Macintosh Operating System
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Mac OS 8 is an operating system that was released by
Apple Computer on July 26, 1997. It represented the largest
overhaul of the Mac OS since the release of System 7, some six
years previously. Released over a series of updates, Mac OS 8
was an effort to integrate many of the technologies developed
for Apple's overly-ambitious operating system known as
Copland. Mac OS 8 helped modernize the Mac OS while Apple
developed its next generation operating system, Mac OS X. Mac
OS 8 is one of Apple's most successful software releases, selling
over 1.2 million copies in the first two weeks.
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Mac OS 8.0 brought about the most significant
changes in the line-up, including the introduction of the
Platinum interface and a native PowerPC multi-
threaded Finder. Mac OS 8.1 introduced a new, more
efficient file system known as HFS Plus. Mac OS 8.5
was the first version of the Mac OS to require a
PowerPC processor. It featured PowerPC native
versions of QuickDraw and AppleScript, along with the
Sherlock search utility. Its successor, Mac OS 9, was
released on October 23, 1999.
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Originally envisioned as Mac OS 8, Apple's next
generation operating system, codenamed Copland, was
announced in March 1994 alongside the introduction of the
first PowerPC Macs. Apple developers envisioned Copland as
a completely native PowerPC operating system offering
intelligent agents, a microkernel, a customizable interface
known as Appearance Manager, and a relational database
integrated into the Finder. Copland was to be followed by
Gershwin, which promised protected memory spaces and
full preemptive multitasking. The operating system was
intended to be a complete re-write of the Mac OS, and Apple
hoped to beat Microsoft Windows 95 to market with a
development cycle of just one year.
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The Copland development was hampered by
countless missed deadlines. The release date was first
pushed back to the end of 1995, then to mid-'96, late '96,
and finally to the end of 1997. With a dedicated team of 500
software engineers and an annual budget of $250 million,
Apple executives began to grow impatient with the project
continually falling behind schedule. At the Worldwide
Developers Conference in January 1997, Apple CEO Gil
Amelio announced that rather than release Copland as a
single monolithic release, Copland features would be phased
into the Mac OS following a six month release cycle. These
updates began with Mac OS 7.6, released during WWDC.
Mac OS 8.0, released six months later, continued to
integrate Copland technologies into the Mac OS.
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By August 1997, Apple Chief Technology Officer, Ellen
Hancock, froze development of Copland and Apple began a
search for an operating system developed outside the
company. This ultimately led to Apple's purchase of NeXT and
the development of Mac OS X.
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Developed under the codename "Tempo," Mac OS 8.0 was
released on July 26, 1997. Initially, the early beta releases of the
product which were circulated to developers and Apple internal
audiences were branded as Mac OS 7.7 (superseding the current
release, Mac OS 7.6). Afterwards, the software was later renamed
to Mac OS 8 before the final release.
Major improvements in this version included a three-
dimensional Platinum theme, a PowerPC native, multi-threaded
Finder and greater customization of the user interface.
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Other features introduced in Mac OS 8.0 include:
Customization of system fonts and accent colors.
Contextual pop-up menus. (accessed via ctrl-click with a
single-button mouse)
Pop-up (or tabbed) windows in the Finder.
Spring-loaded folders.
Live scrolling.
WindowShade widget in window titlebars.
Multithreaded Finder - file copy operations run in a separate
thread and don't block the UI.
Revamped color picker.
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Desktop Pictures control panel, allowing photographs to
be set as the desktop background. (not just tiled patterns)
Simple Finder, an option which reduces Finder menus to
basic operations, in order to avoid overwhelming new
users.
Creation of the 'Help' menu and a faster Apple Guide,
featuring HTML help pages.
Native support of AFP over IP.
Performance improvements to virtual memory,
AppleScript execution and system startup times.
Faster desktop rebuilding.
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Released on January 19, 1998, Mac OS 8.1 was the last version
of the Mac OS to run on 68k processors. It introduced a new file system
known as HFS+, (aka Mac OS Extended,) which supported large file sizes
and made more efficient use of larger hard drives due to using a smaller
block size. To upgrade, users must reformat the hard drive, which deletes
the entire contents of the drive. Some third-party utilities later appeared
that preserved the user's data while upgrading to HFS+. Note that 68040
systems do not support booting from HFS+ disks; the boot drive must be
HFS Standard. Once the system is fully booted, however, HFS+ disks may
then be attached and used normally by 68040 systems.
Mac OS 8.1 also included an enhanced version of PC Exchange,
allowing Macintosh users to see the long file names (up to 255 characters)
on files that had been created on PCs running Windows, as well as
supporting FAT32.
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New features:
Get Info windows for disk volumes show the volume format.
Folder windows have a "sort order" button which toggles the
order of list views. Sort order is also accessible through the
AppleScript property "sort direction" of class "container window".
A key sequence of "Command-Shift-W" will close any window,
including pop-up windows. A key sequence of "Command-Shift-
Option-W" will close all windows, including pop-up windows.
Either of these key sequences will return a pop-up window to its
"normal" state before closing it.
Support for "unconventional" desktop printing via LaserWriter 8.
"Introducing the LaserWriter Driver Version 8.5.1".
