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Catchment ManagementBoundaries

ContentsIntroduction

Why Control Weeds 2Weed Classifications & Responsibilities 2Weed Prevention 3

Control TechniquesGrooming 5Fire 5Biological Control 6Grazing 6Chemical 7

WeedsWoody Weeds 12Thistles & Herbs 26Bulbs 42Grasses 45Trees 56Vines & Creepers 63Aquatic Weeds 70

Success StoriesGorse 73Willow & Gorse 74Black Knapweed 76

Glossary77

Identification Information79

References79

Purpose of the brochureTo assist the community to develop a greater awareness of weedsand develop skills to help identify and control them.Additionally, the brochure provides information on differentcontrol techniques for each weed and encourages an integratedapproach to management. The brochure contains informationon only the more common or potentially harmful weeds for theregion.

2

IntroductionWhy Control WeedsApart from the legislative requirement to control noxious weeds,it is beneficial to control weeds because they are/can be: anundesired species, invasive, provide harbour for vermin, reduceproductivity and product quality, reduce biodiversity and reducewater quality.

Classification & ResponsibilitiesWhile many weeds are officially recognised under theCatchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (CALP Act) as beingnoxious, there are many other weeds that land owners need tomanage. These are commonly termed environmental oragricultural weeds.Additionally, each Catchment Management Authority (NorthCentral, Goulburn-Broken, Port Phillip and Westernport) has itsown list of priority weed species developed through regionalweed action plans. These lists are used to determine allocationof funding and resources regarding weed control.The classification of noxious weeds is currently under statewidereview pending agency approval. Please refer to the Department ofPrimary Industries website for current weed classification status.

NOXIOUS WEEDS

There are three levels of noxious weeds, which are weedsidentified in the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994(CALP Act). Each has its own requirements for landholders. Thecategories requirements are:

State Prohibited - Dept. of Primary Industry and Environment (DPI) are responsibile for the eradication of these weeds on all lands.Regionally Prohibited - The relevant land owner, lessee or management authority is responsible for the eradication of these weeds. Regionally Controlled - The relevant land owner, lessee or management authority is responsible for prevention of growth and spread of these weeds on their land and to the centre of undeclared roads adjoining their land.Restricted Weeds - status prohibits sale andtransport of these weeds and their propagules.

The weeds under each category are listed in DPI websiteLandcare Note LC0256a, b, & c. DPI is responsible for ensuringland owners/managers comply with the legal requirements tocontrol weeds.

AGRICULTURAL WEEDS

Agricultural weeds are plants that impact on the productivity orviability of crops, pasture or livestock.

ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS

Environmental weeds are invasive plants that have an impact onthe sustainability of native vegetation communities bycompeting for resources.

Environmental weeds are often ‘garden escapees’, spread bydumping garden waste, vehicles, stock, wind and water. Speciesthat are native to Australia but not local (indigenous) to an areaare also potential environmental weeds. Some examples ofenvironmental weeds include:

Climbers/CreepersBridal Creeper Cape IvyEnglish Ivy Madeira VineMorning Glory Blue PeriwinkleHimalayan Honeysuckle

Trees & ShrubsCootamundra Wattle Early Black Wattle Sallow Wattle CotoneasterHawthorn MimosaPines PeppercornWheel Cactus PoplarHolly Sweet Pittosporum

Grasses, Bulbs and HerbsAsparagus fern BambooArum Lilly Belladonna LilyLantana MontbretiaPampas Grass KikuyuHarlequin-flower

Weed PreventionThe best and most effective means of weed control is prevention.Below are some tips to help prevent the spread of weeds andnew weeds establishing• Avoid buying and planting species that are invasive.• Retain and enhance competition, such as native vegetation

and pasture improvement (avoid overgrazing).• Don’t dump garden waste on public land and roadsides (it

is illegal under Council Local Laws).• Stay on designated tracks on public land • Minimise soil disturbance • Do not purchase or move soil that may be contaminated

with weed seeds.• Educate and assist others to identify weeds at their early

stages and control weeds before they set seed.

3

• Do not purchase contaminated fodder and always feed out in the same location to isolate the potential spread of weed seed within the fodder.

• Keep equipment, vehicles, clothes and pets free of weed, seed, especially when entering a bushland area.

• If you notice a new weed infestation, please notify your local Council or DPI Office (136 186).

Safe weed disposalDisposing of weeds appropriately is an important preventativetool in minimizing the risk of future spread. Weed materialshould be disposed of using one or a combination of thefollowing methods• Compost bin or worm farm• Double bag and straight to landfill• Fire• Mulching or smothering• Solarization (heat treatment)

Control TechniquesIntegrated ControlThe most effective way to control weeds is with an integratedapproach. This involves attacking the infestation via severaltechniques, maybe depending on the time of the year or theparticular life stages of the weed (eg. mature plants vs. seedling).

For example, a large Gorse infestation may be treated as such:

• Autumn Groom to remove biomass.

• Summer Chemical control of regrowth.

• Autumn Grazing to control seedling growth.

• Winter/Spring Fencing off part of the area and introducing

competitive native vegetation.

A good integrated weed program will include the introductionof desirable plant species to compete with weeds. Integrationalso involves working with your neighbours, with control beingmost successful if tackled at a community level.

It is also important to remember that weeds are resilient. Allcontrol techniques will take time (years) to eradicate aninfestation. More information can be found in the DPI Notes:How weeds spread LC0254, How to manage weeds LC0172 andWeed Management: Early Indentification of Plants LC0267 (seeback page for details).

4

GroomingGrooming is an advanced method of mechanically removingweeds. A flail mower (rotating drum with free swing blades)mounted on a hydraulic arm is used to shear off and mulchvegetation.

GOOD• The resulting mulch helps to suppress growth of new (and

existing) weeds and maintain soil moisture for revegetation works.

• Can clear large areas of weeds quickly and efficiently.• Reduces the amount of chemicals required.• The groomers mobility means it can avoid native

plants (selective).• Cost effective if several land owners work together.

BAD• Expensive for small infestations• Must be part of an integrated approach

(requires follow-up spraying).

FireFire can be used for initial knockdown of weeds, or to removedead biomass after other control works. Fire is notrecommended as a stand alone control technique, follow-upworks are essential.

GOOD• Can encourage regrowth of indigenous plants, especially in

soil stored seed.• Reduces competition.• Provides a fertile ash bed.

BAD• May harm native wildlife.• Will not eradicate all weeds.• Can only be used in certain times of the year.• Will encourage regrowth of the target weed.• Not selective (will burn native vegetation).• Only effective on certain weeds.• May damage assets (eg. fence lines)

TIPS:Burning should only be used under strict supervision and afterconsultation with your local Councils Fire Prevention/Management Officer & DPI Weeds Officer.

5

Biological Control Uses a weeds natural predator(s) to minimise the spread andgrowth of existing infestations.

GOOD:• Generally inexpensive (for land owner).• Valuable for maintaining infestations in

"hard to get to" locations.• Highly selective.

BAD:• Will not eliminate the weed.• Are expensive and slow to develop,

requiring financial support from government agencies.• Only the worst weeds are considered for biological control. • Can be difficult to obtain (especially in early

stages of release).• Effectiveness is not known for many years.

TIPS:Biological control is better suited for larger infestation andshould be seen as another tool in an integrated approach. It isessential that other control techniques are used as the controlagent will rarely kill the host plant. See DPI Note - LC0163

GrazingUsing well managed stock regimes to control weed growth,reduce a weed’s reproductive capability and minimise the riskof new infestations (maintaining competition).

GOOD:• Can assist in the suppression of the spread and germination

of certain weeds.• Inexpensive

BAD:• Some weeds can be toxic to stock.• Can potentially spread weeds (e.g. via dung).• Can remove native or competing vegetation and prevents

natural regrowth.• Soil disturbance may lead to establishment of other weeds.

TIPS:Avoid over grazing an area. Grazing is most suitable formanagement of pasture or agricultural weeds. It works best ifused in conjunction with other control techniques.

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Gorse Spider Mite WebsNear Wandong

Chemical ControlDESCRIPTION:Uses manufactured chemicals (herbicides) to kill weeds. Thereare several different types of herbicides:• Non-selective herbicides - effects most vegetation it comes

into contact with, so care must be taken only to effect targeted plants.

• Selective herbicides - a specific weed type can be targeted (protecting desirable plants) due to the chemical’s mode of action, placement, active ingredient and/or time of application.

• Translocated herbicides - enter the plant and circulate through it achieving a complete kill.

• Residual herbicides - remain active in the soil (times will be specified in the label).

Different herbicides can be referred to by their product/brandname or their "active ingredient". The latter can be commonacross a range of product names. Example: Glyphosate

Chemicals can be applied via a range of techniques. Somecommon ones include: • Boom spray - used widely for broad acre spraying. • Aerial spraying - may be an option for wide scale chemical

application in otherwise inaccessible areas.• Spot spraying - using knapsacks or handguns attached to

tanks. Useful method for isolated or linear infestations.• Cut & Paint - see page 10• Granules - Herbicides available in granula, tablets or pellet

form. Can be evenly distributed over target area or strategically placed.

• Controlled Droplet Application - reduces the volume of spray applied via a more efficient application through a rotating disc.

GOOD:• Easily applied over large areas.• Can prevent weed competition with desired species.• Minimises soil disturbance.• Can be selective.

