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Page 1: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

M V M Mobility Vehicle Mechanics

Editors Prof dr Jovanka Lukić Prof dr Čedomir Duboka

MVM Editorial Board

University of Kragujevac

Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

Prof Dr Belingardi Giovanni

Politecnico di Torino

Torino ITALY

Dr Ing Ćućuz Stojan

Visteon corporation

Novi Jicin

CZECH REPUBLIC

Prof Dr Demić Miroslav

University of Kragujevac

Faculty of Engineering

Kragujevac SERBIA

Prof Dr Fiala Ernest

Wien OESTERREICH

Prof Dr Gillespie D Thomas

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor Michigan USA

Prof Dr Grujović Aleksandar

University of Kragujevac

Faculty of Engineering

Kragujevac SERBIA

Prof Dr Knapezyk Josef

Politechniki Krakowskiej

Krakow POLAND

Prof Dr Krstić Božidar

University of Kragujevac

Faculty of Engineering

Kragujevac SERBIA

Prof Dr Mariotti G Virzi

Universita degli Studidi Palermo

Dipartimento di Meccanica ed

Aeronautica

Palermo ITALY

Prof Dr Pešić Radivoje

University of Kragujevac

Faculty of Engineering

Kragujevac SERBIA

Prof Dr Petrović Stojan

Faculty of Mech Eng Belgrade

SERBIA

Prof Dr Radonjić Dragoljub

University of Kragujevac

Faculty of Engineering

Kragujevac SERBIA

Prof Dr Radonjić Rajko

University of Kragujevac

Faculty of Engineering

Kragujevac SERBIA

Prof Dr Spentzas Constatinos

N National Technical University

GREECE

Prof Dr Todorović Jovan

Faculty of Mech Eng Belgrade

SERBIA

Prof Dr Toliskyj Vladimir E

Academician NAMI

Moscow RUSSIA

Prof Dr Teodorović Dušan

Faculty of Traffic and Transport

Engineering

Belgrade SERBIA

Prof Dr Veinović Stevan

University of Kragujevac

Faculty of Engineering

Kragujevac SERBIA

For Publisher Prof dr Miroslav Živković dean University of Kragujevac Faculty of

Engineering

Publishing of this Journal is financially supported from

Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development Republic Serbia

Mobility amp Motorna

Vehicle Vozila i

Mechanics Motori _____________________________________________________________

Almir Blaţević Ivan Filipović Dţevad Bibić Boran Pikula

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

1-12

Isak Karabegović

Ermin Husak

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

13-22

Darko Stanojević

Nenad Luţanin

Miloš Vasić

Nada Stanojević

Milun Todorović

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

23-34

N Ramesh Babu

Harish Mahadevappa

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

35-51

Slobodan Mišanović

Slaven Tica

Ţeljko Milković

Pavle Krstić

Branko Milovanović

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

53-63

Volume 42

Number 3

2016

Mobility amp Motorna

Vehicle Vozila i

Mechanics Motori

Almir Blaţević Ivan Filipović Dţevad Bibić Boran Pikula

MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE DINAMIĈKIH PRIGUŠIVAĈA TORZIONIH OSCILACIJA SA OPRUGAMA KOD MOTORA ZA CESTOVNA VOZILA

1-12

Isak Karabegović

Ermin Husak

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

13-22

Darko Stanojević

Nenad Luţanin

Miloš Vasić

Nada Stanojević

Milun Todorović

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAĈAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

23-34

N Ramesh Babu

Harish Mahadevappa

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA- ISTRAZIVANJE SLUCAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

35-51

Slobodan Mišanović

Slaven Tica

Ţeljko Milković

Pavle Krstić

Branko Milovanović

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA ELEKTRIĈNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

53-63

Volume 42

Number 3

2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

UDC621431534013

ABSTRACT One of the main reasons of fatigue of the IC engine crankshaft which

inevitably leads to its failure is the occurrence of high amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibrations Amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations are particularly

pronounced in vibration resonant modes of the crankshaft including crank-gear and other

associated elements An objective way to reduce the torsional vibration amplitudes of twist

angle is the application of the torsional vibration dampers (TVD)

So far elastic TVD with rubber as elastic element are used for high and medium speed

engines for road vehicles The main reasons are simple construction reliability and

relatively low costs of this type of additional elements Modern production technologies of

crankshaft system elements allow implementation of dynamic TVD with springs for high-

speed as well for medium-speed engines for road vehicles (eg dual-mass flywheel a

damper in the counterweight etc)This way reliability is increased and the costs for TVD

are reduced

A method for selecting characteristics of the dynamic TVD with springs built in the

counterweight (torsional rigidity inertia inertial mass) as well as an analysis of its impact

on the critical values of the angular amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations are

presented in this paper The results of analysis are compared with the corresponding angular

amplitudes of twist angle of the crankshaft with an elastic TVD element and the potential of

amplitudes of twist angle reduction by selection realistic dynamic characteristics of the

dynamic TVD are shown The complete analysis is carried out for a specific medium speed

truck diesel engine

KEY WORDS torsional vibration damper dynamic damper with springs IC engine road

vehicles

MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE DINAMIČKIH PRIGUŠIVAČA TORZIONIH

OSCILACIJA SA OPRUGAMA KOD MOTORA ZA CESTOVNA VOZILA

REZIME Jedan od osnovnih razloga zamora materijala kolenastog vratila motora sus koje

neumitno dovodi do njegovog pucanja je pojava visokih amplituda uvijanja usled torzionih

oscilacija Amplitude uvijanja usled torzionih oscilacija su posebno izražene u zonama

rezonantnih režima oscilovanja kolenastog vratila sa krivajnim mehanizmima i ostalim

pripadajućim elementima Realan put za smanjenje amplituda uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja je primena prigušivača torzionih oscilacija (PTO) Kod brzohodnih i srednje

brzohodnih motora za cestovna vozila do sada je pretežno korišćen elastični PTO sa gumom

kao elastičnim elementom Razlozi za ovo su uglavnom jednostavna konstrukcija

pouzdanost i cena ovakvog dodatnog elementa Nove tehnologije izrade elemenata sistema

koji se nalaze na kolenastom vratilu omogućavaju uvođenje dinamičkih PTO sa oprugama i

kod brzohodnih i srednje brzohodnih motora za cestovna vozila (npr dvomaseni zamajac

prigušivač u kontrategu i sl) Na ovaj način se povećava pouzdanost i smanjuje cena PTO

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

U ovom radu je predstavljen način izbora karakteristika dinamičkog PTO sa oprugama

ugrađenog u kontrategu (torziona krutost moment inercije inercione mase) kao i analiza

njegovog uticaja na kritične vrednosti amplituda uglova uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja Dobijeni rezultati analize su upoređivani sa odgovarajućim amplitudama uglova

uvijanja kolenastog vratila pri korišćenju elastičnih PTO te su prikazane mogućnosti

redukcije amplituda oscilovanja pri izboru realnih karakteristika dinamičkog PTO

Kompletna analiza je provedena za konkretan srednje brzohodni dizel motor za teretna

vozila

KLJUČNE REČI prigušivač torzionih oscilacija dinamički prigušivač sa oprugama

motor sus cestovna vozila

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović

2 Dževad Bibić

3 Boran Pikula

4

UDC 621431534013

1 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engines have a changing value of the current torque at the

crankshaft within one working cycle (two revolutions of the crankshaft in four-stroke engines

for one working cycle) due to their cyclical tape of work and the stochastic nature of the

combustion process Also within the IC engine due specific regulation processes a so called

quasi stationary process occurs at constant speed operation [2] which further affects the

change of torque at the crankshaft

In addition to the above described character changes of the crankshaft excitation

torque the crank-gear shave variable moments of inertia of rotating masses and the

crankshaft has a variable torsional stiffness by cross-sections [2 3 5] All this results in the

presence of significant torsional twisting at some cross-sections of the crankshaft with

associated elements around the equilibrium of angular rotation Occurrence of crankshaft

twisting at some engine operating modes primarily due to torsional vibration can be of such

intensity that can lead to fatigue and fracture of the crankshaft

When defining the engine operating modes where high value amplitudes of

crankshaft twist angle due to torsional vibration are expected an important role has the

machine that is powered by the internal combustion engine (road vehicle power unit ship

etc)

This paper will observe the internal combustion engine without a powered machine

and the possibilities of reducing the amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration at

critical operation modes Any attempt to avoid critical operation modes of the torsional

vibration system shifting the so called resonant crankshaft speeds outside the operation

mode by changing the torsional stiffness andor mass moments of inertia at the current level

of development of crankshaft construction is quite unrealistic The real way is the

introduction of devices for forced reduction of critical amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibration so-called torsional vibration dampers

An overview of torsional vibration dampers which are used in internal combustion

engines is best described in [9] from elastic dampers dynamic absorbers frictional dampers

hydraulic dampers to centrifugal pendulum which is used in some engines as a torsional

vibration damper Detailed overview of conventional torsional vibration dampers which are

1 Almir Blažević Dipl ing University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo

šetalište 9 71000 Sarajevo blazevicmefunsaba 2 Ivan Filipović Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo filipovicmefunsaba 3 Dževad Bibić Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo bibicmefunsaba 4 Boran Pikula Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo pikulamefunsaba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

4

used for engines for road vehicles with the basic characteristics of damping elements is

given in [1 3]

Most commonly used conventional dampers for engines for road vehicles are the so-

called viscoelastic dampers (dampers with rubber) who have a number of advantages

(efficiency durability storage space etc) Approach to define the basic characteristics of

damping and a way of modeling these dampers is given in [1 5]

In recent years thanks to new technologies of engine parts manufacturing and new

materials there are also other solutions for torsional vibration damping based on so-called

dynamic absorbers Solutions of these dampers are shown in [4 6 8] The advantages of

these dampers are reflected in lower cost higher reliability and the same or greater efficiency

of damping of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration Mounting and a way of

modelling of the basic features of the new damper designs is described in [4]

In this paper a comparative analysis of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional

vibration with the application of conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration damper and a

torsional vibration damper incorporated into the crankshaft counterweight in the form of a

dynamic absorber for a same engine taking into account the real dimensions of the crankshaft

counterweights is carried out

2 OBJECT OF RESEARCH

For research purposes of applying a dynamic torsional vibration damper a medium

speed turbo-compressor charged four-stroke water cooled six-cylinder diesel engine for

road vehicles was considered The main characteristics of the engine are given in Table 1

Table 1 Wheel numeric equations proposed by different researchers

Number of cylinders 6

Piston diameter Dk= 125 mm

Piston stroke s = 150 mm

Power (Pe) speed (n) 184 kW 2100 rpm

Maximum torque 890 Nm

Firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4

Moment of inertia of masses

according to Figure 5 a)

θ1 = 00277 kgm2 θ2= θ4= θ5= θ7=0147 kgm

2

θ3 = θ6 = 00835 kgm2 θ8 = 187 kgm

2

Stiffness according to Figure 5 a) c1 = 43210

6 Nmrad c2 == c7 = 28110

6 Nmrad

c8 = 412106 Nmrad

External damping coefficient 1= =6= 75 Nmsrad

Internal damping coefficient ε1 ε2 ε7 computed according to model in [3]

In series mass production the engine is equipped with a viscoelastic torsional

vibration damper shown in figure 1

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

5

Figure 1 Scheme of a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

The dynamic torsional vibration damper with whom the research in this paper is

carried out is set within the crankshaft counterweight at the first joint The inertial mass is

attached to the crankshaft base structure with four coil springs and a stop bar In Figure 2 the

layout of the dynamic torsional vibration damper with the most important coil spring

characteristics is shown

Figure 2 Scheme of the dynamic torsional vibration damper a) and an actual photo b)

The assemble position of the torsional vibration dampers from Figures 1 and 2 are

schematically shown in Figure 3

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 2: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Mobility amp Motorna

Vehicle Vozila i

Mechanics Motori _____________________________________________________________

Almir Blaţević Ivan Filipović Dţevad Bibić Boran Pikula

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

1-12

Isak Karabegović

Ermin Husak

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

13-22

Darko Stanojević

Nenad Luţanin

Miloš Vasić

Nada Stanojević

Milun Todorović

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

23-34

N Ramesh Babu

Harish Mahadevappa

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

35-51

Slobodan Mišanović

Slaven Tica

Ţeljko Milković

Pavle Krstić

Branko Milovanović

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

53-63

Volume 42

Number 3

2016

Mobility amp Motorna

Vehicle Vozila i

Mechanics Motori

Almir Blaţević Ivan Filipović Dţevad Bibić Boran Pikula

MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE DINAMIĈKIH PRIGUŠIVAĈA TORZIONIH OSCILACIJA SA OPRUGAMA KOD MOTORA ZA CESTOVNA VOZILA

1-12

Isak Karabegović

Ermin Husak

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

13-22

Darko Stanojević

Nenad Luţanin

Miloš Vasić

Nada Stanojević

Milun Todorović

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAĈAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

23-34

N Ramesh Babu

Harish Mahadevappa

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA- ISTRAZIVANJE SLUCAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

35-51

Slobodan Mišanović

Slaven Tica

Ţeljko Milković

Pavle Krstić

Branko Milovanović

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA ELEKTRIĈNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

53-63

Volume 42

Number 3

2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

UDC621431534013

ABSTRACT One of the main reasons of fatigue of the IC engine crankshaft which

inevitably leads to its failure is the occurrence of high amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibrations Amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations are particularly

pronounced in vibration resonant modes of the crankshaft including crank-gear and other

associated elements An objective way to reduce the torsional vibration amplitudes of twist

angle is the application of the torsional vibration dampers (TVD)

So far elastic TVD with rubber as elastic element are used for high and medium speed

engines for road vehicles The main reasons are simple construction reliability and

relatively low costs of this type of additional elements Modern production technologies of

crankshaft system elements allow implementation of dynamic TVD with springs for high-

speed as well for medium-speed engines for road vehicles (eg dual-mass flywheel a

damper in the counterweight etc)This way reliability is increased and the costs for TVD

are reduced

A method for selecting characteristics of the dynamic TVD with springs built in the

counterweight (torsional rigidity inertia inertial mass) as well as an analysis of its impact

on the critical values of the angular amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations are

presented in this paper The results of analysis are compared with the corresponding angular

amplitudes of twist angle of the crankshaft with an elastic TVD element and the potential of

amplitudes of twist angle reduction by selection realistic dynamic characteristics of the

dynamic TVD are shown The complete analysis is carried out for a specific medium speed

truck diesel engine

KEY WORDS torsional vibration damper dynamic damper with springs IC engine road

vehicles

MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE DINAMIČKIH PRIGUŠIVAČA TORZIONIH

