Macromolecules

MacromoleculesComposed of long chains of smaller molecules

Macromolecules are formed through the process of _____________ .

Polymerization= large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together

Small units (_____________) form larger units (______________)

There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things…

4 organic compounds in living things:1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Dehydration Reactions

• “AKA” condensation reaction

Dehydrate= lose water

Synthesis=  to join or make

Monomers combined &

H2O released

Hydrolysis

• Form of digestion • Hydrate= to water • ysis = process of 

  

With the breaking of bonds, water molecules are

added to each smaller molecule

Let’s Review

• Draw a hydrogen bond.• What are the smaller pieces of macromolecules called?

The bigger pieces?• How do macromolecules combine? Break apart?

1. Carbohydrates

• AKA: sugars or carbs

• Monomer: Monosaccharide• Polymer: Disaccharide• Elements: The ratio is 1:2:1   C:H:O

• Examples: • Monosaccharide: Glucose, Frutose, Galactose

Disaccharide: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Glycogen, Amylose, Cellulose

• Special Info: • 1. Organisms use carbs as a primary source of

fuel/energy

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

= “giant” sugar made from the combination of 3 or more monosaccharides • “AKA” starches

 • Large insoluble molecules that cannot diffuse in/out

of  cell

Special Information:  long –term energy storage or structural support

Animal Starch

Glycogen= storage starch for an organisms supply of glucose • Animals can store a one –day supply of glycogen in

the liver and muscles Chitin= starch that forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and insects AND also cell walls of various fungi

Plant Starch

• Amylose= surplus glucose storage in chloroplasts

 • Cellulose = structural glucose that forms the

cell wall in plant cells

2. Proteins

• Monomer: Amino Acids• Polymer: Protein (polypeptide bond)• Elements: C, H, O, N

Examples: Actin and myosin (muscle function)

Special Info: Controls rate of reactions and cell processesUsed in the protective skin and muscle tissue of animals Also function in structure, hormones, transportation, and enzymes

Amino Acids

• Building blocks for proteins • Small molecules that can easily diffuse in/ out of the

cell • Integral to the formation and copying of DNA

 20 different amino acids are divided into two categories 1. Essential = must be ingested (9) 2. Non-Essential = can be produced in the body

R Group: Distinguishes one amino acid from another

Carboxyl Group, C=OOHAmino Group NH2

Peptides

• During the dehydration synthesis of two monomers, a peptide bond forms

• Peptide bond = a covalent bond that links amino acids together to create proteins.

 • Polypeptide bond= bonding together of numerous

amino acids

Proteins are composed of polypeptides in various bond structures (primary, secondary. tertiary, quaternary)

Proteins can be denatured as they act as enzymes

3. Lipids

• “AKA” fats • Monomer: fatty acid and glycerol• Elements: C, H, O• They are not polymers

• Examples: Triglycerides,  Phospholipids, Waxes

• Special Information: Used to store energy, Important part of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

Fat StructureGlycerol consists of a 3 -carbon skeleton with a

hydroxyl group attached   Fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton, often 16 to 18 carbons long  Joined through dehydration synthesis

Saturated vs Unsaturated

Saturated:  "Bad" fat (butter)Solid at Room Temp

Unsaturated:"Good Fat" (oils)Liquid at room temp

Phospholipids

• Make up the phospholipid bilayer

• Polar hydrophilic head

• Nonpolar hydrophobic tails

• “Like dissolves like”

4. Nucleic Acids

Monomer: Nucleotides = 5-C sugar combined with a phosphate group and nitrogenous base  

Elements: C, H, O, N, P

Special Info: Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic info

Examples: 1. Ribonucleic Acid  (RNA)

2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Conclusion Questions

• How many atoms can bond with C, H, O, and H?

• Where are the hydrogen bonds?

• What is a lipid made up of?

• What is the purpose of an R group?