BAD:• Can have detrimental environmental effects.• Potential threat to safety and health.• Can have off-site effects if not used correctly.• Chemical storage and disposal.• Can be expensive.

7

Chemical Safety and LegislationIt is illegal to use a chemical in a way other than what is statedon the label. It is important to read the whole label before usinga chemical. This will give you vital information on the use andapplication of the chemical.

ALWAYS READ AND HEED THE LABEL

CHEMICAL USERS LICENCES

An Agricultral Chemical Users Permit (A.C.U.P.) is required forthe use of some chemicals. To obtain this you must complete aFarm Chemical Users course or a recognised equivalent, contactyour local TAFE or DPI office for further details, or see DPI NoteNo. AG1284. Users are required to keep accurate records ofchemical use and retain these for 2 years. An A.C.U.P. allagricultral chemical does not entitle you to undertakecontract spraying.

Additionally, you may also refer to the "Code of Practice forFarm Chemical Spray Application", which is available online at:www.dpi.vic.gov.au.

TIPS:Chemical control should only be considered as part of anintegrated program. Careful consideration must be given tochemical selection, application time, weather conditions andmethod of application. Herbicide spraying should only takeplace on clear, mild days with a light breeze, and it is advisableto inform your neighbours of your intentions.

Always ensure that spraying contractors have the appropriatepublic liability insurance, licenses/permits andprofessional indemnity before hiring them. Use acontractor that is experienced with the weed orsituation you wish to target. Ensure you have an agreementto kill the weed, not just to spray it.

It is recommended that advice be sought from your local DPIOffice, chemical suppliers or manufacturers (see back page)prior to chemical selection and use.

For more information see DPI Notes AG0520 and AG0626.

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Weed Hygiene – Spreading Weed SeedHumans are one of the biggest vectors for spreading weeds.Weed seed can readily attach itself to machinery, tyres, clothing,and footwear.

The best policy is not to enter known weed infested areas. If itis necessary, then a thorough inspection and clean down shouldbe undertaken before progressing to a new site. It is goodpractice to move from low weed infestations to high ones toprevent further weed outbreaks.

Weed seed can be found in hay, fodder and grain. Particularattention should be paid to the origin of stock feed. In times ofdrought, stock containment areas help to prevent weed seedbeing spread over an entire property. Sheep and goats can carryweed seed in their coats. When buying stock from new areas,contain them for a few days so that weed seed can be passed out.

There are a number of simple techniques for removal of weedseed.

• Inspect thoroughly (i.e. tyres, mud in wheel arches, fairings

and guards)

• Carry a brush or broom (simple tools are often the best)

• Carry a sealable bag for the weeds (dispose of thoroughly)

• If necessary wash down on a tarp in an area already weed

infested area (watch for runoff)

• Be careful with stock and stock feed. Be vigilant for new

emerging weeds in paddocks and feed areas

• Check your socks and trouser cuffs

Refer to www.dpi.vic.gov. au – LC 0425 Machinery Hygiene

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10

CultivationInvolves the cultivation of soil using agricultural implementssuch as disc ploughs or rippers. Weed control is achieved bycausing massive disturbance to the plants. Cultivation shouldoccur before seed set. After cultivation, pasture seed or cropplants should be sown to provide competition to weeds.

GOOD• Suitable for large infestations of high agricultural value. • Cost effective if agricultural machinery is available, as no

chemicals are required.

BAD• May encourage new weeds by exposing soil.• Not suitable for areas of native grasses or vegetation (will

destroy desirable species). Removal of any remnant nativevegetation requires a planning permit.

• Not suitable for weeds that grow from rhizomes or stolons.• May result in soil erosion if not properly managed

TIPS

Should be used with care, as many weeds respond to soildisturbance. Removing one weed may promote another.

Cut and PaintInvolves the application (painting) of herbicides directly on tothe sap wood of the weed. Herbicides must be applied within 1minute after making the cut. A similar technique is "Drill andFill" which is used for trees, and involves applying herbicidesinto holes drilled in to the main stem of large shrubs or trees.

GOOD• Sensitive, with no damage to existing fences or desirable

vegetation.• Minimal soil disturbance resulting in less weed regrowth for

follow up. • Cost effective• Minimises the amount of chemicals required.

BAD• Labour intensive.• May require follow-up treatments.• Involves using concentrate herbicides.

TIPS

Cut the stem cleanly close to the ground but do not allow soil tocontaminate the cut. Use a safe herbicide applicator such as theWeeding Brush or shoe polish applicator (available from goodnurseries). Do not use paint brushes and open containers thatpose the risk of spillage on people or desirable vegetation.

CompetitionCompetition can include the establishment of pasture or cropsafter cultivation, or revegetation with indigenous trees andshrubs following other weed control techniques. As most weedsare adapted to growing in areas of disturbance (eg. full sunlight,exposed soil), competition helps to restore stability.

GOOD• A vital part of an integrated weed control program.• Provides long term reduction in weeds and reduces weed

control costs.• Improves pasture, increases productivity and animal health.• Revegetation can provide other benefits such as providing

habitat, improved landscape, timber or firewood.

BAD• None! All weed control techniques need to encourage

competition by desirable species in farmland and bushland.

TIPS:Plan carefully, if the competition species fails to establish, weedsmay return to their original levels. Use appropriate competitionspecies, do not use pasture grasses in native vegetation, as somepasture species are environmental weeds.

Manual RemovalHand pulling of weeds or removal using tools such as mattocks,shovels, trowels or rakes. Useful for small areas or individualplants.

GOOD

• Inexpensive.

• Cost effective.

BAD

• Labour intensive, especially for larger infestations.

• Many weeds will require long term follow-up.

• Can increase soil disturbance and seed germination.

• Consider loss of habitat for native animals

TIPS:Ensure that all components of the weed that may allow forregrowth (eg. roots, stolons, rhizomes) are removed. Ensure thatwaste material is disposed of properly.

11

DESCRIPTION:Perennial clump forming with long arching woody, thorny canesgrowing up to several meters long. Leaves are dark green andhave serrated edges, dropping in the winter months. Throughlate spring to summer blackberries bear small white flowers andedible berries.

See Landcare Notes – LC0143, LC0188, and LC0381.

DISPERSAL:Seed spread, particularly through birds and animals. When thetips of canes touch the ground the plant can re-root forming a'daughter plant'.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Regionally Controlled

North Central - Regionally Controlled

Goulburn-Broken - Regionally Controlled

Weed of National Significance

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Slashing, manual removal, chemical control, grazing of young

growth (especially by goats),introduction of competition andbiological control.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Chemical control is best betweenspring and summer (beforeflowering). Beware of sprayingfruit in public places.

12 WOODY WEEDS

BLACKBERRY*Rubus spp.

DESCRIPTION:Boneseed – An erect perennial evergreen shrub to small tree,growing to 3 m in height, with obvious toothed leaves. Yellowdaisy like flowers 5-8 ray florets. Round smooth bone-colouredseeds.

Bitou Bush – A sprawling perennial evergreen shrub, growing 1-2 m in height, slightly toothed rounded leaves. Yellow daisy likeflowers 11-13 ray florets. Egg shaped ribbed dark seeds.

In winter and spring Boneseed and Bitou Bush bears attractivebright yellow daisy like flowers, which form green fleshy fruitthat becomes and hard on ripening. See DPI Notes – CW0005& LC0181. Boneseed and Bitou bush invades most forest,woodland and mallee types.

DISPERSAL:Boneseed and Bitou Bush are native to Africa. They wereintroduced into Australia in the 1800’s for ornamental purposesand coastal bank stabilisation.Boneseed is spread by seed. Birdsand animals eating the fruitdisperse the seeds further. Soilmovement, water, vehicles,shoes, clothing and inappropriategarden waste disposal such asdumping may also carry seed.

WOODY WEEDS 13

BONESEED (Bitou Bush)*Chrysanthemoides monilfera

14 WOODY WEEDS


North Central - Regionally Prohibited



CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal, grazing, chemical control, biological control,cut and paint, pasture improvement and burning. Earlyintervention and integrated control techniques for successfulmanagement.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Cut and paint, manual removal any time of year. Cut materialwith semi ripe to ripe seeds should be disposed of appropriately.Apply suitable herbicide whilst plant is actively growing andbefore seed set. Avoid spraying with selective or non-selectiveherbicides during extended dry periods.

BONESEED CONT’ (Bitou Bush) *Chrysanthemoides monilfera

WOODY WEEDS 15

DESCRIPTION:An erect thorny dense shrub growing to 3m tall with droopingbranches that produce white to lilac flowers during spring andsummer. Berries are initially green, turning to red when mature.Boxthorn is often used by rabbits and foxes as a refuge. SeeLandcare Note - CW0009.

DISPERSAL:Reproduces by seed, which are spread by birds, foxes,agricultural produce and machinery.



Local Priority Weed


CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal (ensure all roots are removed), chemicalcontrol, grooming and/or cut-and-paint.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, when treehas a healthy cover of foliage. Donot spray during hot summerperiods or when the plant isunder stress.