OSCILACIJA SA OPRUGAMA KOD MOTORA ZA CESTOVNA VOZILA

REZIME Jedan od osnovnih razloga zamora materijala kolenastog vratila motora sus koje

neumitno dovodi do njegovog pucanja je pojava visokih amplituda uvijanja usled torzionih

oscilacija Amplitude uvijanja usled torzionih oscilacija su posebno izražene u zonama

rezonantnih režima oscilovanja kolenastog vratila sa krivajnim mehanizmima i ostalim

pripadajućim elementima Realan put za smanjenje amplituda uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja je primena prigušivača torzionih oscilacija (PTO) Kod brzohodnih i srednje

brzohodnih motora za cestovna vozila do sada je pretežno korišćen elastični PTO sa gumom

kao elastičnim elementom Razlozi za ovo su uglavnom jednostavna konstrukcija

pouzdanost i cena ovakvog dodatnog elementa Nove tehnologije izrade elemenata sistema

koji se nalaze na kolenastom vratilu omogućavaju uvođenje dinamičkih PTO sa oprugama i

kod brzohodnih i srednje brzohodnih motora za cestovna vozila (npr dvomaseni zamajac

prigušivač u kontrategu i sl) Na ovaj način se povećava pouzdanost i smanjuje cena PTO

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

U ovom radu je predstavljen način izbora karakteristika dinamičkog PTO sa oprugama

ugrađenog u kontrategu (torziona krutost moment inercije inercione mase) kao i analiza

njegovog uticaja na kritične vrednosti amplituda uglova uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja Dobijeni rezultati analize su upoređivani sa odgovarajućim amplitudama uglova

uvijanja kolenastog vratila pri korišćenju elastičnih PTO te su prikazane mogućnosti

redukcije amplituda oscilovanja pri izboru realnih karakteristika dinamičkog PTO

Kompletna analiza je provedena za konkretan srednje brzohodni dizel motor za teretna

vozila

KLJUČNE REČI prigušivač torzionih oscilacija dinamički prigušivač sa oprugama

motor sus cestovna vozila

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović

2 Dževad Bibić

3 Boran Pikula

4

UDC 621431534013

1 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engines have a changing value of the current torque at the

crankshaft within one working cycle (two revolutions of the crankshaft in four-stroke engines

for one working cycle) due to their cyclical tape of work and the stochastic nature of the

combustion process Also within the IC engine due specific regulation processes a so called

quasi stationary process occurs at constant speed operation [2] which further affects the

change of torque at the crankshaft

In addition to the above described character changes of the crankshaft excitation

torque the crank-gear shave variable moments of inertia of rotating masses and the

crankshaft has a variable torsional stiffness by cross-sections [2 3 5] All this results in the

presence of significant torsional twisting at some cross-sections of the crankshaft with

associated elements around the equilibrium of angular rotation Occurrence of crankshaft

twisting at some engine operating modes primarily due to torsional vibration can be of such

intensity that can lead to fatigue and fracture of the crankshaft

When defining the engine operating modes where high value amplitudes of

crankshaft twist angle due to torsional vibration are expected an important role has the

machine that is powered by the internal combustion engine (road vehicle power unit ship

etc)

This paper will observe the internal combustion engine without a powered machine

and the possibilities of reducing the amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration at

critical operation modes Any attempt to avoid critical operation modes of the torsional

vibration system shifting the so called resonant crankshaft speeds outside the operation

mode by changing the torsional stiffness andor mass moments of inertia at the current level

of development of crankshaft construction is quite unrealistic The real way is the

introduction of devices for forced reduction of critical amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibration so-called torsional vibration dampers

An overview of torsional vibration dampers which are used in internal combustion

engines is best described in [9] from elastic dampers dynamic absorbers frictional dampers

hydraulic dampers to centrifugal pendulum which is used in some engines as a torsional

vibration damper Detailed overview of conventional torsional vibration dampers which are

1 Almir Blažević Dipl ing University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo

šetalište 9 71000 Sarajevo blazevicmefunsaba 2 Ivan Filipović Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo filipovicmefunsaba 3 Dževad Bibić Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo bibicmefunsaba 4 Boran Pikula Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo pikulamefunsaba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

4

used for engines for road vehicles with the basic characteristics of damping elements is

given in [1 3]

Most commonly used conventional dampers for engines for road vehicles are the so-

called viscoelastic dampers (dampers with rubber) who have a number of advantages

(efficiency durability storage space etc) Approach to define the basic characteristics of

damping and a way of modeling these dampers is given in [1 5]

In recent years thanks to new technologies of engine parts manufacturing and new

materials there are also other solutions for torsional vibration damping based on so-called

dynamic absorbers Solutions of these dampers are shown in [4 6 8] The advantages of

these dampers are reflected in lower cost higher reliability and the same or greater efficiency

of damping of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration Mounting and a way of

modelling of the basic features of the new damper designs is described in [4]

In this paper a comparative analysis of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional

vibration with the application of conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration damper and a

torsional vibration damper incorporated into the crankshaft counterweight in the form of a

dynamic absorber for a same engine taking into account the real dimensions of the crankshaft

counterweights is carried out

2 OBJECT OF RESEARCH

For research purposes of applying a dynamic torsional vibration damper a medium

speed turbo-compressor charged four-stroke water cooled six-cylinder diesel engine for

road vehicles was considered The main characteristics of the engine are given in Table 1

Table 1 Wheel numeric equations proposed by different researchers

Number of cylinders 6

Piston diameter Dk= 125 mm

Piston stroke s = 150 mm

Power (Pe) speed (n) 184 kW 2100 rpm

Maximum torque 890 Nm

Firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4

Moment of inertia of masses

according to Figure 5 a)

θ1 = 00277 kgm2 θ2= θ4= θ5= θ7=0147 kgm

2

θ3 = θ6 = 00835 kgm2 θ8 = 187 kgm

2

Stiffness according to Figure 5 a) c1 = 43210

6 Nmrad c2 == c7 = 28110

6 Nmrad

c8 = 412106 Nmrad

External damping coefficient 1= =6= 75 Nmsrad

Internal damping coefficient ε1 ε2 ε7 computed according to model in [3]

In series mass production the engine is equipped with a viscoelastic torsional

vibration damper shown in figure 1

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

5

Figure 1 Scheme of a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

The dynamic torsional vibration damper with whom the research in this paper is

carried out is set within the crankshaft counterweight at the first joint The inertial mass is

attached to the crankshaft base structure with four coil springs and a stop bar In Figure 2 the

layout of the dynamic torsional vibration damper with the most important coil spring

characteristics is shown

Figure 2 Scheme of the dynamic torsional vibration damper a) and an actual photo b)

The assemble position of the torsional vibration dampers from Figures 1 and 2 are

schematically shown in Figure 3

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 3: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Mobility amp Motorna

Vehicle Vozila i

Mechanics Motori

Almir Blaţević Ivan Filipović Dţevad Bibić Boran Pikula

MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE DINAMIĈKIH PRIGUŠIVAĈA TORZIONIH OSCILACIJA SA OPRUGAMA KOD MOTORA ZA CESTOVNA VOZILA

1-12

Isak Karabegović

Ermin Husak

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

13-22

Darko Stanojević

Nenad Luţanin

Miloš Vasić

Nada Stanojević

Milun Todorović

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAĈAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

23-34

N Ramesh Babu

Harish Mahadevappa

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA- ISTRAZIVANJE SLUCAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

35-51

Slobodan Mišanović

Slaven Tica

Ţeljko Milković

Pavle Krstić

Branko Milovanović

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA ELEKTRIĈNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

53-63

Volume 42

Number 3

2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

UDC621431534013

ABSTRACT One of the main reasons of fatigue of the IC engine crankshaft which

inevitably leads to its failure is the occurrence of high amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibrations Amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations are particularly

pronounced in vibration resonant modes of the crankshaft including crank-gear and other

associated elements An objective way to reduce the torsional vibration amplitudes of twist

angle is the application of the torsional vibration dampers (TVD)

So far elastic TVD with rubber as elastic element are used for high and medium speed

engines for road vehicles The main reasons are simple construction reliability and

relatively low costs of this type of additional elements Modern production technologies of

crankshaft system elements allow implementation of dynamic TVD with springs for high-

speed as well for medium-speed engines for road vehicles (eg dual-mass flywheel a

damper in the counterweight etc)This way reliability is increased and the costs for TVD

are reduced

A method for selecting characteristics of the dynamic TVD with springs built in the

counterweight (torsional rigidity inertia inertial mass) as well as an analysis of its impact

on the critical values of the angular amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations are

presented in this paper The results of analysis are compared with the corresponding angular

amplitudes of twist angle of the crankshaft with an elastic TVD element and the potential of

amplitudes of twist angle reduction by selection realistic dynamic characteristics of the

dynamic TVD are shown The complete analysis is carried out for a specific medium speed

truck diesel engine

KEY WORDS torsional vibration damper dynamic damper with springs IC engine road

vehicles

MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE DINAMIČKIH PRIGUŠIVAČA TORZIONIH

OSCILACIJA SA OPRUGAMA KOD MOTORA ZA CESTOVNA VOZILA

REZIME Jedan od osnovnih razloga zamora materijala kolenastog vratila motora sus koje

neumitno dovodi do njegovog pucanja je pojava visokih amplituda uvijanja usled torzionih

oscilacija Amplitude uvijanja usled torzionih oscilacija su posebno izražene u zonama

rezonantnih režima oscilovanja kolenastog vratila sa krivajnim mehanizmima i ostalim

pripadajućim elementima Realan put za smanjenje amplituda uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja je primena prigušivača torzionih oscilacija (PTO) Kod brzohodnih i srednje

brzohodnih motora za cestovna vozila do sada je pretežno korišćen elastični PTO sa gumom

kao elastičnim elementom Razlozi za ovo su uglavnom jednostavna konstrukcija

pouzdanost i cena ovakvog dodatnog elementa Nove tehnologije izrade elemenata sistema

koji se nalaze na kolenastom vratilu omogućavaju uvođenje dinamičkih PTO sa oprugama i

kod brzohodnih i srednje brzohodnih motora za cestovna vozila (npr dvomaseni zamajac

prigušivač u kontrategu i sl) Na ovaj način se povećava pouzdanost i smanjuje cena PTO

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

U ovom radu je predstavljen način izbora karakteristika dinamičkog PTO sa oprugama

ugrađenog u kontrategu (torziona krutost moment inercije inercione mase) kao i analiza

njegovog uticaja na kritične vrednosti amplituda uglova uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja Dobijeni rezultati analize su upoređivani sa odgovarajućim amplitudama uglova

uvijanja kolenastog vratila pri korišćenju elastičnih PTO te su prikazane mogućnosti

redukcije amplituda oscilovanja pri izboru realnih karakteristika dinamičkog PTO

Kompletna analiza je provedena za konkretan srednje brzohodni dizel motor za teretna

vozila

KLJUČNE REČI prigušivač torzionih oscilacija dinamički prigušivač sa oprugama

motor sus cestovna vozila

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović

2 Dževad Bibić

3 Boran Pikula

4

UDC 621431534013

1 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engines have a changing value of the current torque at the

crankshaft within one working cycle (two revolutions of the crankshaft in four-stroke engines

for one working cycle) due to their cyclical tape of work and the stochastic nature of the

combustion process Also within the IC engine due specific regulation processes a so called

quasi stationary process occurs at constant speed operation [2] which further affects the

change of torque at the crankshaft

In addition to the above described character changes of the crankshaft excitation

torque the crank-gear shave variable moments of inertia of rotating masses and the

crankshaft has a variable torsional stiffness by cross-sections [2 3 5] All this results in the

presence of significant torsional twisting at some cross-sections of the crankshaft with

associated elements around the equilibrium of angular rotation Occurrence of crankshaft

twisting at some engine operating modes primarily due to torsional vibration can be of such

intensity that can lead to fatigue and fracture of the crankshaft

When defining the engine operating modes where high value amplitudes of

crankshaft twist angle due to torsional vibration are expected an important role has the

machine that is powered by the internal combustion engine (road vehicle power unit ship

etc)

This paper will observe the internal combustion engine without a powered machine

and the possibilities of reducing the amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration at

critical operation modes Any attempt to avoid critical operation modes of the torsional

vibration system shifting the so called resonant crankshaft speeds outside the operation

mode by changing the torsional stiffness andor mass moments of inertia at the current level

of development of crankshaft construction is quite unrealistic The real way is the

introduction of devices for forced reduction of critical amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibration so-called torsional vibration dampers

An overview of torsional vibration dampers which are used in internal combustion

engines is best described in [9] from elastic dampers dynamic absorbers frictional dampers

hydraulic dampers to centrifugal pendulum which is used in some engines as a torsional

vibration damper Detailed overview of conventional torsional vibration dampers which are

1 Almir Blažević Dipl ing University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo

šetalište 9 71000 Sarajevo blazevicmefunsaba 2 Ivan Filipović Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo filipovicmefunsaba 3 Dževad Bibić Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo bibicmefunsaba 4 Boran Pikula Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo pikulamefunsaba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

4

used for engines for road vehicles with the basic characteristics of damping elements is

given in [1 3]

Most commonly used conventional dampers for engines for road vehicles are the so-

called viscoelastic dampers (dampers with rubber) who have a number of advantages

(efficiency durability storage space etc) Approach to define the basic characteristics of

damping and a way of modeling these dampers is given in [1 5]

In recent years thanks to new technologies of engine parts manufacturing and new

materials there are also other solutions for torsional vibration damping based on so-called

dynamic absorbers Solutions of these dampers are shown in [4 6 8] The advantages of

these dampers are reflected in lower cost higher reliability and the same or greater efficiency

of damping of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration Mounting and a way of

modelling of the basic features of the new damper designs is described in [4]

In this paper a comparative analysis of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional

vibration with the application of conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration damper and a

torsional vibration damper incorporated into the crankshaft counterweight in the form of a

dynamic absorber for a same engine taking into account the real dimensions of the crankshaft

counterweights is carried out

2 OBJECT OF RESEARCH

For research purposes of applying a dynamic torsional vibration damper a medium

speed turbo-compressor charged four-stroke water cooled six-cylinder diesel engine for

road vehicles was considered The main characteristics of the engine are given in Table 1

