M1-1.- Arhmand Kushairi

Current Status of Oil Palm Planting Materials in the World

and Future Challenges

Kushairi A., and Rajanaidu, N.

Malaysian Palm Oil Board

Introduction

• High demand for planting materials, 2007-08

• Seed production increased in last 10 years,

– e.g. Indonesian seed producers doubled with

est. production 60 mil (1996) to 125 mil (2008)

• Besides conventional DxP seeds, additional

planting materials are Clones and Clonal

Seeds

• Palm oil as feedstock for biofuel has firmed

up price of the commodity: positive impact

on OP cultivation

Introduction

• Oil palm industry

• Production of planting materials

• Indicative prices of planting materials

• Breeding populations, pedigree, performance

• Future challenges

• Conclusion

Presentation Outline

Oil palm industryWorld Major Producers of Palm Oil, 1999 – 2008 ('000 tonnes)

Country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1 Indonesia 6,250 7,050 8,080 9,370 10,600 12,380 14,100 16,050 17,270 19,330

2 Malaysia 10,554 10,842 11,804 11,909 13,355 13,976 14,962 15,881 15,824 17,734

3 Thailand 560 525 625 600 690 735 700 860 1,020 1,170

4 Nigeria 720 740 770 775 785 790 800 815 835 860

5 Colombia 500 524 548 528 527 632 661 713 732 800

6 Ecuador 263 218 228 238 262 279 319 352 396 415

7 PNG 264 336 329 316 326 345 310 365 384 400

8 Cote d'Ivoire 264 278 205 265 240 270 320 330 320 330

9 Honduras 90 101 130 126 158 170 180 195 220 268

10 Brazil 92 108 110 118 129 142 160 170 190 220

11 Costa Rica 122 137 150 128 155 180 210 198 200 202

12 Guatemala 53 65 70 86 85 87 92 125 130 139

13 Vanezuela 60 70 52 55 41 61 63 65 70 56

Others 833 873 883 895 906 940 969 1,023 1,083 1,194

TOTAL 20,625 21,867 23,984 25,409 28,259 30,987 33,846 37,142 38,674 43,118

MPOB (2009). http://mpob.gov.my

Sources: Oil World Annual (1999 – 2008) & Oil World Weekly (12 December, 2008). MPOB – data on Malaysia

Indonesia

#1 producer

since 2006

OP area = 4.48 mil ha

FFB = 20.18 t/ha

OER = 20.21%

Oil yield = 4.08 t/ha

CPO = 17.73 mil tonnes

Revenue= RM 65.2 billion

(USD 18.5 bil)

Malaysia 2008 Performance

Introduction

Oil palm industry

• Production of planting materials1) DxP

2) Clones

3) Clonal Seeds

4) Interspecific Hybrid Planting Materials

• Indicative prices of planting materials



• Conclusion


DeclarationThe production and prices of planting materials

mentioned are only estimates and indicative

Due to commercial and other implications, interested

parties are advised to clarify with the respective

companies/ authorities

The authors tried the very best to make the information

as accurate as possible, however, we wish to

apologize for errors, if any, which is unintentional

We stand to be corrected and welcome comments to

make the paper more meaningful

Please e-mail comments to [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Dura x Pisifera (DxP)

Seed Production

• Largely based on Deli dura

– Chemara, Banting, DOA/MARDI/MPOB,

Dami, Socfindo, Dabou

• Main sources of pisifera

– AVROS, NIFOR (Calabar), Ekona,

Yangambi, La Me

Estimated DxP seed production in Indonesia, 2008

Company Million seeds/year

1. Socfindo 20

2. Sampoerna Agro 15

3. IOPRI 35

4. Lonsum 15

5. Asian Agri 10

6. PT Smart (Dami Mas) 10

7. Tania Selatan 5

8. SEU (Bakrie Tani Nusantara) 5

9. Bakrie (ASD) 10

Total 125

Indonesia

DxP Seed Production

In 1995 only 3 major seed producers, estimated 61 mil seeds

• 1995: 50 million

• 2007: 65 million

• 2008: 88 million

• The number of seed producers

remained consistent over the years

Malaysia

DxP Seed Production

Average DxP seed production estimates in Malaysia, 1995-2008


Felda 17

Sime Darby (inc. Guthrie/HRU, GHope) 26

United Plantations Berhad 10

IOI 6

Borneo Samudera 5

SEU 2

RISDA 1

IJMP, Sabah 1

SPAD, Sarawak 1

MPOB 0.5

Total ca.80

(range 50 – 88)