BOXTHORN (African Boxthorn)*Lycium ferocissimum

DESCRIPTION:Slender shrubs that grow to approximately 3 metres in heightwith woody stems. Brooms bear yellow pea like flowers fromAugust to November. English Broom is almost leafless while inflower. There are other types of broom species that have similarinvasive characteristcs such as Flax Leaf Broom

For Cape Broom see Landcare Note LC0185

For English Broom see Landcare Note LC0157

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread through soil disturbance and animals. High seedgermination after fire. Cape Broom is an especially prolificseeder. CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Regionally ControlledNorth Central - RestrictedGoulburn Broken - Restricted

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal followed by cultivation and establishment ofcompetition (pasture improvement or native vegetation, razing

of young plants. Where this is notappropriate, spot spraying maybe effective.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For manual removal in spring.For chemical control in summer.

16 WOODY WEEDS

CAPE BROOM & ENGLISH BROOM*Genista monspessulana, *Cytisus scoparius

English broom

English broom

DESCRIPTION:An evergreen shrub or small tree to 3 m or more. Leaves arealternately arranged and oblong to oval. Flowers are small,numerous and have five white or pink petals. Fruit is a fleshy,red, berry-like pome about 6-8mm across. The fruit ispoisonous if eaten in large quantities.

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by birds and in dumped garden waste.

CLASSIFICATION

Port Phillip - Environmental Weed

North Central - Environmental Weed

Goulburn Broken - Environmental Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:For immature plants cut the stem and paint with herbicide.Treat mature plants with herbicide by stem injection well inadvance to lopping.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Chemical control prior to seed set, in winter/spring.

WOODY WEEDS 17

COTONEASTER*Cotoneaster species

DESCRIPTION:A dense, extremely spiny shrub up to 7 m tall, but morecommonly 1 to 2.5 m tall. Stems are woody, turning brown atmaturity with numerous spines and narrow spine-like greenleaves. Gorse bears fragrant yellow pea like flowers in July toOctober and March to May.See Landcare Notes – LC0192, LC0380.

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by grazing animals, birds, vehicles, machinery andwater. Gorse is a prolific seeder with up to 6 million seeds perplant that can remain viable for 25 years.


(Medium Priority Weed)North Central - Regionally ControlledGoulburn-Broken - Regionally Controlled Weed of National Significance

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Integrated methods are needed for long term control. Manual

removal, cultivation, burning,grooming, chemical control,biological control and grazing(young growth is palatable tostock).

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, whilst theplant is actively growing. Formechanical control, all yearround.

18 WOODY WEEDS

GORSE (Furze)*Ulex europaeus

DESCRIPTION:Tall, densely growing deciduous shrub or small tree. Hawthornproduces white, cream or pink flowers in spring, which forminto small, red, apple shaped berries. Hawthorn was historicallygrown as a hedge and so it often associated with fence lines.

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by wind, water, dumped garden waste andanimals - especially birds.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Regionally ControlledNorth Central - RestrictedGoulburn-Broken - Regionally Controlled

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal (ensure roots are removed), cut-and-paint,chemical control and grooming.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For manual control, during the optimum growing season beforefruits ripen. For chemical control, after the formation of newgrowth.

WOODY WEEDS 19

HAWTHORN *Crataegus monogyna

DESCRIPTION:Flowers in groups of three. Berries ripening from green to brightred. Dark shiny green leaves with spine tipped points. Plants aresemi deciduous in spring. Classic christmas decoration.

DISPERSAL:Spread by birds and animals and in dumped garden waste.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental weed

North Central - Environmental weed

Goulburn Broken - Environmental weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Cut and paint or stem inject. Pull out small seedlings roots andall. Dipose of all materials.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Treat when growing actively.

20 WOODY WEEDS

HOLLY *Ilex aquifolium

DESCRIPTION:Olives are widely planted for fruit and ornamental purposes. Itis highly invasive small tree or dense bushy shrub able totolerate most soil types, full sun and drought conditions. Theyare slow growing and may take 10 years to come into full fruit-bearing. Infestations shade and crowd out ground-flora andover-story plants, over time forming dense, mixed age thicketspreventing virtually all regeneration.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental WeedNorth Central - Environmental WeedGoulburn Broken - Environmental Weed

DISPERSAL:Olives reproduce by seed and are readily spread by birds andanimals including foxes, machinery, human trade and plantings.

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Seedlings and small plants can be hand-pulled or dug out. Topsare very likely to break away when pulled so if roots remain theyshould be dug out. Larger plants can be treated using the drilland fill, or cut and paintmethods. Plants frequentlyreshoot so follow up treatmentsare required. Plants can besprayed with selective herbicides.Large plants are difficult to spraysuccessfully and considerablespray drift may occur. Sprays aremost effective on seedling plantsunder 2m and fresh regrowth.

WOODY WEEDS 21

OLIVES (European and African)*Olea europaea ssp europaea and ssp cuspidate

DESCRIPTION:Although an attractive garden and orchard tree, apple and plumtrees can invade bushland and roadside reserves.

Plums – (prunus) Deciduous tree with paddle shaped leaves andwhite 5 petalled flowers in spring. Soft edible fruit.

Apples – (malus) Deciduous tree with rounded or heart shapedleaves and white or pink flowers in spring. Edible fruit.

DISPERSAL:Plum and apple trees can invade bushland and roadside areas.Seed is spread by birds and humans, for example by throwingaway apple cores.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental Weed


Goulburn-Broken - Environmental Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal, cut and paint.

22 WOODY WEEDS

PLUM AND APPLE TREES *Prunus and Malus species

DESCRIPTION:Medium sized shrub to 1-3 m, with dense multi-stemmed habit.White bell-shaped flowers form in late winter to early spring.Spanish Heath forms dense stands that compete with nativevegetation.

See Landcare Note CW0006

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by wind, water, machinery, stock movement andthe dumping of garden waste.




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal (ensure all roots are removed), chemicalcontrol, grooming, fire (with follow-up treatment), cut-and-paint.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, when plantis actively growing (spring toearly summer).

WOODY WEEDS 23

SPANISH HEATH*Erica lusitanica

DESCRIPTION

An erect perennial, woody shrub up to 3 m hight. Archingstems, covered with down-curved prickles, arise from shallowrootstock. Pink or white flowers are present from October toDecember, giving the plant a rose like appearance. Briar Roseseed is contained in an egg shape capsule (hip), when seeds areripe the hips are orange to red to almost black. Seed is shed inautumn.See Landcare Note – LC0194.

DISPERSAL:Hips containing seed are spread by birds and foxes. Hips canalso be carried by water.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Regionally ControlledNorth Central - Regionally ControlledGoulburn-Broken - Regionally Controlled Regional Priority Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal (for small infestations), deep cultivation and

pasture improvement, grazing(especially goats), chemicalcontrol, cut and paint, andburning.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, spray fromJanuary through to March

24 WOODY WEEDS

SWEET BRIAR (Wild , Briar Rose)*Rosa rubiginosa

DESCRIPTION

An evergreen tree or shrub with dense foliage of darker greensleaves (lighter below). Fragrant white flowers form in mid-winter to early-spring, which are followed by clusters of orangegrape sized berries (12-15 mm). Sweet Pittosporum is native toeastern Victoria, but is now a widely spread environmentalweed.

DISPERSAL:Sweet pittosporum is a prolific seed producer. Seeds spreadcommonly by birds and mammals (including foxes) as well asvia dumped garden waste.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental WeedNorth Central - Environmental WeedGoulburn-Broken - Environmental Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal, ensuring that roots are removed. For largertrees, cut and paint or drill and fill with herbicide.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Manual removal, any time of theyear. Chemical control in earlyspring, prior to seed set.

WOODY WEEDS 25

SWEET PITTOSPORUM *Pittosporum undulatum

DESCRIPTION:A distinctive low branched annual shrub with sparse dark greenand pale yellow spikes growing from the base of leaf stalks. Theburrs produced resemble a football shape (8-10mm) covered insmall hooks. Plants seed in summer and die off in winter.

See Landcare Note LC 0201

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread via animals carrying burrs, water and soilmovement.



Goulburn Broken - Regionally Controlled

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Chemical control, cultivation or manual removal. Work willneed to be scheduled over 3-6 years because of seed persistence.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For manual removal, before burrformation. Plants with burrsshould be collected and burned.For chemical control, early springprior to seed set.

26 THISTLES & HERBS

BATHURST BURR*Xanthium spinosum

DESCRIPTION:Perennial herb that produces salmon pink or orange flowersbetween September and October. Leaves are thin and strap like.Cape Tulips are a threat primarily to agricultural lands andnative grasslands, where they restrict growth of ground flora.

DISPERSAL:Both tulips spread via the division of underground corms whichare easily spread by soil movement. In two leaf stage, leafcormils are spread by slashing, water, machinery and soilmovement. One-leaf also set seed, which are dispersed by wind,water and in soil.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Philip - Regionally Controlled

High Priority Established Weed North Central - Regionally Controlled

Local Priority WeedGoulburn-Broken - Regionally Prohibited

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Hand (ensure soil and corms are removed), chemical control,cultivation, fire (from latesummer to early autumn toencourage germination ofdormant corms).

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Prior to flowering.

THISTLES & HERBS 27

CAPE TULIP (one & two leaf)*Moraea flaccida & Moraea miniata

DESCRIPTION:A low annual winter growing herb with basal, deeply lobedgreen leaves. Yellow daisy like flowers with black centres appearin early spring. Can be poisonous to stock in large quantities.Cape weed is wide spread and prefers soils with high in nitratesand as such often found in sheep camps and around yards.