Table 1 Wheel numeric equations proposed by different researchers

Number of cylinders 6

Piston diameter Dk= 125 mm

Piston stroke s = 150 mm

Power (Pe) speed (n) 184 kW 2100 rpm

Maximum torque 890 Nm

Firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4

Moment of inertia of masses

according to Figure 5 a)

θ1 = 00277 kgm2 θ2= θ4= θ5= θ7=0147 kgm

2

θ3 = θ6 = 00835 kgm2 θ8 = 187 kgm

2

Stiffness according to Figure 5 a) c1 = 43210

6 Nmrad c2 == c7 = 28110

6 Nmrad

c8 = 412106 Nmrad

External damping coefficient 1= =6= 75 Nmsrad

Internal damping coefficient ε1 ε2 ε7 computed according to model in [3]

In series mass production the engine is equipped with a viscoelastic torsional

vibration damper shown in figure 1

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

5

Figure 1 Scheme of a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

The dynamic torsional vibration damper with whom the research in this paper is

carried out is set within the crankshaft counterweight at the first joint The inertial mass is

attached to the crankshaft base structure with four coil springs and a stop bar In Figure 2 the

layout of the dynamic torsional vibration damper with the most important coil spring

characteristics is shown

Figure 2 Scheme of the dynamic torsional vibration damper a) and an actual photo b)

The assemble position of the torsional vibration dampers from Figures 1 and 2 are

schematically shown in Figure 3

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

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  • Back_matter
Page 4: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

UDC621431534013

ABSTRACT One of the main reasons of fatigue of the IC engine crankshaft which

inevitably leads to its failure is the occurrence of high amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibrations Amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations are particularly

pronounced in vibration resonant modes of the crankshaft including crank-gear and other

associated elements An objective way to reduce the torsional vibration amplitudes of twist

angle is the application of the torsional vibration dampers (TVD)

So far elastic TVD with rubber as elastic element are used for high and medium speed

engines for road vehicles The main reasons are simple construction reliability and

relatively low costs of this type of additional elements Modern production technologies of

crankshaft system elements allow implementation of dynamic TVD with springs for high-

speed as well for medium-speed engines for road vehicles (eg dual-mass flywheel a

damper in the counterweight etc)This way reliability is increased and the costs for TVD

are reduced

A method for selecting characteristics of the dynamic TVD with springs built in the

counterweight (torsional rigidity inertia inertial mass) as well as an analysis of its impact

on the critical values of the angular amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations are

presented in this paper The results of analysis are compared with the corresponding angular

amplitudes of twist angle of the crankshaft with an elastic TVD element and the potential of

amplitudes of twist angle reduction by selection realistic dynamic characteristics of the

dynamic TVD are shown The complete analysis is carried out for a specific medium speed

truck diesel engine

KEY WORDS torsional vibration damper dynamic damper with springs IC engine road

vehicles

MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE DINAMIČKIH PRIGUŠIVAČA TORZIONIH

OSCILACIJA SA OPRUGAMA KOD MOTORA ZA CESTOVNA VOZILA

REZIME Jedan od osnovnih razloga zamora materijala kolenastog vratila motora sus koje

neumitno dovodi do njegovog pucanja je pojava visokih amplituda uvijanja usled torzionih

oscilacija Amplitude uvijanja usled torzionih oscilacija su posebno izražene u zonama

rezonantnih režima oscilovanja kolenastog vratila sa krivajnim mehanizmima i ostalim

pripadajućim elementima Realan put za smanjenje amplituda uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja je primena prigušivača torzionih oscilacija (PTO) Kod brzohodnih i srednje

brzohodnih motora za cestovna vozila do sada je pretežno korišćen elastični PTO sa gumom

kao elastičnim elementom Razlozi za ovo su uglavnom jednostavna konstrukcija

pouzdanost i cena ovakvog dodatnog elementa Nove tehnologije izrade elemenata sistema

koji se nalaze na kolenastom vratilu omogućavaju uvođenje dinamičkih PTO sa oprugama i

kod brzohodnih i srednje brzohodnih motora za cestovna vozila (npr dvomaseni zamajac

prigušivač u kontrategu i sl) Na ovaj način se povećava pouzdanost i smanjuje cena PTO

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

U ovom radu je predstavljen način izbora karakteristika dinamičkog PTO sa oprugama

ugrađenog u kontrategu (torziona krutost moment inercije inercione mase) kao i analiza

njegovog uticaja na kritične vrednosti amplituda uglova uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja Dobijeni rezultati analize su upoređivani sa odgovarajućim amplitudama uglova

uvijanja kolenastog vratila pri korišćenju elastičnih PTO te su prikazane mogućnosti

redukcije amplituda oscilovanja pri izboru realnih karakteristika dinamičkog PTO

Kompletna analiza je provedena za konkretan srednje brzohodni dizel motor za teretna

vozila

KLJUČNE REČI prigušivač torzionih oscilacija dinamički prigušivač sa oprugama

motor sus cestovna vozila

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović

2 Dževad Bibić

3 Boran Pikula

4

UDC 621431534013

1 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engines have a changing value of the current torque at the

crankshaft within one working cycle (two revolutions of the crankshaft in four-stroke engines

for one working cycle) due to their cyclical tape of work and the stochastic nature of the

combustion process Also within the IC engine due specific regulation processes a so called

quasi stationary process occurs at constant speed operation [2] which further affects the

change of torque at the crankshaft

In addition to the above described character changes of the crankshaft excitation

torque the crank-gear shave variable moments of inertia of rotating masses and the

crankshaft has a variable torsional stiffness by cross-sections [2 3 5] All this results in the

presence of significant torsional twisting at some cross-sections of the crankshaft with

associated elements around the equilibrium of angular rotation Occurrence of crankshaft

twisting at some engine operating modes primarily due to torsional vibration can be of such

intensity that can lead to fatigue and fracture of the crankshaft

When defining the engine operating modes where high value amplitudes of

crankshaft twist angle due to torsional vibration are expected an important role has the

machine that is powered by the internal combustion engine (road vehicle power unit ship

etc)

This paper will observe the internal combustion engine without a powered machine

and the possibilities of reducing the amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration at

critical operation modes Any attempt to avoid critical operation modes of the torsional

vibration system shifting the so called resonant crankshaft speeds outside the operation

mode by changing the torsional stiffness andor mass moments of inertia at the current level

of development of crankshaft construction is quite unrealistic The real way is the

introduction of devices for forced reduction of critical amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibration so-called torsional vibration dampers

An overview of torsional vibration dampers which are used in internal combustion

engines is best described in [9] from elastic dampers dynamic absorbers frictional dampers

hydraulic dampers to centrifugal pendulum which is used in some engines as a torsional

vibration damper Detailed overview of conventional torsional vibration dampers which are

1 Almir Blažević Dipl ing University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo

šetalište 9 71000 Sarajevo blazevicmefunsaba 2 Ivan Filipović Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo filipovicmefunsaba 3 Dževad Bibić Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo bibicmefunsaba 4 Boran Pikula Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo pikulamefunsaba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

4

used for engines for road vehicles with the basic characteristics of damping elements is

given in [1 3]

Most commonly used conventional dampers for engines for road vehicles are the so-

called viscoelastic dampers (dampers with rubber) who have a number of advantages

(efficiency durability storage space etc) Approach to define the basic characteristics of

damping and a way of modeling these dampers is given in [1 5]

In recent years thanks to new technologies of engine parts manufacturing and new

materials there are also other solutions for torsional vibration damping based on so-called

dynamic absorbers Solutions of these dampers are shown in [4 6 8] The advantages of

these dampers are reflected in lower cost higher reliability and the same or greater efficiency

of damping of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration Mounting and a way of

modelling of the basic features of the new damper designs is described in [4]

In this paper a comparative analysis of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional

vibration with the application of conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration damper and a

torsional vibration damper incorporated into the crankshaft counterweight in the form of a

dynamic absorber for a same engine taking into account the real dimensions of the crankshaft

counterweights is carried out

2 OBJECT OF RESEARCH

For research purposes of applying a dynamic torsional vibration damper a medium

speed turbo-compressor charged four-stroke water cooled six-cylinder diesel engine for

road vehicles was considered The main characteristics of the engine are given in Table 1

Table 1 Wheel numeric equations proposed by different researchers

Number of cylinders 6

Piston diameter Dk= 125 mm

Piston stroke s = 150 mm

Power (Pe) speed (n) 184 kW 2100 rpm

Maximum torque 890 Nm

Firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4

Moment of inertia of masses

according to Figure 5 a)

θ1 = 00277 kgm2 θ2= θ4= θ5= θ7=0147 kgm

2

θ3 = θ6 = 00835 kgm2 θ8 = 187 kgm

2

Stiffness according to Figure 5 a) c1 = 43210

6 Nmrad c2 == c7 = 28110

6 Nmrad

c8 = 412106 Nmrad

External damping coefficient 1= =6= 75 Nmsrad

Internal damping coefficient ε1 ε2 ε7 computed according to model in [3]

In series mass production the engine is equipped with a viscoelastic torsional

vibration damper shown in figure 1

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

5

Figure 1 Scheme of a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

The dynamic torsional vibration damper with whom the research in this paper is

carried out is set within the crankshaft counterweight at the first joint The inertial mass is

attached to the crankshaft base structure with four coil springs and a stop bar In Figure 2 the

layout of the dynamic torsional vibration damper with the most important coil spring

characteristics is shown

Figure 2 Scheme of the dynamic torsional vibration damper a) and an actual photo b)

The assemble position of the torsional vibration dampers from Figures 1 and 2 are

schematically shown in Figure 3

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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  • Back_matter
Page 5: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

U ovom radu je predstavljen način izbora karakteristika dinamičkog PTO sa oprugama

ugrađenog u kontrategu (torziona krutost moment inercije inercione mase) kao i analiza

njegovog uticaja na kritične vrednosti amplituda uglova uvijanja usled torzionog

oscilovanja Dobijeni rezultati analize su upoređivani sa odgovarajućim amplitudama uglova

uvijanja kolenastog vratila pri korišćenju elastičnih PTO te su prikazane mogućnosti

redukcije amplituda oscilovanja pri izboru realnih karakteristika dinamičkog PTO

Kompletna analiza je provedena za konkretan srednje brzohodni dizel motor za teretna

vozila

KLJUČNE REČI prigušivač torzionih oscilacija dinamički prigušivač sa oprugama

motor sus cestovna vozila

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović

2 Dževad Bibić

3 Boran Pikula

4

UDC 621431534013

1 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engines have a changing value of the current torque at the

crankshaft within one working cycle (two revolutions of the crankshaft in four-stroke engines

for one working cycle) due to their cyclical tape of work and the stochastic nature of the

combustion process Also within the IC engine due specific regulation processes a so called

quasi stationary process occurs at constant speed operation [2] which further affects the

change of torque at the crankshaft

In addition to the above described character changes of the crankshaft excitation

torque the crank-gear shave variable moments of inertia of rotating masses and the

crankshaft has a variable torsional stiffness by cross-sections [2 3 5] All this results in the

presence of significant torsional twisting at some cross-sections of the crankshaft with

associated elements around the equilibrium of angular rotation Occurrence of crankshaft

twisting at some engine operating modes primarily due to torsional vibration can be of such

intensity that can lead to fatigue and fracture of the crankshaft

When defining the engine operating modes where high value amplitudes of

crankshaft twist angle due to torsional vibration are expected an important role has the

machine that is powered by the internal combustion engine (road vehicle power unit ship

etc)

This paper will observe the internal combustion engine without a powered machine

and the possibilities of reducing the amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration at

critical operation modes Any attempt to avoid critical operation modes of the torsional

vibration system shifting the so called resonant crankshaft speeds outside the operation

mode by changing the torsional stiffness andor mass moments of inertia at the current level

of development of crankshaft construction is quite unrealistic The real way is the

introduction of devices for forced reduction of critical amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibration so-called torsional vibration dampers

An overview of torsional vibration dampers which are used in internal combustion

engines is best described in [9] from elastic dampers dynamic absorbers frictional dampers

hydraulic dampers to centrifugal pendulum which is used in some engines as a torsional

vibration damper Detailed overview of conventional torsional vibration dampers which are

1 Almir Blažević Dipl ing University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo

šetalište 9 71000 Sarajevo blazevicmefunsaba 2 Ivan Filipović Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo filipovicmefunsaba 3 Dževad Bibić Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo bibicmefunsaba 4 Boran Pikula Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo pikulamefunsaba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

4

used for engines for road vehicles with the basic characteristics of damping elements is

given in [1 3]

Most commonly used conventional dampers for engines for road vehicles are the so-

called viscoelastic dampers (dampers with rubber) who have a number of advantages

(efficiency durability storage space etc) Approach to define the basic characteristics of

damping and a way of modeling these dampers is given in [1 5]

In recent years thanks to new technologies of engine parts manufacturing and new

materials there are also other solutions for torsional vibration damping based on so-called

dynamic absorbers Solutions of these dampers are shown in [4 6 8] The advantages of

these dampers are reflected in lower cost higher reliability and the same or greater efficiency

of damping of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration Mounting and a way of

modelling of the basic features of the new damper designs is described in [4]

In this paper a comparative analysis of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional

vibration with the application of conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration damper and a

torsional vibration damper incorporated into the crankshaft counterweight in the form of a

dynamic absorber for a same engine taking into account the real dimensions of the crankshaft

counterweights is carried out

2 OBJECT OF RESEARCH

For research purposes of applying a dynamic torsional vibration damper a medium

speed turbo-compressor charged four-stroke water cooled six-cylinder diesel engine for

road vehicles was considered The main characteristics of the engine are given in Table 1

Table 1 Wheel numeric equations proposed by different researchers

Number of cylinders 6

Piston diameter Dk= 125 mm

Piston stroke s = 150 mm

Power (Pe) speed (n) 184 kW 2100 rpm

Maximum torque 890 Nm

Firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4

Moment of inertia of masses

according to Figure 5 a)

θ1 = 00277 kgm2 θ2= θ4= θ5= θ7=0147 kgm

2

θ3 = θ6 = 00835 kgm2 θ8 = 187 kgm

2

Stiffness according to Figure 5 a) c1 = 43210

6 Nmrad c2 == c7 = 28110

6 Nmrad

c8 = 412106 Nmrad

External damping coefficient 1= =6= 75 Nmsrad

Internal damping coefficient ε1 ε2 ε7 computed according to model in [3]