Malaysia

DxP Seed Production

Other Asian Countries

DxP seed production estimates, 2008

Country Million seeds/year

Papua New Guinea 30

Thailand – Univanich

– Department of Agriculture

8

5

India 2

Total 45

DxP Seed Production

• Costa Rica is a major oil palm seed

producer in the world

• CIRAD has developed a network in

Central-South America

• It is expected that a significant amount of

CIRAD seed production in Latin America


DxP Seed Production

DxP seed production estimates in

Central-South America, 2008


ASD Costa Rica 30

Gene Palm Honduras 2

Murgas & Lowe, Colombia 2

La Cabána (CIRAD resale) 1.5

INIAP, Ecuador 2

Embrapa, Brazil 1

Total 38.5


DxP Seed Production

ASD Costa Rica

• Major oil palm seed producers in Africa

are CIRAD and its partners in Ivory

Coast (CNRA), Cameroon (IRAD,

SOCFINCO) and INRAB in Benin, OPRI

in Ghana, NIFOR in Nigeria and

Unipalma in the DRCongo and Ghana

Africa

DxP Seed Production

DxP seed production estimates in Africa, 2008


Benin 6

Nigeria 2

Cameroon – La Dibamba

– Pamol

1

1

Ghana 2

DR Congo, Unipalma 3

Ivory Coast, CNRA 10

Total 25

Africa

DxP Seed Production

World Production estimatesCountry Million ramets/year

Malaysia 2

Costa Rica 0.5

Indonesia 0.5

Total 3

Oil Palm Clones

Malaysian Scenario

• 11 oil palm tissue culture laboratories

– 2008: production ca. 2 mil ramets

– 2010: expected to grow to 5 mil ramets

– 2017: projected requirements ca. 40 mil ramets

• AAR and Felda to produce ca. 1 mil each

– Productions expected to increase to 2 mil each

in next 3-5 years

– Mean oil yield of AAR clones is 7.5 t/ha/yr

Oil Palm Clones

• Dura and/or pisifera palms are cloned as

parents

• Selection of parents for cloning is based

on specific combining ability (SCA)

• Bi-clonal seeds are produced when both

parents are clones

• Semi-clonal seeds are produced when

one parent is a clone

Clonal Seeds

• Clonal seeds more uniform than conventional DxP

because the crossings are confined to a limited

number of parental combinations

• Cost of seed production much lower than TC

plantlets

• Low risk of clonal abnormality because of limited

plantlets production from each parent

• Require a small TC set up to clone the parents and

the number of plantlets production per ortet are

limited

• Oil yield gain of 15% is expected compared to

conventional DxP hybrid seeds

Clonal Seeds

Advantages

• United Plantations Berhad (UPB) in

Malaysia is the pioneer company in the

world to produce bi-clonal seeds

• UPB estimated production is 1mil/year

• Oil yields of UPB semi- and bi-clonal

DxP ranged from 7.95 – 9.52 t/ha/yr

Clonal Seeds

Interspecific Hybrid Seeds

• Characteristics

– somewhat tolerant to spear rot

– short and compact

– more liquid oil

• OxG hybrids based on Taisha (Ecuador)

E. oleifera is expected to produce high oil

yields, close to that of the DxP

E. oleifera x E. guineensis (OxG)

World Production estimates


Ecuador – CIRAD partner 1

Colombia – La Cabańa

– Indupalma

0.3

0.2

Brazil – Embrapa 1

Total 2.5

Interspecific Hybrid Seeds

E. oleifera x E. guineensis (OxG)

SummaryWorld Production estimates, 2008

Type Million/year

DxP 315

Clones 3.0

Bi-clones/Semi-clones 1.0

Interspecific hybrids 2.5

Total 321.5

Oil Palm Planting Materials

Introduction

Oil palm industry

Production of planting materials

• Indicative prices of planting materials• Malaysia

• Indonesia



• Conclusion


• DxP = RM 1.10 – RM 2.20 per seed

• Clones = RM 30 – RM 40 per ramet

• Clonal seeds = RM 1.80 per seed (or higher?)