DISPERSAL:Spread via seeds.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Agricultral WeedNorth Central - Agricultral WeedGoulburn-Broken - Agricultral Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Prevention of bare areas, manual removal, grazing, pastureimprovement. Chemical control with selective broad leafherbicide.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Spray/graze late Autumn. Maximum results prior to seed

maturity.

28 THISTLES & HERBS

CAPE WEED*Arctotheca calendula

DESCRIPTION:A low growing, perennial ground cover, with succulent ovalgrey-green leaves and pink or white flowers. Each plant canspread to cover up to 2 metres of ground and the single tap rootof the plant makes the infested area more prone to soil and watererosion. Galenia smothers all other vegetation and excludes theregrowth of desirable groundcover plants. It’s tolerance to dry orsaline conditions enables it to readily invade pastures, lawnsroadsides and wastelands.DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by wind, machinery, equipment, livestock, andbirds digesting the seed and the movement of contaminated soil.CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental WeedNorth Central - Environmental WeedGoulburn-Broken - Environmental WeedCONTROL TECHNIQUES:Long term control of Galenia requires mechanical or manualremoval of the plant and all root material using methods such asploughing, chipping or grubbing followed by vegetationreplacement with desirable species. There is currently noherbicide registered in Victoria for use on Galenia. IMPORTANT:Galenia may be mistaken forseveral native saltbushes, whichare beneficial for theenvironment. If you happen tocome across what you suspect isGalenia but are unsure if itsnative salt bush or Galenia, pleasecontact you local CouncilsEnvironmental department oryour local DPI office.

THISTLES & HERBS 29

GALENIA*Galenia pubescence

DESCRIPTION:A hairy perennial herb to about 30 cm high. Flower headsvary in colour but usually have yellow or orange petals withdark or black bases. Flowers all year round, but mostly inspring and summer.

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by water and wind and via dumped gardenwaste.

CLASSIFICATION: Port Phillip - Environmental Weed



CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal, chemical control.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:All year round.

30 THISTLES & HERBS

GAZANIA*Gazania species

DESCRIPTION:An erect annual or biennial herb with narrow, hollow multibranched stems. The green leaves resemble those of thecommon carrot and give off an offensive odour when bruised.Flowers are white and clustered at the end of the stems.Hemlock has a large tap root that grows up to 3 m in length.Can be poisonous to stock and people.

See Landcare Notes LC0183

DISPERSAL:Seeds are spread through water, contaminated fodder ordisturbed soil/gravel.


North Central - Restricted


CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal, cultivation and establishment of competitivepasture, chemical control of young plants or follow-up control.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control winter,before flowering.

THISTLES & HERBS 31

HEMLOCK (or Carrot Fern)*Conium maculatum

DESCRIPTION:Horehound is a perennial herb that grows as a clump ofbranches from a taproot. The leaves resemble common mint(wrinkled with serrated edges) with a downy light blue/whitecoating. Brown burrs form along protruding stems.

See Landcare Notes LC0178, LC0150, LC0162.

DISPERSAL:Wind blown seed or fodder. Relies on soil disturbance due toovergrazing or rabbits to become a problem.




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Chemical control with selective herbicide. Preventative worksinclude fencing steep land to exclude livestock, preventingovergrazing and rabbit control.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control in spring,prior to seed set or seed maturity.

32 THISTLES & HERBS

HOREHOUND*Marrubium vulgare

DESCRIPTION:An erect, low growing annual, occasionally biennial, herb thatdevelops a rosette after autumn rains. Purple flowers form onstems up to 120cm in height form September to December.Paterson’s Curse is poisonous to stock in certain situations andwill smother pasture.See Landcare Notes LC0173, LC0155, LC0144, LC0165

DISPERSAL:Reproduces by seed, which is dispersed by wind and water andcan often be transported in fodder grain and soil.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Regionally Controlled (priority)North Central- Regionally Controlled (priority)Goulburn Broken- Regionally Controlled (priority)

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual control (more appropriate for small infestation),Chemical (spot or boom spraying), pasture/vegetationcompetition, grazing, and/or fire/slash.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME

For chemical and manualcontrol, June – September (before10 leaf stage) Can use fire tostimulate seed germination priorto spraying.

THISTLES & HERBS 33

PATERSON’S CURSE*Echium plantagineum

DESCRIPTION:An erect, spreading, summer growing perennial herb commonly20 to 70 cm high. Reproduces by seed, creeping roots and rootfragments.

Seeds germinate in spring and the young plants develop anextensive root system over summer. The top growth dies off inautumn. Plants flower and produce fruit in the spring of theirsecond year.

See Landcare Note LC0195

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by wind, water, contaminated produce, birds,foxes and stock can also spread vegetatively.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip West - Regionally Controlled


Goulburn Broken- Regionally Controlled

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Chemical control, pasture management and cultivation.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, spray inlate winter between floweringand fruiting in early spring.

34 THISTLES & HERBS

PRAIRIE GROUND CHERRY*Physalis viscosa Linnaeus

DESCRIPTION:An erect biennial or perennial herb growing to 1.5m in height.Single or multiple stems arising from the crown, deeply dividedand ‘wrinkled’ dark green leaves with lighter green leavesunderneath. Clusters of yellow flowers are produced fromDecember to March. Can be poisonous to stock, especiallyhorses and cattle.

See Landcare Note LC0180.

DISPERSAL:Seeds are distributed through wind and water movement,contaminated fodder and via stock and machinery. Invadespastures and bushland areas


(High Priority Established Weed)


Goulburn-Broken - Regionally Prohibited (Priority)

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal for smallisolated patches, grazing, pastureimprovement and chemicalcontrol

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Spring or early summer prior toseeds setting.

THISTLES & HERBS 35

RAGWORT *Senico jacobaea

DESCRIPTION:An erect, summer growing herb, 30 to 80 cm high.Reproduces by seed and from creeping roots. Plants flowerfrom mid spring to Autumn with berries (smooth greenglobular berry) is commonly ripe in February. Flowers areusually purple to violet, occasionally white with five fusedpetals. A weed of fallows and pastures. All parts of the plant,particularly the ripe fruit, are toxic to animals.

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by wind, water, machinery, birds, animals andcontaminated produce. Root fragments and horizontal roots arecapable of forming shoot buds and daughter plants up to 1 mfrom the parent plant.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Regionally ProhibitedNorth Central - Regionally ControlledGoulburn Broken - Regionally Controlled

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Chemical control, pasture management.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, spray inspring prior to seed set in latesummer.

36 THISTLES & HERBS

SILVER LEAF NIGHTSHADE*Solanum elaeagnifolium

DESCRIPTION:Cool season perennial herb that produces underground bulbsor rhizomes. The leaves are similar to clovers, and often havebrown blotches. Soursob flowers are bright yellow trumpetsto 4cm, whilst other varieties of oxalis have bright pink andpurple flowers. The leaves typically close in low light or atnight. Very hard to control once established. Poisonous tosheep under some circumstances.

DISPERSAL:Oxalis is often associated with disturbance or poor hygieneoften bought into areas on machinery. Dumping of gardenwaste or movement of contaminated soil. Occurring in areaswith above 350mm rainfall Soursob is invasive to manyecosystems especially riparian areas.


CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Well-timed control before seed set over several years isrequired. Chemical control using selective or non-selectiveherbicide or careful manual removal - do not dislodge thesmall bulbs

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Chemical control prior to the earlyflower stage when the bulbs areexhausted. Manual control isnormally optimum just prior to orin the earlier flowering periodwhen soil is soft. Ensure the tuberand all the bulbs are removed andcarefully disposed of.

THISTLES & HERBS 37

SOURSOB*Oxalis pes-caprae

DESCRIPTION:A perennial multi-stemmed herb or small shrub to 80 cm thathas bright yellow flowers between October and March. Leaveshave small pin holes visible when held up to the light. St John’sWort can be found in a range of habitats, but mostly in pastureand open woodlands (disturbed habitats or roadindes). SeeLandcare Notes - LC0151, LC0177, LC0152

DISPERSAL:Seed (via machinery, stock or produce) or rhizomes.




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Hand removal can be used for small plants and seedlings.Chemical control and/or fire for larger infestations.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, as aseedling or for mature plants,prior to seed maturation(browning).

38 THISTLES & HERBS

ST. JOHN’S WORT *Hypericum perforatum

Four major thistles are listed below. Other thistles requiringmanagement include Slender Thistle and Variegated Thistle.Thistles are commonly found in areas of disturbance or bare soil.See Landcare Notes: LC0182, LC0191, LC0225, LC0229,LC0187, LC0184.

DISPERSAL:Thistle seeds are spread by wind, water, via animals and birds,

and through contaminated fodder or soils.

CLASSIFICATION:Spear Thistle

Port Phillip - Regionally Controlled


Goulburn-Broken - Restricted

Artichoke Thistle



Goulburn-Broken - Regionally Prohibited

THISTLES & HERBS 39

THISTLES*Spear, *Artichoke, *Saffron, *Slender, *Variegated &*Golden

Spear

Artichoke

Golden Thistle




Saffron Thistle




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manually remove smaller plants. Slash or remove seed headsbefore formation. Larger plants or larger infestations may becontrol by selective or non-selective herbicides, preferably atrosette stage.

