Done By :-Facebook : Fahd .AllebdiTwitter : @fahdalharbi13

Email : alking@hotmail.de

Artificial intelligence is a part of computer science that tries to make

computers more intelligent. One of the basic requirements for any

intelligent behavior is learning. Therefore, machine learning is one of

major branches of artificial intelligence and, indeed, it is one of the most

rapidly developing subfields of AI research.

So in this report we will discover The definition of it, history , types and

some real application in real world used.

Machine Learning is the domain of Artificial Intelligence which is

concerned with building adaptive computer systems that are able to

improve their competence and/or efficiency through learning from input

data or from their own problem solving experience.

Machine Learning is arguably the greatest export from computing to

other scientific fields.

Early enthusiasm (1955 - 1965):

• Learning without knowledge;

• Neural modeling (self-organizing systems and decision space techniques);

• Evolutionary learning;

• Rote learning (Samuel Checker’s player).

Dark ages (1962 - 1976):• To acquire knowledge one needs knowledge;

• Realization of the difficulty of the learning process and of the limitations of the

explored methods (e.g. the perceptron cannot learn the XOR function);

• Symbolic concept learning (Winston’s influential thesis, 1972).

Renaissance (1976 - 1988):

• Exploration of different strategies (EBL, CBR, GA, NN, Abduction, Analogy, etc.);

• Knowledge-intensive learning;

• Successful applications;

• Machine Learning conferences/workshops worldwide.

Maturity (1988 - present):

• Experimental comparisons;

• Revival of non-symbolic methods;

• Computational learning theory;

• Multistrategy learning;

• Integration of machine learning and knowledge acquisition;

Types Of Machine Learning :-

1. Supervised learning is fairly common in classification problems because the goal is often to get the computer to learn a classification system that we have created. Digit recognition, once again, is a common example of classification learning

It is the most common technique for training neural networks and decision trees. Both of these techniques are highly dependent on the information given by the pre-determined classifications

Types Of Machine Learning :-

a learning paradigm concerned with is learningsupervised-Semi. 2the study of how computers and natural systems such as humans learn in the presence of both labeled and unlabeled data

supervised learning is to understand how -of semigoalThe combining labeled and unlabeled data may change the learning behavior, and design algorithms that take advantage of such a combination

Types Of Machine Learning :-

3. Unsupervised learning seems much harder :

the goal is to have the computer learn how to do Somethingthat we don't tell it how to do! There are actually twoapproaches to unsupervised learning.

However, in the few last years due to various technological advances and research efforts (e.g. evolution of the Web). Some of these modern applications are learning from biological sequences, learning from email data, and learning in complex environments such as Web.

People are sending and receiving many messages per day, communicating with partners and friends, or exchanging files and information. Unfortunately, the phenomenon of email overload has grown over the past years becoming a personal headache for users and a financial issue for companies.

› Automatic Answering :

› Automatic Mail Organization into Folders :

› Email and Thread Summarization :

› Spam Filtering :

› Dynamic Feature Space and Incremental Feature Selection for Email Classification :

Automatic Answering :

Large companies usually maintain email centers (call centers) with employees committed to answer incoming messages. Those messages usually come from company clients and partners and many times address the same problems and queries .

Automatic email answering is an effort to build email centers or personalized software that will be able to analyze an incoming message and then propose or even send an applicable answer.

Automatic Mail Organization into Folders

The growth of email usage has forced users to find ways to organize archive and manage their emails more efficiently. Many of them are organizing incoming messages into separate folders. Folders can be topic-oriented like “work”, ”personal” and ”funny”.

many users create manually some so-called rules to classify their email

Machine learning provide this task is the automatic classification of incoming email by observing past and current classifications made by the user Thus, the user does not need to create the rules by himself.

A lot of research has been recorded in the field and lots of those ideas have been implemented into useful email tools .

Email and Thread Summarization :

email users that receive hundreds of messages per day. Some of them

are newsletters , colleagues, appointment arrangements etc.

It would be extremely useful for them if they could avoid reading all of

those messages and instead read only the most important and necessary

parts

Data mining techniques are explored in order to build trainable tools for summarization .

Spam Filtering :

A spam filter is a program that is used to detect unsolicited and

unwanted email and prevent those messages from getting to a user's

inbox.

Many different machine learning classifiers have been tested in the

bibliography including Naïve Bayes , Support Vector Machines , Stacking

Classifiers and some of them have proved to be particularly accurate.

1.5 Dynamic Feature Space and Incremental Feature Selection for Email Classification

In this section we present a computationally undemanding method that tackles with

this problem . Our approach uses two components in conjunction:

a) an incremental feature ranking method.

b) an incremental learning algorithm that can consider a subset of the features during

prediction.

Such methods evaluate each word based on cumulative statistics concerning the number of times that it appears in each different class of documents

Figure 1 . presents algorithm Update for the incremental update of our approach .

There are also other interesting topics that were not discussed

in this report. Some of them are applications on MRI data,

astronomical data, robotics, video games, music data etc.