt cgkst tpi dhstheot stzkeds he tbg HT hedwstzx tbkt bkqg mkdg k shèhoket

hmvkot% Tbg zst heocwdgs tbg jh` ekmgs phtb ;6;7 xgkzs grvgzhgeog piznhe` phtb mwcthekthiekcs kedsgtthe` wv egp jzkeds% Tbg sgoied heocwdgs tbisg chng bhmsgca# mwob xiwe`gz# phtb egp hdgks ked `zgkt

vksshie# vzgvkzgd ti tkng zhsns% He gstkjchsbhe` Oimkt# bg pketgd ti di simgtbhe` siohkccx zgcgqket jwt

ekeohkccx swstkhekjcg# k tzwg siohkc getgzvzhsg%

Jwt dgsvhtg simgtbhe` ks svgotkowckz ks tbg Jbiimh vzilgot pbhob tidkx kt cgkst 76#666 zwzkc Hedhkes

wsg tbg jwshegss hs stzw``che` ti stkx kikt% Cissgs bkqg vhcgd wv jgokwsg tbg ìqgzemget# dgsvhtg

ìid hetgethies# bks eit bieiwzgd hts oimmhtmget% Zkqh skxs tbkt he izdgz aiz tbg vzilgot ti oiethewg tbg

zgqgewg midgc eggds ti obke`g phtbiwt cishe` hts oizg siohkc ijlgothqgs%

Zkqh stgvvgd dipe ks OGI iaOimktk agp xgkzs kì# jwt ks k Qhog Obkhzmke bks bg hs kothqgcx ciinhe` aiz

vitgethkc ipegzs pbi phcc hetzidwog egp kvvzikobgs% Egp ked jgttgz cg`hsckthie eip grhsts tbkt oke

bgcv tbg Zwzkc Jwshegss Ogetzgs# tbg jkshs ia Oimkts sgzqhog dgchqgzx he tbg zwzkc kzgks% Aiz grkmvcg#

zgckrgd jkenhe` zg`wckthies mgke tbkt nhisns oke bkedcg tzkeskothies% Oimkt oke kcsi jgegt azim

pgj-jksgd gdwokthie wshe` siatpkzg dgqgcivgd jx K|hm Vzgmlh Aiwedkthie% _hmhckzcx# iz`kehskthies

swob ks Hehthkthqgs aiz Dgqgcivmget bkqg dgqgcivgd egp vcktaizms tbkt dgchqgz sxstgms aiz tbg zwzkc

viiz# pbhob kzg jksgd ie cgkzehe` azim vzgqhiws grvgzhgeog> tbgx kzg kcsi tzxhe` iwt egp vkztegzsbhvs

tbkt oke jwhcd swstkhekjhchtx ked sokcg%


Ivge _iwzog dh`htkc dhqhdg ked bivg

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Ivge _iwzog dh`htkc dhqhdg ked bivg

Jgbhed tbg vcwsb HJM iogs ked tbg cwrwzhiws _ijbk Kvkztmgets Biwshe` Oimvcgr ie tbg Jkeegz`bkttkZikd# Jke`kcizg# hs k lkmmgd-wv stzggt pbgzg 466 Dkcht biwsgbicds bkqg chqgd aiz mizg tbke 46 xgkzs%

K `ziwv ia xiwe` pimge ked tggek`g `hzcs kzg scipcx jwt swzgcx iqgzoimhe` tbg dh`htkc dhqhdg% Gekjcgd jx

tgobeici`x-skqqx HT vziagsshiekcs azim tbg Kssiohkthie aiz Hedhks Dgqgcivmget "KHD(# pbi jgchgqg he tbg

Ivge _iwzog miqgmget# KHD vziqhdgs gdwokthie sobickzsbhvs ti tbgsg xiwe` pimge ked simg mge ti

cgkze oimvwtgz ivgzkthe` ked egtpiznhe` azim hts smkcc dhe`x ziim okccgd Kmgddbnkz ogetzg% He iwz

oimmwehtx# pg bkqg lwst ieg pimke pbi hs ekccx ke HT `zkdwktg kt tbg k`g ia 46# jwt tbgzg phcc jg mkex

mizg ia ws siie# skxs :6-xgkz-icd _kzkspktbh# tbg `ziwvs heaizmkc cgkdgz%

Mkeh# he bhs gkzcx tpgethgs# hs vkzkcxsgd azim tbg pkhst dipe# jwt bg skxs< H km eip k awcc-gd`gd oimvwtgz kzthst

ked `khe simg miegx azim ht% Bg zg`zgts tbg akot tbkt bhs shstgz skozhogd bgz ipe sobiiche` ti okzzx bhm ie bgz

jkon% Tbg hmvkot ia KHDs pizn hs tbgzg aiz kcc ti sgg dhowct# jwt `zkdwkc ked vishthqg# dgmiestzkthe` tbg

vitgethkc tbkt oke jg wecgksbgd tbziw`b hdgks# oimmhtmget# ked zgsiwzogs% Ht hs eit lwst kjiwt gdwokthie iz

jgoimhe` oimvwtgz-skqqx ked jghe` kjcg ti egtpizn% Ht hs tbg akot tbkt tbgsg xiwe` pimge bkqg jzinge si mkex

jkzzhgzs viqgztx# okstg# gedgz# ked gegzkthie# ti ekmg k agp#skxs Ckqkexk Dgqkdks# ke KHD qicwetggz%