To prevent reinfestation, minimise soil disturbance and providecompetition.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Prior to plants setting seed, rosette stage.

40 THISTLES & HERBS

THISTLES CONT’*Spear, *Artichoke, *Saffron, *Slender,

*Variegated & *Golden

Variegated

Artichoke Rosette

DESCRIPTION:A cactus with oval to round shaped segments that grow to over2 m in height. Wheel cactus can form dense and impenetrablestands, in mostly open or disturbed areas.

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by birds and foxes.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Regionally Prohibited


Goulburn-Broken- Restricted

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal of small plants. Chemical control, usually byinjection of herbicide into stems. Biological control, cactoblastismoth.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, all year round or prior to seed set.

THISTLES & HERBS 41

WHEEL CACTUS*Opuntia robusia

DESCRIPTION:A succulent green bulbous perennial with white bell shapedflowers. Distinctive triangular stems with flat or slightlychanneled leaves. Angle Onion reaches a height of 48cm.Strong smell of onions when crushed. Grows prolifically alongwaterways or moist areas and can totally exclude other species.

See Coastal Note CW0002

DISPERSAL:Spreads vegetatively, with bulbs forming next to parent bulbs.Introduced to new areas by soil or garden waste movement orwater movement of seeds.




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Repeated manual removal of bulbs. Chemical control byselective or non-selective herbicide. Mechanical slashing to

prevent seed set and bulbformation can also be effective.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, in latewinter to early autumn.

42 BULBS

ANGLED ONION *Allium triquetrum

DESCRIPTION:Perennial "flax-like" herb with trumpet shaped red-pink flowersin October to December. Forms dense stands that preventregrowth of native vegetation (little agricultural impact). See Landcare Note – LC0251

DISPERSAL:Reproduces by stem bulbils and corms, which can be spread bysoil movement, water, machinery and dumping of garden waste.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Regionally ControlledNorth Central - Environmental WeedGoulburn-Broken - Environmental Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Hand (ensuring fragments are removed from soil), chemicalcontrol with selective or non-selective herbicide, slashing (toreduce spread before stem bulbils form).

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, as plants emerge.

BULBS 43

WATSONIA*Watsonia meriana

DESCRIPTION:Erect perennial herbs growing to 1 metre high form a bulb.Leaves are almost cylindrical and hollow. Flowers form in tightclusters and can be white, pink or green. The plant has a strongonion - like odour and can taint milk, meat and wheat.See Landcare Note LC0179

DISPERSAL:Bulbs and seed spread through contaminated produceearthworks and animals.

CLASSIFICATION;Port Phillip - Restricted


Goulburn Broken - Regionally Prohibited

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Cultivation and cropping chemical control.


For chemical control, prior to flowering. For cultivation, inearly winter.

44 BULBS

WILD GARLIC (Crow Garlic, Field garlic)*Allium vineale

DESCRIPTION:A densely tufted perennial grass 20-120cm high. Leaves are darkgreen to blue-green in colour, 3mm wide and 25-35 cm long,narrowly tapered and often tapered near the tips. Seed ispresent from January to March. Seeds germinate in autumn orspring. Old growth has low palatability, often avoided byanimals.

See Landcare Note LC0189

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by wind, animals, machinery, vehicles and in hay.Readily spread during road construction in contaminated soils.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip West - Regionally Controlled

North Central - Regionally Prohibited


CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Integrated control involving: pasture improvement, rotationalgrazing, burning and chemical control.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:The most effective control can beachieved through an integratedland management program. Inarable areas cultivation andcropping or the establishment ofvigorous perennial pasture willgive good control.

GRASSES 45

AFRICAN LOVE GRASS*Eragrostis curvula

DESCRIPTION:The leaf blades and sheath are without hairs. The collar has amembranous ligule and there are no auricles. Commonly usedas a turf grass, bent grass is most often found in cooler climates.

DISPERSAL

Bent grasses are fine-bladed perennials spread by seed andstolons.

The seed heads are open with spreading branches.





Full renovation of Bent Grass pasture involves applyingherbicide registered to control bent grass in late spring earlysummer followed by cultivation and resowing in early autumn

46 GRASSES

BENT GRASS *Agrostis (Capilaris and spp)

DESCRIPTION:Blue canary grass is toxic to horses and is a short lived perennialgrass. Blue canary grass has spherical tubers that occur aboveground and has red veins on the stems. There is an isolatedinfestation near Darraweit Guim.

See Landcare Note LC 0257

DISPERSAL

Reproduces from seed and rhizomes. Main dispersal is by seedspread by water, animals, machinery, slashing and in soil.

CLASSIFICATION

BCG not yet declared as a noxious weed. It is toxic to horses.

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Small plants can be manually removed. Larger infestations canbe slashed or heavily grazed. Selective and non-selectiveherbicides can also be used.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For slashing and grazing, early in the season prior to seed set.

GRASSES 47

BLUE CANARY GRASS *Phalaris coerulescens

DESCRIPTION:Perennial grass with tussock habit. Best identified whenflowering (Nov-Feb) and distinguished form native spear grass(Austrostipa) by the presence of a raised collar or coronabetween the seed head and seed tail. (Awn). Chilean NeedleGrass is a new and emerging weed that is a problem throughoutthe regionSee Landcare Note LC0256

DISPERSAL

Reproduces by seed, which is spread by stock, water, wind andmachinery

CLASSIFICATION:Port Philip - Regionally ControlledNorth Central - Regionally controlledGoulburn Broken - Regionally Controlled

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Manual, chemical, mowing (to remove seed stock)


For chemical control, in spring,when plant is green andcan be positively identified.If experienced with itsidentification, then in autumnwhen it may be the only green inthe infested area (making it easierto target)

48 GRASSES

CHILEAN NEEDLE GRASSNassella neesiana

GRASSES 49

DESCRIPTION:A large perennial grass growing up to 2-6 m tall with distinctivefeathery, soft, white/yellowish plumes. Leaves are long, narrowand strap-like with a rough surface. Highly invasive in a rangeof native vegetation types, frequently burnt bushland androadside remnants.

DISPERSAL:Spread by rhizomes or seed. Seeds spread by wind, water,machinery, vehicles, dumped garden waste and movement ofcontaminated soil. Rhizomes, when severed can regrow.


CONTROL TECHNIQUE:Hand removal, (effective for smaller infestations) mechanicalremoval, (only in degraded settings) chemical control.OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For manual removal, smallerplants can be chipped out at anytime of year (ideally beforefurther seeds set). For chemicalcontrol, spray plants with a non-selective herbicide whilst theplant is actively growing (aroundspring before the flowers form).

PAMPAS GRASS*Cortaderia selloana

DESCRIPTION:Popular as a pasture and erosion control plant, Phalaris hascome to dominate many moist grassland or bushland areas.Phalaris when not grazed forms dense grass clumps and oftenposes a severe fire risk. It has long broad leaves and growsactively all year. It produces many seed heads each on longslender stems.

DISPERSAL:Spreads by rhizomes or seed. Seeds spread by wind, clothing,slashing, soil movement and animals.


CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Small plants can be manually removed. Larger infestations canbe slashed or heavily grazed. Selective and non-selectiveherbicides can also be used.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For slashing and grazing, early inthe season prior to seed set.

50 GRASSES

PHALARIS*Phalaris aquatica

GRASSES 51

DESCRIPTION:An annual grass that can be found in drier bush land areas (300-700mm rainfall). Absence of Quaking Grass can indicate veryhigh quality bush land. This plant appears innocuous with fewbroad green leaves (4-8mm wide and 20cm long). The seedheads are distinctive - oval-shaped and shell like, drooping onfine stems. The seed heads persist for most of the year and caneasily be identified. Reproduces by seed.

DISPERSAL:Seeds easily dispersed by wind, clothing, slashing and animals.


CONTROL TECHNIQUES

As an annual grass, Quaking Grass can easily be controlled withrepeated annual treatments. Techniques include manualremoval, slash or burning plants with semi-ripe seed-heads.Seed in the soil will reduce quickly, and by preventing seed setplants die without reproducing.Selective and non-selectiveherbicides can also be used.


Spring/early summer before seedripens and becomes viable

QUAKING GRASS (Large Quaking Grass)*Briza maxima

DESCRIPTION:Densely tufted perennial grass up to 50cm high. Erect inappearance when juvenile, the plant matures to form flowerstems and long leaves which droop to the ground as theymature. Seed heads are visually contained within the plant.Native grasses tend to have an extended seed panicle (head) thatextends beyond the plant. Leaf colour varies from green insummer to a yellow/green in winter, old leaves are fawn and thebase is white. The needle like leaves are cylindrical and rollsmoothly between the thumb and forefinger, whilst native grassspecies feel as though they have flat edges. A slight serration isfelt when the leaf is drawn between fingers from tip to base.Serrated Tussock is not generally eaten by stock. Serrated Tussock resembles many native tussock grass speciesand therefore it is recommended that samples are identified byyour local DPI officer prior to treatment. See Landcare Notes LC0175, LC0370.DISPERSAL:Seeds are readily spread by wind and water. Other vectorsinclude animals, clothing, the movement of contaminated soil,vehicles and machinery.