In series mass production the engine is equipped with a viscoelastic torsional

vibration damper shown in figure 1

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

5

Figure 1 Scheme of a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

The dynamic torsional vibration damper with whom the research in this paper is

carried out is set within the crankshaft counterweight at the first joint The inertial mass is

attached to the crankshaft base structure with four coil springs and a stop bar In Figure 2 the

layout of the dynamic torsional vibration damper with the most important coil spring

characteristics is shown

Figure 2 Scheme of the dynamic torsional vibration damper a) and an actual photo b)

The assemble position of the torsional vibration dampers from Figures 1 and 2 are

schematically shown in Figure 3

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

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  • Back_matter
Page 6: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

POSSIBILITIES OF USING DYNAMIC TORSIONAL VIBRATION

DAMPERS WITH SPRINGS IN IC ENGINES FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Almir Blažević1 Ivan Filipović

2 Dževad Bibić

3 Boran Pikula

4

UDC 621431534013

1 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engines have a changing value of the current torque at the

crankshaft within one working cycle (two revolutions of the crankshaft in four-stroke engines

for one working cycle) due to their cyclical tape of work and the stochastic nature of the

combustion process Also within the IC engine due specific regulation processes a so called

quasi stationary process occurs at constant speed operation [2] which further affects the

change of torque at the crankshaft

In addition to the above described character changes of the crankshaft excitation

torque the crank-gear shave variable moments of inertia of rotating masses and the

crankshaft has a variable torsional stiffness by cross-sections [2 3 5] All this results in the

presence of significant torsional twisting at some cross-sections of the crankshaft with

associated elements around the equilibrium of angular rotation Occurrence of crankshaft

twisting at some engine operating modes primarily due to torsional vibration can be of such

intensity that can lead to fatigue and fracture of the crankshaft

When defining the engine operating modes where high value amplitudes of

crankshaft twist angle due to torsional vibration are expected an important role has the

machine that is powered by the internal combustion engine (road vehicle power unit ship

etc)

This paper will observe the internal combustion engine without a powered machine

and the possibilities of reducing the amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration at

critical operation modes Any attempt to avoid critical operation modes of the torsional

vibration system shifting the so called resonant crankshaft speeds outside the operation

mode by changing the torsional stiffness andor mass moments of inertia at the current level

of development of crankshaft construction is quite unrealistic The real way is the

introduction of devices for forced reduction of critical amplitudes of twist angle due to

torsional vibration so-called torsional vibration dampers

An overview of torsional vibration dampers which are used in internal combustion

engines is best described in [9] from elastic dampers dynamic absorbers frictional dampers

hydraulic dampers to centrifugal pendulum which is used in some engines as a torsional

vibration damper Detailed overview of conventional torsional vibration dampers which are

1 Almir Blažević Dipl ing University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo

šetalište 9 71000 Sarajevo blazevicmefunsaba 2 Ivan Filipović Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo filipovicmefunsaba 3 Dževad Bibić Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo bibicmefunsaba 4 Boran Pikula Prof University of Sarajevo Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Vilsonovo šetalište

9 71000 Sarajevo pikulamefunsaba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

4

used for engines for road vehicles with the basic characteristics of damping elements is

given in [1 3]

Most commonly used conventional dampers for engines for road vehicles are the so-

called viscoelastic dampers (dampers with rubber) who have a number of advantages

(efficiency durability storage space etc) Approach to define the basic characteristics of

damping and a way of modeling these dampers is given in [1 5]

In recent years thanks to new technologies of engine parts manufacturing and new

materials there are also other solutions for torsional vibration damping based on so-called

dynamic absorbers Solutions of these dampers are shown in [4 6 8] The advantages of

these dampers are reflected in lower cost higher reliability and the same or greater efficiency

of damping of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration Mounting and a way of

modelling of the basic features of the new damper designs is described in [4]

In this paper a comparative analysis of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional

vibration with the application of conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration damper and a

torsional vibration damper incorporated into the crankshaft counterweight in the form of a

dynamic absorber for a same engine taking into account the real dimensions of the crankshaft

counterweights is carried out

2 OBJECT OF RESEARCH

For research purposes of applying a dynamic torsional vibration damper a medium

speed turbo-compressor charged four-stroke water cooled six-cylinder diesel engine for

road vehicles was considered The main characteristics of the engine are given in Table 1

Table 1 Wheel numeric equations proposed by different researchers

Number of cylinders 6

Piston diameter Dk= 125 mm

Piston stroke s = 150 mm

Power (Pe) speed (n) 184 kW 2100 rpm

Maximum torque 890 Nm

Firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4

Moment of inertia of masses

according to Figure 5 a)

θ1 = 00277 kgm2 θ2= θ4= θ5= θ7=0147 kgm

2

θ3 = θ6 = 00835 kgm2 θ8 = 187 kgm

2

Stiffness according to Figure 5 a) c1 = 43210

6 Nmrad c2 == c7 = 28110

6 Nmrad

c8 = 412106 Nmrad

External damping coefficient 1= =6= 75 Nmsrad

Internal damping coefficient ε1 ε2 ε7 computed according to model in [3]

In series mass production the engine is equipped with a viscoelastic torsional

vibration damper shown in figure 1

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

5

Figure 1 Scheme of a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

The dynamic torsional vibration damper with whom the research in this paper is

carried out is set within the crankshaft counterweight at the first joint The inertial mass is

attached to the crankshaft base structure with four coil springs and a stop bar In Figure 2 the

layout of the dynamic torsional vibration damper with the most important coil spring

characteristics is shown

Figure 2 Scheme of the dynamic torsional vibration damper a) and an actual photo b)

The assemble position of the torsional vibration dampers from Figures 1 and 2 are

schematically shown in Figure 3

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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  • Back_matter
Page 7: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

4

used for engines for road vehicles with the basic characteristics of damping elements is

given in [1 3]

Most commonly used conventional dampers for engines for road vehicles are the so-

called viscoelastic dampers (dampers with rubber) who have a number of advantages

(efficiency durability storage space etc) Approach to define the basic characteristics of

damping and a way of modeling these dampers is given in [1 5]

In recent years thanks to new technologies of engine parts manufacturing and new

materials there are also other solutions for torsional vibration damping based on so-called

dynamic absorbers Solutions of these dampers are shown in [4 6 8] The advantages of

these dampers are reflected in lower cost higher reliability and the same or greater efficiency

of damping of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibration Mounting and a way of

modelling of the basic features of the new damper designs is described in [4]

In this paper a comparative analysis of amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional

vibration with the application of conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration damper and a

torsional vibration damper incorporated into the crankshaft counterweight in the form of a

dynamic absorber for a same engine taking into account the real dimensions of the crankshaft

counterweights is carried out

2 OBJECT OF RESEARCH

For research purposes of applying a dynamic torsional vibration damper a medium

speed turbo-compressor charged four-stroke water cooled six-cylinder diesel engine for

road vehicles was considered The main characteristics of the engine are given in Table 1

Table 1 Wheel numeric equations proposed by different researchers

Number of cylinders 6

Piston diameter Dk= 125 mm

Piston stroke s = 150 mm

Power (Pe) speed (n) 184 kW 2100 rpm

Maximum torque 890 Nm

Firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4

Moment of inertia of masses

according to Figure 5 a)

θ1 = 00277 kgm2 θ2= θ4= θ5= θ7=0147 kgm

2

θ3 = θ6 = 00835 kgm2 θ8 = 187 kgm

2

Stiffness according to Figure 5 a) c1 = 43210

6 Nmrad c2 == c7 = 28110

6 Nmrad

c8 = 412106 Nmrad

External damping coefficient 1= =6= 75 Nmsrad

Internal damping coefficient ε1 ε2 ε7 computed according to model in [3]

In series mass production the engine is equipped with a viscoelastic torsional

vibration damper shown in figure 1

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

5

Figure 1 Scheme of a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

The dynamic torsional vibration damper with whom the research in this paper is

carried out is set within the crankshaft counterweight at the first joint The inertial mass is

attached to the crankshaft base structure with four coil springs and a stop bar In Figure 2 the

layout of the dynamic torsional vibration damper with the most important coil spring

characteristics is shown

Figure 2 Scheme of the dynamic torsional vibration damper a) and an actual photo b)

The assemble position of the torsional vibration dampers from Figures 1 and 2 are

schematically shown in Figure 3

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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Page 8: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

5

Figure 1 Scheme of a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

The dynamic torsional vibration damper with whom the research in this paper is

carried out is set within the crankshaft counterweight at the first joint The inertial mass is

attached to the crankshaft base structure with four coil springs and a stop bar In Figure 2 the

layout of the dynamic torsional vibration damper with the most important coil spring

characteristics is shown

Figure 2 Scheme of the dynamic torsional vibration damper a) and an actual photo b)

The assemble position of the torsional vibration dampers from Figures 1 and 2 are

schematically shown in Figure 3

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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  • Back_matter
Page 9: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

6

Figure 3 Assemble positions of the viscoelastic a) and dynamic b) torsional vibrations

damper at the IC engine

3 MODELS FOR CALCULATING TWIST ANGLES DUE TO TORSIONAL

VIBRATIONS

The analysis of the torsional vibration system was performed using the mass-spring type

model [3] The basic data for the given model which are partially given in Table 1 are

explained in detail in [5] Since the viscoelastic damper has highly nonlinear damping (εpv)

and stiffness (cpv) characteristics in this work the characteristics of the damper are obtained

as a combination of computing and experiments presented in [3 5] were used

The values of the dynamic stiffness (cpv) and the dynamic internal damping

coefficient (εpv) of the damper in Figure 1 are given in Figure 4 where the surface

temperature of the elastic element (rubber) is tv=62 degC This temperature is an average

temperature of the elastic element at the external speed characteristic of the engine at which

all experiments were performed In Figure 4 the amplitude of twist angle of the appropriate

masses is marked with (Ar)

Figure 4 The diagram of torsional stiffness (cpv) and internal damping coefficient (εpv)

transition of the elastic element of the viscoelastic damper (Figure 1) as a function of the

relative twist angle amplitudes Ar=Ap-A1

The physical torsional vibration system model of the engine with the viscoelastic

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

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  • Back_matter
Page 10: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

7

torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 5 a) and in Figure 5 b) the physical model of

the same engine with the dynamic torsional vibration damper incorporated into the

crankshaft counterweight is shown

Figure 5 The physical torsional vibration system model with viscoelastic a) and dynamic b)

torsional vibration damper

For the analysis of the torsional vibration system model given in Figure 5 a) the next

mathematical model was used

)t(TCKI

(1)

where

[I] ndash matrix of the moment of inertia of masses ()

[K] ndashinternal and external damping matrix ()

[C] ndash stiffness matrix (c)

T(t) ndash excitation matrix and

ndash matrix of angular twist speed and acceleration due to torsional

vibration

For the physical model shown in Figure 5 b) a corrected version of equation system (1) were

used The correction is reflected in the fact that instead of using one equation for disc (θ2)

and disc (θpd) of the type

23221213221212122 T)(c)(c)()(

(2)

two equations were used

0)(c)(

T)(c)(c

)(c)()()(

2pdpd2pdpdpdpd

2pd2pd322

121pd2pd322121212

2

(3)

Using the mathematical model described with the differential equation system (1)

using inputs for the engine with viscoelastic damper from Table 1 and values for (cpv) and

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

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the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

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  • Back_matter
Page 11: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

8

(εpv) from Figure 4 amplitudes of twist angle of the pulley (A1) were obtained through

computing Computing results were compared with corresponding experimental values as

shown in Figure 6

Figure 6 Comparison of the amplitude of twist angle at the engine pulley with viscoelastic

torsional vibration damper obtained computationally and experimentally

By analysing comparative values of twist angles due to torsional vibrations shown

in Figure 6 obtained computationally and experimentally it can be concluded that the

agreement between the results is satisfactory and that for for further analysis of the influence

of the damper on the torsional vibration of the crankshaft can be carried out through

computation

4 ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

Dynamic torsional vibration damper based to Figure 2 b) is designed and incorporated in

the first counterweight on the left crankshaft end (on the opposite side of the engine

flywheel)Moment of inertia of the first left crank-gear with counterweight without damper is

θ2=0147 kgm2

(Table 1) Based on the analysis of the technical documentation and

computation the inertial mass of the counterweight which is located on the first crank-gear

from the left is 0064 kgm2

Having in mind the shape change of the counterweight (Figure 2) the total inertia

moment of the mass of the counterweight is computed and has the value 0085 kgm2 From

the technical documentation 65 to 75 of the total moment of inertia of the mass belongs

to the dynamic damper (inertial mass + springs) which in this particular case is θpd = 0055 divide

0065 kgm2 The value of the moment of inertia of mass 1205792

lowast (crank gear with a new shape of

counterweight without inertial mass) is in the range of 0104 kgm2 to 0115 kgm

2

Bearing in mind the design of the four coil springs (Figure 2) where in pare of two springs

are acting on the inertial mass (θpd) realistically the dimensions of the springs can be seated

as wire diameter D0 = 55 divide 63 mm with a mean diameter of the spring dm ~ 32 mm Spring

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
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  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 12: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

9

length in the free state is 50 mm Bearing in mind the dimensions of this springs their

individual axial stiffness ranges from 120 Nmm to 160 Nmm

Taking into account springs in pares in parallel connection their position relative to the

center of rotation of the crankshaft is R0=93divide95 mm the torsional stiffness of the springs is

within the range 1500 Nmrad to 2700 Nm rad Using the above data self-developed

software for the mathematical model given by equations (1) and (3) an analysis of the

changes in the maximum vibration amplitude for various values of the characteristics of the

dynamic torsional vibration damper is performed

In these analyses the coefficient of internal damping εpd=20 Nmsrad is maintained the same

and it is the result of friction between the counterweight and elements of the inertial mass

In order to obtain optimal characteristic values of the dynamic damper torsional

stiffness of the springs (cpd) and the moment of inertia (θpd) of the inertial mass were varied

In the analysis the 6th

order and I mode of vibration were considered since the 45th

order fall

out of the operating range of the engine (nmax=2100 omin) Despite the statements that the

45th

order lies at the border of the operating range of the engine the same trends can be

observed for any of the main excitation orders The results are shown in Figures 7 and 8 In

these figures maximum values of the amplitude of twist angle of the engine pulley (A1max)

where practically the largest twist due to torsional vibrations occurs are presented

Figure 7 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the moment of inertia of the inertial mass and torsional spring stiffness of the

damper as a parameter

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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  • Back_matter
Page 13: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