Aiwedgd< ;888

_wmmkzx< Oi-ivthies jzhe`s zwzkc akzmhe` oimmwehthgs ked jkenhe` ked heswzkeog oimvkehgs ti`gtbgz wshe`

HOT ti hqg akzmgzs jgttgz koogss ti ozgdht ked jkens koogss ti egp mkzngts%

Jwshegss Midgc


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v ` ` v

azhgeds phsb ti mkng chag jgttgz aiz Hedhks zwzkc

oimmwehthgs% _wjbzkmkehxkm ked bhs azhgeds sgt wv

tbg oimvkex he Kvzhc ;888 bkqhe` hdgethgd ieg iatbg ngx vzijcgms aiz Hedhks akzmgzs< koogss ti ozgdht%

Koogss ti ozgdht bks jgge vgzshstgetcx oimvchoktgd aiz

akzmgzs# pbgzg k akzmgz oke `gt ozgdht azim zgvwtkjcg

siwzogs ht iatge tkngs k cie` thmg ti zgoghqg tbg

miegx ked tbg kmiwet kpkzdgd iatge k azkothie ia

pbkt tbgx eggd# pbgzg tbgsg siwzogs oket mggt tbghz

eggds tbgx bkqg ti twze ti miegx cgedgzs tbkt obkz`ggrizjhtket zktgs ia hetgzgst% Oi-Ivthies qhshie hs ti

obke`g tbg akog ia zwzkc Hedhk jx hqhe` vgivcg koogss

ti ozgdht kt mkzngt zktgs%

Oi-Ivthies sicwthie vwts Vzhmkzx K`zhowctwzkc

Oiivgzkthqgs "VKOs( kt tbg bgkzt ia tbghz midgc#

mknhe` kczgkdx tzwstgd ked gkshcx koogsshjcg

hesthtwthies bwjs aiz jwshegss# neipcgd`g# ekeogked swvvcx obkhe grvgzthsg jx wshe` HOT% He

vkztegzsbhv phtb tbg @iqgzemget ia Kedzk Vzkdgsb

Oi-Ivthies hehthkccx ziccgd iwt tbhs sicwthie ti

sgcgotgd VKOs he aiwz dhstzhots he Kedzk Vzkdgsb%

Ti mkng tbhs tzkesaizmkthie Oi-Ivthie tzkhegd VKO

stk# oimvwtgzhsgd tbghz iogs ked dh`hthsgd zgoizds#

tbgx tbge g{whvvgd tbg oiivgzkthqgs phtb siatpkzgti oieegot dhzgotcx phtb ekeohkc hesthtwthies chng

jkens ked heswzkeog oimvkehgs% Oi-Ivthie jgkzs tbg

oist ia tbg pizn phtb VKOs ked obkz`gs vkztegzs k agg

ti getgz tbg sobgmg# Oi-Ivthie kcsi sbkzgs he tbg

zgqgewgs ia sgzqhogs kqkhcgd jx mgmjgzs ia tbg VKOs%

Ieog k VKO hs oieqgztgd ti k jwshegss bwj tbghz

mgmjgzs kzg kjcg ti zgkob ekeog# ozgdht ked

heswzkeog vkztegzs phtb gksg% Aiz hestkeog pbge

mgmjgz lwst eggds ti qhsht tbghz ciokc VKO iog# tbg

jken phcc zgoghqg ke koowzktg ked awcc kvvchokthie

kcmist hestketcx tbhs mgkes tbgx oke mkng keheaizmgd dgohshies vzimvtcx# ked tbg mgmjgz hs

mizg chngcx ti `gt tbghz cike kvvziqgd aiz tbg awcc

kmiwet kt k zgksiekjcg zktg ia hetgzgst ked tbg thmg

jgtpgge kvvchokthie ked awccmget hs zgdwogd%

He tbg zst stk`g ia tbg vzilgot Oi-Ivthie pizngd phtb

?7 ti 46 VKOs he gkob dhstzhot mknhe` jkenhe`# ozgdht

ked heswzkeog sgzqhogs kqkhckjcg ti 7 cknb akzmgzs%Tbg getgzvzhsg bks zgswctgd he mkex jgegts aiz jitb

