M12AC00016 Submerged Paleolandscapes DelivF Field Report FINAL reports/BOEM_2018-056.pdf ·...

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DISCLAIMER

StudycollaborationandfundingwereprovidedbytheUSDepartmentoftheInterior,BureauofOceanEnergyManagement,EnvironmentalStudiesProgram,Washington,DC,underAgreementNumberM12AC00016betweenBOEMandtheUniversityofRhodeIsland.ThisreporthasbeentechnicallyreviewedbyBOEMandithasbeenapprovedforpublication.TheviewsandconclusionscontainedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthorsandshouldnotbeinterpretedasrepresentingtheopinionsorpoliciesoftheUSGovernment,nordoesmentionoftradenamesorcommercialproductsconstituteendorsementorrecommendationforuse.

REPORT AVAILABILITY

TodownloadaPDFfileofthisreport,gototheUSDepartmentoftheInterior,BureauofOceanEnergyManagementDataandInformationSystemswebpage(http://www.boem.gov/Environmental‐Studies‐EnvData/),clickonthelinkfortheEnvironmentalStudiesProgramInformationSystem(ESPIS),andsearchon2018‐056.ThereportisalsoavailableattheNationalTechnicalReportsLibraryathttps://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/.

CITATION

CaccioppoliB,RobinsonD,KingJ,andGibsonC.2017.DevelopingprotocolsforreconstructingsubmergedpaleoculturallandscapesandidentifyingancientNativeAmericanarchaeologicalsitesinsubmergedenvironments:fieldreport2013–2016.Sterling(VA):U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,BureauofOceanEnergyManagement,OfficeofRenewableEnergyPrograms.OCSStudyBOEM2018‐056.61p.

ABOUT THE COVER

Coverphotographs(Leftimage:JohnKingandBrianCaccioppolicoringonGortonPond,Warwick,RhodeIsland,photographbyCaseyHearn;Rightimage:ChaliMachadoexaminingsubmergedwoodoffWestBeach,BlockIsland,RhodeIsland,photographbyDavidRobinson).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thefieldworkforthisprojectrequiredalargeinterdisciplinary,multi‐culturalteamwithawiderangeofknowledgeandtechnicalskills.Thefollowingorganizationsandindividualsparticipatedinthefieldwork:

AECom(FormerlyURSCorporation):Jean(J.B.)Pelletier

AroostookBandofMicmacs:RickandTammyGetchell

BureauofOceanEnergyManagement:BrandiCarrier;MelanieDamour;WilliamHoffman;DouglasJones;andBrianJordan

CoastalMappingLaboratory,GraduateSchoolofOceanography,UniversityofRhodeIslandstaff,students,associates,andvolunteers:MoniqueLaFrance‐Bartley;DanielleCares;MichaelDalton;SeanDavis;SierraDavis;JorgenDencker;CarolGibson;CaseyHearn;CliffordHeil;MitchellKennedy;JohnKing;TaylorLosure;ChaliMachado;NormanMachado;CameronMorissette;BryanOakley;RobertPockalny;NeilRedmond;DavidRobinson;MichaelRobinson;NoahRobinson;andSeanScannell

CREnvironmental,Inc.:ChristopherWright

InnerSpaceCenter,GraduateSchoolofOceanography,UniversityofRhodeIslandstaff:AlexDeCiccio;DwightColeman;GailSnowcroft;andAndreaGringas

Mashantucket‐PequotTribalHistoricPreservationOffice:NakaiClearwaterNorthup

MoheganTribalHistoricPreservationOffice:ElaineThomas

NarragansettIndianTribalHistoricPreservationOffice:JohnBrown,IV;MaxBrown‐Garcia;DougHarris;MuckquashimHopkins;ChaliMachado;NormanMachado;andKiowaSpears

NipmucNation:CherylStedtler

ShinnecockIndianNation:ArrowJohnsonandRoddySmith

2015and2016captainsandcrewsoftheUniversityofRhodeIsland’sR/VEndeavor

Specialthankstotheindividualswhoprovidedassistanceandlogisticalsupportduringprojectfieldwork:AlbertaandMichaelBaccari;VincentCarlone(BlockIslandPoliceDepartment);BarbaraandRaymondChace(PonaugMarina);JohnandRobinCooney;AndrewGallonio;MaryellenHall;AnyaHansen(URI);JosephHoulihan(BlockIslandFerry);ThomasJacques;JosephMangiafico(URI);KevinMcBride(UConn);CliffordPayne(Payne’sDock);DavidandLeannPickering;andChristopherandGretchenWillis.

i

Contents

1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1

2 2013 .......................................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach: Gradiometric Survey ................................................ 4

2.1.1 Justification and Goals .................................................................................................. 4

2.1.2 Field Operations and Data Quality ............................................................................... 5

2.1.3 Assessment of Field Operations and Data Acquisition Procedures ............................. 7

2.2 Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach: Visual Sediment Probing .......................................... 7

2.2.1 Justification and Goals .................................................................................................. 7

2.2.2 Field Operations and Data Quality ............................................................................... 8

2.2.3 Assessment of Field Operations and Data Acquisition Procedures ........................... 10

2.3 Gorton Pond: Sediment Coring ......................................................................................... 11

2.3.1 Justification and Goals ................................................................................................ 11

2.3.2 Field Operations and Data Quality ............................................................................. 12

2.3.3 Assessment of Field Operations and Achievement of Objectives .............................. 14

2.4 Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach: Underwater Archaeological Investigations ............ 15

2.4.1 Excavation of Underwater Dredge Test Unit S2, June 2014 ....................................... 15

2.4.2 Completion of the Excavation of Underwater Dredge Test Unit S2, July 2014 .......... 17

2.4.3 Underwater Excavation of B17 DTU, October 2014 ................................................... 19

2.5 Greenwich Bay: Vibracoring Offshore of Cedar Tree Beach ............................................. 20

2.5.1 Vibracore Equipment Testing ..................................................................................... 20

2.5.2 Additional Vibracoring in the Cedar Tree Beach Area ................................................ 22

3 2015 ........................................................................................................................................ 25

3.1 Gorton Pond: Coring ......................................................................................................... 25



ii


3.2 Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach: Vibracoring ............................................................. 28




3.3 Block Island: Reconnaissance Excursions (May, June) ...................................................... 31


3.3.2 Project Personnel (Table 25) ....................................................................................... 31



3.4 Block Island – Wash Pond: Coring .................................................................................... 34




3.5 Block Island – West Beach: Geoarchaeological Investigation .......................................... 37




3.6 Greenwich Bay: Geophysical Investigation ....................................................................... 39




3.7 Mud Hole: EN565 Vibracores (August) ............................................................................. 41


3.7.2 Survey Procedures and Data Quality .......................................................................... 41


iii

4 2016 ........................................................................................................................................ 44

4.1 Block Island – West Beach: Archaeological Investigation ................................................ 44




4.2 EN580—Capacity‐Building Cruise ..................................................................................... 45



4.2.3 Use of Telepresence Technology ................................................................................ 48

4.2.4 Assessment of Field Operations, Data Acquisition Procedures, and Telepresence Technology .............................................................................................................................. 49

4.2.5 Assessment of Participant Experience ........................................................................ 49

4.3 Block Island – West Beach: Coring and Geophysical Surveys ........................................... 50




4.4 Block Island – Great Salt Pond: Coring and Geophysical Survey ...................................... 53




5 Field Methodology Summary and Recommendations ........................................................... 57

5.1 Geological and Geophysical Data Acquisition .................................................................. 57

5.1.1 Sediment Coring ......................................................................................................... 57

5.1.2 Seismic Reflection (Sub‐bottom) Profiling .................................................................. 58

5.1.3 Side‐Scan Sonar and Swath Bathymetry ..................................................................... 58

5.2 Archaeological Data Acquisition ....................................................................................... 59

5.3 Real‐Time Geospatial Mapping Support ........................................................................... 60

iv

6 References .............................................................................................................................. 61

v

List of Figures

Figure 1. Project study area locations ............................................................................................ 2

Figure 2. Gorton Pond and Cedar Tree Point/Beach, in the Greenwich Bay area ......................... 3

Figure 3. Area covered by gradiometric survey at Greenwich Bay’s Cedar Tree Beach, Warwick, Rhode Island (water level shown at high tide) ............................................................................... 6

Figure 4. Systematic visual sediment probing .............................................................................. 10

Figure 5. Location of sediment cores (GP13BC1 and GP13LC2) obtained in Gorton Pond, Warwick, Rhode Island ................................................................................................................. 12

Figure 6. Location of sediment cores obtained near Cedar Tree Beach, Warwick, Rhode Island in June (CTB VC‐14) and December (CTB VC‐17, Apponaug Cove B1 2014) .................................... 22

Figure 7. Location of sediment cores (GP 15‐1, GP 15‐2, and GP 15‐3) obtained in Gorton Pond, Warwick, Rhode Island ................................................................................................................. 26

Figure 8. Location of cores obtained at Cedar Tree Beach and nearby Apponaug Cove ............. 30

Figure 9. Locations of geoarchaeological investigations at West Beach, Block Island. ................ 32

Figure 10. Location of sediment cores obtained at Wash Pond, Block Island, Rhode Island ....... 35

Figure 11. Location of sub‐bottom sonar survey tracklines (orange lines) in Greenwich Bay, Rhode Island.................................................................................................................................. 40

Figure 12. Location of vibracores (yellow dots) obtained at "The Mud Hole" on the Rhode Island continental shelf ........................................................................................................................... 43

Figure 13. Location of sub‐bottom sonar survey trackline (white line) and vibracores (yellow dots) south of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island ............................................................................ 48

Figure 14. Location of sub‐bottom sonar survey tracklines (white lines) in the West Beach area of Block Island, Rhode Island. ....................................................................................................... 52

Figure 15. Location of sub‐bottom sonar survey tracklines (white lines) and sediment cores in Great Salt Pond, Block Island, Rhode Island ................................................................................. 55

vi

List of Tables

Table 1. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach gradiometric survey ............. 5

Table 2. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach visual sediment probing (2013) .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Table 3. Survey vessel and instrumentation ................................................................................... 8

Table 4. Project personnel for Gorton Pond sediment coring (2013) .......................................... 13

Table 5. Survey vessel and instrumentation ................................................................................. 13

Table 6. Recovered cores/core sections ....................................................................................... 14

Table 7. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach underwater dredge text unit 52 (June 2014) ............................................................................................................................... 16

Table 8. Survey vessel and instrumentation ................................................................................. 16

Table 9. Project personnel for underwater dredge text unit 52 (July 2014) ................................ 17

Table 10. Survey vessel and instrumentation ............................................................................... 18

Table 11. Project personnel for underwater excavation of B17 DTU (October 2014) ................. 19


Table 13. Project personnel for vibracoring offshore of Cedar Tree Beach (2014) ...................... 20


Table 15. Core characteristics. ..................................................................................................... 21

Table 16. Project personnel for additional vibracoring in the Cedar Tree Beach area (2014) ..... 23


Table 18. Sediment recovered at coring location ......................................................................... 24

Table 19. Project personnel for Gorton Pond coring (2015) ........................................................ 27


Table 21. Characteristics of recovered cores ................................................................................ 27

Table 22. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Branch vibracoring (2015) ........... 28



vii

Table 25. Project personnel for Block Island reconnaissance excursions (2015) ......................... 33

Table 26. Project personnel for Block Island – Wash Pond coring (2015) .................................... 36



Table 29. Project personnel for the Block Island – West Branch geoarchaeological investigation (2015) ............................................................................................................................................ 38

Table 30. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay geophysical investigation (2015) ...................... 39


Table 32. Project personnel for EN565 vibracores (2015) ............................................................ 41


Table 34. Project personnel for Block Island – West Beach archaeological investigation (2016) 44

Table 35. Project personnel for the EN580 cruise. ....................................................................... 46

Table 36. Survey vessel and instrumentation. .............................................................................. 47

Table 37. Project personnel for Block Island – West Beach coring and geophysical surveys (2016)....................................................................................................................................................... 51


Table 39. Project personnel for the Block Island – Great Salt Pond coring and geophysical survey (2016) ............................................................................................................................................ 54


viii

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AMI Area of Mutual Interest

AMS accelerator mass spectrometry

BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

CHIRP compressed high intensity radiated pulse

cm centimeter

CRMC Coastal Resource Management Council

DOI Department of the Interior

DTU dredge test units

ESPIS Environmental Studies Program Information System

ft foot

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

in inch

lb pound

m meter

mm millimeter

NITHPO Narragansett Indian Tribal Historic Preservation Office

nT nanoTesla

OCS Outer Continental Shelf

RIHPHC Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission

s second

USACE US Army Corps of Engineers

VSP visual sediment probe

1

1 Introduction

Projectfieldworkconductedbetween2013and2016consistedofgeophysical/remotesensing,geotechnicalsedimentsampling,andgeoarchaeologicalinvestigationsperformedatinteriorandoffshoreareasinRhodeIslandStatewatersandontheOuterContinentalShelf(OCS)offshoreRhodeIsland.Figure1illustratesthelocationofthefourareastargetedascasestudiesfortheproject.Theoverallgoalsofthesegeologicalandgeoarchaeologicalinvestigationswereto:

Assesstheextenttowhichrelictpaleolandsapessurvivedpost‐glacialsealevelriseinthestudyareasandwhetherornottheycontainedpaleoculturaldeposits

Understandthegeologicprocessesassociatedwithpaleoculturallandscapepreservation

Identifyenvironmentalproxiesassociatedwithpreservedpaleoculturallandscapesthatcouldbeusedtodeveloppredictivemodelsregardingthearchaeologicalsensitivityoftheseafloor

Testtheefficacyofexistingandnewsurveyequipmentandmethodsforidentifyingandcharacterizingpaleoculturallandscapes

Thepurposeofthisdocumentistosummarizethefieldoperationsateachstudyarea,andtoprovideanassessmentofthefieldmethodologyanddataacquisitionproceduresateachlocation.Thediscussionthatfollowsisorganizedchronologicallybyyear,withdetailsdescribingeachfieldeffortpresentedaccordingtostudyarealocation.

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2.1 Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach: Gradiometric Survey

2.1.1 Justification and Goals

CedarTreeBeachformsthenorthwesternshorelineofGreenwichBay,amajorsub‐embaymentthatdrainsintothelargerNarragansettBayestuarysystem.Hundredsofpre‐contactperiodstoneartifactshavebeenfoundbylocalresidentsintheexposedswashzoneofCedarTreeBeach.Theseartifactsdonotexhibitsignificantmarinegrowthorwater‐wear,suggestingthattheyoriginatefromanearbypaleoculturallandscape.Possiblesourcesarearchaeologicaldepositsformerlysituatedinanancientlow‐reliefuplandnowbeingerodedbythenorthwardlymigratingbeachorinapartiallyerodedandburiedsubmergedpaleoculturallandscapeimmediatelyoffshoreofthebeach.ThepresenceofaburiedandsubmergedpaleoculturallandscapewassuggestedbydetailedCHIRP(compressedhighintensityradiatedpulse)sub‐bottomsonarsurveydataacquiredpreviouslybyURI‐GSO.Thedatadepictedanacousticreflectorconsistentwithamarinebenchorflatextendingabout100to150moffofCedarTreeBeachouttothemarginofaburiedpaleochannelnearthecurrentmodernchannelgoingacrossGreenwichBayandintoApponaugCove.Thisfeature,combinedwiththelargenumberofartifactspreviouslyfoundandtheprotectedenvironmentwithinGreenwichBay,presentedauniqueopportunityforconductingsystematic,multi‐phasedgeoarchaeologicalfieldinvestigationsandfieldtraining.TheprimarygoalsofthefieldworkatCedarTreeBeachwereto:

Testthehypothesesthat:a)anelementofthepaleolandscapeispreservedsubmergedandburiedoffofCedarTreeBeach;andb)thatthispaleolandscapemayhavebeenutilizedbypre‐contactperiodinhabitantsand,therefore,couldbeasourceofsomeofthepre‐contactperiodstoneartifactsappearinginCedarTreeBeach’sswashzone

Testandevaluatethecombinationofclose‐interval(i.e.,1mtracklinespacing)gradiometricsurvey,visualsedimentprobing,andexcavationof1x1munderwaterdredgetestunits(DTUs)foridentifyingsubmergedpaleoculturallandscapes

EducateTribalresearchpartnersintheapplicationanduseofgeophysicalsurveyequipmentandnon‐disturbancemarineremotesensingsurveymethods.

FieldworktookintoaccountcommentsandrecommendationsthatwerevoicedbyTribalparticipantsduringtheproject’sinitialworkshopinMarchof2013.Assuch,theworkprogressedinphasesinvolvingtheleast‐to‐mostinvasiveinvestigationtechniqueswithanoverallgoalofminimizingthedisturbancetotheseafloorasmuchaspossibleduringtheperformanceofallphasesofthefieldinvestigations.