Note: USD1 = ca. RM 3.50

Malaysia

Indicative Prices of Planting Materials

Companies Price per DxP germinated seed

1) Lonsum = USD 1.2

2) IOPRI = Rp 6000 – 6500

3) Socfindo = Rp 9500

4) Asian Agri = Rp 8000

5) Dami Mas = Rp 9000

6) Sampoerna Agro = Rp 9000

7) AAA (Topaz) = Rp 8000

8) SEU = Rp 6500

9) Bakrie = USD 0.92

Indonesia

Note: USD1 = ca. Rp 9000

Indicative Prices of Planting Materials

Introduction

Oil palm industry


Indicative prices of planting materials

• Breeding populations, pedigree,

performanceA) DxP – CIRAD, Felda, ASD Costa Rica

B) Clonal planting materials

C) Interspecific hybrids


• Conclusion


Breeding Populations, Pedigree, Performance

CIRAD

• Uses RRS to improve the parents, evaluate

their combining abilities and a recombination

phase to create variability for the next cycle

Deli dura (Group A)

• Socfindo Deli

• Socfin Deli (Malaysia)

• Dabou Deli

• Deli x Angola

Pisifera (Group B)

• La Me

• NIFOR

• Yangambi

• Sibiti

A) DxP

Experimental

• LM404D (Group A) or

LM10T (Group B)

– contribute to OER

• DA10D (Group A) or

LM2T (Group B)

– good FFB production

• PO4982P (LM5T x LM10T)

– both good OER & FFB

• OY potential 7-8 t/ha/yr

Commercial DxP

• FFB: 30 to 32 t/ha/yr in

suitable climates

• CPO: 26-28% at mills

• Limited vertical growth

• Vascular wilt resistant

material available

• Yield levels less affected by

water stress

• Oil with high olein content

CIRAD


A) DxP

• Cross: DA115D self x LM718 self

– FFB = 204.7 kg/palm/yr

– CPO = 6.55 t/ha/yr

– Bunch number = 9.28 bunches/palm/yr

– Average bunch weight = 22.76 kg

– OER = 27.52%

IOPRI-CIRAD collaboration


A) DxP

Dura

• MPOB provided Felda

with Nigerian Prospected

Materials (NPM)

• Deli dura x NPM dura

– Good FFB

– O/B 19.4 – 23.8%

– IV 54.1 – 57.3

– Ht inc 0.38 – 0.46 m/yr

DxP

• progenies DQ10,

DQ69 and DQ34 of

the 3-way cross

Deli-NPM x Ybi

– OY 7.70 – 8.51 t/ha/yr

– TEP 8.35 – 9.34 t/ha/yr

Felda


A) DxP

Deli duras sources

• Malaysia

• Chemara

• H&C Banting

• Socfin

• MARDI

• PNG (Dami)

• Costa Rica (Coto)

Pisifera sources

• AVROS H&C Banting

• AVROS Dami

• Ekona

• Ghana

• Nigeria

• La Me

• Yangambi

ASD Costa Rica and Its Partners


A) DxP

• ASD progeny tests in Indonesia

– About 440 DxP progenies

– 223 Deli duras tested with 50 pisiferas

– Connected mating design

• General combining ability (GCA)