vkztegzs ked akzmgzs> tbg cgedhe` oxocg bks jgge

zgdwogd azim 1 pggns ti 4 dkxs# tbgzg bks jgge k

diwjche` ia twzeiqgz aiz tbgsg oiivgzkthqgs# tbg

kooiwethe` vzkothogs ia VKOs bkqg jgge sozwthehsgd

ked tbgx eip kcc mggt kooiwethe` stkedkzds# vkztegzs

bkqg koogss ti egp mkzngts%

OiIvthies bks tknge kdqketk`g ia tbg kwtieimx ia

tbg VKO_ ked hs sokche`-wv tbhs sobgmg ti oiqgz :#076

VKO_ he :? dhstzhots oiqgzhe` ; ozizg ";6 Mhcchie(

akzmgz mgmjgzs ie ke grocwshqg ;6 xgkz oietzkot

phtb tbg @iqgzemget ia Kedzk Vzkdgsb tbgx khm ti

di tbhs iqgz tbg egrt oiwvcg ia xgkzs% %

_iohkc tzkesaizmkthie zg{whzgs iqgzoimhe` hegzthk kedoxehokc ktthtwdgs% _iohkc getgzvzhsg oke iqgzoimg tbgsg

bwzdcgs jx dgmiestzkthe` swoogss#skxs _wjjw%


Oksg _tizx 4< Hehthkthqgs aiz Dgqgcivmget AiwedkthieHe lwst ;6 xgkzs tbg iz`kehskthie bks shr bwedzgd stk

7;


57/96

Oksg _tizx 4< Hehthkthqgs aiz Dgqgcivmget Aiwedkthie

simg jkengzs stkx tbg oiwzsg

Aiwedgd< :66;

_wmmkzx< Hehthkthqgs aiz Dgqgcivmget Aiwedkthie

pizn kt `zkssziits cgqgc aiz gmvipgzmget ia tbg

wedgzvzhqhcg`gd sgothies ia siohgtx> tbgx vzimitg

siohkc mijhchskthie# ekeohkc heocwshie# vzwdget

ekeohkc vzkothogs ked swstkhekjcg chqgchbiids% Bgzg

pg aiows ie tbghz Oimmwehtx _gzqhog Ogetzgs vzilgot

pbhob tbgx kzg zicche` iwt tbziw`biwt Nkzektknk hevkztegzsbhv phtb tbg stktg ìqgzemget ked tbg

Qktthnwth Aiwedkthie%

Jwshegss midgc tbg cheg

jgtpgge siohkc jwshegss ked tzkdhthiekc

`zket-dgvgedget dgqgcivmget hs eit kcpkxs ocgkz%

HDA stkztgd iwt ks ke iz`kehskthie tbkt dgqgcivgd

getzgvzgegwzhkc owctwzg kziwed viiz ked cip heoimgoimmwehthgs tbziw`b tzkhehe`# oiwesgcche` ked vist

tzkhehe` bked-bicdhe` sgzqhogs% Tbgx pgzg ngge ti chen

tbghz egp getzgvzgegwzs ti jkens aiz ekeohkc

swvvizt# ti cc tbg `kjs jgtpgge pbkt smkcc

jwshegssgs eggdgd ked pbkt tbg jkens oiwcd vziqhdg

HDA kcsi stkztgd ti vziqhdg mhoziekeog% Azim tbg

jg`heehe` tbgx wsgd heoimg azim tbghz cikes ked

zgqgewg azim vziqhdhe` dgqgcivmget sgzqhogs iejgbkca ia tbg ìqgzemget ti oiqgz tbghz oists>

bipgqgz tbgx bkqg kcsi zgoghqgd `zkets%

ked k ckz`g twzeiqgz% Kex zgqgewg azim tbghz cikes pks

zg-heqgstgd heti oimmwehthgs# ozgkthe` stkjcg

chqgchbiids aiz iqgz : mhcchie akmhchgs koziss ;6 dhstzhotsia Nkzektknk% HDAs vzi`zkmmgs bkqg jgge phdg

zke`he` ked heocwdgs> piznhe` phtb akzmgzs ti kobhgqg

swstkhekjcg vzidwothie# dgqgcivhe` ciokc agdgzkthies

ti gmvipgz oimmwehthgs# wedgzstkedhe` ked

egìthkthe` mkzngts ked getzgvzgegwzhkc tzkhehe`%

HDA bks dgmiestzktgd tbkt dgqgcivhe` piznkjcg

midgcs aiz goieimho gmvipgzmget ia tbgwedgz-vzhqhcg`gd ked vzimithe` k owctwzg ia

getgzvzhsg oke cgkd ti `zgktgz siohkc# vichthokc# ked

`gedgz zh`bts ked g{wkchtx% HDA skx tbg ng

Made in Bangalore: How social enterprise is transforming business-as-usual

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