Thefirstphaseinvolvedperformanceofaclose‐interval(1‐mspacedsurveytransects)gradiometricsurveyoverasingle50x200mstudyarea,thenorthernedgeofwhichwascenteredontheareawherethegreatestconcentrationofartifactswasfoundbyRobinCooney,long‐timeresidentofthelocalcommunity.Similargradiometricsurveysperformedinterrestrialcontextsonshorehaveproveneffectiveatidentifyingburiedculturalsites,particularlystone‐oven,firepit,andkilnfeatures,wheresubtle,localizedchangesintheearth’smagneticfieldaredetectabletogradiometers.Thetwomaingoalsofthisparticularphaseofsurveywereto:

Acquirehigh‐resolutionmagneticdatawithinthestudyareathatcouldbeprocessedandcontouredtorevealsubtle,low‐amplitude,anomalousdeflections(possiblyassociatedwithculturalfeatures)intheearth’sambientmagneticfield.Oncelocated,thesemagneticanomaliescouldthenbetargetedforfocused,phasedmarinegeoarchaeological

5

investigationconsistingofvisualground‐truthingandimagingusingavisualsedimentprobe(VSP),and,ifwarranted,evaluatedfurtherthroughtheexcavationof1x1munderwaterDTUs.

IntroduceandfamiliarizeTribalresearchpartnersinthemethodsofnon‐disturbancemarineremotesensinggeoarchaeologicalsurveythroughactiveinvolvementinthefieldsurveyanddataacquisitionprocesses

2.1.2 Field Operations and Data Quality

Thegradiometricsurveywasconductedoverafour‐dayperiodbetweenMarch23andMarch26,2013intheareaillustratedinFigure3.Table1providesasummaryofpersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort.Nosurveyvesselwasutilized.InstrumentationincludedatotalfieldintensityGeometricsG‐858magnetometeroperatedingradiometermode(i.e.,withtwofixedmagnetometersensorsorientedverticallyonaboomandspacedabout1‐mapart).

Table 1. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach gradiometric survey

Accesstothesurveyareawasfromshoreviaapublicright‐of‐wayextendingacrossJohnGallonioandMaryellenHall’sbeach‐frontproperty.Performanceofthesurveyinvolvedwalkingacrosstheexposedintertidalandsubmergedshallowsub‐tidalportionsofthenearshoremudflatoffofCedarTreeBeach.Priortoinitiatingthesurveyofeachline,theend‐pointsofplannedsurveytracklineswereacquiredusingahandheldGarminGPSandmarkedwithflaggedsticks,sothatthesurveyorcouldusethesticksforvisualreferencingwhilewalkingandcollectingdataalongthetransects.Adigitalleft‐rightindicatoronthegradiometerunitthattrackedcourseheadingalongtransectsprovidedadditionalguidancetothesurveyorduringdataacquisition.The1‐mintervaloftheplannedsurveytracklinesoptimizedthedensityofcoverageofthestudyareaandincreasedthegradiometer’scapacitytodetectsmallfeatures,suchasmightbecausedbyindividualhearths.Gradiometersensitivitywassetat0.01nanoTesla(nT)orless,withdatasamplingsetto0.1s.Thesesettingsyieldedapproximatelyonereadingper5cmover‐groundatnormalwalking/wadingspeedsof1.5m/s.Eachmagnetometerwasfixedforgradiometricoperationandwasmaintainedatheightsof1and2mabovetheharborfloor’ssurface.Positioningalongsurveyedlineswasrecordedinrealtimewiththedatafromeachmagnetometersensor.Thequalityoftheacquireddatawasdeterminedtobeacceptablerelativetotherequirementsofthesurvey,withminormagneticnoisetypicaloftheGeometrics858systemnotedduringdataprocessing.Noneoftheobservedmagneticnoisewassignificantenoughtoobscuremagneticfeaturesthatwereobservableinthetotalfielddataorinthefiltereddatathatwaspost‐processedandplotted.

Name Affiliation Survey Planning

Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation

David Robinson URI‐GSO X X X X

Carol Gibson URI‐GSO X ‐ ‐ X

Doug Harris NITHPO X X ‐ ‐

Jean Pelletier AE Com (URS) X X ‐ X

Christopher Wright CRE X ‐ X X

Chali Machado NITHPO ‐ X ‐ ‐

John Brown, IV NITHPO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Muckquashim Hopkins NITHPO ‐ X ‐ ‐

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7

2.1.3 Assessment of Field Operations and Data Acquisition Procedures

Fieldsurveywascompletedsuccessfullywithinthe50x200mstudyarea.Adequatecoverageoftheoverallstudyareawasattained,andthegoalsofthisinitialphaseoftheCedarTreeBeachinvestigationwereachieved.ThreedifferentTribalrepresentativesfromNITHPO(DougHarris,MuckquashimHopkins,andChaliMachado)allgainednewknowledgeandexperienceingradiometricsurveymethods.Acquireddataweredetermineduponexaminationtobeofacceptablequalityfornearlyallofthesurveyareawiththeexceptionofanarrowsectionatitssouthernedge,wheredata(thatwascollectedalongseveraltransectsaftermoisturecompromisedoneofthedatacablesduringsurvey)appearedtobemutedinitsrangeofrecordedvaluesascomparedtotherestoftherecordeddata.

2.2 Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach: Visual Sediment Probing


ThegradiometricsurveyperformedastheinitialphaseoffieldworkintheCedarTreeBeachstudyareaidentifiednumerousmagneticanomalies.Someoftheseanomalieswereclearlyassociatedwithvisiblemodern,post‐contactperiodferrousmetalculturaldebrisandstructures(e.g.,automobilepartsandotherdebris,aswellasthesteelfastenersinthewoodengroinsextendingintothewaterfromthebeach),whileotherswereofthedetectablesize(i.e.,approximately0.5to3minduration)andintensity(i.e.,15to30nT)thatweresuggestiveofrepresentingpossiblehearthorhearth‐likepaleoculturalfeatures,asindicatedinreviewedliteratureonthesubject(JonesandMunson2005;Hamilton,etal.2000).ThissecondphaseofthegeoarchaeologicalfieldinvestigationsperformedintheCedarTreeBeachstudyareainvolvedtheselectivevisualinspectionofsub‐surfacesedimentsatthelocationsofall10ofthemagneticanomaliesidentifiedaspotentialhearthorhearth‐likeculturalfeatures,basedonthevisualexaminationofcolor‐contourplotsofthepost‐processedmagneticdatadepictingmagneticfieldstrengthandchangesinthegradeorslopebetweendata,aswellasthesystematicvisualexaminationanddocumentationofthenatureofburiedsediments,particularlythemarinebenchorflat,at33locationsdistributedona20‐mgridacrosstheentirestudyarea.Thisvisualinspectionofthesub‐surfacesedimentswasachievedusingauniqueandminimallyinvasivetechnologicalapproachtermed“visualsedimentprobing.”Visualinvestigationofthestudyarea’ssedimentswasjustifiedbasedon:a)theresultsofthegradiometricsurvey;b)thepresenceofthesubmergedandburiedmarinebenchorflatseeninthepre‐existingsub‐bottomprofilerdata;andc)thepresenceofhundredsofpre‐contactperiodartifactsthatwerefoundatCedarTreeBeach.Theprincipalgoalsofthevisualsedimentprobingphaseoffieldworkwereto:

Determinethesourceofthemagneticanomaliesidentifiedduringthegradiometricsurvey

Determinewhetherornotthemarinebenchorflathadbeenpreviouslyasubaeriallyexposedpaleoculturallandscapewithinherentarchaeologicalsensitivity

Determinewhetherornotexcavationof1x1msub‐surfaceunderwaterarchaeologicalDTUswaswarranted,and,ifso,where

IntroduceandprovideexperiencetoTribalresearchpartnersinworkingwithminimallyinvasive,sub‐surfacevisualsedimentprobingtechnologiesandfieldmethods,datapost‐processing,anddatainterpretation

8


BetweenSeptember24andSeptember27,2013,acombinedteamofURI‐GSOandNITHPOfieldpersonnelcompletedasystematicvisualexaminationofsub‐surfacesedimentsacrosstheCedarTreeBeachstudyareausingVSPtechnology.Table2providesasummaryofpersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort,andTable3summarizestheinstrumentationused.

Table 2. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach visual sediment probing (2013)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Clifford Heil URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Monique LaFrance‐Bartley URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Danielle Cares URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Cameron Morissette URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Chali Machado NITHPO ‐ X X ‐

John Brown, IV NITHPO ‐ X X ‐

Norman Machado NITHPO ‐ X X ‐

Table 3. Survey vessel and instrumentation

TheVSPwasusedtoexploresystematicallyaseriesof33probe‐pointsdistributedevenlyacrossthestudyareaonthe20‐mnodesofa10‐mgrid(Figure4).Anadditional10selectiveprobe‐pointscenteredonmagneticanomalylocationsidentifiedduringtheprecedinggradiometricsurveyphaseofthestudyalsowereexaminedusingtheVSP(Figure4).

OneachdayoftheVSPsurvey,theURI‐GSOpontoonboattransitedwiththefieldteamandequipmentfromPonaugMarinainApponaugCoveouttotheCedarTreeBeachstudyareaandanchored.ThevariouselementsoftheVSPsystemwerethenassembled,testedanddeployedintothewaterforoperationbytwofieldpersonnel(co‐projectinvestigatorRobinsonandoneoftheNITHPOfieldspecialists).Priortobeginningtheinvestigationofeachprobe‐point,anerasablewhiteboardwiththeprobe‐point’sidentificationinformationandthedatewasvideo‐recordedusingtheprobe’scamera.DoingsoprovidedaconvenientvisualindexfortheVSPvideofootage.Thetwoin‐waterfieldpersonnelthenwadedawayfromthepontoonboatouttotheprobelocation

Equipment Function Description

URI‐GSO Pontoon Boat Survey vessel 9‐m long custom surveying/coring barge

VSP System

Buried sediments imaging (in plan view); ground‐truthing of magnetic anomalies

5‐m long, 5‐cm OD PVC pipe with smaller internal PVC pipe fitted with a color, digital, self‐lit “snake‐cam” at its lower end. Camera is connected to a vessel‐based recording monitor via a video‐signal cable for real‐time monitoring by topside personnel and recording of video data; optimized for use by personnel wading in shallow water and imaging to a maximum depth of 3 m below the seafloor

Garmin GPS Map 76 Portable GPS

Navigational position Positional accuracy approximately + 2 m at the study area

9

usingthehandheldGPStoguidethemtotheprobe‐point.Onceaprobe‐pointlocationwasoccupiedandapositionfixconfirmed,thein‐waterandtopsideprojectpersonnelcoordinatedverballyandvideo‐documentationbegan.TheVSPwasorientedinaverticalposition.Surfacesedimentsontheseafloorwerevideo‐documentedfirstwiththeprobeheldashortdistanceoffofthebottom.Oncethesurfacesedimentsweredocumented,thein‐waterteamindicatedtothetopsidepersonneltothrottle‐upthewater‐pumpdeliveringflowtothelowerendoftheVSPtoenableittoworkitswaydownintothesediments.ThelowerendoftheVSPwasthenbroughtintocontactwiththeseafloorandadvanceddownwardintothesedimentsat0.5‐mincrements.Aseachdepthlevelwasreached,thedownwardadvancementoftheVSPwaspausedlongenoughtoallowthewaterflowingtoitsvideo‐camera‐equippedlowerendtoclear,sothatsedimentscouldbeobservedanddescribedinfieldnotesbytopsidepersonalwatchingthemonitorandvideo‐documentedbytheVSP’srecordingcamera.ProbingdepthswiththeVSPdidnotexceed2.75mbelowtheseafloor.Mostprobedepthsrangedfrom2.25to2.5mbelowthesurface.Thisdepthrange(i.e.,ca.2m)wastargetedastherealisticmaximumdepthlimitforsafelyexcavatingunderwatera1x1mdredgetestunitintheeventthatadditionalsub‐surfacearchaeologicaltestingwaswarrantedbytheVSPsurvey’sresults.TheVSP’sprobedepthbelowtheseafloorwasascertainedandcontrolledbythein‐waterpersonnelduringtheVSP’soperationusingthemeasuredscalepaintedontheoutsideoftheVSPfortrackingandcontrol.Probingoperationswerecoordinatedbetweenthein‐waterpersonneloperatingtheVSPandthetopsidepersonnelviewingtheprobe’scolor‐digitalmonitorandrecordingtheVSP’svideofootageandfieldnotes.Fieldnotesrecordedbytopsidepersonneldocumentedeachprobe‐point’sidentification,thevideo‐clock’sstartandendtimesfortheoverallprobedocumentation(aswellasforeachvideo‐documentedlevel),andpreliminaryobservationsaboutwhatwasseeninthemonitor.Thisprocesswasrepeatedforallofthesystematicandselectiveprobe‐pointsdistributedacrossthestudyarea.

Figure 4.Probing wagrid intervlabeled S1,orthophot

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11

Cavitation‐induced,excessivebubblingofthewaterpumpedtothelowerendoftheVSP,whichinitiallyinterferedwithitsvideocamera’simagingcapability,waseliminatedbyanin‐fieldmodificationthatwasconceivedofandappliedbyNITHPO’sNormanMachadotothewater‐supplyhoseattachedtotheVSP’souterPVCpipe.

TheVSP’simagingsystemperformedefficientlyasaminimallyinvasive,expedient,first‐passapproachtoimagingsedimentsinthestudyarea.TheVSPprovidesaviewandinformationaboutthesedimentsthatiscompletelydifferentfromthatwhichisobtainedusingcoringtechnologies.TheVSPprovidedaplanviewofthesedimentsandtheirvariousstrata,whichenabledthephysicalcharacteristicsofthesedimentstobeobserveddynamicallyasflowoftheVSP’swatererodedthemandallowedfortheidentificationandimagingofthesurfacesofformerlysubaerial,desiccated,anddessication‐crackedsedimentstrata(i.e.,archaeologicallysensitive,submergedpaleo‐landsurfaces),neitherofwhichisattainablefromobservingsplitcoresamples.Allbuttwoofthesystematicprobe‐pointstargetedforinvestigationusingtheVSP,oneofwhichwasatagroinlocationandtheotherofwhichwaslocatedonshore,wereexplored.Thus,atotalof41VSPpointswasexploredduringthisphaseoftheCedarTreeBeachgeoarchaeologicalinvestigation.

2.3 Gorton Pond: Sediment Coring


GortonPondisafreshwaterglacialkettlelakethatdrainsintoApponaugCoveinthenorthwesternportionofGreenwichBay(Figure5).Itislocatedapproximately2.4kmfromtheCedarTreeBeachstudyarea.SedimentcorescollectedatGortonPondpriortheinitiationofthisprojectprovidedapreliminaryagemodelandpaleoenvironmentalrecordofthisarea(Morissette2014).ThepurposeofthefieldeffortatGortonPondwastoobtainadditionallongercoresthatwouldbeanalyzedforavarietyofproxiesinordertoassistinthecreationofamoredetailedpaleoenvironmentalreconstructionoftheGreenwichBayarea.Twocoringsystemswereemployedtorecoverthemostcompletesedimentaryrecord:biological‐typecoring,whichexcelsatpreservingthesediment‐waterinterface,andLivingston‐typecoring,whichallowsfortherecoveryoflong,continuoussedimentcoresthroughmultipledrivesinthesamecasedhole.

Figure 5.WarwickBasemap o

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13

Table4providesasummaryofpersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort,andTable5summarizestheinstrumentationused.Personnelforsmallvessel/inshorecoringoperationswerechosenbasedonavailabilityandexperience.

Table 4. Project personnel for Gorton Pond sediment coring (2013)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation

John King URI‐GSO X X X X

Chip Heil URI‐GSO X X ‐ ‐

Cameron Morissette URI‐GSO X X X X

Brian Caccioppoli URI‐GSO X X X X



URI‐GSO pontoon boat Survey vessel 28' custom surveying/coring barge with modified A‐frame, moon pool, and 5,000 lb capacity winch

Livingston‐type coring system

Sediment coring Optimized for use in lakes containing up to 25 m of post‐glacial sediment; obtains continuous 1–1.5 m core sections through a cased hole

Biological‐type coring system

Sediment coring <2 m coring capacity; 2.4 m polycarbonate liner; optimized for use in flocculent or loosely compacted sediments


Navigational position Positional accuracy approximately + 9 ft at the study area

CoringatGortonPondwascenteredinthedeepestpartofpondinwaterdepthofapproximately13m(Figure5).Becausehigh‐resolutionbathymetricdatawasnotavailableforGortonPond,thelatitude/longitudeofthetargeted"deephole"wasobtainedpriortothefieldexpeditionbyusingArcGISsoftwaretodigitizeandgeoregisterapaperbathymetricmapavailablethroughtheRhodeIslandDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement(RIDEM,2013),whichrepresentedthebestavailabledataforthearea.

ThesurveyvesselwastraileredfromURI‐GSOtoaneasilyaccessiblelocationatGortonPondandlaunchedsuccessfully,andthecoringteammotoredtothestudylocation.AhandheldGarminGPSunitwasusedtonavigatetothetargetlocation.Oncethevesselwasonstation,itwasanchoredusingtwoDanforthanchorscleatedtothebowandazincweightcleatedtothestern,afterwhichcoringoperationscommenced.