52 GRASSES

SERRATED TUSSOCK *Nassella trichotoma


(High Priority Established Weed)North Central - Regionally Prohibited

Goulburn-Broken - Regionally Prohibited (Priority)Weed of National Significance

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Chipping is effective in small and isolated infestations. Forlarger infestations integrated control methods include: the use ofselective and non-selective herbicides, the establishment ofwindbreaks to reduce further seed spread, pasture improvementor introduced competition of a desirable pasture or grassspecies to be established.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Smaller plants can be chipped out at any time of year (ideallybefore further seeds set). Spray plants thoroughly with aselective or non-selective herbicide whilst the plant is activelygrowing around spring before the flowers form, ensuringsaturation down to base of the tussock.

GRASSES 53

SERRATED TUSSOCK CONT’*Nassella trichotoma

DESCRIPTION:A rush/tussock that grows to 1.5 metres high with dark greencylindrical leaves with sharp pointed ends. Flower heads appearin spring and are a dense cluster of green florets, turning brown.Establishes dense stands that restrict access to water and createharbour for pest animals. Spiny Rush favours damp areas andfresh water soaks and tolerates high salt concentration. For thisreason it is considered to be an indicator of salinity. There aremany native species of Juncus in Central Victoria, so be sure ofyour identification. Spiny Rush will also dominate fresh watersoaks.

DISPERSAL:Seeds are spread by water, farm machinery, vehicles, stock andcontaminated hay. Can also establish from pieces of crownfollowing cultivation/disturbance.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip Regionally ControlledNorth Central Regionally Controlled (Priority)Goulburn-Broken Regionally Controlled

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal, burning,drainage improvement, salinitycontrol measures, pastureimprovement and chemicalcontrol.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, duringsummer.

54 GRASSES

SPINY RUSH*Juncus acutus

DESCRIPTION:A tufted perennial grass, widespread in most areas includingfarmland and bushland. It presents few problems to agriculture,however, Sweet Vernal Grass is a major environmental weed.Characterised by a dense seed head that opens and becomeslighter as summer progresses and seeds are shed. It has fewleaves, however dense infestations of hundreds of plants candevelop. It threatens bushland by competing aggressively withindigenous ground flora. Sweet vernal releases chemicals intosoil to suppress the growth of other plants, increasing its area ofdominance rapidly.DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by wind, clothing, slashing, soil movement andanimals. It can also spread vegetatively by rhizomes.CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental WeedNorth Central - Environmental WeedGoulburn-Broken - Environmental Weed CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal, mow with a catcher to control seed set, useselective or non-selective herbicide over winter/spring to priorto seed set (care must be taken to prevent damage to nativevegetation). Sweet Vernal Grassis easily pulled by hand as theplants roots and rhizomes tend tobe shallow.OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Chemical control prior to seedset, in winter/spring. Mowingwith a catcher to collect seedheads. Hand weeding prior toseed set.

GRASSES 55

SWEET VERNAL GRASS*Anthoxanthum odoratum

DESCRIPTION:A spiny deciduous tree to about 17 m high. Leaves are brightgreen turning yellow in autumn, oblong to oval leaflets (1.5-5cm long), with spiny appendages on the stems. Flowers appearduring spring and are white, yellowish or pink, fragrant and indense, drooping clusters. Poisonous bark, wood, roots, seedsand pods. Thorns cause irritation. Reproduces by seeds andsuckers.

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by water, wind and via dumped garden waste.

CLASSIFICATION: Port Phillip - Environmental Weed



CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Trees can be killed by stem injection and cut and paint. Handpulling small trees under 0.5m tall is a practical andenvironmentally safe way of removing young plants.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For optimum chemical control,herbicide should be applied fromsummer to early autumn.

56 TREES

BLACK LOCUST *Robinia pseudoacacia

DESCRIPTION:An evergreen tree to 2 - 5m high. Leaves have many smallfeathery silvery-grey leaves. Flowers are groups of fluffy yellowballs produced in winter, and the black shiny seeds are carriedin flat brown papery pea-like pods.All wattles produce large crops of hard-coated seed which canpersist in a viable condition in the soil for many decades. Thisseed may germinate profusely after a disturbance such ascultivation or fire. Non-local wattles may not appear to bebehaving invasively until such an event, when their populationwill suddenly explode.

DISPERSAL:Generally grows close to the parent tree. Spread by birds, ants,wind and water. Pods open explosively in hot weather,throwing the seed some distance.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental WeedNorth Central - Environmental WeedGoulburn Broken - Environmental Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manually remove immatureplants (ensure all roots areremoved) or cut the stem andpaint with herbicide. For matureplants, stem inject the trunk withherbicide.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:All year round. For best resultsapply herbicide during spring –summer.

57TREES

COOTAMUNDRA WATTLE*Acacia baileyana

DESCRIPTION:Desert Ash is a popular garden or sidewalk tree, growing up to20 m. It forms a dense crown, has small purple or green flowersin spring and a one sided winged seed which turn brown anddry when mature.

DISPERSAL:Desert Ash reproduces from seed and root suckers and spreadsvia wind, water and dumped garden waste.



Goulburn broken - Environmental Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Small trees and seedlings can be removed by hand.

Larger trees can be cut and painted with herbicide, or steminjected

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:All year round but, particular success in spring to mid summer.

This species will out-competenative trees, shrubs and groundcovers mainly through largegerminations of new plants inspring.

58 TREES

DESERT ASH*Fraxinus angustifolia

DESCRIPTION:A fast growing deciduous tree with alternatively arranged leaves.Poplars reproduce form both male and female catkins. Fruit is acapsule containing seeds, each with a tuft of silky hairs at theirbase. Popular as street trees, their roots often cause problems indrains and paving, and some species sucker forming densestands along roadsides and water courses. Flowers duringspring.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental WeedNorth Central - Environmental WeedGoulburn Broken- Environmental Weed

DISPERSAL:The main form of spread is by root suckers around the parentplant, forming large thickets. White or silver poplar (Populusalba) and Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. Italica) suckerthe most. Spread over greater distances occurs when dumpedmaterial or branches detach in floods and take root. Somepoplars can produce seed, particularly white poplar, butseedlings seldom or never result.

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:For immature plants spray or cutand paint. For larger plants steminject with herbicide. Follow upcut and paint will be required forsuckers.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For chemical control, treat plantsin summer or early autumn(when in full leaf).

59TREES

POPLARS*Populus ssp.

DESCRIPTION:

Tall evergreen tree with dark green needle like leaves. Pinesestablish in both disturbed and undisturbed locations, formingdense stands that compete with native vegetation, in part byreducing soil fertility. Over time they grow extremely large andcan be very expensive to remove.

DISPERSAL:

Pines reproduce by seed, which are dispersed by wind, waterand birds.

CLASSIFICATION:




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:

Small trees and seedlings can be removed by hand. Larger treescan be cut down (below the lowest branch), generally withoutthe need for chemical treatment or ring barking.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:

Any time of the year.

60 TREES

RADIATA PINE*Pinus radiata.

TREES 61

DESCRIPTION

Indigenous to NSW and Eastern Victoria, Sallow Wattle seedsprolifically and spreads rapidly into bushland from gardens andhas become an environmental weed. It grows into a small treewith long blunt leaves (phyllodes) with two main veins and asmall gland near the base. Flowers in July-October producemasses of dense yellow spikes.

DISPERSAL

Reproduces by seed. Insects, animals, soil disturbance and soilmovement spread seeds. Infestations often occur from dumpingof garden refuse. High seed germination after fire.

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip Environmental WeedNorth Central Environmental WeedPort Phillip Environmental Weed

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Small plants can be pulled by hand. Medium plants can becontrolled by cut and paint. Cutting down without herbicideapplication can control larger mature plants, as it does not re-grow from stumps. Controlburning germinates most seeds insoil, which can then be sprayedwith a selective herbicide or handpulled.


Any time of year using manualmethods. Chemical control inwarmer months is preferable.

SALLOW WATTLE or COAST WATTLEAcacia longifolia

DESCRIPTION:Large, invasive deciduous trees that tend to populate watercourses. Willows are a declared noxious and environmentalweed. Their extensive root systems impact upon water flow,nutrient cycling and natural light which affects stream health.There are a range of Willow species including wild types andcultivar varieties. Willows are renowned for their ability tocolonise riparian areas and are able to hybridise between wildtypes and cultivars. DISPERSAL:Most willows reproduce vegetatively, with stem fragmentssetting roots within a few days especially along waterways.Some species reproduce by seed. CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Restricted North Central - RestrictedGoulburn-Broken - RestrictedWeed of National SignificanceThere are some registered cultivars of Willow that are notconsidered weeds including Salix alba var. caerulea, Salix alba xmatsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix x calodendron, Salix caprea‘Pendula’, Salix matsudana ‘Aurea’, Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’,Salix myrsinfolia and Salix x reichardtii.CONTROL TECHNIQUES:

Large plants should be treated bydrill-fill (stem injection) well inadvance to lopping. This willreduce the chance of stemfragments setting roots. Handpulling small trees under 0.5mtall is a practical andenvironmentally safe way ofremoving young plants. Startcontrol in the uppermost part ofthe riparian area affected, followup control will be required.