10

Figure 8 The diagram of maximum amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley as a

function of the torsional spring stiffness of the damper and moment of inertia of the inertial

mass as a parameter

Figures 7 and 8 indicate that minimum reasonable values of the maximum

amplitude of the twist angle of the engine pulley of the particular engine with a dynamic

damper are obtained for moment of inertia of masses (θpd) greater then 0055 kgm2

and for

torsional stiffness of the springs of the damper (CPD) greater than 2000 Nmrad These

results show that it is possible to incorporate a dynamic damper into a dimensionally realistic

crankshaft counterweight to gain the same or even better effectiveness than using a

viscoelastic torsional vibration damper

A comparison example of values of amplitudes of twist angle of the engine pulley

with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper is shown in Figure 9

In this particular example a dynamic damper with characteristics θpd=0060 kgm2

and cpd=2500 Nmrad is taken At the same diagram (Figure 9) amplitudes of the twist angle

of the engine pulley (A1) for the same engine without a torsional vibration damper is given

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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Page 14: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Possibilities of using dynamic torsional vibration dampers with springs in ic engines for

road vehicles

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

11

Figure 9 The comparative diagram of maximum amplitude of twist angle of the engine

pulley (A1) for an engine with a viscoelastic and dynamic torsional vibration damper

Comparative results in Figure 9 show that it is possible to get the same or even less

amplitudes of twist angle due to torsional vibrations using a dynamic torsional vibration

damper as using a viscoelastic torsional vibration damper It should also be noted that in

addition to a satisfactory level of absolute values of the maximum twist angles due to

torsional vibration in the application of both types of dampers the maximum value of the

amplitudes are at different engine speeds Applying the viscoelastic torsional vibration

damper on the engine the resonant vibration mode moves to the lower speeds of the engine

(nrv~1710 omin) relative to the resonant vibration mode of the engine without a damper

(nr~2120 omin) Unlike the viscoelastic damper which significantly shifts the resonant

mode the dynamic damper practically does not affect the engine resonant mode (nrd~nr)

This analysis is given only for the 6th

excitationorder and I mode of vibration which are

assessed as the most important parameters to check the operation safety of the crankshaft of a

six-cylinder engine Similar conclusions are obtained for other major (9th

12th

) and strong

(45th

75th

) excitation orders for a six-cylinder engine noting that in this case the most

dangerous 6th

order considering the value of the amplitude of the twist angle of the

crankshaft due to torsional vibration is in the operation range of the engine

The foregoing discussion and analysis can be done for any engine type but it should

be taken into account the proper definition of the parameters of the dynamic torsional

vibration damper with respect of the major excitation orders according to the number of

cylinders of the engine

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

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named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 15: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Almir Blažević Ivan Filipović Dževad Bibić Boran Pikula

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

12

5 CONCLUSION

Through the analysis of parameters of a torsional vibration system of an IC engine

with two different torsional vibration dampers it can be concluded

bull The same or even better damping effects of amplitudes of crankshaft twist angel due

to torsional vibration can be obtained with incorporating a dynamic damper in the crankshaft

counterweight instead of using so-called conventional viscoelastic dampers

bull The engine resonant mode doesnt change with using the dynamic torsional

vibration damper in relation to the resonant mode of the engine without a torsional vibration

damper In addition conventional viscoelastic torsional vibration dampers significantly

reduce the value of the resonant engine speed relative to the resonant mode of the engine

without the damper

bull Bearing in mind the real design and dimensions of the crankshaft with

counterweights for medium speed engines for road vehicles there is enough space for

incorporating a dynamic torsional vibration damper with an optimum moment of inertia of

the inertial mass and stiffness of the spring damper into one counterweight In the case of

smaller engines and insufficient space to incorporate the dynamic damper with optimal

parameters two counterweight on the same crankshaft knee can be used

REFERENCES

[1] BibićDž Filipović I Doleček V Contribution to Damping Modellingin IC

EngineTorsional Vibration Damper 5th Int Scientific Conf on Production

Engineering RIM 2005 sept 14-17 Bihać 2005 p 415-420

[2] Filipović I Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem ndash Dinamika i oscilacije knjiga Mašinski

fakultet Sarajevo 2007

[3] Filipović IBibićDž Motori s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem ndash Torzione oscilacije

knjiga Mašinski fakultet Sarajevo 2015

[4] Filipović IBibićDž Milašinović A Blažević A Pecar A Preliminary Selection of

Basic Parameters of Different Torsional Vibration Dampers Intended for Use in

Medium Speed Diesel Engines Transactions of Famena XXXVI-3 (2012) p 79-88

[5] Filipović I Določek V BibićDž Modeling and the Analysis of Parameters in the

Torsional-Oscilatory System Equivalent to the Diesel Engines in Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Jurnal of Mehanical Engineering vol 51 No 1215 isuue 488 (2005) p786-797

[6] Gerhardt F Fechler C Lehmann S Langeneckert H Internal Crankshaft Damper

7th LuK Symposium april 2002 p41divide49

[7] Hafner K E Maass H Torsionsschwingungen in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine

SpringerVerlag 1985

[8] Kroll J Kooy ASeebacher R Torsional Vibration Damping for Future Engines

Schaeffler Symposium 2010

[9] Wilson WK Practical Solution of Torsional Vibration Problems Devices for

Controlling Vibration Volume Four Chapman Hall London 1968

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Table and chart width max 125 mm

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Editorial_board
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  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
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  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 16: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

UDC6291-4338312

ABSTRACT Year after year installations of industrial robots in manufacturing processes

in the world have been increasing and especially in recent years in continents

AsiaAustralia Sales of industrial robots and their application in all industry branches in

2014 have increased compared to 2013 for 29 so that in 2014 sales and installation of

industrial robots reached 229261 units Two industrial branches automotive and

electroelectronics are significant for industrial robot applications Since 2010 demand for

industrial robots and their installations in automation of manufacturing processes have

significantly accelerated One of the reasons is innovative technical improvement of the

robots From 2010 to 2014 average increase of industrial robot installation in automation

and modernization of manufacturing processes at the annual level was 17 (CAGR-

Compound Annual Growth Rate) China is a world leading country in the last two years in

industrial robot installations Almost 25 of annual supply of industrial robots in the world

belongs to China Taking into consideration that China in the last several years is leading

country in production of motor vehicles it is easy to conclude that these industrial robot

applications are aimed to automation and modernization of manufacturing processes in

automotive industry

KEY WORDS automation manufacturing process automotive industry industrial robots

installation production

KINA КАО VODEĆA ZEMLJA U SVETU U AUTOMATIZACIJI PROIZVODNIH

PROCESA U AUTOMOBILSKOJ INDUSTRIJI

REZIME Iz godine u godinu dolazi do povećanja primene industrijskih robota u

proizvodne procese u svetu a naročito u zadnjim godinama u AzijiAustraliji Prodaja

industrijskih robota i njihova primena u svim industrijskim granama se povećala u odnosu

na 2013godinu za 29 tako da je u 2014godini dostigla cifru od 229261 jedinica Dve

industrije su značajne u primeni industrijskih robota automobilska i elektroelektronska

industrija Od 2010godine potražnja i instaliranje industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji

proizvodnih procesa znatno je ubrzana a jedan od razloga je inovativno tehničko

poboljšanje industrijskih robota Između 2010-2014godine prosečno povećanje primene

industrijskih robota pri automatizaciji i modernizaciji proizvodnih procesa na godišnjem

nivo je iznosilo 17 (CAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate) Kina je u zadnje dve godine

vodeća zelja u svetu po primeni industrijskih robota tako što je u 2014godini proširila

svoju primenu sa učešćem od oko 25 od ukupne primene u svetu Vodeći računa da je

Kina u zadnjim godinama vodeća zemlja u svetu po proizvodnji vozila lako je doneti

zaključak da je primena industrijskih robota usmerena na automatizaciju i modernizaciju

proizvodnih procesa automobilske industrije

KLJUČNE REČI automatizacija proizvodni proces automobilska industrija industrijski

robot primena proizvodnja

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

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Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

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  • Back_matter
Page 17: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 18: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CHINA AS A LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN AUTOMATION

OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Isak Karabegović1 Ermin Husak

2

UDC 6291-4338312

1 INTRODUCTION

In the last twenty years the rapid development of information technology led to a

sudden development and a constant improvement of production technology Also all kinds

of new technologies appear every day as well as new production technologies with the aim

to reduce the time of product production and thereby increase productivity as well as the

quality of the finished product Integration of the production process automation and

modernization of production processes which is impossible to imagine without the

introduction of industrial robots into a production process have led to the increase in

product quality and reduced time of the finished product production When it comes to the

automotive industry it is impossible to imagine the production process in the automotive

industry without industrial robots being involved The use of industrial robots and new

technologies leads to a rapid increase in production in the automotive industry both in terms

of number of produced vehicles and the number of different models When it comes to the

automotive industry the application of industrial robots at the very beginning was related to

the performance of activities that affected the health of workers such as welding and

painting The development of information technology and sensor technology led to the

development of industrial robotics so we have a concurrent connection of several industrial

robots in performing identical operations which leads to a shortening of the processing time

[1 2 3-11] The development of sensor technology has a direct impact on the development

of different grippers which allow the application of industrial robots in various operations of

productive processes of the automotive industry Industrial robots are used in manufacturing

processes of the automotive industry for the following purposes car parts machining (axles

bearings motors etc) production of plastic parts and carosserie parts carosserie welding

carosserie painting control of manufactured car parts assembly process as well as in the

process of controlling elements embedded during a vehicle assembly [2101118-21] It can

be concluded in the end that there is no single manufacturing process of the automotive

industry in which an industrial robot could not be installed Steady growth in production in

the automotive industry leads to an increased application of industrial robots in

manufacturing processes of the automotive industry which will be discussed in the next

chapter

2 TREND OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD

The trend of annual supply of industrial robots in the world is shown in Figure 1

and statistical data that have been used are obtained from the IFR (International Federation

of Robotics) [7 8 9]

1 Isak Karabegović University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb

77000 Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina isak1910hotmailcom 2 Ermin Husak University of Bihać Faculty of Technical Engineering Irfana Ljubijankića bb 77000

Bihać Bosnia and Herzegovina erminhusakyahoocom

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

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quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

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Table and chart width max 125 mm

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

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uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

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rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
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  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 19: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

16

Figure 1 Annual supply of industrial robots in the world for the period 2000-2014 [7-9]

Based on Figure 1 it can be concluded that the trend of annual application of

industrial robots had a growing tendency from 2002 to 2014 but this trend declined to

60000 robot units in 2009 due to the economic and industrial crisis From 2010 to 2014 an

average increase of industrial robots accounted for 17 per annum In comparison to the

period of application from 2005-2008 when an average of about 115000 units was applied

the number increased to about 171000 units in the period 2010-2014 which represents an

increase of 487

This leads to the conclusion that there has been a significant increase in industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes

AsiaAustralia Europe

America

Figure 2 Trend of annual application of industrial robots from 2009-2014 in AsiaAustralia

Europe and America [17-9]

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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  • Back_matter
Page 20: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

17

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the world shown in Figure

2 the continent number one is AsiaAustralia where around 140000 units were applied in

2014 The second is Europe with about 46000 units of industrial robots applied in 2014

The third continent is America where about 32000 units were applied in 2014 The analysis

of industrial robots application in 2014 yields the conclusion that industrial robots

application is around 805 bigger in Asia than in Europe and America together which

means that the automotive industry and the automation and modernization of manufacturing

processes in the automotive and electrical industry are developing in Asia because

industrial robots are the most used in these two industries The diagrams in Figure 3 confirm

this statement

Figure 3 Industrial robots application from 2012-2014 in industries [7]

The graphs in Figure 3 show that it holds the first place when it comes to industrial

robots application in the automation of production processes in the automotive industry

Then these industries follow electricalelectronics industry metal industry chemical

industry (production processes in rubber and plastic industry) and the food production

process It can be concluded that trend of industrial robots application increased in the

period from 2012-2014 and the increase is the most evident in the automotive industry

where it reached the worth of about 100000 units in the world in 2014 Overview of the

industrial robots application in the period that follows will be given in Figure 4

AsiaAustralia Europe

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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  • Editorial_board
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  • Back_matter
Page 21: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

18

America

Figure 4 Trend of anticipated annual application of industrial robots by 2018 in the

AsiaAustralia Europe and America [7]

When it comes to the application of industrial robots in the future period the figure

4 shows that the application will have a growing trend in all three continents but the number

one will be AsiaAustralia Predictions are that about 270000 units of robots will have been

applied in 2018 in the automation process in various industrial branches primarily in the

automotive industry It can be concluded that industrial robots application will be twice as

larger on the continent of AsiaAustralia than in Europe and America together This means

that there will be a development of the automotive and electricalelectronics industry as

well as automation and modernization of production processes in these industries through

the use of new technologies In order to verify this conclusion let us analyze the application

of industrial robots in five countries in the world that use industrial robots the most

3 CHINA LEADING COUNTRY IN THE WORLD IN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

APPLICATION

Given that AsiaAustralia is the number one continent in application of industrial

robots let us analyse industrial robots application in the following countries Japan the

Republic of Korea China North America (USA Mexico and Canada) and Germany

Japan Republic of Korea

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

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uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

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Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

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2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 22: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

19

North America(USACanadaMexico) Germany

Figure 5 Industrial robots application in Japan the Republic of Korea North America and

Germany from za 2009-2014 [1714151617]

The Figure 5 indicates that industrial robots application is constantly increasing so

that the application in Japan and North America was between 25000-30000 units from

2012-2014 while it was around 20000 units in the Republic of Korea and between 15000-

20000 units in Germany in the same period of time The reason for such a large application

of industrial robots in these four countries lies in global competition in the market of the

automotive industry (because these four countries are among the first countries in the world

in the production of vehicles) which requires continuous modernization and flexible

automation of production processes through the continuous improvement in quality by

applying sophisticated industrial robots of high technology Simplifying the use of industrial

robots presents an enormous potential in their application in all industrial branches

including the automotive industry Also growing demand in the automotive industry

requires an expansion of production capacities and a creation of new companies that want a

full modernization and a flexible automation of production processes in the automotive

industry One of the countries is China which has become number one in recent years when

it comes to both industrial robots application (shown in Figure 6) and the production of

vehicles in the world (Figure 7)

Figure 6 Annual and overall application of industrial robots in China from 2004-2014

[789]

The analysis of the graph in Figure 6 indicates that industrial robots application in

China had a growing trend both at the annual and overall levels year after year from 2004-