Thegoalofthecoringeffortwastomaximizethelengthoftherecoveredsedimentrecordwhileinsuringthatthesediment‐waterinterfaceandtheupperpartofthesedimentrecordwasrecoveredintact;therefore,thetwocoresweretakenatthesamelocation.A"biological‐type"coringsystemwasdeployedfirsttorecoverthesediment/waterinterfaceanduppersedimentsectionwithminimaldisturbance.Thissystemconsistsofa2.4mpolycarbonatecoreliner,squarethreadedpushrods,andaninternalpistondeployedthroughthevessel’s“moonpool”(asquarehatchinthemiddleofthevessel’sdeck).Biologicalcoringisinitiatedbysettingtheinternalpistonintoitsstartingpositionandloweringthecorebarreltotheseafloor.Thesedimentcoreiscollectedbyasingledriveofcorebarreluntilrefusalismet.Coringoperationsproceededsmoothly,andcore"GP13BC1,"representing0–115cmofthesedimentsection,wassuccessfullyrecovered.Inorderto

14

ensurethatthesediment/waterinterfaceandinternalstratigraphyofthecorewerepreserved,thecorewasfilledwithseawaterandstrappeduprightontheboatandallowedtosettlebeforetheexcesscorelinerwascutdownandthecorewascapped.

Aftertherecoveryofthebiologicalcore,coringoperationsswitchedtotheLivingstonesystem.Livingstonecoringwasimplementedwithsuccessive1‐mcoringdrives,allowingforthecollectionoflong,continuoussedimentcores.ThiswasachievedbyguidingtheLivingstonecorebarrel,piston,anddriverodsthroughsteelcasing,whichsimultaneouslykeepsthecoreholeopen,directseachsuccessivedrivethroughtheoriginalhole,andpreventsthepushrodsfrombendingunderforce.

Forthefirstdrive,thedepthofthewaterminusthelengthofthecorebarreldeterminedthelengthofdriverodsrequired.Aftertherecoveryofthefirstdrive,thesedimentcorewasthenextrudedfromthecorebarrelandpackagedinaliner.Priortotheseconddrive,thestartingdepthofthesedimentcorewasrecorded,andendingdrivedepthwasmarkedonthedriverod.Thecoringprocedurewasthenrepeatedforeachsuccessivedrive.

Table6summarizesthenamesanddepthsofthecores/coresectionsthatwererecoveredandverticallycorrelatedtocreateacompositesedimentsection.

Table 6. Recovered cores/core sections

Core Name Type Sediment Depth (cm)

GP13BC1 Biological 0–115

GP13 LC2D1 Livingston, Drive 1 0–192 (recovered, but lost in field)

GP13 LC2D2 Livingston, Drive 2 192–278





2.3.3 Assessment of Field Operations and Achievement of Objectives

CoringoperationsatGortonPondproceededsmoothly,andboththeBiologicalandLivingstoncoringsystemsperformedasexpected.Subsequentanalysisoftherecoveredcoresindicatedthatanearlycompletepost‐glacialsedimentaryrecordwasrecovered.Paleoenviromentalproxyanalysesfromtherecoveredcoresprovidedthebasisfortheconstructionofaregionalpaleoenvironmentalreferencerecordthefortheentirestudyarea.

Drive1ofGP13LC2displayedpoorpreservationofstratigraphyinthesaturatedsedimentsandwasdeterminedtobeinappropriateforfurtheruse.Becausethebiologicalcorewasonly115cmintotallength,therewasagapinthesedimentrecordtothestartingdepth(192cm)ofGP13LC2Drive2.Duetotimeconstraints,thegapinthesedimentrecordwasaddressedwithanadditionalcoretobeobtainedduringasubsequentfieldeffort.2014

15

2.4 Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach: Underwater Archaeological Investigations

VSPdatarecordedin2013duringthesecondphaseofthegeoarchaeologicalfieldinvestigationoftheCedarTreeBeachstudyareaproducedvisualevidenceofarchaeologicallysensitiveandformerlysubaerialsedimentsandpossibleculturalfeaturesandartifactsatseveraloftheprobedlocations.Theselocationswerehierarchicallyorganizedbasedontheirinformationpotentialanddistributionacrossthestudyarea.TwoareaswiththegreatestinformationpotentiallocatedatoppositeendsofthestudyareawereselectiveVSPprobe‐point“S2”andsystematicVSPprobe‐point“B17”(Figure4).VSPprobe‐pointS2wasselectedbecauseitwasobservedintheVSPvideodatatocontainastratified,oxidized,desiccatedandsunbaked(indicativeofaformerlysubaerialsurface),organic,archaeologicallysensitive,soil‐likedepositburiedapproximately1.3mbelowthesurfaceofthesub‐tidalbayfloor.VSPprobe‐pointB17wasselectedbecauseitwasobservedintheVSPvideodatatocontainwhatappearedtobestratifiedorganicsedimentswithasinglepieceoflithicchippingdebris,aswellaswoodandcharcoal,embeddedinit,atadepthofapproximately1.5mbelowthebayfloor’ssub‐tidalsurface.

Eachofthesetwoareaswerechosentobesubjectedtothefinal,andmostinvasive,ofthethreephasesofmarinegeoarchaeologicalinvestigationthatwereconductedintheCedarTreeBeachstudyarea—theexcavationof1x1munderwaterDTUs.UnderwaterarchaeologicalexcavationwasconductedintheCedarTreeBeachstudyareainthreeseparatefielddeploymentsthattookplaceduringthemonthsofJune,July,andOctoberof2014.

2.4.1 Excavation of Underwater Dredge Test Unit S2, June 2014

2.4.1.1 Justification and Goals

Excavationof1x1munderwaterDTUsis,likeallarchaeologicalexcavation,inherentlydestructive;however,itprovidesalargerphysical“window”throughwhichtoobserve,sample,anddocumentthegeoarchaeologicalrecord.Fromascientificresearchperspective,aslongastheexcavationisconductedproperlyandwell‐documented,theinformationgainedisgenerallythoughttojustifythedestructionoftheexcavatedportionoftheinvestigatedculturalsite.ThisisaperspectivethatisnotwidelysharedbymanyTribalpeople,forwhomtheEarth,andtheirancestralculturalsitesthatareapartofit,haveinherentspiritualitythatisbestleftundisturbedandprotectedfromdestruction.Inordertorespecttheimportanceofthisperspective,theoriginallyplannedunderwaterarchaeologicalexcavationsofsix1x1mDTUswasreducedtotwoDTUs,representinganearly70percentdecreaseintheamountofdisturbancetotheseafloorcausedbythisparticularphaseofthegeoarchaeologicalfieldinvestigationatCedarTreeBeachandacommensuratedecreaseintheinformationlearnedaboutthesite.Thejustificationforexcavatingthesetwolocationswasthattheywouldprovideinformationthatwouldenablethefurtherevaluationoftheextent,nature,andcontentofthepreserved,stratified,andformerlysubaerialsedimentswithinthefullstudyarea,andthatitwouldprovideanopportunityfordeterminingthepresence/absenceofculturaldepositsatthetwosampledlocations(i.e.,selectiveprobe‐pointlocationS2andthesystematicprobe‐pointlocationB17)(Figure4).

16

2.4.1.2 Field Operations and Data Quality

BetweenJune9andJune18,2014,acombinedteamofBOEM,NITHPO,andURI‐GSOfieldpersonnelcommencedtheunderwaterarchaeologicalexcavationofthefirstoftwo1x1mDTUs.Table7providesasummaryofpersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort,andTable8summarizestheinstrumentationused.

Table 7. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach underwater dredge text unit 52 (June 2014)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Doug Harris NITHPO X X ‐ ‐

John Brown, IV URI ‐ X ‐ ‐

Chali Machado URI ‐ X ‐ ‐

Norman Machado URI ‐ X ‐ ‐

Brian Jordan BOEM X X ‐ ‐

Brandi Carrier BOEM ‐ X ‐ ‐

Willie Hoffman BOEM ‐ X ‐ ‐



URI‐GSO Pontoon Boat Dive platform 9‐m long motorized custom barge

Induction Dredge System

Underwater archaeological excavation of submerged sediments in 10 cm levels

Honda water‐pump attached to 8‐cm diameter dredge‐head and exhaust hose fitted with 3‐mm to 6‐mm mesh bags at its end to act as a screen



Oneachdayoftheunderwaterexcavation,theURI‐GSOpontoonboattransitedwiththefieldteam,divingequipment,andunderwaterexcavationequipmentfromthePonaugMarinainApponaugCoveouttotheCedarTreeBeachstudyarea,andtheboatwasanchoredclosetotheexcavationlocation.AllunderwaterexcavationwasaccomplishedbyateamofarchaeologicalscubadiversfromURI‐GSO,NITHPO,andBOEMworkingtogethertoexcavatetheDTUunderwaterbyhand,assistedbyan8cmdiameterinductiondredge.Excavationwasconductedfollowingnaturalstratumchanges,orin10cmlevelswhenindividualstrataexceed10cminthickness.Allexcavatedmaterialswerescreenedthroughoneoftwodifferentsizes(3and6mm)nylonmeshbags.Thesebagswereattachedtotheendofthedredge’sexhausthoseandwerereplacedwithanewbagwitheachchangeinstratumor10cmlevel.Thelarger‐sizedmeshbagwasusedduringtheexcavationofmarinesedimentoverburden,andthesmaller‐sizedmeshbagwasusedwhenculturallysensitivestratadepthsnotedintheVSPdatawereapproached.Eachdredgebag’scontentswereexaminedandsiftedbytopsidepersonnellookingforevidenceofartifactsandecofacts.Recoveredartifactsandecofactswereretained,labeled,bagged(tokeepthemwet),andtheninventoriedwhenbroughtbacktothelaboratoryatURI‐GSOforfinalprocessing,analysis,andcatalogingoftheircontents.

17

2.4.1.2 Assessment of Field Operations and Data Acquisition Procedures

ThepontoonboatwasasuitableplatformforconductingdivingandunderwaterexcavationoperationswithalargefieldteamattheS2DTUsiteandtheunderwaterexcavationequipmentworkedasexpected;however,unfavorabletidesandinclementweatherdayslimitedfieldoperations.Theseunfavorableconditionswereexacerbatedbya)poorunderwatervisibility,whichrangedfrom0to1mandmadeunderwatervideo‐andphoto‐documentationdifficulttoaccomplish;andb)thenon‐cohesivenatureofthefinesiltcomprisingtheuppermostsedimentstrataintheS2DTU,whichcausedtheside‐wallsoftheDTUtoslump‐inovernightandtheperimeteroftheDTUtoexpandintocircleextendingabout0.25mbeyondthelimitsofthesquareDTU.Thecombinationofunfavorableenvironmentalconditionsandtheextratimerequiredtoconductonsitetraininginunderwaterexcavationprocedures,inwhichsomemembersofthefieldteamhadnopreviousexperience,resultedintheexcavationoftheS2DTUproceedingmuchmoreslowlythananticipated,takingatotalof40hoursovertwodifferentfielddeployments.

ThefieldworkconductedduringthisinitialdeploymentmarkedtwosignificantmilestonesinthehistoryofNewEnglandarchaeologyas1)thefirsttimethatTribalscientificdivers/fieldspecialistsperformedarchaeologicalexcavationofDTUsunderwaterand2)thefirsttimeinURIorBOEM’shistorythattheirarchaeologicalstaffhadworkedunderwaterside‐by‐sidewithTribalfieldspecialists.

2.4.2 Completion of the Excavation of Underwater Dredge Test Unit S2, July 2014


ThejustificationandgoalswerethesameasdescribedaboveinSection2.4.1.


FieldoperationsforthisdeploymentwereessentiallythesameasthosedescribedinSections2.4.1withseveralexceptions.UnderwaterexcavationoftheS2DTUwascompletedinJuly2014byareducedfieldteamcomposedoftwoarchaeologicaldiversfromURIandNITHPOandatopsidefieldspecialistfromURI,whostageddivingoperationsfromtheshoreofCedarTreeBeachandemployeda2.5‐msquare,portable,modular‐construction,“dock‐block”raft(termedthe“R/VLego”),fortransportingandoperatingtheunderwaterexcavationequipment.Table9summarizestheprojectpersonnelinvolvedinthefieldeffort,andTable10detailsthesurveyvesselandinstrumentationused.

Table 9. Project personnel for underwater dredge text unit 52 (July 2014)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Norman Machado NITHPO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Michael Robinson URI ‐ X ‐ ‐

18



URI‐GSO R/V Lego Dredging Equipment Platform

2.5‐m square “dock‐block” portable raft equipped with marine archaeological dredging equipment


Underwater archaeological excavation of submerged sediments in 10‐cm levels




AccesstotheCedarTreeBeachstudyareaforthisdeployment,andforthesubsequentOctober2014deployment,wasattainedthroughthesamepublicright‐of‐waytothebeachutilizedduringthegradiometricsurvey,andbycrossingand/oroccupying(withtheowners’permissions)theBacarri,Gallonio,Jacques,andPickeringbeach‐frontproperties.

TheR/VLegocomponents,divinggear,andtheexcavationequipmentweretransportedfromtheURI‐GSOtotheCedarTreeBeachpublicright‐of‐waybytruckandassembledonsite.TheassembledR/VLegowasthenhand‐pulleddowntothewaterbythefieldpersonnel,whereitwasloadedwiththedivingandunderwaterexcavationequipment.TheR/VLegowasthenpushedouttothelocationoftheS2DTUandanchoredapproximately10mawayfromittoallowadequatespacefordeployingthedredge’svarioushoses.ExcavationwasconductedusingthesameequipmentandproceduresasusedduringtheinitialJune2014excavationdeployment.Theonemethodologicaldifferencewasthata1x1mby30cmtallby7mmthickclearplexiglasscofferdam,custom‐madefortheprojectbyMichaelRobinson,wasemployedtopreventtheuppermostsedimentstratumfromslumping‐induringexcavation.Attheendofeachfieldday,theR/VLegowasbroughttoshore,hauledacrossthebeachandtheJacquesproperty,andstoredovernightonthePickeringproperty.InadditiontoallowingthetemporarystorageoftheexcavationplatformontheirpropertyforthedurationoftheJulyandOctoberdeployments,thePickeringsalsogenerouslysharedoff‐roadparkingspaceintheirdrivewayforprojectvehiclesandopenedtheirhometothefieldteamasaplacetochange,shower,andusetherestroom.

Uponcompletionoftheexcavation,theS2DTUwasbackfilledwithplasticbagsofcleanbuilder’ssand.Thelast20cmoftheDTUwerefilledbydumpingthecleanbuilder’ssandintothetopoftheunitsothattheplasticbagswerenotvisibleandthebayfloorwasasclosetoitsnaturalappearanceaspossible.TheplasticbagswereretainedonthebagsofsandusedtofillthelowerpartoftheunittoassistinidentifyingtheexcavatedunitintheeventthatadditionalarchaeologicalexcavationworkiseverundertakenagainintheCedarTreeBeachstudyarea.

Visualobservationsandnote‐taking,aswellasvideo‐andphoto‐documentation,conductedduringtheexcavationoftheS2DTUwerelimitedintheirqualityandextentbytheextremelypoorunderwatervisibilityconditionsthatpersistedinthestudyareaandgenerallyonlyallowedforminimalunderwaternote‐takingandveryshort‐rangeimaging.Despitethischallenge,stratigraphywithintheS2DTUwasvideo‐documentedsuccessfullyusingahandheldGoProHero4(Black)high‐definitionvideocamera.Aplasticfolding‐ruleextendingthefulldepthoftheDTUwasincludedinthevideoasagraphicscale.ThisvideowasreviewedtoascertaintheprecisethicknessesofeachstratumintheoverallstratigraphicsequenceandcorrelatedwithfieldobservationsandnotesaboutthecontentsofthedifferentstratatoproducearecordoftheS2DTU’sstratigraphyandcontents.Asampleofinsituorganicmaterialfromtheformerlysubaerialstratumvisibleintheside‐walloftheexcavationunit,andseveralorganicmacrofossilsthatwereidentifiedandretained

19

duringthetopsidesiftingofthemeshdredgebagwerecollectedforacceleratormassspectrometry(AMS)radiocarbondatingbyBetaAnalytic.


Theadditionoftheplexiglasscofferdamwaseffectiveinhaltingtheslumpingofuppermostsedimentsintheupperstratum.Belowthe30‐cmlevel,sedimentsprogressivelybecamemorecohesive,andadditionalcoffer‐dammingwasnotnecessary;however,maintainingstraightandverticalside‐wallswhileworkinginsidetheDTUwiththedredge‐headprovedimpossibleduetotherelativelygreat(1.52m)excavateddepthoftheDTUthatwasrequiredtoreachthetargetedformerlysubaerialsedimentsthathadbeenobservedintheVSPdatafromthatlocation.

2.4.3 Underwater Excavation of B17 DTU, October 2014


TheoveralljustificationandgoalsforexcavatingattheB17DTUlocationwereessentiallythesameasthosedescribedabovefortheS2DTUinSection3.1.1.Morespecifically,theB17VSPprobe‐pointwasselectedforarchaeologicaltestingbecauseitcontainedwhatappearedtobestratifiedorganicsedimentswithasinglepieceoflithicchippingdebris,aswellaswoodandcharcoal,embeddedinit,whichwereobservedduringtheanalysisoftheVSPvideodatatobeatadepthofapproximately1.5mbelowthebayfloor’ssurface.TheVSPB17DTUlocationwasalsoselected,becauseofitspositionontheoppositesideofthestudyarea,whichprovidedawindowintothepaleoenvironmentalhistoryonthestudyarea’sopposite(eastern)end.