62 TREES

WILLOWS*Salix sp

DESCRIPTION:A low growing creeper that forms dense mats. Leaves are darkgreen and broadly oval shaped. Distinctive blue to mauve singleflowers fading to white in the centre. Blue Periwinkle is foundmost commonly on moist and fertile soils, usually near gullies orwaterways. Can be poisonous to cattle, horses and sheep ifeaten.

DISPERSAL:Stem fragments are often carried by water (flooding).Commonly disperses via dumping of garden waste.


CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Seedlings and small infestations can be manually removed(ensuring all roots and stem fragments are removed). Chemicalcontrol with selective or non-selective herbicides.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:Chemical control in summer(February). For ease of removal,undertake manual removal whensoil is moist.

VINES & CREEPERS 63

BLUE PERIWINKLE*Vinca major

DESCRIPTION:A tenacious vine like plant with small shiny green leaves to30mm in length, senescing in summer. The plant forms a thickmat of underground tubers which enables it to survive throughdry periods. Bridal Creeper has small white flowers andproduces red berries around 8mm in diameter from aroundAugust/September. Bridal Creeper is highly invasive and athreat to bushland and riparian areas. It is one of twenty Weedsof National Significance.

See Landcare Notes WCW0011 and LC0168

DISPERSAL:Bridal Creeper is readily spread by its seeds, especially via birds,rabbits and foxes. Illegal dumping of garden waste containingviable seeds and rhizomes and through the movement ofrhizomes associated with earthmoving activities and vehicles areother mechanisms for dispersal.

64 VINES & CREEPERS

BRIDAL CREEPER*Asparagus asparagoides

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Restricted Weed

(High Priority Established Weed)

North Central - Restricted Weed

Goulburn-Broken - Restricted Weed


CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Hand removal for small infestations (ensuring all tubers areremoved from the soil and plant material is appropriatelydisposed of). Chemically control larger infestations withappropriate selective or non selective herbicide.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For manual control, all year round. For chemical control, earlyspring when the plant is actively growing around flowering orbetween flower bud and green berry stage.

65VINES & CREEPERS

BRIDAL CREEPER CONT’*Asparagus asparagoides

DESCRIPTION:A dense invasive ground cover or climber with twining stemsand fleshy green leaves.

English Ivy typically flowers and fruits when the stems becomearborescent or growing in light shade or full sun. English Ivyhas triangular shaped leaves and has 3-5 lobes on non-floweringplants and becoming diamond shaped or rounded (not lobed)on flowering stems.

Similar in appearance, Cape Ivy typically has 3-8 lobes andbears clusters of small daisy like yellow flowers from autumn tospring.

See Landcare Notes CW0010, CW0008

DISPERSAL:Seeds spread by wind, water animals and inappropriatedumping of garden refuse. Also reproduces from stolens (stemfragments).

66 VINES & CREEPERS

ENGLISH IVY AND CAPE IVY*Hedera helix and Delairea ororata

CLASSIFICATION:Port Phillip - Environmental weed

North Central - Environmental weed

Goulburn-Broken - Environmental weed.

CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Smaller infestations can be manually removed or cut stem andpaint with herbicide. Remove all stems in contact with soil.Vines growing on trees can be severed at the base of the tree andleft to dry out in the canopy. Larger infestations can be sprayedwith selective or non selective herbicides. Follow up treatmentwill probably be required for larger infestations.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For manual control, all year round. For chemical control, inwinter before flowering occurs.

67VINES & CREEPERS

ENGLISH IVY AND CAPE IVY CONT’*Hedera helix and Delairea ororata

DESCRIPTION:A trailing or climbing perennial that grows to 10 m in height.Purple-blue trumpet-like flowers form during the warmermonths. Leaves are heart shaped. Morning Glory mostly effectsdisturbed areas and is found primarily in moist and sunnypositions.

DISPERSAL:Stem/fragment rooting, stolons which are spread by water,machinery or dumping of garden waste.




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Manual removal for small infestations (ensuring that all roots areremoved from soil), cut-and-paint and chemical control withnon-selective herbicide.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For manual control, all yearround. For chemical control,during the warmer months whilstthe plant is actively growing.

68 VINES & CREEPERS

MORNING GLORY*Ipomoea indica

DESCRIPTION:A perennial climber or creeper with alternate dark green shinyleaves and small green to white flowers. Wandering Creeper canform think mats that smother all other vegetation and climbtrees, choking them. Stems are quite succulent, fragile, easilysquashed or broken. Prefers damp dark areas, such as vegetatedwaterways.

DISPERSAL:Spreads via nodes on the stem which anchor to the groundforming roots. Often enters an area as a garden escapee or fromdumped garden waste.




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:Repeated slashing and/or heavy footed grazing. If manuallyremoving, ensure the entire weed is removed, including roots, toavoid reinfestation. Chemicalcontrol and cut and paint canalso be used.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:For manual control, all yearround. For chemical control,during spring and autumn whilstthe plant is actively growing.

69VINES & CREEPERS

TRADESCANTIA (Wandering Creeper)*Tradescantia fluminensis

DESCRIPTION:

An aquatic plant with bright green feather like leaves. Forms adense matt on the waters surface, with slender yellow/greenstems trailing under the surface. Can be available for purchaseas an aquarium plant.

DISPERSAL:

Not known to set seed. Reproduces vegetatively, with new plantsforming from stem fragments.

CLASSIFICATION:




CONTROL TECHNIQUES:

Manual and mechanical removal, although it is vital to avoidmovement or spread of stem fragments. Chemical control maybe used with care.

OPTIMUM CONTROL TIME:

For chemical control, when theplant is actively growing.

70 AQUATIC

PARROTS FEATHER*Myriophyllum aquaticum

DESCRIPTION:Salvinia is a perennial aquatic fern that floats on still or slow-moving water. Salvinia grows rapidly to cover the entire watersurface forming a mat of vegetation. The smothering effect isdisastrous to the water bodies natural regime. The plants leafstems are rhizomes. Submerged leaves also act like floatingroots which do not "take root" in any substrate.

CLASSIFICATION:Salvinia is a State Prohibited Weed for the whole of Victoria.This is the highest category to which a noxious weed can beallocated and means that Salvinia is to be eradicated if possiblefrom the State. Also refer to Landcare Note LC0283


DISPERSAL:Salvinia only reproduces vegetatively by division. The plant isinvasive in its growth habit. Daughter plants break away fromthe parent and may be moved with water currents and the windor physically transferred. Careless disposal of aquarium contentscould result in Salvinia being deposited in freshwater. Salviniahas also been used as anornamental plant in gardenponds.

AQUATIC 71

SALVINIA*Salvinia molestra

72 AQUATIC

*Salvinia molestra CONTROL TECHNIQUES:

Report to Department of Primary Industries immediately.Salvinia found in aquariums should be dried and burned orburied, do not empty into sinks, drains or waterways.Mechanical removal of large infestations is extremely difficult.Early detection of this weed is therefore very important.Biological control and chemical control techniques can also beused depending on the infestation.

IMPORTANT

Any person who believes they have located an infestation ofSalvinia, regardless of the area, please notify the Department ofPrimary Industries.

SALVINIA CONT’

73SUCCESS STORIES

SUCCESS STORY 1Warren Werret Gorse Control

Member of the Willomavin Landcare group and resident ofMitchell Shire Council, Warren Werret has made his mark ofshowcasing effective long term gorse control at his property inKilmore.

Warren has been single handedly managing his 14ha propertyfor gorse since he took ownership of it 6 years ago. Looking athis property now, it’s hard to imagine that it was once severelyinfested with gorse. “Initially it took a lot of work,” admitsWarren "a creek running through the property was literallycoated in gorse".

Manual removal and chemical spraying was first employed totackle the problem head on. Since then, Warren has continuedto follow up on the regrowth and seedlings by spraying effectedareas roughly every four months. The results are clear, nativewildlife is returning to the property and native vegetation isbeginning to regenerate. The property is now accredited withLand for Wildlife.

Warren participates in the Mitchell Shire Council LandManagement Rebate Scheme,finding it to be a useful incentivefor weed control. His advice tofighting the war against gorse;"Persistence is the key, too oftenpeople make the mistake of onlyapplying primary control and notfollowing it up in months tocome. Follow up is essential"

74 SUCCESS STORIES

Located in the heart of town, Wallan Community Park is a parkand open space vital to the community. Wallan Creek is anorthern tributary of Merri Creek and is situated on thenorthern boundary of the Port Phillip Catchment approximately45 kms north of Melbourne off the Hume Highway in the ruralmunicipality of Mitchell Shire.

The original custodians were the Wurundjeri tribe and theEcological Vegetation Community (EVC) in the reserve wasprobably "Plains Grassy Wetland". Post settlement the creek waschannelised and exotic species such as willows and gorseconsumed the landscape. In 2000, Council undertooksignificant gorse removal. Since that time, the area has beenregularly treated for regrowth.

The Friends of Wallan Creek (FoWC) was established in 2004by local community members. FoWC are a dedicatedenvironmental group that have significantly improved the parkslandscape and riparian area in just a few years.

The work undertaken by FoWC has included:

• Planting of indigenous trees, shrubs and grasses. Around6000 indigenous plants have been planted by FoWC since2004.

• The group was successful in obtaining significant funds toundertake a large willow control program, starting the "Willowsout of Wallan" campaign.

SUCCESS STORY 2*Wallan Creek, Willow and Gorse control.

