Macworld 2007 - IT862 - High Availability
Transcript of Macworld 2007 - IT862 - High Availability
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Welcome to IT862: High Availability Administration & System Design
Complimentary Wireless SSID: IT862
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What is High Availability (HA)?
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IntroductionMyth of the Nines
Nines only measure that which can be modeled
Nines are only an average
Nines reflect a single system
view of the world.
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Unplanned DowntimeWhat do you blame?
Hardware Failure?
Human Error?
Software Error / Bug? Viruses / Spyware?
Natural Disaster?
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Unplanned DowntimeCategorized
Hardware Failure (44%)
Human Error (32%)
Software Error / Bug (14%) Viruses / Spyware (7%)
Natural Disaster (3%)
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Most Common Failures
Hardware
Environmental
Network File and Print
Database
Security Breaches
Modes of Failure
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Blazing Pace of Innovation
CheetahMac OS X Server v10.0
2001
PumaMac OS X Server v10.1
2001
JaguarMac OS X Server v10.2
2002
PantherMac OS X Server v10.3
2003
TigerMac OS X Server v10.4
2005
Tiger on IntelMac OS X Server v10.4.4
2006
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HA Definedin Mac OS X Server v10.5
2007: The year of high availability
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Mail ServerStandards-based email
Active/active clustering with Xsan
64-bit mail services
SMTP (Postfix) IMAP and POP (Cyrus)
Vacation messages!!!
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Directory Server
Xsan Metadata Controller
Mail Servers
MailEntourage
OutlookMS Mail
Evolutionkmail
Active/Active Mail Clustering
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Calendar sharing and scheduling
Schedule group meetings and events
iCal 3, Sunbird, Chandler, Outlook clients
Active/active clustering with Xsan No client access licenses
Uses standard CalDAV protocol
Open source Darwin Calendar Server
iCal Server
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iCal Server Directory Server
Active/Active Clustering with Xsan
iCal 3 EvolutionSunbird
Outlook
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Directory services and network authentication
LDAP proxy
Cross-domain authorization
Cascading replication Replica sets
RADIUS authentication
Open Directory 4
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Monitoring: The First Step
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Monitoringwith Apples best of breed tools
Server Monitor (Hardware)
Server Admin (Services)
RAID Admin (Array Health)
ARD (Remote Administration)
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Third-Party Toolsto remotely monitor and administer your system
Hardware Software
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Basic Infrastructurewhat you need to ensure availability
Power; Management of Operable Climate
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Advancing your storage systems for availability
RAID
Dont leave home without it
Levels 0 and 5
Other levels, applications
Types of storage
NAS
SAN
Products XSAN
STORNEXT
Storage Infrastructure
Active/Active Clustering with Xsan
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Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)Storage Infrastructure
Level 0 Level 1 Level 3 Level 5 Level 0+1 Z
What it does Striping MirroringByte level stripingwith dedicatedparity disk
Block levelstriping withdistributed parity
Mirror of stripes Similar to level 5
Requirements Two (2) drives Two (2) drivesXserve RAID,minimum of three(3) drives
Hardwarecontroller andminimum of three(3) drives, four (4)recommended
Four (4) drivesPresumably partof 10.5 ZFSimplementation
Advantages Fast Read andWrite
Fast Read,survives all but
one disk failing
Survives one drivefailure
Survives one drivefailure. Good mixof performance
and reliability
Speed, survivesone drive failure
Copy on write,checksums,
flexibility
Disadvantages No Redundancy Capacity
Slower than level5 because thededicated paritydrive is aperformancebottleneck
Not ideal forapplicationsrequiring fastwrites
Capacity
Unproven in OS Xenvironments.Overheadintensive.
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Centralizing Storage
Better Hardware
Server/Data Independence
Clustering
SAN vs. NAS
Storage Infrastructure
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Preventing Problems fromBecoming Problems for your Users
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Always have good backup data
Backup Solutions - Commercial, Open-Source
Address 4 issues with backups:
Hardware Failure (no external factors)
Hardware Failure (external factors)
Data Corruption (no external factors)
Data Deletion (external factors / user)
Online, Nearline, Offline storage & media
Hardware
Step One
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Consider these Issues
Schedule - Service Needs & System Load
Snapshot (rsnapshot, dirvish)
Conventional (Bacula, Retrospect) Special Tools for Databases
Means of Storage (DDT, etc.)
Physical / Geographic Location
Step Two
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Implement Failure Tolerance Mechanisms
System Level: 802.3ad Ethernet Link Aggregation
IP Failover
Setting it up
Problem of auto-restart in IP Failover
Synced Nodes: SAN vs Replication
Load Balancing: OD + DNS replication
Performance Tuning: Specifying right valuesfor your system and application
Step Three
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Importance of Performance Tuning
handle load efficiently
performance tuning = load balancing
spread out services AFP
Web Server
Step Four
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AFP Tuning
Again, AFP Really Doesnt Scale!
tuning on clients
run: defaults read -g com.apple.AppleShareClientCore afp_wan_threshold
afp_wan_quantum
tuning on server
ram
threads in /Library/Preferences/com.apple.AppleFileServer.plist
Step Five
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OS X Web Services with Apache
- from within Server Admin
- Persistent Connection
- Connection timeout interval
- Proxy
- Extra modules
Step Six
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Recovery: For when it happens
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knowing where to look for help during recovery
Resources for IT staff
Procedures Manual: Quite Valuable.
Wiki WO System
Spare hardware, cold boxes,system images, etc. Necessary.
Recovering
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Get this updated preso at:
http://wheel.emory.edu/macworld
User: macitPassword: IT862
(user and password are case sensitive)
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Q&A
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MACWORLD EXPO 2007
Thank you for attending IT862: High Availability Administration & System Design
See you next year at Macworld Expo 2008!