FieldoperationsduringthisthirdandfinalfielddeploymenttoconductunderwaterexcavationintheCedarTreeBeachstudyareawerecompletedoverjustathree‐dayperiod.Table11summarizestheprojectpersonnelinvolvedinthefieldeffort,andTable12detailsthesurveyvesselandinstrumentationused.Fieldactivitieswereperformedinessentiallythesamewayasthose

Table 11. Project personnel for underwater excavation of B17 DTU (October 2014)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Norman Machado URI ‐ X X ‐

Michael Robinson URI ‐ X X ‐

Sean Davis URI ‐ X X ‐



URI‐GSO R/V Lego Dredging Equipment Platform

2.5‐m square “dock‐block” portable raft equipped with marine archaeological dredging equipment


Underwater archaeological excavation of submerged sediments in 10‐cm levels




20

aboveinSection3.1.2forthecompletionoftheS2DTU(i.e.,excavationwascompletedusingtheclearplexiglasscofferdambyareducedfieldcrewusingR/VLego,thesmall,portable,modularexcavationequipmentplatform.PositioningoftheB17DTUlocationforexcavationwasaccomplishedusingthehandheldGPSunit,withtheprecisepositionofthearchaeologicaltestinglocationconfirmedbyrelocatingthesmalldepressionleftinthebottombytheVSPattheB17VSPprobe‐point.


Thecombinationofexperience,alongwiththecolder,clearerwatersofautumn,ledtoimprovedefficiencyinfieldoperations.ExcavationoftheB17DTUdowntoamaximumdepthof1.8mbelowthesurfaceofthebayfloorproceededefficientlyandquicklywithallequipmentworkingasexpected.ExcavationanddocumentationoftheB17DTUrequiredjust9hourstocomplete,therebyrepresentingasignificantimprovementintheoverallamountoftimerequiredtoexcavatea1x1mDTUinsimilarconditions.Uponthecompletionofthedocumentationwork,theB17DTUwasbackfilledwithcleanbuilder’ssandinthesamemannerastheS2DTUwasbackfilled.

2.5 Greenwich Bay: Vibracoring Offshore of Cedar Tree Beach

2.5.1 Vibracore Equipment Testing


Vibracoringisausefulcoringmethodology,particularlyinsandyenvironmentswhereothertraditionalcoringmethodsbecomedifficult.Withseveralcoringoperationsbeingplannedinbothnearshoreandoffshoreenvironments,atestofourvibracoringequipmentwasperformedtohelpdeterminethemostsuitablesetup.


FieldworkatGreenwichBaybeganonJune26,2014.Table13summarizestheprojectpersonnelinvolvedinthefieldeffort,andTable14detailsthesurveyvesselandinstrumentationused.Personnelwereselectedbasedonavailabilityandexperience.

Table 13. Project personnel for vibracoring offshore of Cedar Tree Beach (2014)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation

Brian Caccioppoli URI‐GSO ‐ X X ‐

Danielle Cares URI‐GSO ‐ X X ‐

Casey Hearn URI‐GSO ‐ X X ‐

Chip Heil URI‐GSO X X X ‐


21



URI‐GSO pontoon boat

Survey vessel 28' custom surveying/coring barge with modified A‐frame, moon pool, and 5,000 lb capacity winch

Vibracore system Sediment coring Rossfelder P‐3 Vibra‐Percussive system with 60‐m working depth, accommodating 3‐ or 4‐inch core barrels typically 3–6 m in length.


Navigational position

Positional accuracy approximately + 9 ft at the study area

ThevibracoringsystemwastransportedtoGreenwichBayontheR/VShannaRose.ThepontoonboatwastraileredtoPonaugMarinainWarwick,RI,launched,andtransitedtoGreenwichBaytorendezvouswiththeR/VShannaRose.Thegeneratorset("genset")andvibracoreheadweretransferredtothepontoonboat,andthepontoonboatreturnedtothemarinaforpre‐coringsetup.Theboatwassuccessfullyriggedforvibracoring,andthevibracoringsystemwasbrieflypoweredonatthedock.

CoringoperationsbeganonJune27,2014.ThepontoonboatwastransitedtotheCedarTreeBeachstudyarea.AhandheldGPSwasusedtorecordthecore’slocationandaportabledepthfindermeasuredthewaterdepth.TheboatwasanchoredusingtwoDanforthanchorsfromthebowandazincweightdeployedfromthestern.A3‐mlong,4‐inchdiameterPVCcorebarrelwasfittedwithastainless‐steelcorecutterandcorecatcherandattachedtothevibracorehead.Thevibracoringsystemwasloweredbyhydraulicwinchtotheseafloorandpoweredon.Afterafulldrivewasachieved,thevibracoringsystemwaspoweredoffandpulledbacktothesurface.Thecorebarrelwasdetachedfromthevibracoreheadandtherecoveredsedimentwasmeasuredtobe306.5cm.Thecorebarrelwascappedandstoredfortransit.Table15summarizesthecorecharacteristics,andFigure6illustratesthelocationofrecoveredcore(CTB‐14).

Table 15. Core characteristics.

ThepontoonboatwasreturnedtothemarinaandthevibracoringgearandboatwerebroughtbacktoURI‐GSOforstorage.


CTB VC‐14 Vibracore 0–306.5

Figure 6.in June (CBasemap o

2.5.1.3

Havingrevibracoriandsilt.TunclearifSimilarlysystemwsystem.(

2.5.2 A

2.5.2.1

AfterpreSection3(i.e.,dred

Location ofCTB VC‐14) aorthophotogra

Assessment

ecoveredafungsystem.TThe4‐indiamfthiswouldb,ifburiedterwouldperformForfurtherd

Additional Vi

Justification

liminarytest.2.1),additiodgepits,vide

f sediment cand Decembph source: ESR

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ullcorebarreThetestwascmeterPVCcobethecaseinrrestrial/lakm.Futurecordiscussion,se

ibracoring in

and Goals

tingofthevionalvibracoroprobesurv

cores obtainber (CTB VC‐RI ArcGIS online

rations and D

el,thecoringconductedinorebarrelperncoarser(i.eefloorsedimringoperatioeeSection3.

n the Cedar

bracoringsyreswereplanvey).Thesec

22

ed near Ced‐17, Apponae—"World Ima

Data Acquisiti

gteamwassanmarinesedrformedwele.medium‐comentsareenconswouldde2.2.)

Tree Beach

ystemalongCnnedtosupporeswerein

dar Tree Beaaug Cove B1agery"

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atisfiedwithdimentscompllinthesesedoarsesandancountered,itemonstratet

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CedarTreeBplementexistntendedtopr

ach, Warwic1 2014)

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thefunctionposedprimadiments;howndgravel)seisuncertainthelimitsofo

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nalityoftherilyoffinesawever,itwasediments.howwelltheourvibracor

e2014(seelogicaldatadisturbedlo

land

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23

thesub‐surfacegeology,withthegoalofidentifyingburiedterrestrialdeposits.Identifiedterrestrialdepositscanbedepthcorrelatedwithsub‐bottomprofilerdataandmappedthroughoutthestudyarea.ThispaleolandscapereconstructionpairedwithexistingarchaeologicaldataatCedarTreeBeachenablesasite‐specificassessmentofarchaeologicalsensitivity.


FieldoperationsbeganonDecember15,2014.Table16summarizestheprojectpersonnelinvolvedinthefieldeffort,andTable17detailsthesurveyvesselandinstrumentationused.Onceagain,personnelselectedforthisfieldoperationwasbasedonavailabilityandexperience.

Table 16. Project personnel for additional vibracoring in the Cedar Tree Beach area (2014)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Mike Dalton URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Casey Hearn URI‐GSO X X ‐ ‐





Vibracore system Sediment coring Rossfelder P‐3 Vibra‐Percussive system with 600‐m working depth, accommodating 3‐ or 4‐inch core barrels typically 3–6 m in length



ThevibracoringsystemandtheURI‐GSOpontoonboatweretransportedtoPonaugMarinainWarwick,RI.Theboatwaslaunchedandmovedtoaslipwherethevibracoringsystemwasloadedandsetup.Aftersetupwascomplete,theboattransitedtoApponaugCove,justtothenorthwestoftheCedarTreeBeachstudyarea,andahandheldGPSwasusedtonavigatetoapreselectedcoringlocation.Waterdepthwasmeasuredbyaportabledepthsounder,andtheboatwasanchoredinposition.Avibracorebarrelwasassembled,attachedtothevibracoreheadandloweredtotheseafloor.Onceontheseafloor,thesystemwaspoweredon,andavibracorewascollected.Thesystemwaspoweredoff,andthecorebarrelwaspulledbacktothedeckofthepontoonboat.Therecoveredsedimentlengthwasmeasuredas200cmandthecorewascappedandstoredonthedeckoftheboat.

AfterasuccessfulrecoveryfromApponaugCove(Figure6,“ApponaugCoveB12014”),theboatwastransitedtotheCedarTreeBeachstudyarea.ThefirstcoringsitetargetedwasCTBVCH‐17(Figure6)ontheeastsideofthestudyarea.Thevibracoringprocedurewasrepeatedonceonstation.Recoveryofsedimentatthisstationprovedtobesignificantlymoredifficultduetoshallower(~1m)waterdepthsandcoarsersand.Withthreeattempts,twocoresweresuccessfullyrecovered,measuring60and80cminlength.Vibracoringthroughthiscoarsersandledtothecorecatchercomponentsbecomingdamaged.Typically,thecorecatcherpreventssedimentfromfallingbackthroughthecorebarrelwhenrecoveringthecore.Atthisstation,thecorecatcherswere

24

damaged,reducingtheireffectivenessatpreventingsedimentloss.Onthelastattempt,allsedimentwaslostfromthecorebarrel.Duetothepoorrecovery,coringoperationswereended.TheboatandvibracoringequipmentweretransportedbacktoURI‐GSOforstorage.Table18summarizesthesedimentrecoveredatthecoringlocation.

Table 18. Sediment recovered at coring location


Apponaug Cove B1 2014 Vibracore 0–200

CTB VC‐17 (CTB1) Vibracore 0–60

CTB VC‐17 (CTB2) Vibracore 0–80


ThecoringoperationatCedarTreeBeachprovedtobedifficultduetocoarsesediment.Recoveryofsedimentwasdifficultduetodamagetothecorecatchers,causingmuchofthesedimenttobelost.Asaresult,morerobustcorecatcherswerefabricatedforuseinfuturevibracoringoperationstoimprovetherecoveryofsedimentinthecorebarrels.Also,topromotesedimentrecovery,wereducedthecorebarreldiameterto3in.Theweightofthesedimentinthecorebarrelwouldbeconsiderablylighterandthereforewouldbelesslikelytodamagethecorecatchers.Forbetterchancesofsuccessduringthenextcoringoperation,itwascriticaltocoincidecoringoperationswiththepeakhightide,especiallyatthemoreinshorecoringlocations.

25

3 2015

3.1 Gorton Pond: Coring


AprimarygoalofthiscoringoperationwastoaddressanexistingdatagapinapreviouslycollectedLivingstoncore(GP‐13LC2D1,seeSection2.3).Theuppermostsectionofthiscorewasdeterminedtobetoolowqualityinthefieldduetopoorpreservationofstratigraphy.AdditionalBiologicalandLivingstoncoreswerecollectedatnearbysitesalongthepondtocontributetothelocalpaleoenvironmentalreconstructionproducedbyMorissette(2014).


Figure7illustratesthelocationofthecoresrecoveredduringthecoringeffort,andTable19summarizestheprojectpersonnelinvolvedinthefieldeffort.DuetothickicecoverofGortonPond(~30cm),coringoperationswereconductedwithouttheuseofacoringplatform.BeginningonthemorningofMarch11,2015,thecoringgearwasloadedintoatruckandtransportedfromURI‐GSOtoGortonPond.Uponarrival,allcoringgearwashandcarriedorpulledontobogganstothecoringlocation,whichwaslocatedusingthehandheldGPS.Aholeintheicewasopenedusinganiceaugerateachlocation,andthewaterdepthwassubsequentlymeasured.First,biologicalcoreswerecollectedatthreeseparatelocations.CoringoperationswerethenswitchedtoLivingstonecoring,inwhichtwomulti‐drivesedimentcoreswerecollectedveryneartothefirstandthirdbiologicalcorelocations.AllcoreswereproperlypackagedonsiteandtransportedbacktoURI‐GSOforstorage,processing,andanalysis.

Figure 7.Pond, WBasemap o

Location ofarwick, Rhoorthophotogra

f sediment code Island ph source: ESR

cores (GP 15

RI ArcGIS online

26

5‐1, GP 15‐2,

e—"World Ima

, and GP 15‐

agery"

‐3) obtainedd in Gorton

27

Table 19. Project personnel for Gorton Pond coring (2015)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation

Brian Caccioppoli URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Casey Hearn URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐



Michael Robinson URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Noah Robinson URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐




Sediment coring Optimized for use in lakes containing up to 25 m of post‐glacial sediment; obtains continuous 1–1.5 m core sections through a cased hole



Garmin GPSMap 76 Portable GPS


Note: No coring platform or vessel required due to thick ice cover.

Thefollowingtablesummarizesthecharacteristicsoftherecoveredcores.

Table 21. Characteristics of recovered cores


GP15‐1 Biological 0–189

GP15‐1 Livingston, Drive 1 169–286






28


Allcoresweresuccessfullycollected,withnonotabledisturbancesorgapsinthesedimentrecord.Biologicalcoresmaintainedgoodsediment/waterinterfaces,andtheobjectivesofthefieldeffortwereachieved.

3.2 Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Beach: Vibracoring


TheprimarygoalofcollectingadditionalvibracoresattheCedarTreeBeachsitewastoaidintheconstructionofasite‐specificgeologicframework.Numerouspre‐contactperiodNativeAmericanstonetoolshavebeenfoundalongthebeachatCedarTreeBeach.Withouthavingidentifiedasource,terrestrialgeologicstratumandthenearpristinenatureofthetoolssuggeststhattoolsarepreservedinashallowburiedterrestrialsettingjustoffshoreofCedarTreeBeach.Thus,anadditionalgoalwastocapturethelongestpossiblevibracoreandidentifyanypotentialterrestrialdepositscontainedwithinthecore.


SelectedvibracorelocationswereplannedtoprovidegeologicalcontextoftheCedarTreeBeacharchaeologicalsite.Forefficientsitecharacterization,atransectapproachwasfavored.Coringsiteswereplannedinthree‐coreshore‐parallelandthree‐coreshoreperpendiculartransects.Vibracoringfieldoperationstookplaceoverthreedays:May14,May20andMay21,2015.Table22summarizestheprojectpersonnelinvolvedinthefieldeffort,andTable23summarizestheinstrumentationused.

Table 22. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay – Cedar Tree Branch vibracoring (2015)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Mike Dalton URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Casey Hearn URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐


Chip Heil URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

29




Vibracore system Sediment coring Rossfelder P‐3 Vibro‐Percussive system with 600‐m working depth, accommodating 8‐ or 10‐cm core barrels typically 3–6 m in length



BeginningonMay14,2015,allvibracoringequipmentandthepontoonboatweretransportedtoPonaugMarinainWarwick,RI.Thepontoonboatwaslaunchedattheboatrampandpulledintoatransientsliptore‐rigtheboatforvibracoreoperations.Atripodcoringframewaserectedandcenteredovertheboat’smoonpool,andthevibracoreheadwasraisedintopositionviatheboat’shydraulicwinchandsecuredfortransit.UsingthehandheldGPSfornavigation,theboatwasdriventotheCedarTreeBeachstudyareaandstationedonthefirstcoringlocationCTB‐VC10‐1.Acorecutterandcorecatcherwereattachedtoapreviouslyprepared4‐indiameterPVCcorebarrel,whichwasthenaffixedtothevibracorehead.Thevibracorewaspoweredonbythegeneratorandloweredforcorecollection.Afterrefusal,thevibracorewaspoweredoffandraisedtothesurfacebythehydraulicwinch.Thecorebarrelwasthendisassembled,recoverylengthwasmeasuredandthecorebarrelwascapped.WaterdepthsweretooshallowtocontinuecoringattheCedarTreeBeachstudyarea.AsecondcorewascollectedinnearbyApponaugCove(ApponaugCove2015‐1).Coringoperationswerecompletefortheday,andtheboatwastransitedbacktoPonaugMarina.

CoringoperationscontinuedonMay20,2015andMay21,2015.Duringthistwo‐dayconsecutivespan,fiveadditionalvibracoreswerecollectedfollowingthemethodologydetailedabove.Figure8illustratesthelocationofrecoveredcores.

Figure 8.Basemap o

Thefollow

Table 24

Co

CTB VC‐4

CTB VC‐5

CTB VC‐9

CTB VC‐6

CTB VC‐1

CTB VC‐1

Apponau

Location oforthophotogra

wingtablesu

. Characteri

ore Name

0/1

0/2

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f cores obtaiph source: ESR

ummarizesth

stics of reco

Type

Vibrac

Vibrac

Vibrac

Vibrac

Vibrac

Vibrac

Vibrac

ined at CedaRI ArcGIS online

hecharacter

overed cores

e S

ore

ore

ore

ore

ore

ore

ore

30

ar Tree Beace—"World Ima

risticsofreco

s

Sediment Dept

0–83

0–116.5

0–262.5

0–210

0–288

0–284

0–300

ch and nearbagery"

overedcores

th (cm)

5

5

by Apponau

.

ug Cove

31


Severalchallengesneededtobeaddressedduringfieldoperations.Thefirstdayofcoringoperations(May14)waseffectivelycutshortduetotheremainingcoringsitesbeingtooshallowtoaccesswithoutbeingathigherpointinthetidalcycle.

