MAASAI

• Semi-nomadic• Pastoralists • Known for their:

– Elaborate hair style– Wealth is determined

by _____________– Will drink cows blood

• Being forced off their land to make room for tourism

What is Genocide?

• Genocide: is any act that is intended to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.

• Examples:– Killing members of a group– Causing bodily or mental harm– Inflicting negative conditions of life– Prevent births – Transfer children

Causes of GENOCIDE

• Difficult social conditions

• intense economic problems

• intense political conflict – this can be conflict

between dominant groups and subordinate ones that are poor and have limited rights

• very great and rapid social changes

cultural aspects that make genocide probable

• Define SCAPEGOATING:• History of conflict and

violence between two groups

• Strong respect for authority • Totalitarian countries are

more likely to engage in genocide than democratic.– WHY?

• How does passivity increase the violence?

• http://www.soundportraits.org/on-air/remembering_kitty_genovese/

• The New York Times: Multimedia Search for 'rwanda'

Hutu/ Tutsi Conflict

• HutuHutu• 85% of Population• Under colonial rule:

– serfs/ peasants

• After independence:– Hutu’s wanted power back

• After plane crash of Hutu leaders, Hutus begin to commit killings of Tutsis

• TutsiTutsi• 15% of population• Under colonial rule:

– Upper class

• After independence:– Tried to keep power

• 800,000 massacred• Rwandan Patriotic Front

(RPF)– Tutsi militia group– Ended the genocide

RWANDA• Hutus are the

______________• Tutsi are the ______________• The European power that

imperialized Rwanda is ________

• Independence was gained in 1961– Hutus took power– 200,000 Tutsi’s fled

Rwanda• Tutsi’s formed the Rwandan

Patriotic Front (RPF)– a militia group

Paul Kagame

Rwanda’s Colonial Legacy• 1600s- Tutsi kings

conquered Hutus– feudal system set up

• 1916- Belgium took control of Rwanda– required identity cards labeled

w/ person’s ethnicity– ruled through Tutsi kings– Tutsi were the minority

• 1959-Hutus rebelled against Tutsis– 20,000 killed– others forced into exile

The Spark• 1994: Rwandan President Juvenal

Habyarimana, a Hutu, plane was shot down– Who shot down the plane?

• Gov’t encourages Hutus to kill Tutsi over the radio

• an unofficial militia group called the Interahamwe (meaning those who attack together) began to massacre Tutsi’s– Death toll: _____________– @ Hutu: ______________

• Why?

• RPF defeated the Interahamwe– Defeated Hutus (2 million) flee to

Zaire in fear of retribution

Timeline• April 7- killing of

moderate Hutu politicians and Tutsi leaders– US evacuates Americans – 8000 dead– General Dallaire, head of

UN peacekeepers, is told not to intervene

• April 9-11- massacres of ordinary Tutsis– 32,000 dead

• April 19- New York Times report- 1000 people shot and hacked to death in a church where they sought refuge– 72,000 dead

• April 21-22- UN votes to withdraw 90% of peacekeepers from Rwanda– 112,000 dead

Tutsi man who survived a machete attack

Timeline• April 25- UN troops reduced to

450– 144,000 dead

• April 27- Pope John Paul II is 1st to call it “genocide”– 160,000 dead

• US cautious to use word “genocide”- WHY? Do you think it was?

• May 17- 328,000 dead- UN decides to send in 5000 troops but argue over who will pay, – troops do not arrive until JULY!

(Skulls ironically beside a poster of Pope John Paul II. Catholic churches became places of killing during the genocide and two nuns were convicted of genocide by the Arusha Court. )

Timeline

• May 25- President Clinton gives speech

– What is he saying?

• July 17- Tutsi forces Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) capture capital of Kigali, – Hutu government and refugees flee to Zaire (DR

Congo) – 800,000 dead

“Whether we [the US] get involved in any of the world's ethnic conflicts in the end must depend on the cumulative weight of the American interests at stake."

Aftermath

• Tutsis recapture capital– w/ help from the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)

• Death toll equaled 10% of the population– 90% of victims were Tutsi– 10% were moderate Hutus

• 2 million Hutu refugees flee in fear• Rwanda’s leader at the time, Jean Kambanda

(Hutu), put on trial• Given life in prison

Reflection• Why do you think this

event started?• Was Rwanda a

genocide? Explain.• What should the United

Nations have done? Explain.

• What should the US have done? Explain.

• Heroes and Bystanders– www.pbs.org/wgbh/page

s/frontline/shows/ghosts/video

Sudan’s Darfur Crisis

Sudan Crisis

• Janjaweed– Arab Muslim militia– Supported b/t gov’t

• Black Africans Muslims– Victims of the Janjaweed

• Beginnings: – Black Africans wanted political power and economic

equality– Janjaweed used to expel and

combat Darfurians

www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/jan-june04/refugees_05-13.html

Refugee Camps-Majority fled to neighboring Chad-1million - 2.5 million total-Problems: food, water, unsanitary

What are some similarities and differences between Rwanda and

Sudan?