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The bSupportsAsyncRequests bit of the vMAttrib field of the
GetVolParmsInfoBuffer structure is honored. File systems that set this
bit are guaranteeing that they can correctly handle asynchronous File
Manager requests.
The vmVolumeGrade field of the GetVolParmsInfoBuffer structure is
honored. File system developers should fill in this field according to the
following formula: -1 * (transfer rate in bytes per second). Since Finder
checks the vmVolumeGrade field before initiating each copy operation,
file systems should feel free to produce different values for this field as
often as they like. A file system might choose to change this field
based on such metrics as network reliability or the number of users
logged in to a server.
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Enhancements to existing features:
File copying operations have been substantially
accelerated in many cases.
Window opening (both drawing and redrawing) has been
substantially accelerated.
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Released October 17, 1998, Mac OS 8.5 was the first
version of the Mac OS to run solely on Macs equipped with a
PowerPC processor. As such it replaced some but not all of the
680x0 code with PowerPC code, improving system performance
by relying less on 680x0 emulation.
It introduced the Sherlock search utility; Sherlock allowed
users to search the contents of documents on hard drives (if the
user had let it index the drive), or extend a search to the
Internet. Sherlock plug-ins started appearing at this time; these
plug-ins allowed users to search the contents of other websites.
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Mac OS 8.5 included a number of performance
improvements. Copying files over a network was faster than
previous versions and Apple advertised it as being "faster than
Windows NT". AppleScript was also re-written to use only PowerPC
code, which significantly improved AppleScript execution speed.
Font Smoothing, system-wide antialiasing for type was also
introduced.
The HTML format for online help, first adopted by the
Finder's Info Center in Mac OS 8, was now used throughout. This
made it easier for software companies to write online help systems,
but would contribute to making physical manuals become a thing of
the past.
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In this release, the PPP control panel was removed and
replaced with Remote Access. The Remote Access control panel
provides the same functionality but also allows connections to
Apple Remote Access (ARA) servers.
The installation process was considerably simplified in
Mac OS 8.5. In earlier versions the installer worked in segments
and often required the user to click to continue in between stages
of the installation. The Mac OS 8.5 installer generally required
very little user interaction once it was started. Customisation
options were also much more detailed yet simpler to manage.
From Mac OS 8.5 onwards the popular MacLinkPlus
document translation software is no longer bundled as part of the
Mac OS.
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Mac OS 8.5 was the first version of the Mac OS to support
"themes," or skins, which could change the default Apple
Platinum look of the Mac OS to "Gizmo" or "HiTech." This radical
changing of the computer's appearance was removed at the last
minute, and appeared only in beta versions, though users could
still make (and share) their own theme and use it with the Mac
OS. The Appearance control panel was also updated to enable
support for proportional scroll bars, and added the option for both
scroll arrows to be placed at the bottom of the scroll bar.
In addition to the themes support, 8.5 was the first
version to support 32-bit icons. Icons now had
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24-bit color (16.7 million colors) and an 8-bit alpha channel,
allowing for transparency/translucency effects.
The 'application palette' made its debut with 8.5 - the
application menu at the right side of the menu bar could be resized
to show the active application's name, or 'torn off' into a palette of
buttons. This palette could be customized many ways, by removing
the window frame and changing the size and layout of the buttons. It
functioned much like the Windows 95 task bar.
Being a compendium of revised and new features of
interest to software developers in release 8.5 of the Mac OS.
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This system follows Mac OS 8.1 and contains
several new and revised features including:
more PowerPC code
consolidated control panels
faster system startup time
improved AppleScript performance
new Unicode text drawing facilities
new HTML-based help facilities
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Mac OS 8.5.1, released December 7, 1998, was a minor
update to Mac OS 8.5 that fixed a number of bugs that were
causing crashes and data corruption
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Released May 10, 1999, Mac OS 8.6 added support to the Mac
OS nanokernel to handle preemptive tasks via the Multiprocessing
Services 2.x and later developer API. But there was still no process
separation; the system still used cooperative multitasking between
processes, and even a process that was Multiprocessing Services-
aware still had a portion that ran in the blue task, a task that also ran
all programs that are not aware of it, and the only task that could run
68k code.
Still, this free update for Mac users running 8.5 and 8.5.1 was
faster and much more stable than either versions of 8.5.x, and is by
some considered the most stable Classic OS. It was also the first Mac
OS to have the OS version displayed as part of the startup screen.
Many hardware upgrades require a minimum of Mac OS 8.6.
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This system follows Mac OS 8.5.1 (the
majority of whose features are found in Mac OS
8.5) and contains several new and revised
features, including:
improved multiprocessor support
support for new Apple CPUs
improved QuickDraw Text performance
better MRJ performance
bug fixes
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Startup and Shutdown
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Welcome Splash
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First Run
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Empty Desktop
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Desktop with Application
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Note pad Text Editor
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Calculator
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Media Player CD Player
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Volume Level Sounds
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Keyboard map
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Control Panel
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General Control Screen
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Appearance
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Appearance (Desktop Pictures )
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Display(Monitor and Sound)
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Keyboard Setting
Mouse Setting
Time & Date Setting
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International (Number)
International (Text)
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Accessibility (Easy Access) Accessibility (Close View)
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Application Manager Running Application
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File Manager
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Help Screen
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Search
Trash Can
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About Application
Open File
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Colour Selector
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