Macronutrients

CarbohydratesLipids

ProteinsNucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Most important source of energy for the body

Found in plants

Made of C, H and O

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Disaccharides, made of two monosaccharides

Sucrose/table sugar, from sugar cane (Glu + Fru)Maltose/malts, from seeds (Glu + Glu)Lactose/from milk (Glu + Gala)

Polysaccharides, made of many monosaccharides

Starch (from plants) made of glucose. 2 kinds: Amylose: smaller (up to 1000) in a simple coil of

glucose Amylopectin: larger (more than 1000) many

longish (24 - 36) branching chains of glucose

Glycogen (in animals) made of glucose, looks like amylopectin, but with shorter branching chains (16 – 24)

Cellulose (plant cell walls) humans can't digest it. Made of glucose, has multi-layered structure, not coiled.

GlucoseDisaccharide

Lipids Store energy, components of cell membranes,

cushion organs, insulation against cold, carriers for vitamins and raw material in synthesis of hormones

Made of C, H and O Insoluble in water Most common kind triglyceride (made of

glycerol and 3 fatty acids) Another kind is phospholipid, which has a polar

phosphate group at one end

Saturated fats Animal fat No double bonds Solid at room temp Hard to break down

Unsaturated fats Plant oils Have some double bonds Liquid at room temperature Easier to break down (double bonds are

weaker)

Steroid

Proteins Structural parts of cells, build cells, repair cells,

are enzymes which speed chemical reactions, make up of muscles, nerves, skin, hair and are antibodies which defend the body.

Found in meat Made of C, H, O and N Built of amino acids (there are 20 a.a.'s just

arranged in different ways like Lego to make different proteins.)

Food protein

Digestion

amino acids

Protein synthesis

protein body makes

Nucleic acids

Do not come from food, but are in the nucleus of the cell

Make up chromosomes (DNA, RNA) Can duplicate for cell division Made of nucleotides

5 carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base

RNA Single stranded Works as a messenger, carrying information

for DNA Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil

DNA Double stranded Double helix spiral Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine

DNA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0