Onthesecondday(May20),coringsiteCTBVC‐4provedtobechallenging.Onthefirstattemptatthissite,thecorebarrelwentintotheseaflooronanotableangle.Whentryingtoretrievethecore,theboltssecuringthecorebarreltothevibracoreheadrippedthroughthePVCcorebarrel,detachingthevibracoreheadfromthebarrel.Duetoshallowdepths,thecorebarrelwasstillprotrudingthroughtheboatmoonpoolandwaseventuallyrecovered.Asecondattemptatthiscoresiteachievedbetterpenetration;however,whenthecorebarrelwasretrievedandinspected,thecorecatcherwasdestroyed,andnosedimentrecoverywasachieved.

Onallthreedays,recoverywassignificantlylessthanthelengthofthe3‐mcorebarrel.Mostcorecatchershadsignificantdamageuponinspectionfollowingthecoringattempt.Also,thelargediameterofthecorebarrellikelypreventedmaximumsedimentpenetration.Ultimately,itwasdeterminedthata7.6‐cmsteelcorebarrelwouldlikelyyieldbettercoringresults.

3.3 Block Island: Reconnaissance Excursions (May, June)


TworeconnaissancefieldexcursionsweremadetoBlockIslandonMay29andJune14,2015.BlockIslandislocated21kmsouthofmainlandRhodeIslandandcenteredintheproject’sBlockIslandstudyarea.Accessibleonlybyferry,boat,orsmallplane,fieldworkstagedfromBlockIslandrequiresmoreextensivelogisticalplanningthanfieldworkstagedfrommainlandRhodeIsland.Thegoalsofthe2015SpringfieldreconnaissanceexcursionstoBlockIslandweretoassessonsitelogisticsforaccessingtheisland’sWashPondandFreshPondforcoringoperations;conductlow‐tidewalkoversurveyoftheintertidalzoneonBlockIsland’sWestBeachtophoto‐document,recordGPSlocations,andcollectsamplesofexposedpeatdepositsandtreestumpsingrowpositionsreportedtobevisibleandaccessible;andevaluatethearea’spotentialtowarrantfurthergeoarchaeologicalinvestigation.

3.3.2 Project Personnel (Table 25)


LandsadjacenttoWashandFreshPonds(Figure9)wereexaminedduringtheMay29,2017fieldreconnaissanceexcursiontoidentifylogisticallyoptimaloptionsforaccessingbothpondswithURI‐GSO’ssmallportable,modularcoringplatform—theR/VLego.Table25summarizesthepersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort.Nosurveyvesselwasused;allfieldworkwasperformedfromshore.Instrumentationduringthefieldreconnaissanceexcursionsincludedadigitalcamera,ahandheldGarminGPSforrecordingthelocationsofexposedpeatdepositsandtreestumpsforsubsequentplottinginArcGIS,andaHaglöfincrementborer(foracquiringwoodsamplesfromthetreestumps).

Figure 9.Purple shaImagery"

Locations oding shows stu

of geoarchaeudy area locati

eological invons. Basemap

32

vestigations orthophotogr

at West Bearaph source: ES

ach, Block IsSRI ArcGIS onli

sland. ne—"World

33

Table 25. Project personnel for Block Island reconnaissance excursions (2015)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Tim Dencker Copenhagen University

‐ X ‐ ‐

Brian Cacciopoli URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

ItwasdeterminedthataccesstoWashPondwouldrequiretransportingthecoringequipmentandplatformtotheislandbytruckontheferryandthendownWestBeachRoadtothebeach.Fromtheendoftheroad,whichterminatesatthebeach,coringequipmentandpartiallyassembledsectionsoftheR/VLegocoringplatformwouldthenhavetobehandcarrieddownthebeachtobeassembledforlaunchingintoWashPondfromitswesternshore.AccesstoFreshPondwasdeterminedtobeoptimalfromitssouthernshore,whichwouldrequireobtainingpermissiontoparkandcarrytheequipmentanddisassembledcoringplatformcomponentsacrossprivatepropertytothepond.

WalkoversurveyoftheWestBeachfieldreconnaissanceareaconductedonMay29,2017documentedfiveareasofintertidalpeatdeposits(designatedPeatAreas1through5),thenorthernmostofwhichincludedthreetreestumpsandmultiplesmallsaplingstumpsingrowthpositions.Thesepeatdepositsandtreestumpswereexaminedandphoto‐documented.SamplesoftheshorewardandseawardtreestumpswererecoveredseparatelywiththeHaglöfincrementborer(cleanedbetweensamples)forradiocarbondating.Severalofthepeatdepositsappearedtoextendoutintothewaterbeyondthelow‐tidelevel—insomecasesasignificantdistance(ca.50m)—basedonthedarkappearanceoftheseafloorinareasofexposedpeatthatcontrastedwiththeotherwiselighter‐coloredsandyseafloor.Theexposedpeatwasobservedtohaverocksandpiecesofwoodfragmentsofrootsandbranchesofvaryingdiameterandsizeembeddedinit.Theobservedstratigraphyintheareaswithpeatconsistedof:1)anupperlayerofcoarsesand,gravel,cobblesandboulders;2)amiddlelayerofpeat;and3)alowerlayerofgrayclaywithorganicinclusions.

Basedonfieldobservations,itwasassumedthattheexposedintertidalpeatdepositsrepresentedasmallvisiblewindowofamuchlargerandmoreextensivepeatdeposit,possiblyassociatedwithacoastalpondorswampthatwaspartiallyburiedbeneaththecoarsesand,gravel,cobbles,andbouldersthatcomprisemuchofthissectionofWestBeach’supperstratigraphiclayer.Asmallsurfacescoop‐sampleofthepeatinPeatArea5wasalsoremovedforsieving,microscopicanalysis,anddating.SamplesandGPSpositionsfortheexposedendsofallfiveofthepeatdepositsandforallthreeofthetreestumpswerecollectedandrecordedduringthesecondreconnaissanceexcursiontotheWestBeachareathatwasmadeonJune14,2015.Additionallogisticalplanningoffuturefieldworkwasalsodonewhileoutontheisland.


FieldoperationsweresuccessfulinevaluatingthelogisticalconstraintsofconductingfuturesedimentcoringoperationsinWashandFreshPondsonBlockIsland.ThewalkoverreconnaissanceofthesectionofWestBeachwithitsexposedpeatdeposits,treestumps,andotherintactandexposedelementsofglacialandpost‐glacialstrataindicatedthattheareaimmediately

34

offshorehadhighpotentialforcontainingelementsofanarchaeologicallysensitivesubmergedpaleoculturallandscapethatwarrantedfurthergeoarchaeologicalinvestigationandmapping.

3.4 Block Island – Wash Pond: Coring


WashPondisasmallbrackishsaltpondlocatedonthenorthernpeninsulaofBlockIsland,RI(Figure10).ThepondisimmediatelyadjacenttotheWestBeacharchaeologicalsiteidentifiedduringunderwaterarchaeologicalinvestigationsbytheprojectteam.Thecloseproximityofthepondtoboththearchaeologicalsiteandthemodernbeachcreateauniquesitewiththepotentialforbothastormoverwashrecordatthewestedgeofthepondandhigh‐qualitypaleoenvironmentalrecordnearthecenter.SimilartotheapproachwithGortonPond,twocoringsystemswereimplemented:theBiologicalcoringsystemtocapturethesediment‐waterinterfaceandpreservethecoretop,andtheLivingstoncoringsystemtoextractthelongestrecordpossible.

TheremotesiteatWashPondpresentednumerouslogisticalchallenges;thereisnoroadaccesstoWashPondandnoboatramp,anditisseparatedfromthesurfzonebya45‐mwidebermofbeachsandandcobbles.Inaddition,theclosestroadaccesspointtothebeachismorethan350mtothesouth.

Figure 10Basemap o

3.4.2 Fi

OnJune2partiallyuseofaptransportsafetyraicoringopvehicleswpointatt

0. Location oorthophotogra

ield Operati

25,2015,areassembledsuportabledocktedtoandasiling,thede‐cperationsandweretranspothewestend

of sediment ph source: ESR

ions and Dat

entedboxtruub‐sectionsok‐blockplatfossembledintconstructibledcanbepowortedtoBlocofWestBea

cores obtaiRI ArcGIS online

ta Quality

uckandaURofthecoringorm,whichcthefield.LoaeandportabweredbyoneckIslandontchRoad.Plat

35

ned at Washe—"World Ima

RIpickuptrucgplatform.Tconsistsofmadedwithcorleassemblagormoreportheferryandtformsection

h Pond, Blocagery”

ckwereloadThedifficultsmodularplastringgearandgeprovidesartableelectridthendrivennswerecarr

ck Island, Rh

dedwithcorisitelocationnticblocksthadcrewandseastableworkictrollingmontothecloseriedalongWe

hode Island

inggearandnecessitatedatcanbeecuredbyakingplatformotors.ThestroadaccesestBeachfor

thedthe

mfor

ssr

36

finalassemblyontheshoreofWashPond.Table26summarizesthepersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort,andTable27detailstheinstrumentationused.

Table 26. Project personnel for Block Island – Wash Pond coring (2015)




Sediment coring

Optimized for use in lakes containing thick post‐glacial sediment; obtains continuous 1–1.5 m core sections, used through a cased hole for recovery in deep water





Nobathymetrydatawasavailableforthesmallpond,soabriefdepthsurveywasundertakenpriortocoringoperations.Asmall,portablefishfinderwasmonitoredfordepthsoundingsalongtwotransects,oneeast‐westandanothernorth‐south,tolocatetheareaofthepondlikelytocontainthethickestsedimentrecord.Theseuncorrelateddepthtransectswerespecificallyintendedtoinformthechoiceofcoringlocationsforthisfieldprogramandwerenotappropriateforuseasrecordedbathymetry.

Twocoringlocationswerechosenforthepond(Figure10);acentrallocationnearthedepositionalcenterofthepondandasiteonthewesternedgejustbeyondtheslopeoftheoverwashsanddeposit.Theselocationswerechosentoprovidethemostcompletepaleoenvironmentalandstormrecordspossiblewhileavoidingsiteswithsedimentconditionsthatwerenotconducivetoeffectivecoringwithourequipment.

Bothbiologicalcoresrecoveredadequatelylongsectionsandterminatedinstifflayer,precludingtheneedforadditionalcoresofthistypeinthepond.AlthoughBiologicalcoreWP15‐2Biomissedthesediment‐waterinterface,WP15‐1LCdidnot.ALivingstoncorewasalsotakenatthewesterncoringsite,managingtwodrivesforacumulativerecoveredlengthof130cm.Thiscorestartedfromadepthof74cm(theuppersectionalreadyrepresentedbythebiologicalcorefromthissite)andconsistedoftwodrives(74–176cmand176–204cm).Thewaterdepthsatthetwocoringsitesweresimilaratapproximately2.1m,themaximumobserveddepthofthepond.

Thefollowingtablesummarizesthecharacteristicsofrecoveredcores.


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Sean Scannell URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Casey Hearn URI‐GSO X X ‐ X

Noah Robinson URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

37

Table 28. Characteristics of recovered cores

Aftertheconclusionofcoringactivities,theplatformwasdisassembledandreturnedtotheUniversityduringdemobilizationthefollowingday.


CoringoperationsonWashPondwerelargelysuccessfuldespitethesubstantialchallengeoftransportingequipmenttoandfromthesite.Theprocessofcarrying3x3dock‐blocksectionsalongthebeachbyhandwasextremelylaborintensiveandtimeconsuming,thoughfewalternativeswereavailable.Attemptsweremadetofloatsomesectionsinthesurfanddragthemfromtheroadaccesspointtothebermadjacenttothepond,butthiswasalsodifficultandslowespeciallygiventhehighwindconditionsonbothdays.Amoreattractivemethodofgettingtheplatformclosetothecoringsitesmayhavebeentofullyassembletheplatformclosetotheroadaccesspoint,launchitandtowitthroughthesurfzone,anddragitacrossthebermtothepond.However,weatherconditionsatthesitewouldhavetopermitthisapproach.Thefullyassembleddock‐blockplatformisalsoprohibitivelyheavyandonlyreluctantlyslidesdownslopeacrossthesand.Withnootherboataccesstothepondandtheabsoluteneedforastableworkingplatformtoperformcoringoperations,thedock‐blockplatformultimatelyprovedasuccessfulmethodinanotherwiseinaccessiblelocation.

3.5 Block Island – West Beach: Geoarchaeological Investigation


WalkoverreconnaissanceofthesectionofWestBeachwithitsexposedpeatdeposits,treestumps,andotherintactandexposedelementsofglacialandpost‐glacialstrata(Figure9)indicatedthattheareaimmediatelyoffshorehadhighpotentialforcontainingelementsofanarchaeologicallysensitivesubmergedpaleoculturallandscapethatwarrantedfurthergeoarchaeologicalinvestigationandmapping.


Aweekofnon‐disturbancegeoarchaeologicalvisualexaminationandmappingbyarchaeologicaldiversfromBOEM,URI,andformerstaffmembersofNITHPOwhohadtransitionedtobeingfull‐timeURIundergraduatestudentswasconductedintheWestBeachstudyarea(Figure9)betweenJune21andJune27,2015.Table29summarizesthepersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort.Nosurveyvesselwasrequired;allfieldworkanddivingoperationswerestagedfromshore.InstrumentationincludedahandheldGarminportableGPSunitandaGoProHero‐4(Black)digitalhigh‐definitionunderwatervideo/stillcamera.


WP15‐1Bio Biological 188.4 cm of sediment recovered, sediment‐water interface missed

WP15‐2Bio Biological 0–167

WPC15‐1LC Livingston Drive 1: 74–176 cm; Drive 2: 176–204 cm

38

Table 29. Project personnel for the Block Island – West Branch geoarchaeological investigation (2015)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Chali Machado URI X X X ‐

Norman Machado URI X X X ‐


Melanie Damour BOEM ‐ X ‐ ‐

Doug Jones BOEM ‐ X ‐ ‐

FieldpersonneltransitedtoandfromBlockIslandviaferriesoutofPointJudith,RhodeIsland,onadailybasisforthedurationofthedeployment.Adayoffieldworkwaslosttoinclementweather(strongsouthwesterlywinds),butconditionsfortheremainderofthefielddeploymentweregoodwithunderwatervisibilityrangingfromapproximately2to10m.Thisexcellentunderwatervisibilityallowedforhigh‐qualityunderwaterobservations,note‐taking,andvideo‐andphoto‐documentation.Fieldworkfocusedonsystematicvisualexploration,mapping,andcharacterizationofthesurfaceofthesubmergedseafloorintheareasextendingseawardoftheexposedintertidaldepositsofpeat.Thissystematicmappingwasaccomplishedbyinstallinga100‐mlongbaselinetapeonshore,orientedparalleltothebeach’sgenerallynorth‐southaxis,fromwhichaseriesof10‐mspaced,50‐mlongtape‐measuredsurveyedtransectswereextendedoutintothewater.Eachofthesetransectswassurveyedvisuallyandvideo‐documentedbydiverswhorecordedtheirobservationsonanunderwaterslateastheyswamthedistanceofthemeasuring‐tapetransect.Thenorthernendofthebaselinecorrespondedwiththelocationofthenorthernmost,documented,exposedintertidalpeatdeposit(containingthethreetreestumps).ThepositionsoftheendsofthebaselineandthesurveytransectswererecordedwiththehandheldGPS,whichreportedpositionaccuraciesof+/‐2.5m.Inadditiontothesystematicvisualsurveyoftheseafloor,thearchaeologicaldiversalsoperformednon‐patternedexplorationoftheseafloor.Aconcentrationofthreepiecesofquartzchippingdebrisfoundembeddedinthesub‐tidal,exposedportionofthenorthernmostpeatdeposit(i.e.,theonecontainingthethreetreestumps)werevideo‐documentedunderwaterinsitu,theirlocationrecordedusingGPS,andthepiecesrecoveredbyURI‐GSO,wheretheyarepresentlystored.


Fieldoperationswentsmoothly,althoughthedailytransitstoandfromtheislandsomewhatlimitedthenumberofactualfieldworkhoursthatwereavailableeachday.Basedonthisfact,itwasdeterminedthatforfuturefielddeploymentsitwouldbelogisticallybettertorentlodgingon‐islandforamajorityofthefieldteamandmakeperiodictripsbacktotheURI‐GSOtorefilltheprojectdivers’aircylinders(thereisnoAmericanAcademyofSciences‐approvedair‐fillstationonBlockIsland).Dataacquisitionprocedureswereeffectiveinobtainingsystematicallyrecordedvisualdescriptionsandvideo‐documentationofthediver‐surveyedtransectsandotherinvestigatedareasoftheseafloorwithinthenorthernpartoftheWestBeachstudyarea.ItwasconcludedattheendofthefieldworkthatadditionalfieldinvestigationofthesubmergedportionoftheWestBeachstudyareawaswarrantedandshouldfocusonthesouthernhalfoftheareathatextendeddowntothesouthernmostareaofexposedintertidalpeat.