2014 so that in the last three years it is a leading country in the world which applies the

most industrial robots The growing trend of industrial robots application results in a fact

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

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uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
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  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 23: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

20

that China is the leading country in the world in the production of vehicles as shown in

Figure 7

Figure 7 Vehicle production in China and the World from 2004-2014 [45621]

As seen in Figure 7 China ranks first in the production of vehicles in the world in

recent years with the production of 23723000 units of vehicles in 2014 Given that

89750000 vehicles were produced in the world in 2014 this figure presents more that the

fourth of produced vehicles in the world i e 264 This conclusion is also confirmed by

the Figure 8 which shows a graph of industrial robots application and vehicles production in

certain countries in the world for 2014

Industrial robots Vehicles

Figure 8 Application of industrial robots and vehicle production in 2014 in ten countries

[721]

Figure 8 shows the application of industrial robots and production of vehicles in

2014 in ten countries on the basis of which we can conclude that China is the leading

country when it comes to both the industrial robots application and the production of

vehicles in the world It is followed by these countries the USA Japan North Korea and

Germany because these are the five countries with a developed automotive industry Also

these are the countries that present a competition to each other on the automotive industry

market The obvious reason why the automotive industry is of interest is that the largest

number of industrial robots is installed precisely in the automotive industry as shown by

Figure 3

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 24: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

China as a leading country in the world in automation of automotive industry

manufacturing processes

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

21

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the analysis conducted in this paper and shown argumentative results it

can be said that the car industry is the leading world industry in the application of industrial

robots and it is followed by the electricalelectronics industry The reason for such a trend

of industrial robots application in the automotive industry is global competition on the

market of automotive industry which requires a continuous modernization and a flexible

automation of production processes in the automotive industry using industrial robots The

use of industrial robots in the automotive industry improves quality continuously because

sophisticated industrial robots with new technologies systems are used The development of

sensor and information technology has particularly led to the improvement of grippers on

industrial robots which found their application in all operations of vehicle production

China is in the leading position in the world when it comes to the application of robots It is

assumed that it will expand its dominance in the application of industrial robots so it is

expected that more than one-third of industrial robots in 2018 will be installed in China

Simplifying the use of industrial robots will create a huge potential in industrial robots

application in all industries including small and medium enterprises

REFERENCES

[1] Karabegović I Husak E ldquoSignificance of industrial robots in development of

automobile industry in Europe and the Worldrdquo Journal Mobility and Vehicle Vol40

No1 2014 University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering Kragujevac Serbia

ISSN 1450-5304 pp7-16(httpwwwmvmfinkrs)

[2] Doleček V Karabegović I ldquoRoboti u industrijirdquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać

2008

[3] Doleček V Karabegović Irdquo Robotikardquo Tehnički fakultet Bihać Bihać 2002

[4] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2011ldquo 2011

[5] VDA bdquoAutoJahresbericht 2012ldquo 2012

[6] VDV ldquoAutoJahresbericht 2014rdquo 2014

[7] World Robotics 2015 United Nations New York and Geneva 2015

[8] World Robotics 2012 United Nations New York and Geneva 2012

[9] World Robotics 2009 United Nations New York and Geneva 2009

[10] Bakšys B Fedaravičius A ldquoRobotu Technikardquo Kaunas Technologija Kaunas 2004

[11] Rogić M ldquoIndustrijski robotirdquo Mašinski fakultet Banjaluka Banjaluka 2001

[12] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoApplication analyses of industrial robot in

World automobile industry in 2010rdquo Journal of international scientific

publicationsMaterialMethods amp Technologies Vol5 No2 decembar 2011

SofiaBulgaria ISSN 1313-2539 pp 336-345

[13] Freund E Stern O ldquoRobotertechnologie Irdquo Institut fuumlr Roboterforschung Dortmund

1999

[14] Karabegović I Karabegović E Husak E ldquoComparative analysis of the industrial

robot application in Europa and Asiardquo International Journal of Engineering amp

Technology IJET-IJENS Vol11 No01 2011

[15] Karabegović E Karabegović I Hadžalić E ldquoIndustrial robots application trend in

world metal industryrdquo Journal Engineering EconomicsVol23 No4 Lithvania

2012 pp368-378

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

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Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

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rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 25: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Isak Karabegović Ermin Husak

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

22

[16] Karabegović I Doleček V Husak E ldquoAnalysis of the Industrial Robots in Various

Production Processes in the Worldrdquo International Review of Mechanical Engineering

Vol5 No7 2011 Napoli Italy pp1272-1277

[17] Wolka DW ldquoRoboter sistemerdquo Technishe Universitaumlt des Saarlandes im Stadtwald

1992

[18] McKerrow P J ldquoIntroduction to roboticsrdquo Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Sydney 1991

[19] Sciavicco L Siliciano B ldquoModeling and Control of Robot Manipulatorsrdquo McGraw-

Hill International Editions 1996

[20] Shimon Y N ldquoHandbook of Industrial Roboticsrdquo 2nd Edition 1999

[21] httpwwwworldometersinfo7cars

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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Page 26: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

UDC6293038

ABSTRACT Paper presents analysis of implementation development of hybrid buses as

well as interpretation of different experiences which users of hybrid vehicles have in their

exploitation Particular accent of interpretation was placed on the reducing of fuel

consumption which also indicates reducing of exhaust emissions gases which can be

achieved with implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies Regarding to

problem of autonomy which is still present in complete electric vehicles it can be said that

hybrid drive is more acceptable This paper is involved in answer to the question Does

implementation of hybrid buses in city traffic companies is justified

KEY WORDS hybrid drive bus city traffic fuel consumption

DOPRINOS SAGLEDAVANJU ZNAČAJA PRIMENE AUTOBUSA SA HIBRIDNIM

POGONOM U GRADSKIM SAOBRAĆAJNIM PREDUZEĆIMA

REZIME Rad predstavlja analizu stanja razvoja primene gradskih autobusa sa hibridnim

pogonom kao i tumačenje različitih iskustava koje su korisnici hibridnih autobusa imali u

njihovoj eksploataciji Poseban akcenat tumačenja stavljen je na smanjenje potrošnje goriva

što indicira i smanjenje emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koja se postiže primenom hibridnog

pogona S obzirom na problem autonomnosti koji je još uvek prisutan kod čisto električnog

pogona može se reći da se za sada još uvek daje prednost hibridnom pogonu Rad učestvuje

u odgovoru na pitanje Da li je opravdano uvesti u primenu što veći broj autobusa sa

hibridnim pogonom u gradska saobraćajna preduzeća

KLJUČNE REČI hibridni pogon autobus gradski saobraćaj potrošnja goriva

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

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Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

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Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

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Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

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Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Back_matter
Page 27: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

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Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

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Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

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  • Editorial_board
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  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 28: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONSIDERATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF

HYBRID BUSES IMPLEMENTATION IN CITY TRAFFIC COMPANIES

Darko Stanojević1 Nenad Lužanin

2 Miloš Vasić

3 Nada Stanojević

4 Milun Todorović

5

UDC 6293038

1 INTRODUCTION

Todayrsquos hybrid buses are important part of the improvement of catalytic vehicle

safety [8] Because of their specific work principle which allows many benefits such as

reducing of exhaust emissions gases (which satisfy ecological aspect) economy (cost

effectiveness regarding to the reducing of fuel consumption) and noise reduction accent to

their presence in urban and suburban traffic is increasing Because of greenhouse effect

which is between other consequence of increased exhaust emissions gases exist

continuously efforts to use as much as possible hybrid vehicles especially in vehicle fleets

of city transportation companies Policy of ldquogreen vehiclesrdquo regardless to concisely defined

and improved positive effects still it is not fully accept In accepting of this policy

significant role play hybrid vehicles while different factors influence on development of

their implementation Traffic companies still partly are accepting mentioned tendencies and

with reserve This paper briefly presents basic work principle and classification of hybrid

buses interpretation of several experiences regarding to their exploitation and reasons of

their accepting or denied Also paper presents review presence of hybrid buses in Europe as

well as one example of comparison analysis of fuel consumption within conventional bus

with diesel engine and hybrid bus in aim to participate in answer to the question Does

increasing of hybrid buses implementation in city traffic companies is justified

2 HYBRID DRIVE IN BUSES ndash WORK PRINCIPLE AND CLASSIFICATION

Hybrid drive in buses is composed of combination of electric motor and smaller

than normal conventional internal combustion engine The main components of hybrid drive

are internal combustion engine generator a battery pack and an electric motor There are

three types of hybrid drive systems One is a parallel hybrid (Figure 1) bus where the

combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the transmission independently

and where the power from the electric motor is using for ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic conditions

which are the most affected to the increasing of fuel consumption while the power from the

internal combustion engine is using at highway Second type is hybrid bus with serial

configuration where internal combustion engine is connected to an electric generator which

1 Darko Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia dstanojevicmasbgacrs 2 Nenad Lužanin Volvo Buses Svetosavska 213 22304 Novi Banovci Serbia

nenadluzaninvolvocom 3 Miloš Vasić University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16 11000

Belgrade Serbia mvasicmasbgacrs 4 Nada Stanojević University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kraljice Marije 16

11000 Belgrade Serbia nstanojevicmasbgacrs 5 Milun Todorović City of Čačak Mayor Župana Stracimira 2 32000 Čačak

gradonacelnikcacakorgrs

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

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Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 29: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

26

converts the energy produced by internal combustion engine into electric power (Figure 2)

Thus the main power for drive produces electric motor [3]

Figure 1 Parallel hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

Figure 2 Serial hybrid configuration on hybrid buses [3]

The third type is combination of parallel and serial configuration of hybrid drive In

serial configuration since the ICE is not connected to the wheels it can operate at an

optimum rate and can even be switched off for short periods of time for a temporary all-

electric operation of the bus Buses with parallel configuration in comparison with buses

with serial hybrid configuration can provide high percent of fuel consumption efficiency on

highway at high constant speeds while serial configuration is better solution for city traffic

environment which is characterized with ldquostop-and-gordquo traffic [3]

3 SOME EXPERIENCE IN IMPLEMENTATION OF HYBRID BUSES

Regarding to the configuration of hybrid buses for city traffic companies beside

mentioned fact (reducing of exhaust emission gases) it is particularly important element

which is refers to possibility of reducing fuel consumption However uncertainty in their

accepting is related to insufficiently improvement of reduced fuel consumption in real

exploitation conditions particularly in city traffic environment Experiences in their using

in such conditions are different Beside insufficiently practical improvement of reducing

fuel consumption problems of their higher participation in city traffic companies can be

dedicate to possible complexity of their maintenance maintenance costs and cost price of

hybrid buses Complexity of their maintenance is related to the batteries which are using for

energy storage for power of electro motors while other components are suitable for

maintenance Many maintenance experts in city traffic companies have opinion that with

failure of batteries it can be expected serious downtime of vehicles with hybrid drive which

is regarding to the necessary exploitation frequency of vehicle fleet extremely unwanted

Their experience told that battery in hybrid buses is a component that is non-reparable and

that the only way to repair failure and to get hybrid vehicle in fully function is to replace old

batteries with new which price is relative high in comparison with average price of

components with similar functional characteristic and purposes This indicates increasing of

maintenance costs Average price of batteries for hybrid vehicles is about 700 $ and more

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 30: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

27

[1] while frequency of their failures is high For example city traffic in London was

equipped with 500 hybrid buses which are from Irish bus factory ldquoWright busrdquo After

relative short period in exploitation 80 buses worked only in the mode where using diesel

internal combustion engine is Reason for that were failures of batteries Also 200 buses

demands replacing of previous batteries with new [2] Besides that significant role in their

higher participation in city traffic companies is related to the cost price Average price of

one contemporary hybrid bus is about 250000-270000 euros while price of the

conventional contemporary bus with engine emission class 5 and 6 is about 220000 euros

[5 6] If the topic is total maintenance costs estimation of manufacturers is that total

maintenance costs for conventional buses is approximately 010-015 euro centkm while

total maintenance costs for hybrid buses is approximately 012-017 euro centkm [5]

4 REVIEW THE PRESENCE OF HYBRID BUSES IN EUROPE

First hybrid buses in Europe were put into operation in year 2006 Period from year

2006-2010 was marked by small number of hybrid buses in exploitation in public

transportation It was the pilot testing a hybrid concept in cities Paris Barcelona Dresden

Strasbourg Nuremberg Wallonia and Flanders region in Belgium Luxemburg London was

exception where from 2006 in regular exploitation included 56 double-deckerrsquorsquo Wright-

bus which can be considered the beginning of the mass of introducing this kind of buses

in Europe [9] The EU has been in service 178 buses with hybrid drive but the mid-2012 in

service is 1191 buses with hybrid drive

Cities and regions with the highest number of hybrid buses currently in service are

London (260) Manchester (162) Flanders Region-Belgium (136) Dresden (57) Oxford

(43) Birmingham (33) Dordrecht (27) Barcelona (25) Region South Holland (24)

Luxembourg (21) Hamburg (20) Oslo (18) Bochum (13) [09] (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Presence of hybrid buses in Europe cities

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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The language of the Journal is English

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All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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  • Back_matter
Page 31: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

28

5 COMPARISON OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BETWEEN HYBRID AND BUS

WITH CONVENTIONAL DIESEL DRIVE ndash A CASE STUDY

Beside interpretation and analysis of different actualities regarding to the hybrid

buses in this paper particularly accent was placed to the lower fuel consumption within

hybrid buses [10 12] In that purposes it was performed comparison analysis of fuel

consumption between hybrid bus and bus with conventional diesel engine For monitoring

of fuel consumption it was selected two contemporary buses with diesel engine and hybrid

drive Both of them were in the same exploitation conditions It is the city line where the

buses daily passing in average from 150-320 kilometers The monitoring of fuel

consumption for mentioned buses was performed during the 11 days driving Both vehicles

which were participated in analysis were without functional defects and during the

monitoring there was no performing of maintenance Also failures were not identified Fuel

in vehicles was on the same quality level for all 11 days of monitoring For both buses tires

were checked every day of monitoring where was identified proper air pressure in tires Bus

drivers were with experience in driving both buses with conventional diesel engine and

hybrid buses with similar driving behavior Some of technical characteristic of compared

buses which are significant for the analysis are

1 Conventional bus with diesel engine [04]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3076 mm including air condition system

