Macromolecules. California Science Standards Standard 1. b. Students know enzymes are proteins that...
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Transcript of Macromolecules. California Science Standards Standard 1. b. Students know enzymes are proteins that...
Macromolecules Macromolecules
California Science StandardsCalifornia Science Standards
• Standard 1. b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.
• 1. h. Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.
Macromolecules (Carbon Macromolecules (Carbon Compounds)Compounds)
• Living Tissues are 70% Water
• All living tissues are made up of the same 4 large molecules
Macromolecule #1:Carbohydrates, IMacromolecule #1:Carbohydrates, I
• Carbohydrates are sugars and sugar polymers (polysaccharide)
• Monosaccharide– raw material for amino acids
and fatty acids
Carbohydrates, IICarbohydrates, II
• Disaccharides – Two saccharides
(sugars)
• Polysaccharides – three or more sugars linked together
Carbohydrates, IIICarbohydrates, III
Polysaccharide Used as Storage:
• Starch~ glucose monomers
• Plants: plastids
• Animals: glycogen
• Polysaccharides Structural: Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound;
Chitin~exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread
Macromolecule #2: LipidsMacromolecule #2: Lipids
• Hydrophobic – Don’t mix with water
• Hydrocarbons
• No polymers; glycerol and fatty acid
• Fats, phospholipids, steroids
Fats and Oils store EnergyFats and Oils store Energy
• Fats and oil = triglycerides (simple lipids)– Fats are solid at room temperature
– Oils are liquids at room temperature
– Saturated vs. unsaturated fats; single vs. double bonds
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
• 2 fatty acids instead of 3 (phosphate group)
• ‘Tails’ hydrophobic; ‘heads’ hydrophilic
• Bilayer (double layer);cell membranes
SteroidsSteroids
• Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings
• Example:
cholesterol: cell membranes; precursor for other steroids (sex hormones); atherosclerosis
Macromolecule #3: ProteinsMacromolecule #3: Proteins
• Protein molecules vary from about 50 to 3,000 amino acids in length.
• Important for nearly everything organisms do• Monomer: amino acids (there are 22) ~
ProteinsProteins
• Structural Support• Protection• Transport• Catalysis• Defense• Regulation• Movement
ProteinsProteins• A single amino acid substitution in a protein
causes sickle-cell disease• Normal cells contain millions of molecules
of the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen
Primary StructurePrimary Structure
• Order or sequence of amino acids
• Each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acids
Secondary StructureSecondary Structure
• Conformation: coils & folds (hydrogen bonds)
• Alpha Helix: coiling; keratin
• Pleated Sheet: parallel; silk
Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure
Conformation: irregular contortions from R group bonding Hydrophobic disulfide bridges hydrogen bonds ionic bonds
Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure
• Conformation: 2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated into 1 macromolecule
• Example include: collagen,connective ,tissue, and hemoglobin
Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids: Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids: Informational Macromolecules Informational Macromolecules
Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotide)
A nucleotide has 3 parts:• nitrogenous base• pentose sugar• phosphate group
Nucleic Acids, IINucleic Acids, II
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Structure of Nuclei AcidsStructure of Nuclei Acids
DNA vs RNADNA vs RNA
DNA double stranded• Adenine (2) • Guanine (3)• Cytosine (3)• Thymine (2)• Deoxyribose
RNA single stranded• Adenine• Guanine• Cyhtosine• Uracil• Ribose
Write the letter of the description that best matches theterm or phrase
1. saturated fatty acid
2. nucleic acid
3. Polysaccharides
4. amino acids
5. RNA
a. building blocks of proteins b. solid at room temperature c. a molecular chain of nucleotides
d. starch, cellulose, and glycogen
e. many play key roles in the manufacture of proteins