39

3.6 Greenwich Bay: Geophysical Investigation


ApreviousCHIRPsub‐bottomsurveyeffortconductedin2006produced24parallelsub‐bottomlinesat300‐mspacing,withbroadcoveragethroughoutGreenwichBay.InterpretationofthisdatasetwasprovidedinMorissette(2014).Severalprominentacousticreflectorsrepresentinggeologicerosionalunconformitieswereidentifiedandmappedwithinthestudyarea.Inparticular,reflectorsrepresentingtheravinementsurface(marineunconformity)andacousticbasement(lowestidentifiedreflector)weredigitized.Twointerpolatedsurfacesrepresentingthesepaleolandscapes(depthtoravinementsurfaceanddepthtoacousticbasement)weregenerated.Itbecameclearthatthe300‐mlinespacingwithnoperpendicularcrossinglineswasinsufficientforproducingpaleolandscapereconstructionswithenoughdetailtoinformarchaeologicalsensitivitymodels.Toimprovethepaleolandscapereconstructions,100‐mlinesand300‐mperpendiculartielinesweresurveyedacrosstheGreenwichBaystudyarea.


Sub‐bottomprofiledatawerecollectedoverfourdays:June29–30,July2,andJuly26,2015.BeginningonJune29,thepontoonboat,CHIRPsub‐bottomprofilerandancillaryequipmentweretransportedfromURI‐GSOtoPonaugMarinainWarwick,RI.Table30summarizesthepersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort,andTable31detailstheinstrumentationused.

Table 30. Project personnel for Greenwich Bay geophysical investigation (2015)


Field Work

Data Processing

Report Preparation


Casey Hearn URI‐GSO X X ‐ ‐

Sean Scannell URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐



URI‐GSO Pontoon Boat Survey vessel 28' custom surveying/coring barge with modified A‐frame, moon pool, and 5,000 lb capacity winch

Teledyne Benthos CHIRP III, DSP‐664 Transceiver

Sub‐bottom profiler Surface towed “catamaran” source producing a CHIRP waveform 2–7 kHz frequency sweep pulse with integrated hydrophones

Applanix POS MV V4 Navigation & motion compensation

Inertial Navigation System with two Trimble GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers

Theboatwaslaunchedatthemarinaandpulledintoatransientslipsothatthesurveyequipmentcouldbeloadedandsetup.Aftersetup,thepontoonboatandcrewtransitedtoGreenwichBayusingHypacksoftwarefornavigation.Priortothesurvey,surveylineshadbeencreatedattheestablished100‐mspacing(300mforperpendiculartielines).Astheboatapproachedthefirstsurveyline,theCHIRPsub‐bottomprofilerwasdeployedandslowlypaidoutaftofthesternand

securedtsurveyco

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41

Duringdataacquisition,thebestdatacamefromthemiddleportionofGreenwichBay,wherepenetrationwashighest.Asthebayconstrictsonthelessenergeticwesternend,thesedimentsappearedtobegaseous,whichquicklyattenuatestheCHIRPsignal.TheeasternportionishigherenergywhereGreenwichBaymeetsthewestpassageofNarragansettBayandisdominatedbybroadsandyplatformsofgreaterreflectivity,whichalsoreducedpenetration.

Theonlynotablemishapduringthefour‐daysurveywasafailedvoltageregulatorontheoutboardmotor.ThiswasdiscoveredonJuly1,adayintendedforsurveying,butinsteadwasspentreplacingthepart.Surveyoperationswereresumedthefollowingday.

3.7 Mud Hole: EN565 Vibracores (August)


InAugust2012,ageophysicalsurveyoftheMudHolestudyareaproducedapartialcoverageside‐scanmosaicand37CHIRPsub‐bottomprofiles.Thesub‐bottomprofileswereprocessedandinterpretedinCaccioppoli(2015).Toground‐truththegeologicalinterpretationsofthesub‐bottomprofiles,sedimentcoreswerestrategicallyplannedtocaptureapparentlithologicalchanges.

3.7.2 Survey Procedures and Data Quality

OnFriday,August21,2015,allcruiseequipment,includingsub‐bottomprofilersandvibracoringequipment,weretransportedtoSenescoMarineLLCinNorthKingstown,RI,wheretheR/VEndeavorwasdocked.Aquickfunctionalitytestofallequipmentwasperformedtoensurethatallequipmentrequiredforthecruisewasaccountedforandoperational.Table32summarizesthepersonnelinvolvedinthefieldeffort,andTable33detailstheequipmentused.

Table 32. Project personnel for EN565 vibracores (2015)


Field Work

Data Processing

Report Preparation


Sierra Davis URI‐GSO ‐ X X ‐

Casey Hearn URI‐GSO X X X X

Mitch Kennedy URI‐GSO X X X ‐

Muckquashim Hopkins

NITHPO ‐ X ‐ ‐


Chali Machado Narragansett

Indian Tribe/URI

‐ X X ‐

Norman Machado Narragansett

Indian Tribe/URI

‐ X X ‐


Sean Scannell URI‐GSO X X X ‐

42



R/V Endeavor Survey vessel

185' Ocean/Intermediate class research vessel with lab spaces, several winches and cranes and transducer well. Compliments 12 crew, 17 scientists and one marine technician

Vibracore system Sediment Coring Rossfelder P‐3 Vibra‐Percussive system with 600‐m working depth, accommodating 8‐ or 10‐cm core barrels typically 3–6 m in length


Inertial Navigation System with two Trimble GNSS receivers

OnSunday,August23,2015,theR/VEndeavordepartedNorthKingstownandbeganitstransittoBlockIslandSoundtobegintheseismicreflectionsurveyingcomponentofthecruise.Thisportionofthecruiseisnotrelevanttothisreport.SurveyingcontinueduntilTuesday,August25,andtheR/VEndeavortransitedtotheMudHolestudyarea(Figure12).Onceonsite,shipoperationswereswitchedtovibracoring.Thefirststation,“VC‐01”,wasselectedduetoaverythick,fine‐grainedmarinemudlayeridentifiedinanexistingCHIRPsub‐bottomprofile.

Priortodeployment,thevibracoringsystemwaspreparedandassembled.Plasticcorelinerswereinsertedintothe6‐mcorebarrels.Thecorebarrel,cutter,andcatcherwereassembledandattachedtothevibracorehead.Toensurethattheentirevibracoringassemblyremaineduprightindeepwaterduringdeploymentandrecovery,apurpose‐builtassemblywithaseriesofweightsandfloatswasutilized.Theentirecoringassemblywasthendeployedaftofthestern,usingacablewinchrunthroughthesternA‐frame.Twodeck‐mountedair‐tuggerwincheswereusedintandemtopreventthecoringassemblyfromswingingwithvesselmotion.Asthevibracoringsystemwasbeingdeployed,fieldnoteswerekeptnotinglatitude/longitude,waterdepth,time,andmeasurementsofcabletension.Justbeforethevibracoringsystemreachedthebottom,thesystemwaspoweredon.Thecableoutandcabletensionweremonitoredtodeterminewhenafullcore/refusalwasachieved.Beforerecovery,thevibracoresystemwaspoweredoff.Onceondeck,thecorebarrelassemblywasremovedfromthevibracorehead,andthecorelinerextrudedfromthecorebarrel.Therecoveredsedimentlengthwasmeasured,andthecorewaspackagedandplacedincoldstorage.Thesevibracoringmethodswererepeatedateachsubsequentstation.CoringoperationswerecontinuedduringdaylighthoursandlasteduntilThursday,August27,with16coresattemptedand15successfullyrecovered.Attheendofcoringoperations,eachvibracorewascutinto1‐msegments,labeled,andpackagedfortransportbacktoURI‐GSO.


Vibracoringoperationswereverysuccessful,with15outof16attemptedvibracoresrecovered(Figure12).AtstationVC‐11,thecorebarrelbecameseparatedfromthevibracoreheadandwaslost.Thelongestsedimentcorerecoveredwas5.24minlengthfromstationVC‐01.Theshortestcorewas0.94mfromstationVC‐13,whichpenetratedagravellysandlithology.Preliminaryinterpretationsoftwosplitvibracoresindicatedrecoveryofbothmarinematerialandfine‐grainedlakesediment,representingbothmarineandterrestrialpaleoenvironments.ThesedimentdepthofobservedlithologychangeswasinexcellentagreementwithaprominentregionalreflectorinpreviouslyacquiredCHIRPsub‐bottomprofiles(Caccioppoli2015).

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43

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44

4 2016

4.1 Block Island – West Beach: Archaeological Investigation


Anon‐disturbanceunderwatervisualreconnaissancesurveyconductedin2015byafieldteamofarchaeologicaldiversfromBOEMandURIinthewatersoffofWestBeachidentifiedauniquesubmergedpaleoculturallandscape.Thissubmergedpaleoculturallandscapeappearedtobeextensiveandconsistedof1)depositsofexposedpeatextendingseawardfrompreviouslyidentifiedintertidalpeatdepositsonshoreand2)asub‐tidalconcentrationofquartzchippingdebrisfoundinsitu,embeddedinthesurfaceofalargeareaofpeat,whichwasproducedbypre‐contactperiodstonetoolmanufactureormodificationsthatoccurredwhentheareawassubaeriallyexposedland.ThesediscoveriesledURIandBOEMtoconcludethatadditionalunderwatergeoarchaeologicalinvestigationwaswarrantedin2016.Thegoalsofthe2016non‐disturbancevisualreconnaissancesurveyweretoexploreandmapsignificantelementsofthesubmergedpaleoculturallandscapepresentinthesouthernhalfoftheWestBeachstudyarea,aswellastoconductvisualreconnaissanceinvestigationsoftwo50‐mtransectsextendingseawardoflow‐reliefuplandareasonshorecontainingarchaeologicalsitesHDAD‐3andHDAD‐4toassesshowmuch,ifany,ofthesearchaeologicallysensitiveuplandcoastalgeologicalfeaturesandtheirculturaldepositswerepreservedinthewater.


Twoweeksofnon‐patterned,non‐disturbance/minimaldisturbance,underwaterexploration,video‐documentation,andfeature‐mappingfieldworkwasconductedbetweenMay2andMay13,2016torecordtheextensivesubmergedpaleoculturallandscapeextendingintothenearshorewatersoffofWestBeach.Table34summarizesthepersonnelinvolvedwiththefieldeffort.

Table 34. Project personnel for Block Island – West Beach archaeological investigation (2016)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation


Chali Machado URI ‐ X X ‐

Norman Machado URI ‐ X X ‐

Taylor Losure URI ‐ X ‐ ‐


Nosurveyvesselwasrequired;allfieldworkanddivingoperationswerestagedfromshore.InstrumentationincludedahandheldGarminportableGPSunitandaGoProHero‐4(Black)digitalhigh‐definitionunderwatervideo/stillcamera.Atrowel,awoodchiselandhammer,agouge‐augerhand‐operatedcorer(3x100cm)andlabeledplasticzip‐lockbagswerealsousedtocollectsmall(5to10cm3)woodandsedimentsamples.

GPSwasusedtomapfeaturesofthatlandscape,whichwasfoundtocontainfoursub‐tidaltreestumpsintheiroriginalgrowthpositions(onewithatoppledtrunk),anextensiveareaofexposedtree‐rootmat,anextensiveareaofexposedpaleosolswhichincludedapotentialhearthfeature,andasteppedseriesofstratigraphically‐andpaleoenvironmentally‐differentiatedwetland/pondsediments.Evidenceofaglacialoutwash‐tillbasementlayer,anoverlyingloesslayer,apaleosols

45

layer,andthreedistinctlyseparatepeatlayersoverlyingthepaleosolswerealsorecordedandprovidedevidenceofthesequencingandtimingofhowtheareatransitionedfromawoodedlowarea,toamarsh,toabeach,andthentoaninundatedmarineenvironment.Detailsaboutthesedifferentpaleolandforms,theconditionsthatallowedthemtobepreserved,andtheprevailingpaleoenvironmentalconditionsthatwererepresentedonsitewereallnotedandconsideredaspartofthefieldworkthatwasperformed.Smallsamplesofthedifferentstratarepresentedinthepaleolandforms,includingtheexposed,fire‐impingedsurfaceofthepaleosolswithinthepotentialhearthfeature,thetreestumpsandthepaleosolsfromwhichtheyhadgrownwerecollectedformicroscopicanalysisandAMSradiocarbondatingbyBetaAnalytic.Thesesampleswerecollectedusingthesimplehand‐heldtoolsdescribedabove.Aseriesofoverlapping,time‐lapsephotographictransectsofthestudyareaweredocumentingusingtheGoProHero‐4(Black)underwatercamera.Exposedsequencesofunderwaterstratigraphyvisibleunderwaterinapredominantlyplanview,similartothatexposedonshoreandvisibleinprofileintheuplandandpond‐marginareas,werecompared.InadditiontothearchaeologicaldiversurveyoftheprimaryWestBeachunderwaterarchaeologicalstudyarea,two50‐mtransectsextendingseawardoflow‐reliefuplandareasonshorecontainingarchaeologicalsitesHDAD‐3andHDAD‐4werevisuallyexaminedandvideo‐documentedtoassesshowmuch,ifany,ofthesearchaeologicallysensitiveuplandcoastalgeologicalfeaturesandtheirculturaldepositswerepreservedinthewater.

Underwaterfieldnotesandvideo‐andphotographicdocumentationdataqualityweregood,asunderwatervisibilityonsitewasbetween5and15m.Thecoldtemperatureofthewaterlimiteddivetimestoaboutonehourperdive.Ingeneral,twodivesweremadeperdayonthesite.


Fieldoperationswentsmoothlyandallequipmentutilizedforthefieldworkoperatedasexpected.Stagingoperationsfromtheislandwithfieldpersonnellodgingon‐islandforthedurationofthedeploymentallowedforadditionaltimeonsiteworkingandreducedtheoveralllogisticalchallengesofthefieldproject.Dataacquisitionprocedureswereadequateforreconnaissance‐levelassessmentandmappingofthestudyarea.Difficultieswereencounteredwithcreatingphotomosaicsand3Dphotogrammetricmodelsofthestudyareafromtheseriesofoverlapping,time‐lapsephotographictransectsduetothepartiallydynamicnatureoftheimagedseafloorasaconsequenceofswell‐drivenseaweedmovementoverlargeportionsofthephotographedarea.Useofstationaryvisualreferencepointspositionedonthebottommaybeaneffectivesolutiontothisproblemduringfuturephotographicsurveys.

4.2 EN580—Capacity‐Building Cruise


Themajorobjectiveofcruisewastoprovideauniqueeducational,training,andoutreachexperienceingeophysicalandgeologicalsurveyingmethodstorepresentativesfromtheTribalHistoricPreservationOfficesofIndianTribeslocatedinthenortheasternUS.ThistypeofexperiencedidnotexistintheUSpriortotheinitiationofthisproject.ManyTribalrepresentativeshavenothadtheopportunitytoobserveandparticipateingeologicalandgeophysicaldataacquisitionortoprovidetheirperspectivesandsuggestionsaboutwaysinwhichsurveyingmethodscouldbemoresensitivetoTribalconcerns.Thisshortcruisewasdesignedtointroduceparticipantstoavarietyofsurveyingtechniquesonboardanoceanographicresearchvessel,includingacquisition,processing,andinterpretationofbathymetry,side‐scansonar,seismic

46

reflectionprofiling,andsedimentcoring.Inaddition,thetimeonboardshipprovidedanexcellentopportunityforsharingperspectivesandconcernsbetweendiversegroups.


EquipmentmobilizationtookplaceprimarilyonJune3withfinalpreparationsmadeonJune5duringthefirstphaseofthecapacity‐buildingevent.Table35summarizesthepersonnelthattookpartinthefieldeffort,andTable35detailstheequipmentused.

Table 35. Project personnel for the EN580 cruise.


Field Work

Data Processing

Report Preparation

OnboardScienceTeamParticipantsJohn King URI‐GSO X X X X David Robinson URI‐GSO X X X X Doug Harris NITHPO ‐ X ‐ ‐ Brian Jordan BOEM X X ‐ X Casey Hearn URI‐GSO X X X X Sierra Davis URI‐GSO X X ‐ ‐ Alex DiCiccio URI‐GSO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Rick Getchell

Aroostook Band of Micmacs/All Nations Consulting, LLC

‐ X ‐ ‐

Tammy Getchell

Aroostook Band of Micmacs/All Nations Consulting, LLC

‐ X ‐ ‐

Norman Machado Narragansett Indian Tribe/URI

‐ X X ‐

Sean Scannell URI‐GSO ‐ X X ‐ Kiowa Spears NITHPO ‐ X ‐ ‐

Nakai Northup Mashantucket Pequot Tribe

‐ X ‐ ‐

Cheryl Stedtler Nipmuc Nation ‐ X ‐ ‐

Chali Machado Narragansett Indian Tribe (URI)

‐ X X ‐

Jorgen Denker Viking Ship Museum

‐ X ‐ ‐

OnshoreScienceTeamTelepresenceParticipantsCarol Gibson URI‐GSO X X X X Max Garcia‐Brown NITHPO ‐ X ‐ ‐ Eileen Thomas Mohegan Tribe ‐ X ‐ ‐ Robert Pockalny URI‐GSO X X ‐ ‐ Dwight Coleman URI‐GSO X X ‐ ‐

47

Table 36. Survey vessel and instrumentation.