Tire size 27570 R 225

Fuel tank capacity 280 l

Gross vehicle weight 18000 kg

Engine diesel 7700 cm3 power Pmax = 210 KW na 2200 rpm max

torque Tmax = 1120 Nm at 1200-1600 rpm emission class Euro 5

Transmission 6-speed automatic transmission

2 Hybrid bus [11]

length 12000 mm

width 2550 mm

height 3200 mm

Tire size 27570 R 225

Gross vehicle weight 18600 kg

Hybrid system Parallel hybrid configuration

Diesel engine 5000 cm3 Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Electro motor Pmax = 210 KW Tmax = 800 Nm

Power battery 600 V

Transmission 12-speed automatic transmission

Fuel efficiency 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the

same category

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Page 32: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

29

From above listed technical characteristics it can be concluded that these buses are

with very similar performance This is particularly related to engines that using vehicle

which were subject of monitoring of fuel consumption as well as dimensions and

transmission With this it is eliminated potential criticism to the possible structural and

functional diversity of vehicles that are subject of monitoring Measurement of fuel

consumption carried out with a probe (electronic float) which is designed for measuring the

level of fuel and other liquids in tanks pools etc which in this case sets in the tanks of

vehicles that are subject of monitoring of fuel consumption (Figure 4) Length of probe is

adjustable and all sealing and mounting elements Fuel level is recorded every 3 seconds

The measurement results are recorded in the independent electronic unit where they are

processed filtered and stored in memory Measurement accuracy depends on several factors

such as the cross-section of the tank or the height and width the position in which a

measurement is performing etc During this measurement it was used probe capacitance-

meter which has a temperature gauge and G-sensor for detection of angles and fluid

turbulence which can guarantee the accuracy of the measurements [7]

Figure 4 The probe ndash electronic float [7]

Monitoring of fuel consumption was performed by Traffic Company ldquoMariborski

potniski promet-Marpromrdquo in year 2015 while comments and conclusions are results of

authorrsquos analysis

Table 1 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which conventional bus with diesel engine have passed during that day Also in

Table 1 is present average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 33: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

30

Table 1 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for conventional bus with diesel

engine and average consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 317 2492114

3416951389

2nd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 325 2830769

3rd

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 2984127

4th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3694268

5th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 318 4245283

6th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 300 3666667

7th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

8th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

9th

day Conventional bus with diesel

engine 314 3535032

10th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 3555556

11th

day

Conventional bus with diesel

engine 315 352381

Figure 5 shows graph of fuel consumption of bus with standard diesel engine

Figure 5 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

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Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 34: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

31

In monitoring of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine it can be

notice different varieties From the Figure 5 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption

was on the first day of driving when fuel consumption was 25l100 km for 317 passed

kilometers The larger fuel consumption was recorded at fourth fifth and sixth day with

fuel consumption of 37 l100 km 43 l100 km and 36 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on seventh eighth ninth tenth and eleventh

day fuel consumption was nearly the same Total average consumption of conventional bus

with diesel engine was about 35 l100 km

Table 2 presents data about fuel consumption in l100 kilometers for each day and

kilometers which hybrid bus with have passed during that day Also in Table 2 is present

average fuel consumption for all 11 days

Table 2 Fuel consumption for each day of monitoring for hybrid bus and average

consumption

Day Bus type Passed km L100 km Average

consumption

1st day Hybrid bus 381 183727

2977267279

2nd

day Hybrid bus 242 4256198

3rd

day Hybrid bus 311 2893891

4th

day Hybrid bus 310 1709677

5th

day Hybrid bus 310 2806452

6th

day Hybrid bus 224 3303571

7th

day Hybrid bus 311 266881

8th

day Hybrid bus 307 4234528

9th

day Hybrid bus 293 2730375

10th

day

Hybrid bus 232 3017241

11th

day

Hybrid bus 161 3291925

Figure 6 shows graph of fuel consumption of hybrid bus

In monitoring of fuel consumption of hybrid bus it can be also notice different

varieties From the Figure 6 it can be seen that the lowest fuel consumption was on the

fourth day of driving when fuel consumption was 17 l100 km for 310 passed kilometres

The larger fuel consumption was recorded at second sixth and eighth day with fuel

consumption of 42 l100 km 33 l100 km and 42 l100 km These large varieties in fuel

consumption can be also prescribed to different driving regimes in relation to the traffic

conditions Besides that it can be notice that on the other days unlike bus with diesel

engine there is a significant more variety Total average consumption of hybrid bus with

diesel was about 29 l100 km

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 35: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

32

Figure 6 Graph of fuel consumption of conventional bus with diesel engine

Figure 7 Comparison of fuel consumption between hybrid and conventional bus with diesel

engine

In direct comparison of fuel consumption graphs of hybrid and bus with diesel

engine it can be seen that hybrid bus has moments with larger fuel consumption versus bus

with conventional diesel engine However certainly there are more days when hybrid bus

has significant lower fuel consumption unlike bus with diesel engine This particular refers

to first fourth fifth sixth seventh ninth tenth and eleventh day Total average fuel

consumption is on the side of the hybrid bus with average consumption of nearly 29 l100

km Thus hybrid bus made up about 4l100 km lower fuel consumption versus conventional

bus with diesel engine Manufacturer of hybrid bus which was participating in comparison

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

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Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

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Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

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  • Editorial_board
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  • Back_matter
Page 36: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Contribution to the consideration of significance of hybrid buses implementation

in city traffic companies

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

33

analysis estimate about 35 more fuel-efficiency than a conventional bus of the same

category Considered obtain results of comparative analysis it can be concluded that hybrid

bus in the same exploitation conditions was achieved about 13 savings in fuel

consumption relative to conventional bus with diesel engine

6 CONCLUSIONS

Hybrid buses should certainly from the standpoint of reducing exhaust emissions

gases and environmental pollution took an important place in large vehicle fleets especially

in the city traffic companies However their higher presence undoubtedly depends of higher

level of improvement in lower fuel consumption in comparison with conventional buses

with diesel engine Example of the comparison analysis of monitoring fuel consumption

which is present in this paper show that fuel consumption efficiency is significant lower

than estimation of hybrid buses manufactures This case show that is 22 lower saving in

fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of hybrid bus

which was participate in comparison analysis Besides that factors such as price of the

hybrid buses maintenance costs as well as problems related to the powering and failures of

batteries for electro motors also exists For all this potential problems better answer gives

development countries which can be seen in preview of presence of hybrid buses in cities in

Europe while in middle and poor countries it cannot be seen larger participation of hybrid

vehicles in city transportation companies Although in this example was identified lower

savings in fuel consumption versus commercial data about fuel consumption efficiency of

hybrid bus if fuel savings considered on the level of the whole vehicle fleet savings in fuel

consumption is much larger Thus it can be said that implementation of hybrid vehicles in

city transportation companies is more than justified together with reducing of exhaust

emissions gases Further research should be performed through longer time period with

consideration of heterogeneity of test vehicle fleet from the aspect of vehicle age and

diversity of their constructional characteristics

REFERENCES

[1] httpswwwalibabacomproduct-detailFree-maintenance-green-energy-rechargeable-

lithium_60439964635htmlspm=a27007735675302Kv2Cx4amps=p date of access

13092016

[2] httpwwwbestmagcoukcontentlondonE28099s-hybrid-buses-suffer-li-ion-

battery-failures date of access 05092016

[3] httpwwweesiorgfileseesi_hybrid_bus_032007pdf datum pristupa 09092016

godine

[4] httpbusesmercedesbenzmecommedia15039572014_08_01_techinfo_conecto_en

pdf date of access 10092016

[5] httpwwwintransiastateedupublications_documentst2summarieshybrid_transit_b

us_tech_brief1pdf date of access 07092016

[6] httpwwwcivitaseusitesdefaultfilescivitas_policy_note_clean_buses_for_your_cit

ypdf date of access 03092016

[7] httpwwwaisd-logicrssrproizvodi-i-uslugepracenje-vozilakapacitivni-merac-

nivoa-goriva date of access 21072016

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 37: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Darko Stanojević Nenad Lužanin Miloš Vasić Nada Stanojević Milun Todorović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

34

[8] MJ Kellawey (2007) Hybrid buses-What their batteries really need to do Journal of

power sources 168 pp 95-98

[9] Mišanović S (2014) Exploitation and environmentally aspects of hybrid buses in

European cities Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics Vol 40 pp 17-31

[10] S Hallmark R Sperry (2012) Comparison of in-use operating costs of hybrid-

electric and conventional school buses Journal of Transportation Technologies No2

pp 158-164

[11] httpwwwfinprofidocuments103048ebf0d65-0855-4902-8f6d-1d4c5dc23c27 date

of access 12092016

[12] Kaplanović S Manojlović A (2013) bdquoEnvironmental taxation policy the case of

taxes on motor fuels in the European unionrdquo Journal of Applied Engineering Science

(Istraživanja i projektovanja za privredu) No 2 Vol 11 pp 57-62

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

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Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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Page 38: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

UDC 6291-49

ABSTRACT Providing transport facilities to rural people are very important in order to

improve the economic lot of the people In Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

transportation is provided by both KSRTC (Public Organisation) and Private Bus Operators

The objective was to study the rural transportation system of these two districts provided by

KSRTC and private bus operators and do a comparative analysis and see which organization

provides better transportation in the rural areas and also to give some suggestions to

improve it Data were collected by administering questionnaire to the commuters of both

public and private bus service

KEY WORDS KSRTC comparative analysis data public organization

STUDIJA RURALNOG JAVNOG TRANSPORTNOG SISTEMA-

ISTRAZIVANJE SLUČAJA MYSORE I CHAMARAJANAGAR OBLASTI

REZIME Pružanje prevoza do seoskog stanovništva je veoma važno u cilju poboljšanja

ekonomije mnogih ljudi U Mysore and Chamarajanagar okrugu prevoz je obezbeđen i od

strane KSRTC (javna organizacija) i privatnih autobuskih operatera Cilj je bio da se prouči

ruralni prevoz ova dva okruga obezbeđeni od strane KSRTC-a i privatnih operatera i napravi

komparativna analiza i vidi koja organizacija pruža bolji transport u ruralnim područjima

kao i da se daju neke sugestije za poboljšanje Podaci su prikupljeni primenom upitnika

putnika i javnog i privatnog prevoza

KLJUČNE REČI KSRTC uporedna analiza podaci javne organizacije

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

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University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

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  • Back_matter
Page 39: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

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Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 40: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

A STUDY OF RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM ndash A CASE STUDY

OF MYSORE AND CHAMARAJANAGAR DISTRICTS

N Ramesh Babu1 Harish Mahadevappa

2

UDC6291-49

1 INTRODUCTION

In India nearly 70 percent of the people live in rural areas In order to improve the

economic lot of the rural people a good rural transportation with good connectivity is

required Many rural folks come to the city to sell their agricultural produce and good rural

transportation is very much required The economic level of the rural people has improved

a lot in some of the Indian States like Kerala due to good rural public transportation and

connectivity In this study the problems of public transportation in the two districts of

Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts has been studied In Mysore and Chamarajanagar

Districts public transportation is provided by both KSRTC and private sector

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to study the rural transportation system of two districts of

Karnataka ie Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts and come out with suitable

suggestions to improve the rural transportation system in these two districts

3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology of the study is given below

Figure 11 The methodology of the study

1 N Ramesh Babu Senior Transportation Planner CiSTUP IISc SID Complex Bangalore-560001

India rameshcistupiiscernetin 2 Harish Mahadevappa Transport Planner

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

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2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 41: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

38

4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Public opinion survey was conducted in Mysore and Chamarajanagar Districts

regarding performance of public transportation of Government (KSRTC) and Private Buses

Questionnaire was designed for both KSRTC and private bus commuters and the

questionnaire was administered to the commuters in Chamarajanagar and Mysore District

The questionnaire consisted of three sections General Section consisted of general

questions like name age and gender of respondents Basic Travel Information Section

consisted of origin destination frequency of travel purpose of travel cost of fare etc and

KSRTCPrivate Bus Section consisted of questions like frequency connectivity

overcrowding travel comfort cleanliness safety etc Nearly 250 commuters were

interviewed regarding the performance of KSRTC and Private Bus

41 General Questions

General Questions involved question regarding gender and age group of

respondents

42 Gender of Respondents

The genders of majority of respondents in the opinion survey were male (63) as

shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 Gender of Respondents

43Age Group of Respondents

The age group of majority of respondents was under 25 years of age as shown in

Figure 13

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

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uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

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rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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  • Editorial_board
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  • Back_matter
Page 42: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

39

Figure 13 Age group of Respondents

44 Basic Travel Information

The questions of Basic Travel Information involved purpose of travel frequency of

travel travel by KSRTC or Private buses

45 Purpose of Travel

The purpose of travel of thirty six percent (majority) of respondents was work

twenty four percent was for education twelve percent was for shopping and the remaining

28 percent were others as shown in Figure 14

Figure 14 Purpose o Travel

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

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International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
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  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 43: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

40

46 Frequency of Travel

The frequency of travel of forty two percent (majority) of the respondents was

daily twenty two percent was weekly nineteen percent was monthly six percent was

fortnightly five percent was bi-weekly and the balance six percent were others as shown in

Figure 15

Figure 15 Frequency of Travel

47 Do you travel by KSRTC or Private Bus

As per the survey majority (64 ) of the respondents travelled by KSRTC bus

twenty nine percent travelled by private bus and the balance seven percent travelled by both

KSRTC and Private Bus as shown in Figure 16

Figure 16 Questionnaire of using transport

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

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Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

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  • Editorial_board
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  • Back_matter
Page 44: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

41

48 Performance

The questions pertaining to performance involved frequency of buses connectivity

of buses stops arrival on scheduled time departure on schedule time overcrowding safety

etc

49 Frequency of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

bull 76 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison between KSRTC and Private Buses KSRTC buses have better

frequency when compared to private buses

Figure 17 The question lsquoIs the frequency of buses goodrsquo

410 Connectivity of Buses

To the question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

bull 73 percent of KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 27 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 68 percent of private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private

buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

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Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 45: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

42

Figure 18 The question lsquoIs the connectivity of buses goodrsquo

411 Stops

To the question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

bull 68 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 32 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 76 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 24 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison private buses give more stops than KSRTC buses

Figure 19 The question lsquoDo the buses give enough stopsrsquo

412 Arrive on Schedule Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

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Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

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2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
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  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 46: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

43

bull In comparison private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC

buses36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

Figure 110 The question lsquoDo the buses arrive on Schedule Timersquo

413 Depart on Scheduled Time

To the question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

bull 57 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 57 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 43 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both the KSRTC buses and Private buses depart on scheduled time

Figure 111 The question lsquoDo the buses depart on Schedule Timersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

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Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