– Deli dura: Dami & Chemara high GCA

– Pisifera: Nigerian Calabar &Ghana high GCA

• DxP: Deli x Nigerian & Deli x Ghana

– Oil yield potential >9 t/ha/yr

ASD Costa Rica and Its Partners


A) DxP

• Global production ca. 3 million ramets

• Malaysia ca. 2 million ramets

2015 – expected 5 million

2017 – needs 40 million

Thus, not enough ramets

DxP and clonal seeds will continue

to be important sources of planting materials

• AAR, Malaysia

– Planted >20 clonal trial with >200ha

and >8000ha commercial test plantings


B) Clonal Planting Materials

• Current cloning method is not sustainable

– High cost of production

– Abnormality is unpredictable

– No specific molecular markers to weed out

abnormal palms at the seedling stage

• TC technology could be harnessed to multiply

elite dura to produce clonal seeds

– Since only limited number of plantlets are

produced per dura ortet, the level of abnormality

can be kept to the minimum

– If a particular dura clone were abnormal, it can be

discarded from clonal seed production programme


B) Clonal Planting Materials

• Backcross programme:

– High IV F1 OG x high IV E. guineensis

• Promising backcross families:

– FFB up to 35 t/ha/yr in 2nd year of harvest

– O/B up to 32%

– Oil yield potential >10 t/ha/yr

– Iodine value up to 68

• Selection of ortets from these backcross

progenies aimed at high yield, high IV,

short and compact palms


United Plantations Berhad, Malaysia

C) Interspecific Hybrids

• Developed compact clones and seed progenies

with 6.25% E. oleifera blood

• Amenable to high density planting of 200 palms/ha

compared to conventional 136-160 palms/ha

• Yield potential being verified in different parts of the

world

ASD Costa Rica


C) Interspecific Hybrids

Introduction

Oil palm industry



Breeding populations, pedigree, performance

• Future challenges• Conclusion


Future Challenges

• Malaysian national palm oil yield has been

stagnating at around 3.5 – 3.8 t/ha/yr for 20 years

(Note: 2008 Oil yield: 4.08 t/ha)

• Reasons for stagnating yield, e.g.

– Slow replanting rate

– Below-par estate management practices in some estates

– Spreading of oil palm cultivations into marginal areas

• However, well managed estates in Malaysia

realized oil yields of 6 – 7 t/ha/yr

Yield Gap

• Oil yield remains the prime objective

• Specialty oils and products cater various

consumers needs in niche markets

• To date, MPOB has developed 13

breeding populations, PS1 to PS13 with

specialty oils and products

Future ChallengesBreeding for Specialty Oils and Products

Breeding Pop. Specialty Traits MPOB PS series Current DxP

• PS1

• PS1.1

Dwarf palm

(height increments) 40cm/yr 50 – 75cm/yr

• PS2 High Iodine value 56 52

• PS3 Large kernel (K/F) 10-15% 5-7%

• PS4 High carotene E. oleifera > 3,000ppm 500 – 700ppm

• PS5 Thin shell tenera (S/F) 2.80 – 7.40% >10%

• PS6 Large fruit dura (weight) 24g – 34g 10g

• PS7 High bunch index 0.6 0.3

• PS8 High vitamin E 1,300 – 2,500ppm 600 – 1000ppm

• PS9 Bactris gasipaes Not oil palm

• PS10 Long stalk 20 – 30cm 10-15cm

• PS11 High carotene E. guineensis 2000 – 2474ppm 500 – 700ppm

• PS12 High oleic 48 – 52.5% 37 – 40%

• PS13 Low lipase (FFA cold activation) 1 – 10% 22 – 73%


PS2Current DxP

IV 52

PS3 Large kernelCarotene

ExtractsCarotene

capsules

PS5 Thin shell tenera

PS6 Large fruit dura PS10 Long stalk

PS4 and PS11 CarotenePS2 Iodine value

PS1 and PS1.1 Dwarf palm


Quality of Life

measuresSelected Traits(All pop. are high yielding)

Remarks

Productivity

(Wealth)