TheR/VEndeavorleftthedockonJune6initiallyintendingtotransittotheeasternsideofBlockIslandtobeginaseriesofgeophysicalsurveylines.Poorweatherconditionsoverthepreviousdayshadworsenedandresultedinaswellof2.5–3minthetargetedsurveyarea.Intheinterestofacquiringthehighestqualitydatapossibleandallowingthecapacity‐buildingactivitiestocontinueunabated,thesurveywasadjustedtoamoreshelteredareajustsouthofthemouthofNarragansettBayandAquidneckIsland(Figure13).

Geophysicalsurveyingandmarinemammalobservingbeganat15:19GMT(11:19EST)andcontinueduntil00:22GMT.Threesurveylineswerechosentofillgapsinexistingavailablesonardatafroma1980surveyconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurvey’sCoastalandMarineGeologyProgram(McMullenetal.2009).TheHMS‐620Bubblegunwaschosenforitsperformanceinsedimenttypeswithahighersandfraction.PreviouscruiseshadutilizedtheCHIRPsub‐bottomsystembuthadobservedlimitedpenetrationdepthinnearbyoffshoreregionswithmoresand.

VibracoringoperationsbeganonJune7thunderimprovedswellconditions.Threecoringtargetswerechosenfrompre‐existingdata(McMullenetal.2009)(Figure13)withthegoalofrecoveringthelongestpossiblerecordsinpocketsofdeepersediment.CoringprocedureswereconductedverycloselytothesuccessfulEN565cruisefromthepreviousyear(seeSection4.7)withafewexceptions.Thedeckboardair‐tuggersystemforstabilizationduringlaunchandrecoverywasreconfiguredbytheship'sBosontobelesscomplicated.Handlinesreplacedair‐tuggerswherepossible,simplifyingtheoperationinlighterswellconditions.Thesame6‐mlong,3‐indiameterbarrelswereusedforEN‐580vibracoring,linedwithplasticandterminatingwithacorecutterandinternalcorecatcher.Corecatcherfingerswerebentinwardsbyhandtotheapproximateidealclosedshapeinanattempttoimprovethelengthofrecoveredmaterial.

Threevibracoreswererecoveredofsimilarlengthsbetween283and299cm.Thefinalrecoveredvibracoreterminatedinasedimentsectionwithstiffer,darkersedimentlikelycontainingahigherfractionoforganicmatterandpossiblyrepresentingtheupperextentofthepre‐inundationpaleolandscape.Afourthvibracorewasattempted,buttheentirecorebarrelwaslostduringpulloutwithnosedimentrecoveredfromthesite.


R/V Endeavor Survey vessel

185' Ocean/Intermediate class research vessel with lab spaces, several winches and cranes and transducer well. Compliments 12 crew, 17 scientists and one marine technician




HMS‐620 Bubble Gun Sub‐bottom sound source Surface towed “catamaran” source producing a 70–1,700 Hz sound pulse. Used in conjunction with a separate towed single‐channel hydrophone streamer

Figure 13dots) souBasemap: https://ww

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48

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49

(http://innerspacecenter.org).AvideographerfromtheInnerSpaceCenterwasonboardtheresearchvesselforthedurationofthecruiseandprovidedcontinuouslive‐streamvideocoverageofshipboardactivities,whichwastransmittedinhighdefinition(viaInternet2)totheInnerSpaceCenterbasestation.Onshoreparticipantscouldviewandparticipateinshipboardactivitiesby:

VisitingtheInnerSpaceCenterontheURI‐GSOcampus,whichallowedparticipantstoviewonboardactivitiesandnewlyacquireddataonalargeprojectionscreenandmultiplecomputermonitors.ParticipantsattheInnerSpaceCenterwerealsoabletocommunicateinrealtimewithonboardpersonnelthroughtheuseoftwo‐wayaudioandvideoconnections,whichfacilitatedactiveparticipationinshipboarddiscussions;or

Accessinganonlinelinktoreal‐timevideothroughawebbrowser,whichallowedparticipantstoviewshipboardactivitiesfromacomputer,tablet,orsmartphonebutdidnotallowcommunicationbetweenshore‐basedandonboardpersonnel.

Telepresencetechnologywasenabledthroughouttheentirecruisefromapproximately7:00amto11:00pmandwascustomizedaccordingtheactivitiesoccurringonboardtheresearchvessel.

4.2.4 Assessment of Field Operations, Data Acquisition Procedures, and Telepresence Technology

BoththegeophysicalsurveyandvibracoringcomponentsofthescientificgoalsofEN‐580weresuccessfulandbuiltofftheexperiencesofthepreviousyear’scruise.Dataqualityforthebubblegunsub‐bottomsystemwashigh,withpenetrationdepthssimilartothoseofpreviousstudiesintheregion.

Thesmallchangestothevibracoringoperationsalsoappearedtoimproveperformanceorhadnoimpact.Theimprovedswellconditionsonthedayofcoringmadethecomplicatedair‐tuggerstabilizationunnecessary,thusimprovingoverallefficiencyandallowingmorecorestoberecoveredingivenperiodoftime.Theeffortstoimprovethefunctionofthecorecatchersalsoresultedinfewerlostcorecatcherteethandfewerinvertedcatchers(asignofsedimentlossfromthebottomofthesectionduringrecovery).Thelossofthefinalvibracoremayhavebeenduetoboltslooseningattheattachmentpointnearthetopofthecorebarrel.Thewinchtensionsensordidnotreportaspikeatpullout,whichusuallymeansthateitherthecorebarreldidnotpenetrate,or,inourcase,thatthebarrelhadcomelooseduringpenetrationandthusgavelittleresistanceduringextraction.Duringon‐deckattachmentofthecoretothevibracorehead,eachofthesecuringboltsaretightenedfirmlyandsecuredwithelectricaltapetopreventbackingoutandloss.Despitetheeffortstosecurethebolts,thepowerfulmotionofthevibracoreheadstillfrequentlyloosenstheboltsandmaybeanareaforfutureimprovements.

Ingeneral,telepresencetechnologyworkedverywell.Atthebeginningofthecruise,bandwidthlimitationsassociatedwithURI'sinternetserviceproviderresultedintemporary"blackouts"ofaudio‐visualship‐to‐shorelinks.Thisproblemwasaddressedbytheinternetserviceprovider,andalthoughoccasionalshort(severalseconds)blackoutscontinuedtooccurthroughoutthedurationofthecruise,theinconvenienceforshore‐basedparticipantswasminor.

4.2.5 Assessment of Participant Experience

ParticipantswhowereonboardtheR/VEndeavorduringthecruiseallacknowledgedthattheexperiencewasworthwhileandeducational,andthatthelectures,opportunitiestoobserveandparticipateinmarineresearchfieldwork,andtheensuingdiscussionsthatfollowedwere

50

informativeandimpactful.Removedfromallthatisfamiliaroflifeonshore,ashipatseaprovidesauniqueanddistinctlydifferentphysicalandcognitiveenvironmentforthosewhoareonboard.Theisolationofavesselandthecomparativelycontainedspacecausesandrequiresthatthepeoplewhoareatseatogetherrelatetooneanotherinamorecarefulandfocusedwaythantheymightotherwiserelatetoeachotheronland.Asaconsequence,shipboardexperiencestendtobemoreintimate,morevivid,moreintense,andmorememorable.TheR/VEndeavorcapacity‐buildingcruiseprovidedthespacenecessaryforalltheseelementsoftheexperiencetobefeltbyitsparticipantsandforprogresstobemadeinunderstandinghowTribalandnon‐Tribalresearcherscanworktogetheratseaonsubmergedpaleoculturallandscapesresearchprojectsinmeaningfulandmutuallybeneficialways.

Telepresencetechnologyallowedonshoreobserverstoviewoperationsonboardthesurveyvesselinrealtime,providingauniquewindowintothemethodologiesandchallengesassociatedwithgeologicalandgeophysicaldataacquisition.ParticipantswhoobservedonboardoperationsfromtheInnerSpaceCenterwereenthusiasticabouttheirexperienceandstatedthattheopportunitytoviewgeophysicalandgeologicaldataacquisitiononasurveyvesselinrealtimefromshorewasveryhelpfultosupplementingtheirknowledgeaboutthemethodsandchallengesassociatedwithoceanographicresearch.Theabilitytoparticipateinonboarddiscussionsremotelywasidentifiedasparticularlymeaningful.Althoughthelogisticsandexpenseassociatedwithusingtelepresencemaybeprohibitiveinsomesituations,theextremelypositiveoutcomesfromthisshortcruisesuggestthatitmaybeaveryeffectivecapacity‐buildingtool.

4.3 Block Island – West Beach: Coring and Geophysical Surveys


TheidentificationofexposedterrestrialpeatdepositsandtreestumpsalongWestBeach,BlockIsland,asdescribedinSection5.1,necessitatedasite‐specificgeologiccharacterizationextendingoffshore.Toachievethis,atightlyspacedsurveygridwasdesignedwith30‐mshore‐parallelsurveylinesand100‐mperpendicularcrossinglinesalongwhichswathbathymetry,side‐scan,andCHIRPsub‐bottomprofileswerecollected.Toground‐truthgeophysicaldata,targetedbiologicalandvibracoreswereplanned.


OnMay3,2016,theURI‐GSOpontoonboatandsurveyandcoringgearwereallmobilizedfromURI‐GSOtoBlockIsland,RIbytrailerandarentedboxtruckaboardtheBlockIslandFerry.Table37summarizesthepersonnelinvolvedinthefieldoperation,andTable38summarizestheequipmentused.

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Table 37. Project personnel for Block Island – West Beach coring and geophysical surveys (2016)


Field Work Data

Processing

Report Preparatio

n




Monique LaFrance‐Bartley URI‐GSO X X X ‐

Taylor Losure URI Geosciences ‐ X ‐ ‐





Sediment coring <2m coring capacity; 2.4 m polycarbonate liner; optimized for use in flocculent or loosely compacted sediments

Vibracore system Sediment Coring Rossfelder P‐3 Vibro‐Percussive system with 600‐m working depth, accommodating 8‐ or 10‐cm core barrels typically 3–6 m in length



Edgetech 6205 Multi‐Phase Echosounder

Combined side‐scan and bathymetric sonar

Pole‐mounted, swath bathymetry and dual frequency 550kHz/1,600kHz side‐scan system





Uponarrivalatthestudyarea,thepontoonboatandequipmentweretransportedtoGreatSaltPond.ThepontoonboatwasthenlaunchedandtiedupatPayne’sDock,andtheequipmentstoredonsiteintheboxtruck.

SurveyoperationsbeganonMay4,2016.TheEdgetech6205,BenthosCHIRPIII,andApplanixPOSMVweresetuponthepontoonboatbeforetransitingtotheWestBeachsurveyarea.TheEdgetech6025wasrunwitha25‐mrange,producingatotalswathwidthof50m,dependentonwaterdepth.TheCHIRPwasrunata63‐msrepetitionrateandtowed10–15maftofstern.ItwasnotedthatCHIRPpenetrationwaslimited,mostlikelyduetoacoarse‐grainedbottomtype.Thesurveylineswerecompletedbytheendofday.Figure14illustratesthelocationofthesurveytransects.

OnMay9,2016,ashorelinetracewasconductedusingonlytheEdgetech6205togetthemostinshoredatapossible.Thiswasaidedbycoordinatingthesurveytooccursimultaneouslywithhightide.TheCHIRPwasomittedfromthisadditionalsurveyingduetopreviouslyobservedpoorpenetrationandanabundanceofboulders,whichmadenavigationespeciallydifficult.

Beginninpontoonwastransashorepscandatatheseafloprobingtabandoneoperation

Figure 14area of BBasemap o

gonMay11,boatwasrigsitedtotheWerpendicularatoidentifyfoorgeologywtheseaflooried.Thepontns.

4. Location oBlock Island,orthophotogra

,2016,fieldogedforcorinWestBeachsrtransect.Cofine‐grainedwastoocoarsinnumerousoonboatwa

of sub‐botto Rhode Islanph source: ESR

operationswngandallcorsitewithinteoringlocatioareas.Whenseforbothblocationstosthentransi

om sonar surnd. RI ArcGIS online

52

wereswitcheringequipmentionsofcolnswereselenarrivingattbiologicalcorfindsitesaditedbacktoG

rvey tracklin

e—"World Ima

dtosedimenentwasloadllectingbioloectedafterrethecoringsitresandvibradequateforcGreatSaltPo

nes (white li

agery"

ntcoring.Priedontothebogicalcoresaeviewingthetes,itwasdeacores.Aftercoring,coringondtocontin

ines) in the W

iortosurveyboat.Theboaandvibracoreprocessedsieterminedthphysicallygoperationsnuecoring

West Beach

y,theatesinide‐at

were

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53


ThelimitedpenetrationoftheCHIRPsub‐bottomsonarandtheinabilitytocollectsedimentcoresatWestBeacharebothduetothecoarseseafloorgeology.Theseafloorispredominantlycomposedofsand,gravel,cobbles,andbouldersaswereobservedintheside‐scandata.Terrestrialdepositsobservedintheintertidalzone(e.g.,treestumps,peat)werenotclearlyobservedfurtheroffshoreatthetimeofplannedsedimentcoring.Becausetheseterrestrialdepositswereidentifiedsoclosetotheshoreline,itwasdeterminedthatanadditionalshorelinetraceshouldbeperformedatpeakhightidetocapturetheintertidalzoneascompletelyaspossible.ThissecondpasswascompletedonMay9,2016andachievedthisintendedgoal.

TheFalmouthScientific,Inc.(FSI)BubbleGun,alowerfrequencysub‐bottomprofiler,ismoreappropriateforuseinsandandgravelenvironments.Thetradeoff,however,isreducedresolution,particularlyinthefirstseveralmetersbelowtheseafloor.Becausethepeatlayerislikelytobeshallowlyburiedbymarinedeposits,itwasdeterminedthattheBubbleGunwouldlikelybeinappropriate.Onthefirstdayofsurvey,theBubbleGunwasdeployedtodetermineifitwouldperformbetterthantheCHIRP.However,asthehydrophonestreamerwasprepared,wenoticedthattheoil‐filledtubinghadasmallleakandcouldnotbedeployedwithoutcontaminatingtheseawaterandriskingfurtherdamage.Withthisrestriction,onlytheCHIRPsub‐bottomprofilercouldbeusedforsurvey.

Despitethedifficultiesassociatedwithcharacterizingthesub‐seafloorgeology,theside‐scanandbathymetricdatawereofexcellentquality.Bedformssuchasscourmarksandsandwaveswereeasilyobservedinbothdatasets.

Theonlyotherdifficultiesencounteredduringthisfieldeffortwererelatedtotheweather.Duringthisweek,severalraineventswithhighwindspreventeddatacollection.

4.4 Block Island – Great Salt Pond: Coring and Geophysical Survey


GreatSaltPondisanearlyfullyenclosedsaltpond,connectedtoBlockIslandSoundbyaman‐madechannelthatwasdredgedin1895,locatedonthewesternsideofthesaltpond.ThisareaisalowenergyenvironmentclosetoWestBeachwithalonghistoryofNativeAmericansettlement,andsedimentcorestakenfromherecouldaidingeneratingthelocalpaleoenvironmentalrecord.Tocharacterizethechangesinseafloorandsub‐seafloorgeology,swathbathymetry,side‐scan,andCHIRPsub‐bottomprofilerdatawerecollected.Toground‐truththegeophysicaldata,targetedsedimentcoreswereplanned.Forthemostcompletesedimentaryrecord,biologicalcorescapturingthesediment‐waterinterfaceandvibracores3mand6minlengthweretobecollectedateachstation.


FollowingthegeophysicalsurveyatWestBeach,surveyworkatGreatSaltPondbeganonMay4,2016.Table39summarizesthepersonnelinvolvedinthefieldeffort,andTable40liststhesurveyvesselandinstrumentationused.

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Table 39. Project personnel for the Block Island – Great Salt Pond coring and geophysical survey (2016)


Field Work Data

Processing Report

Preparation




Monique LaFrance‐Bartley URI‐GSO X X X ‐

Taylor Losure URI Geosciences ‐ X ‐ ‐









Edgetech 6205 Multi‐Phase Echosounder

Combined side‐scan and bathymetric sonar

Pole‐mounted, swath bathymetry and dual frequency 550kHz/1,600kHz side‐scan system





Toachievefullside‐scancoverageatGreatSaltPond,datawererecordedata50mrange(100‐mtotalswathwidth).Bathymetrywasrecordedata40‐mrange(80‐mtotalswathwidth),providingnearfullcoverage.TheCHIRPwasoperatedwitha63‐msrepetitionrate,thehighestresolutionsetting,withcablelayback15maftofstern.WeatherconditionsbegantodeterioratequicklywhenthesurveyinGreatSaltPondwasunderway.Afterdataalongtwosurveylineswerecollected,itwasdeterminedthatdataqualitywasnotsufficient,andsurveyoperationswereterminated.

OnMay9,2016,surveyoperationswereresumedatGreatSaltPond.Duetopoordataquality,thetwolinesthathadbeenpreviouslyrunwereresurveyed.Thesamesettingsforswathbathymetry/side‐scanandsub‐bottomdatawereusedaspreviouslydescribed.Dataacquisitioncontinueduntilallsurveylineswerecompleted,afterwhichthepontoonboatreturnedbacktoPayne’sDockandthesurveyequipmentwasremovedandstored.ThelocationofsurveytransectsisillustratedinFigure15.