• Weed control, including hand weeding, mowing, mulchingand chemical control of environmental weeds from garden bedsand along the riparian area.

• Mulching to suppress weeds. In excess of 1000m3 has beenspread by the group!

By planting the creek with species indigenous to the region,wildlife that once frequented the area has started to return.Colonies of Imperial Blue Butterflies and Radar Beetles havereturned to Wallan Creek

FoWC have restored a local waterway for the benefit of all thatlive in the locality. What was once a drain choked by willow andgorse has been transformed into a valuable community asset andhabitat for wildlife. A great achievement by a community groupon public land.

75SUCCESS STORIES

SUCCESS STORY 2 CONT’*Wallan Creek, Willow and Gorse control.

In 2004 a resident noted what they believed was an infestationof Patersons Curse flowering in a road reserve off Ross WattRoad, Gisborne. The resident reported the weed infestation tothe Environmental Services Unit of Macedon Ranges ShireCouncil.

The weed site was visited by Council officers. The weedobserved was not Patersons Curse but it could not be identifiedby the Council staff. A sample was sent to the NationalHerbarium of Victoria for identification. Staff at the Herbariumidentified the plant as Centaurea nigra (Black Knapweed).

Centaurea nigra is a listed as a State Prohibited Weed under theCatchment and Land Protection Act, and is only one of 14 suchweeds found in Victoria. State Prohibited Weeds are those thatare possible to eradicate. The Department of Primary Industrieshave the responsibility for taking action to eradicate theseweeds.

Since 2004 DPI Bacchus Marsh has been controlling Centaureanigra at the Gisborne site. Ongoing measures are being taken toensure the site is not disturbed to prevent contaminated soilbeing moved from the area.

Preventing the spread of weeds is something everyone can assistwith. A simple phone call from a resident can be enough to helpprevent a small problem becoming a large and costly challenge.This example demonstrates that with good communication andbasic procedures in place, weeds can be controlled quickly andeffectively.

76 SUCCESS STORIES

SUCCESS STORY 3*Communication, Follow-up and Partnerships -

a Key to Weed Control

Glossary• Alternate - when leaves are placed singly at different

heights on an axis.

• Annual - living only one growing season.

• Bulbils - a small bulb formed in the leaf axil or flowers.

• Corms - a short, swollen upright stem-base used to storefood.

• Cultivar - cultivated variety of a plant.

• Naturalized - an organism freely reproducing in an areaoutside its natural range.

• Node - location on a stem where leaves or branches occur.

• Noxious - declared under legislation and a problem tonatural areas, primary production, the environment oreffecting human health. Definitions differ between Statesand Territories.

• Perennial - two or more growing seasons (years).

• Weed of National Significance - a weed posing a nationalthreat due to its potential for spread, invasiveness, andimpact on socioeconomic and environmental values.

• Rhizome - an underground stem which usually growshorizontally.

• Stolon - an above ground creeping stem (sometimes calledrunner), producing roots and sometimes shoots.

• Succulent - a plant with thick fleshy habit.

• Sucker - shoots that emerge from roots.

• Spp. - species; more than one species of the same genus.

• Tubers - underground food storage organ.

Additional InformationFurther ReadingAuld B & Medd RW (1987) Weeds, An Illustrated Botanical Guide tothe weeds of Australia. Inkata Press Melbourne Blood, K. (2001) Environmental Weeds: A field guide for SEAustralia. C H Jerram, MelbourneBrombery A (1980) Australian Native Plants. Angus & RobertsonSydneyCummins J, Moerkerk M (1996) TOPCROP Weeds: The Ute Guide,Primary Industries South Australia.Ermert S. & Clapp L. (1998) Gardeners Companion to Weeds.Lansdowne Publishing Sydney NSW.French J. (1989) Organic Control of common weeds. Aird BooksFlemington Victoria.

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Lamb, C. & Collet, F. (1996) Field Guide to Weeds in AustraliaMelbourne: Inkata press McBarron E (1983) Poisonous Plants Department of AgricultureNSWMuyt, A. (2001) Bush Invaders of South-East Australia. R.G. andF.J. Richardson, Meridith VictoriaMoerkerk M & Barnett A (1998) More Crop Weeds Melbourne. R Gand F J Richardson.Morely T. & Stapleton P.(1999) The Paterson's Curse ManagementHandbook. DNRE East Melbourne Victoria Parsons W & Cuthbertson E (1992) Noxious Weeds of AustraliaMelbourne Inkata Press Rogers F (1986) A Field Guide To Victorian Wattles. Creative RuralPrinters St ArnaudTaylor U. & SindelB. (2000) The Pasture Weed Management Kit.CRC for weed management systems Adelaide.Wrigley J (1990) Third Edition Australian Native Plants. Angus &Robertson SydneyWilding J, Barnett A & Amor R (1986) Crop Weeds MelbourneInkata PressWhibley D.J. and Christenen T.J. (1991) Garden Weeds Identificationand Control. Botanic Gardens of Adelaide.

Web Sites:Department of Primary Industrieshttp://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/Weeds Australia – national weed strategyhttp://www.weeds.org.au/Australian National Botanic Gardenshttp://www.anbg.gov.au/weeds/weeds.htmlCRC Weed Management Systemshttp://www.weeds.crc.org.auWeed Society of Victoriahttp://www.wsvic.org.auA Global Compendium of Weedshttp://www.hear.org/gcw/Environmental Weed Action network http://members.iinet.net.au/ewan/info.htmInvasive Plantshttp://www.ngia.com.auIUCN Invasive Species Specialist Grouphttp://www.issg.org/

Weed Information

http://www.weedinfo.com.au/

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Identification TipsIf you are unable to identify whether the plant is a weed, collecta sample from your land or with permission and take it to yourlocal DPI.

Alternatively, you could send it to the National Herbarium inMelbourne (there may be a charge). Identification of a plant isfar easier if a flower, seed head or fruiting body and root isavailable. If sampling grasses, dig up the whole plant roots andall. Plants should be sealed in a plastic bag with some wet paperto prevent it drying out.

A good plant identification book in combination with theapproach provided above (along with a good deal of patience)should result in reliable identification.

ReferencesBlood, K. (2001) Environmental Weeds: A field guide for SEAustralia. C H Jerram, Melbourne.

CRC for Weed Management Systems (2000) Best PracticeManagement Guide for Environmental Weeds #7 - St John’s Wort.

Department of Primary Industries. Landcare Note Series.http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/

Dennis L. (1998) Guidelines for preventing the spread of weeds.DNRE Geelong Victoria

Horner A. (1994) WeedPac a practical guide to noxious weedsuppression. Tudor Systems Australia, Traralgon

Lamb, C. & Collet, F. (1996) Field Guide to Weeds in AustraliaMelbourne: Inkata press.

Muyt, A. (2001) Bush Invaders of South-East Australia. R.G. and F.J.Richardson, Meridith Victoria

Parsons J.M. & Richardson R.G.(1995) Australian Weed ControlHandbook (10th ed). Melbourne Inkata press

Wolff M.A. (1999) Winning the War on weeds. Kangaroo Press,NSW

AcknowledgementsThe brochure was prepared by the Officers of the MountAlaexander, Mitchell and Macedon Ranges Shires. Photos werekindly provided by K. Blood, D. Bos, E. Garmsten, L. Milne, E.Perkins, A. Scanlon, K. Williams, Ian Higgins and theDeparment of Primary Industries, E. Kelly, S. Bonwick andV. Pasic.

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Notes

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Further informationDepartment of Primary Industries Customer Service Centre 136 186 Website www.dpi.vic.gov.au.

Bendigo 5430 4444Box Hill 9296 4400Bacchus Marsh 5366 0000Broadford 5784 0600Epsom 5430 4444Kyneton 54211 777Maryborough 5461 0800Seymour 5735 4300

Chemical Standards OfficersDavid Rumbold (North Central) 5430 4806Michael Laity (Frankston) 9785 0191Steve Field (Goulburn-Broken) 5824 5532

Keith Turnbull Research InstitutePO Box 48, Frankston Vic 3199 9785 0111

DPI Attwood475 - 485 Mickleham Road 9217 4246

DPI Note series.Available online or via Customer Service Centre. Covers biologicalcontrol (BC), Landcare (LC) and Pest Plants (PP).

Catchment Management AuthoritiesNorth Central - Huntly 5448 7124Goulburn -Broken - Yea 5736 0100Port Phillip and Westernport – Frankston 8781-7900

Local GovernmentMitchell Shire 113 High Street Broadford, 3658.

Ph. 5734 6200 www.mitchellshire.vic.gov.au

Macedon Ranges Shire PO Box 151, Kyneton, 3444Ph. 5422 0333 www.macedon-ranges.vic.gov.au

Mount Alexander Shire PO Box 185, Castlemaine, 3450Ph. 5471 1700 www.mountalexander.vic.gov.au

DisclaimerThe advice contained in this brochure is intended only as a source ofinformation on weed management. Always use chemicals inaccordance to the manufacturer’s directions. The Shires of Mitchell,Macedon Ranges and Mount Alexander and its officers make noguarantee that this publication is without flaw or is entirelyappropriate for your purposes.

Front Cover Picture: African Boxthorn *Lycium ferocissimumPage 15

Printed by elliottprint Kyneton (03) 5422 1488

MACEDON RANGES - Mount Alexander Shire Council

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