• High yield

• Large kernel

• Large fruit

• Thin shell

• High bunch index

High income

Working Life• Dwarf palm

• Long stalkEase of harvesting

Health

• High iodine value

• High carotene

• High vitamin E

• High oleic acid

• Low lipase

Niche markets

Environment• Dwarf palm

• High productivity

• Delayed replanting

• Less land area


• Demand depends on development of OP industry

• It is important for countries have national strategy

to sustain the OP seed production industry

• Malaysia & Indonesia are main consumers of

planting materials, requiring about 140 mil/year

– Indonesia: 500,000ha new planting

– Malaysia: 200,000ha replanting

• World demand for new plantings and replanting

estimated at 202 million seeds annually

• Current supply (321.5 million) exceeds demand

Future ChallengesSupply and Demand

• In Malaysia, it is mandatory to have certificate

and licenses to produce and market of oil palm

planting materials i.e. seeds, clones, seedlings

– Certification from SIRIM for seed production

– License from MPOB for seed production and

marketing of seeds and seedlings

– These are governed by law

• MPOB monitors the quality of oil palm planting

materials produced in the country through field

evaluations once in every five years

Future ChallengesQuality Control

• Seed business is very lucrative

• Attracted illegal seed producers and traders of

illegitimate seeds

• Illegal seed production and trades must be curbed

– In Malaysia, it is the purview of MPOB

(Licenses from MPOB to produce and market OP seeds and seedlings)

• Oil palm industry will suffer in term of productivity if

plantations were planted with illegitimate planting

materials

Future ChallengesIllegal Seed Producers

• Oil palm seeds are traded across borders

around the world

• Important to avoid the spread of seed-borne

exotic diseases not present in one region to

another region

• Main OP diseases based on regions

– Ganoderma in South East Asia

– Bud rot in Latin America

– Fusarium in Africa

Future ChallengesPest and Diseases

• Limited number of breeding lines are used by

seed producers in the world

• Seed production has shifted from public to

private organizations

• Because of commercial implications, limited

exchange of germplasm among seed producers

• The narrow genetic base of breeding material

will impede the progress of oil palm breeding

Future ChallengesGenetic Base of Parental Materials

• CBD protects the sovereignty of a country

with respect to its genetic resources

• However, CBD could also hampers/delays

progress in breeding and development of

improved planting materials

• Prior Informed Consent (PIC) of CBD has

legal implications and needs to be negotiated,

which could take years before it is agreed by

the parties

Future ChallengesConvention of Biological Diversity (CBD)

• New varieties or process are patented

• While PVP / patents serves commercial interests, it may

also restricts advancements in science due to the high

price the users have to pay for use the technology

• PVP / patents can hinder progress in breeding and

development of varieties with desired traits, examples:

– a patent for oil palm haploid technology is being filed

by a company

– Major palm oil producing countries are in the race to

unleash the oil palm genome, where discoveries are

expected to be patented

Future ChallengesPlant Variety Protection and Breeders’ Right

4-5 Nov 2009

International Seminar

on

Oil Palm Genomics and Its Application to

Oil Palm Breeding

[email protected]

[email protected]

• Carbon footprint has become a major

issue recently especially in relation to

export of palm oil to Europe

• Oil palm breeders have to explore the

production of palm oil with optimum

resources to minimize carbon footprint

Future ChallengesCarbon Footprint

• A number of experienced oil palm breeders

have retired within a short span of time

• Although the retirees are sometimes

reemployed, there is a lack of new group of

oil palm breeders with post-graduate

qualifications in the job market

• Universities have to revive the plant breeding

courses and train more oil palm breeders

Future ChallengesHuman Resources

Introduction

Oil palm industry



Breeding populations, pedigree, performance

Future challenges

• Conclusion


Conclusion

• Current status of oil palm planting materials

– Production >300 million

– Demand <200 million

– Thus, excess planting materials in global market

• Existing seed producers plan to expand

production capacity

– But, there is needs to produce more clones

• New seed producers coming into the market

• There should be rationalization of the seed

market by the governments

4-5 Nov 2009 6 Nov 2009 9-12 Nov 2009

Invitation to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

International Seminar

on

Oil Palm Genomics and Its Application to

Oil Palm Breeding

[email protected]

[email protected] at: www.mpob.gov.my

Thank You

M1-1.- Arhmand Kushairi

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