Figure 15Great SaBasemap o

AfterWesatGreatSanalysisodeepbasibottompcollected,biologica

5. Location olt Pond, Bloorthophotogra

stBeachwasSaltPond.Profprocessedinapproximarofilerdata.,withrecovelcoringinth

of sub‐bottock Island, Rhph source: ESR

sdeemeduniortocoringside‐scananately15.2mVibracoringeredsedimenheafternoon.

om sonar surhode Island RI ArcGIS online

suitableforcg,featuresofndCHIRPsubdeep,andsewasfirstattntlengthran.Onlyonebio

55

rvey tracklin

e—"World Ima

coring,onMainterestwerb‐bottomproeveralchannemptedwithngingfrom0.ologicalcore

nes (white li

agery"

ay11,2016,reidentifiedaofilerdata.Oel‐likefeaturh3‐mcoreba70mto2.06ewascollecte

ines) and se

thecoringoandtargetedOfparticulariresidentifiedarrels.Fourv6m.Coringwedwitharec

diment core

perationsbedbasedoninterestwasdinthesub‐vibracoreswwasswitchedcoveredsedim

es in

egan

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weredtoment

56

lengthof0.86m.Atthispoint,increasingwindswerecreatingunstablecoringconditions,sooperationswerediscontinuedfortheday.

Thefollowingday(May12,2016),coringoperationsresumed.Twoadditionalbiologicalcoreswerecollectedwithrecoveredsedimentlengthsof0.86and0.92cm.Aftercappingthebiologicalcoresandsecuringthemuprightonthepontoonboat,coringoperationswereswitchedtovibracoring.A6‐mvibracorewasrigged,andthepontoonboattransitedtothedeepestareaofGreatSaltPond(50ft).The‐6mvibracorewassuccessfulandatestofourcapabilityofcollectingalongvibracorefromthepontoonboat.Figure15illustratesthelocationsofrecoveredvibracores.

Afterthecollectionofthelastvibracore,theboatwasreturnedtoPayne’sDock,andthecoreswerepackagedfortransportbacktoURI‐GSO.ThecoringoperationsatGreatSaltPondwerethelastcomponentoftheMay2016fieldoperationinBlockIsland.Thepontoonboatwasrecoveredontothetrailer,andallofthesurveyandcoringequipmentwerepackedformobilizationbacktoURI‐GSO.


Theacquisitionofswathbathymetry/side‐scandataandCHIRPsub‐bottomdataweresuccessfulanddeemedhighqualityduringacquisitioninthefield.Preliminaryanalysisofpost‐processeddatasetsconfirmedgoodcoveragethroughoutthepond.TheCHIRPsub‐bottomprofilerachievedsignificantlybetterpenetrationinGreatSaltPondcomparedtoWestBeach.Thisisduetothefinergrainedsedimentsthroughoutthepond.Sub‐bottomrecordswereobscuredalongtheflanksofthepondduetosandysedimentsandinthedeepestportionsofthepondwheregaschargedsedimentappearedtobepresent.

CoringoperationswerealsosuccessfulatGreatSaltPond,withfour3‐mvibracores,one6‐mvibracore,andthreebiologicalcoresrecovered.Biologicalcoresexhibitedexcellentpreservationofthesediment/waterinterface,andwhenpairedwiththevibracores,providecontinuoussedimentrecordsofGreatSaltPond.

57

5 Field Methodology Summary and Recommendations

FieldworkanddataacquisitionfortheSubmergedPaleolandscapesProjectrequiredawidevarietyofequipment,methods,andtechnicalexpertise.Thediversityofgeological,oceanographic,andarchaeologicalconditionsandsitesineachofthestudyareasprovidedanexcellentopportunitytotestandrefinemethodsfordataacquisition.Thisreportdescribesallofthefieldmethodologyassociatedwiththeprojectandprovidesanassessmentoftheeffectivenessofthetechniquesusedforgeological,archaeological,andgeophysicaldatacollection.Thefollowingsummaryprovidesthe"lessonslearned"fromfiveyearsoffielddataacquisitionandrecommendationsforrefiningexistingfieldsurveyprotocols.

5.1 Geological and Geophysical Data Acquisition

5.1.1 Sediment Coring

Theprojectteamhadextensiveexperienceusingavarietyofsedimentcoringsystemsinlake,estuarine,andoffshoreenvironments.Coringoperationsgenerallyproceededsmoothlyatallofthestudyareasor,insituationswheredifficultieswereencountered,relativelyminormodificationstoexistingequipmentorproceduresresultedinsuccessfulrecovery.Thefollowingrecommendationsreflecttheprojectteam'spriorexpertise,aswellasadditionalknowledgegainedbycoringintheproject'smultipleandgeologicallydiversestudyareas.

Clearlydefinethepurposeofsedimentcoringbeforechoosingcoringequipment.Piston‐typecores,orothersystemsthatpreservethesediment‐waterinterfaceandtheuppermoststratigraphyofthecoreintact,areoftenrequiredtoobtainacontinuous,undisturbedsedimentrecord.

Avoidassumingthatvibracoringisalwaysthemostpreferablecoringmethod.Inaddition,beawarethatvibracoringusuallydisturbsorfailstorecovertheunconsolidatedupperpart(~0–30cm)ofthesedimentcolumn.

Whenpossible,understandtheexpectedsurficialandsub‐surfacegeologyofthestudyareabeforechoosingcoringequipment.Fine‐grainedsedimentsrequiretheuseofapiston‐coringdevicetorecoverundisturbedsediments.Ifradiometricdatingusing210Pband137Csisrequired,thenapistoncorerthatcanrecoveranundisturbedsediment‐waterinterfaceshouldbeused.Sandysedimentswillrequiretheuseofavibracorer.Vibracorersusuallydisturborfailtorecovertheupperpartofthesedimentcolumn.Becausesandysedimentscan'tbereliablyradiometricallydated,thedisturbanceeffectsofvibracorerusuallymanifestthemselveswhencomparisonsaremadebetweendepthtolithologychangesanddepthtoreflectorsinhigh‐resolutionCHIRPsub‐bottomsonarrecords.Thedepthofthereflectorsinthesonarrecordsareoftenoffset20–50cmdeeperthantheassociatedlithologychangesinthecoreduetothefailuretorecoverordisturbanceofthesurfacesediments.

Bepreparedtouseavarietyofcoringmethodstoobtainacompleteandintactsedimentrecord.Itisoftennecessarytodevelopa"compositecore"tothoroughlyunderstandthesedimentrecordatastudyarea.Forexample,usingapiston‐coringsystemmaybenecessarytoobtainanintactsediment‐waterinterfaceandpreservetheupper(oftenflocculent)sedimentsofthestratigraphicrecord,whileLivingston‐typepistoncorersorvibracoringsystemsarerequiredatthesamelocationtoadequatelypenetratedeepersediments.

58

Vibracoringsystemsmayrequiremodificationofthecorebarrelsizeorcorecatcherconstructiontorecovercoresindense,coarsesediments.Usuallysmallerdiametercorebarrelsandstiffercorecatchersarenecessarytorecoverthesesediments.

5.1.2 Seismic Reflection (Sub‐bottom) Profiling

Sub‐bottomprofilingwasconductedwithCHIRPIIIandBubblePulsersystems.TheCHIRPsystemwasusedinareaswhereresolutionoftheuppermostsedimentstratigraphywasdesired(GreenwichBay,GreatSaltPond,andWestBeach),andtheBubblePulsersystemwasusedwhendeeperpenetrationwasrequiredtocharacterizetheancientgeologichistoryofastudyarea(southofNarragansettBay).Theequipmentperformedasexpectedateachofthestudyareas,andnotechnicalissueswereencounteredduringdataacquisition,exceptatWestBeach,wheretheseafloorgeology(coarsesand,cobbles,andboulders)interferedwithacousticpenetrationofthesedimentsbytheCHIRPsystem.Additionalrecommendationsforsub‐bottomsurveyingprotocolsareprovidedintheprojectFinalReport.

BepreparedtousebothCHIRPandBubblepulser‐typesystemstoadequatelycharacterizethesub‐surfacegeologyinastudyarea.Thisapproachisparticularlyimportantinsituationswheredeeperpenetrationisnecessarytounderstandtheregionalgeologicframeworkofastudyarea.AvoidassumingthatCHIRPsystemsalonewillalwaysprovideadequatedata.

Understandtheregionalgeologichistoryofthestudyareabeforedevelopingasurveyplan,andensurethatdataacquisitionismonitoredinthefieldbyindividualsfamiliarwiththishistory.InRhodeIslandwaters,aprominentacousticreflectorisproducedbyamajorunconformitybetweenCretaceouscoastalplainsedimentsand/orcrystallinebedrockandPleistocene/Holocenesediments.Inmanycases,fluvialstructuresandotherpaleolandscapefeaturesarevisibleintheCretaceoussedimentsandcouldeasilybemisinterpretedasfeaturesofinteresttoanarchaeologicalsensitivitystudy.BecausetheprojectteamhadconductedathoroughDesktopStudypriortoacquiringnewdataandunderstoodtheregionalgeologichistoryofthearea,fieldspecialistswereabletoadjustsub‐bottomacquisitionparameters"onthefly"inthefieldinordertofocusonacousticreflectorsofinterest.

Plantoperformapreliminaryexaminationofsub‐bottomdata,including"firstpass"dataprocessing,attheendofeachfielddayandbeforethenextday'ssurveyingbegins.Datashouldbereviewedbyanindividualfamiliarwiththegeologichistoryofthearea,sothatmodificationstoequipmentsettingsorprocedurescanbemadetooptimizedataresolutionforupcomingsurveys.

5.1.3 Side‐Scan Sonar and Swath Bathymetry

Avarietyofgeophysicalsurveysystemsarecurrentlyavailabletomapsurficialsedimenttypesandswathbathymetry.Multibeamsystemsareoftenpreferredifthesurveygoalistoobtainhigh‐quality(hydrographicquality)bathymetryandacousticbackscattercharacterizationofthesurficialsediments.However,theswathwidthobtainedbythesesystemsisusuallylimitedto~4Xthewaterdepthinthesurveyarea.Thislimitisnotcosteffectivewhenmappinginshallowwaters,andmultibeamsystemsarenotgenerallyusedindepthsof>5m.Ontheotherhand,ifthesurveygoalistoobtainfullorhighpercentagebathymetrycoverageandfulloroverlappingside‐scancoverage,theninterferometricsonarsystemscanobtainbothtypesofdatasimultaneously.Theswathwidthobtainedbyinterferometricsonarsystemsisreliably8Xthewaterdepthforbathymetry.Therange

59

oftheside‐scansonarisdeterminedbythefrequencyofthesystemandisusually15–25Xthewaterdepthforsystemsoperatinginthe400–600kHzfrequencyband.Thistypeofsystemismuchmorecosteffectiveforsurveyworkinwaterdepthsof0–50m.

Clearlydefinethegoalofsurficialsedimentmappingforeachproject,andchooseequipmentthatisappropriatefortheoceanographicconditionsatthestudyarea.Avoidassumingthatonetypeofequipmentwillachieveprojectobjectivesforallstudyareas.

5.2 Archaeological Data Acquisition

Inthecontextofmarinegeoarchaeologicalresearchdoneforthepurposeofidentifyingpre‐contactperiodNativeAmericanarchaeologicaldepositsandculturalsiteswithinsubmergedpaleoculturallandscapes,thetraditionalroleofexcavationastheprimarymethodofarchaeologicaldataacquisitionneedstobeexaminedcritically.Allformsofarchaeologicaldataacquisition,especiallynon‐destructiveandminimallyinvasiveremotesensingandlimitedsub‐surfacesamplingtechniques,needtobeconsideredfully,and,whennecessary,newapproachesdevelopedincollaborationwithTribalresearchpartnersandappliedinthedesignandperformanceofthatresearch.

Thismindsetwasappliedtotheextentpossibleinthearchaeologicaldataacquisitionconductedforthisproject.Inallcases,geologicdataacquiredthroughgeophysicalremotesensingorminimallyinvasivesedimentsamplingtechniqueswereutilizedformultiplepurposesinunderstandingthegeological,paleoenvironmental,andarchaeologicalrecordsandinformingdataacquisitionapproaches.Themappingandcharacterizationofthegeologicalandpaleoevironmentalrecords,combinedwithTribalresearchpartnerinputabouttraditionallandscapeinteractions,practices,andpreferences,providedasynergisticframeworkwithinwhicharchaeologicaldataacquisitioneffortswereplannedandfocused.

Identifyingelementsofthepaleoculturallandscapethatsurvivedthepredominantlydestructiveprocessesassociatedwiththemarinetransgressionofthelandbypost‐glacialsealevelrise,aswellashundredsorthousandsofyearsofimpactsfrommodernmarineprocessesandsubmergenceunderwater,isofparamountimportancetodeterminingviablelocationsforconductingmarinegeoarchaeologicalresearchandacquiringdata.Itisonlyintheportionsoftheseafloorwhereelementsoftheformerlysubaeriallandscapeonceavailableforhabitationandutilizationhavesurvivedandareidentifiedthatthereisanypossibilityofencounteringcontextuallyintactarchaeologicaldepositsassociatedwithformerlyterrestrial(inlandorcoastal)pre‐contactperiodNativeAmericanculturalsites.Forthissimplereason,virtuallyallofthearchaeologicaldataacquisitioneffortsthatwereconductedforthisproject(offofCedarTreeBeachinGreenwichBayandWestBeachonBlockIsland)weredoneinareasthatnon‐disturbancemarinegeophysicalsurveyingorvisualreconnaissancehadindicatedordemonstratedthepreservationofarchaeologicallysensitivepaleolandscapeelements.TheonlyexceptionwastheunderwatervisualreconnaissanceinvestigationoftwotransectsextendingoutintotheoceanfromtwodifferentlocationsalongWestBeachwithlow‐reliefbluffscontainingpreviouslyidentifiedpre‐contactperiodNativeAmericanarchaeologicaldeposits,whichwereexaminedtodeterminewhetherornotanythingofeitherthelow‐reliefuplandgeologicalfeaturesorthearchaeologicaldepositshadsurvivedinundation.

Dataacquisitiontechniquesperformedspecificallyforarchaeologicalpurposesduringthisprojectincluded:randomandsystematicnon‐disturbancevisual,photo‐/video‐graphic,andgradiometricreconnaissancesurvey;minimallyinvasiveVSPsurvey;hand‐coringofsediments;collectionofsmall‐sized,representativesamplesofsedimentsandfloralmaterials;andlimited,invasive

60

excavationofjusttwo1x1marchaeologicalDTUs.Allofthesetechniquesprovedinformativeandprovideddifferenttypesofdatathatwerecomplimentarytoeachotherandtothegeologicaldatathatwasacquiredfortheproject,whilealsotakingintoaccounttheconcernsofTribalresearchpartnersaboutdisturbancestotheseafloorandtotheirancestralculturalsites.Performanceofthesedataacquisitiontechniquesproceededsafelyandsmoothlywithminimaldifficultiesthatrequiredonlyminororrelativelysimplemodificationstoequipment,procedures,orschedule.

5.3 Real‐Time Geospatial Mapping Support

Accesstogeospatialmappingservicesduringdataacquisitionallowsreal‐timerefinementand/ormodificationofsurveyplansandassistswithaddressinglogisticalchallengesencounteredinthefield.Inaddition,providingsupplementalgeospatialinformationtoafieldteammayfacilitatepreliminarydatainterpretationonsiteandallowadditionalsurveystoberefinedtobestachieveprojectgoals.Thelogisticalchallengesanddiversityoffieldworkrequiredforthisprojectbenefitedfromreal‐timeinputfrombothshore‐basedandonsitepersonnelwithexpertiseingeospatialmappingtechnologies.Thefollowingrecommendationsdonotrequiresignificantprojectresourcesandmaystreamlinefieldoperations:

Arrangeforashore‐basedGISspecialistwhoisfamiliarwiththesurveygoalsanddesigntobeon‐callduringfieldoperations.

InvestigatethesuiteofArcGISmobilesoftware,whichallowsreal‐timeinteractionsandmappingbetweenfield‐andshore‐basedpersonnelbyusingatabletdeviceorsmartphoneinthefield.Thissoftwareallowsfieldpersonneltoaccessandvisualizethegeospatialdatausedtoplanthesurvey,obtainadditionaldatalayersasnecessary,andaddnewdataonsite.

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6 References

CaccioppoliBJ.2015.Reconstructingsubmergedpaleoenvironments:MudHole,RISoundandGreenwichBay,RI[unpublishedMSthesis].GraduateSchoolofOceanography,UniversityofRhodeIsland.125p.

JonesGandMunsonG.2005.GeophysicalSurveyasanApproachtotheEphemeralCampsiteProblem:CaseStudiesfromtheNorthernPlains.PlainsAnthropologist50(193):31‐43.

McMullenKY,PoppeLJ,SoderbergNK.2009.Digitalseismic‐reflectiondatafromwesternRhodeIslandSound.USGeologicalSurveyOpen‐FileReport2009‐1002.[accessed2018Mar08].https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1002/.

MorissetteCE.2014.PaleoenvironmentalandpaleolandscapereconstructionsofGreenwichBayRegion,RI[unpublishedMSthesis].GraduateSchoolofOceanography,UniversityofRhodeIsland.137p.

SlaterLD,HamiltonND,SandbergS,andJankowskiM.2000.MagneticProspectingataPrehistoricandHistoricSettlementinMaine.ArchaeologicalProspection7:31‐41.

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