Macromolecules
Transcript of Macromolecules
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Macromolecules
Biology 1
EHS
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The Chemistry of Carbon
• Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
• A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.
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– Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon and other elements.
– Carbon has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures.
– All life on earth is “carbon based”
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Macromolecules
– Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.
– The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.
– Monomer – smaller unit– Polymer – larger unit formed by linking
monomers
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• Macromolecules form by linking pieces like a chain.
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– Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
• carbohydrates• lipids• nucleic acids• proteins
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates are compounds made up of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
• C:H:O
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– What is the function of carbohydrates?
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– Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
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– The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities (ATP).
– Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches.
– Glucose – the simplest sugar– Starches – complex sugars
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– Starches and sugars are carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy (ATP).
Glucose
StarchStarch
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– Monosaccharide – a single sugar (glucose)– Monosaccharides include glucose, galactose (a
component of milk), and fructose (found in many fruits).
– The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides.
– Mono – meaning one– Poly – meaning many
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Lipids
• Lipids are generally not soluble in water. (that means they don’t dissolve)
• Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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• The common categories of lipids are:
• fats
• oils
• waxes
• steroids
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– What is the function of lipids?
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– Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
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– Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids.
– The term saturated is used because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
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– If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated.
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Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic Acids• Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
• Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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• Nucleotides consist of three parts:• a 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base
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AdenineAdenine
GuanineGuanine
CytosineCytosine
ThymineThymine
DeoxyriboseDeoxyribose
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• What is the function of nucleic acids?
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–Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.–There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).–RNA contains the sugar ribose.–DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.
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Proteins
• Proteins• Proteins are macromolecules that contain
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.• Proteins are polymers of molecules called
amino acids.
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– Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.
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– The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.
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– The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
AminoAcids
Protein Molecule
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– What is the function of proteins?
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– Some proteins catalyze (control the rate of) reactions and regulate cell processes.
• These proteins are called enzymes
– Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.
– Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.
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Enzymes
• Almost all processes in the cell require enzymes in order to occur at proper rates.
• Each enzyme is selective for a particular reaction.
• Enzymes lower activation energy and increase the rate of reaction.