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2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
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  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 47: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

44

414 Buses Overcrowded

To the question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

bull 49 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 51 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 61 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses are overcrowded all the time

Figure 112 The question lsquoAre the buses overcrowded all the timersquo

415 Buses Comfortable to Travel

To the question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

bull 77 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 23 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 66 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 34 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison KSRTC buses is more comfortable to travel when compared to

private buses

Figure 113 The question lsquoAre the buses comfortable to travelrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

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This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

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Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

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  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
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  • Back_matter
Page 48: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

45

416 Buses are Clean and Well Maintained

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

bull 53 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 47 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that both KSRTC and private buses are clean and well maintained

Figure 114 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses are clean and well maintainedrsquo

417 Seats in Buses Comfortable

To the question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

bull 62 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 48 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the seats in KSRTC buses are more comfortable than private buses

Figure 115 The question lsquoAre the seats in the bus comfortablersquo

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

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Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

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Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

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2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
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  • Misanovic_Abstract
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 49: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

46

418 Easy to getingetoff buses

To the question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

bull 71 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 29 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 58 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 42 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to getingetoff in KSRTC buses when compared to private

Buses

Figure 116 The question lsquoAre the buses are easy to getingetoffrsquo

419 Get Seat in the Bus

To the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

bull 61 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 39 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 54 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 46 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it is easy to get seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private

buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

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OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

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The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

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Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

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Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

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Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

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Font Times New Roman 10 pt

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Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
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  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
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  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
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  • Back_matter
Page 50: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

47

Figure 117 the question lsquoDo you get seat in the busrsquo

420 Buses are Safe

To the question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

bull 80 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 20 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 64 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 36 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison the commuters think that the KSRTC buses are safer when

compared to private buses

Figure 118 The question lsquoDo you think buses are safersquo

421 Buses Overspeed

To the question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

bull 30 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 70 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 56 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 44 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

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rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

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Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 51: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

48

Figure 119 The question lsquoDo you think that the buses overspeedrsquo

422 Buses Breakdown Frequently

To the question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

bull 42 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 58 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 51 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 49 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the private buses breakdown frequently when compared to KSRTC

buses

Figure 120 The question lsquoDo the buses breakdown frequentlyrsquo

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

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Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

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Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

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Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

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uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

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rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

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Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

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Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 52: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

49

423 Drivers Safe and Competent

To the question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

bull 79 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 21 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 67 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 33 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull In comparison it shows that the drivers of KSRTC buses are more safe and

competent when compared to private bus drivers

Figure 121 The question lsquoAre drivers safe and competentrsquo

424 Drivers Respond to Request Stop

To the question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

bull 50 percent of the KSRTC bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 50 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull 63 percent of the Private bus commuters said lsquoYesrsquo and 37 percent said lsquoNorsquo

bull It shows that the drivers of Private Buses respond to request stop better than

KSRTC buses

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 53: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

N Ramesh Babu Harish Mahadevappa

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

50

Figure 122 The question lsquoDo the bus drivers respond to request stoprsquo

5 CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded from the study that

bull The purpose of travel of majority of commuters is work and then comes education

others and shopping

bull Most of the commuters travel daily and most of the commuters travel by KSRTC

buses

bull KSRTC buses have better frequency when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses have better connectivity when compared to private buses

bull Private buses give more stops when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses arrive on scheduled time when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses are overcrowded most of the time

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to travel when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC bus seats are more comfortable to sit when compared to private bus seats

bull KSRTC buses are more comfortable to getingetoff at destinations when compared

to private buses

bull It is easy to get a seat in KSRTC buses when compared to private buses

bull KSRTC buses are perceived to be safer than private buses

bull Private buses over speed when compared to KSRTC buses

bull Private buses breakdown more frequently when compared to KSRTC buses

bull KSRTC buses provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown but private buses

do not provide alternate buses if there is any breakdown

bull KSRTC bus drivers are perceived to be more safe drivers when compared with

private bus drivers

bull Private buses respond to request stops better than the KSRTC buses

RECOMMENDATIONS

The following are the recommendations for the Private Buses and KSRTC Buses

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 54: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

A study of rural public transport system ndash a case study of mysore and chamarajanagar

districts

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

51

Private Buses

bull The private bus operators should be made to run on their original approved routes

with strict enforcement from the Government

bull Adulteration of fuel in private buses should be checked periodically with the help

of Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB)

bull The number of passengers who travel in private buses should be restricted and

overcrowding should be avoided for the convenience and safety of commuters

bull There should be regular check for emissions for the private vehicles by KSPCB

officials with the help of police

bull Private bus operators should also be brought under the speed breakers rule in order

to reduce accidents

bull The 15 years old vehicles should be scrapped with permit with immediate effect

KSRTC Buses

bull Incentives should be given to KSRTC conductors and drivers who make more

collection on their routes or attract more passengers to KSRTC buses

bull New routes have to be planned for revenue generation by connecting to new

villages by KSRTC

bull KSRTC should attract commuters by giving additional stops in Hoblis Gram

Panchayats and Towns in the district

bull KSRTC should provide more number of buses during peak hours to district and

taluk head quarters

bull More number of buses should be provided where there are educational institutions

offices industries next to cities and towns in these two districts

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank our Chairman Prof JM Chandra Kishen for giving me an

opportunity to work on this study I would also like to thank others who have directly or

indirectly helped me in this study

REFERENCES

[1] Kevin Majkut lsquoRural Transportation Issues and Strategiesrsquo Queens School of

Business The Monieson Centre-Transforming Business in the Knowledge Economy

March 2011

[2] Ramaswamy NS lsquoRural Transport in Indiarsquo Rural Transportation Study Indian

Institute of Management Bangalore 1991

[3] Chapter 13 Transport Roads Railways Ports and Highways

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 55: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Intentionally blank

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

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Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

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Table and chart width max 125 mm

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Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
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  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
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  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 56: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION IN BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

UDC

ABSTRACT Buses with fully electric drive are present in many cities of Europe Asia and

America City of Belgrade and JKP GSP rsquorsquoBeogradrsquorsquo (City Public Transport Companyrsquorsquo

Belgradersquorsquo ) following the positive experience of the public transport companies which

have started the exploitation of buses with electric drive will plan the beginning of the

regular exploitationin in September 2016 with 5 electrical buses on a new line EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) It will be the first step in a long-term strategy of using buses

with electric drive

This paper presents the first results and the effects of their use in the public transport in

Belgrade in terms of exploitation ecology and energy efficiency

KEY WORDS electric bus public transportation ecology energy efficiency

EKOLOŠKI I ENERGETSKI ASPEKTI EKSPLOATACIJE AUTOBUSA NA

ELEKTRIČNI POGON NA NOVOJ LINIJI U JAVNOM PREVOZU BEOGRADA

REZIME Autobusi na čisto električni pogon prisutni su u mnogim gradovima Evrope

Azije i Amerike Grad Beograd i JKP GSPrsquoBeograd sledeći pozitivna iskustva kompanija

za javni prevoz koje koriste ovu vrstu autobusa od 1 Septembra 2016godine odpočeli su

regularnu eksploataciju sa 5 autobusa na čisto električni pogon na novoj liniji EKO 1

(Vukov spomenik-Belvil) To je prvi korak u dugoročnoj strategiji korišćenja autobusa na

električni pogon U radu su prikazani prvi rezultati i efekti korišćenja u sistemu javnog

prevoza u Beogradu sa aspekta eksploatacije ekologije i energetske efikasnosti

KLJUČNE REČI električni autobus javni prevoz ekologija energetska efikasnost

1 Received July 2016 Accepted September 2016 Available on line December 2016

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 57: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

ECOLOGY AND ENERGY ASPECTS OF EXPLOITATION FULLY

ELECTRICAL BUSES ON THE NEW LINE IN PUBLIC

TRANSPORTATION BELGRADE

Slobodan Mišanović1 Slaven Tica

2 Željko Milković

3 Pavle Krstić

4 Branko Milovanović

5

UDC 629071

1 INTRODUCTION

JKP GSP Beograd is the carrier of function public transport in Belgrade and the

largest operator In their development plans JKP GSP Beograd special attention dedicate

on the possibilities of application of the concept of E-bus on the operation on the most

endangered traffic corridors in terms of pollution In the past the emphasis were on

monitoring trends in their development exchange of experience with companies for public

transport bus manufacturers and was carried one pilot test

Since August 2016 the JKP GSP Beograd is began a regular exploitation with 5

solo bus on purely electric drive as a first step in a long-term strategy of using buses with

electric drive These vehicles have a steady trend of development and improvement which

makes them more competitive in comparison with other concepts buses (diesel CNG) It

should be noted a significant improvement in terms of reducing vehicle weight which is

reflected in the increase in the capacity of the vehicle (80-90 passengers) which is

approaching the capacity of a standard diesel-powered buses (100-105 passengers) These

are significant assumptions allowing their use on the first place on the central lines in the

bus subsystem Belgrade

2 FROM IDEA TO REALISATION

Idea of introducing buses on pure electric drive was stemmed from JKP GSP

Belgrade on the basis of permanent monitoring of development trends the bus subsystem

in many cities of Europe and the world as well as the positive experiences of companies

that have buses on electric drive in operation The idea is that the City of Belgrade to be

included in the green maps cities that have electric buses in operation on the way that the

E-buses will operate on a completely new line in the city center that will be recognizable in

that Carrier of project is JKP GSP Belgrade in cooperation with the Secretariat of

Environment and Secretariat of Traffic The project of introducing buses on electric power

1 Slobodan Mišanović Project manager City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje

Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade Ph D student University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

slobodanmisanovicgspcors 2 Slaven Tica Ph D prof assist University of Belgarde Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia slaventicasfbgacrs 3 Željko Milkovic M Sc CEO of the company City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo

Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000 Belgrade zeljkomilkovicgspcors 4 Pavle Krstić M Sc City Public Transport Company ldquoBelgradeldquo Kneginje Ljubice 29 11000

Belgrade pavlekrsticgspcors 5 Branko Milovanović Ph D assist prof University of Belgardec Faculty of Transport and Traffic

Engineering 305 Vojvode Stepe Str 11000 Belgrade Serbia bmilovanovic sfbgacrs

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 58: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

56

in Belgrade included the following phases (Table 1) which lasted from January 2015 to

August 2016

Table 1 Phases of the E-bus project in Belgrade

Activity Period

The idea of introducing E-bus in public transportation system January 2015

Formation of the working team February 2015

Analysis of the most acceptable concept of E-bus March-September

2015

Analysis of variants of the new line March-September

2015

The adoption of the concept of E-bus and the route of the new line September 2015

The decision to purchase 5 E-bus September 2015

Financing model September 2015

Preparation of tender documents September 2015

An invitation to tender for the purchase of 5 E-bus October 2015

Opening of offer December 2015

Signing the contract with rsquoChariot motors for purchase of 5 E-bus

HIGHER A6L January 2016

Production control of 5 E-buses April 2016

Delivery and exploitation July August 2016

3 THE CHOICE OF LINE LINE 1E

Introduction of the buses on electric drive is a good way rehabilitation of

electrical transport system on the left bank of the Sava River considering that until 1970

were in exploitation 3 trolleybus lines that connected the old part of the city with Zemun and

New Belgrade

In this regard the line 1E (Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City) fully justifies the use

of electrically-powered buses since that line is passes near the attractive location and

transport corridors which in some sections have high levels of aero pollution and noise

(Brankova ulica boulevard of Kralj Aleksandar) [1]

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 59: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

57

Figure 1 Brankova street Figure 2 National Assembly

Figure 3 Shoping malles Usce

Line 1E is planned as a diametrical line that would connect Vukov monument over

the Nikola Pasic Square Brankos Bridge to the New Belgrade (Figure 4) This line would

provide the missing direct connection with New Belgrade on the Nikola Pasic Square and

King Alexander Boulevard The route located along of many tourist attractions (National

Assembly St Marks Church ) administrative center of Belgrade Faculty of Law

Faculty of Engineering Shoping Malls Usce and Delta City Kombank arena Railway

station Novi Beograd

The route of the line 1E

bull Direction A Kraljice Marije Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Trg Nikole Pašića

Dečanska tunel Brankova ulica Brankov most Bulevar Mihajla Pupina Milentija

Popovića Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Antifašističke borbe Bulevar Milutina

Milankovića Đorđa Stanojevića

bull Direction B (Đorđa Stanojevića Omladinskih brigada Antifašističke borbe

Bulevar Zorana Đinđića Milentija Popovića bulevar mihajla Pupina Brankov

most Brankova Trg Nikole Pašića Bulevar kralja Aleksandra Ruzveltova

Kraljice Marije

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 60: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

58

Figure 4 Route of line 1Е (Vukov spomenik ndash TC Delta City)

Mean length of route is 768 km stations and distance on the directions are given in

Table 2

Table 2 Static elements of line 1E

Direction A Vukov spomenik - TC Delta City

terminal station (m)

Vukov

spomenik

0

Tehnički fakulteti 518

Pravni fakultet 364

Park Tašmajdan 344

Glavna pošta 204

Pionirski park 332

Zeleni venac 762

Brankov most 415

Blok 21 1548

Milentija Popovića 438

Blok 25 560

Blok 24 418

Milutina Milankovića TC Vero 283

Depo Sava 830

TC Delta

City 454

7470

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 61: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

59

Direction B TC Delta City - Vukov spomenik

terminal station (m)

TC Delta

0

Airport city 706

Omladinskih brigada 1 416

Bulevar umetnosti 340

Španskih boraca 384

Milutina Milankovića 469

Blok 24 194

Blok 25 491

Milentija Popovića 515

Blok 21 345

Brankov most 1560

Zeleni venac 337

Pionirski park 850

Resavska 300

Pravni fakultet 237

Tehnički fakulteti 323

Vukov spomenik 300

VUKOV

SPOMENIK 128

7895

Dynamic elements on the line 1E are presented in the following table 3 With five

vehicles in operation interval a vehicle passes amounted to 12-13 minutes The offered

capacity on the line would be 289 places hour

Table 3 Dynamic elements on the line 1E

1E Vukov spomenik-TC Delta City 5 E-buses in the

operation

Total length

of rute [km]

driving time

[min]

charging

time[min]

time of

turnround

[min]

interval [min]

offered

capacity

(placeshour)

1536 34 5-10 88 17-18 273

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 62: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

60

4 CHOICE OF CONCEPT BUS ON ELECTRIC DRIVE

Analysis of experience in the exploitation of E-buses by different manufacturers

with different concepts of charging and storage of electricity came to the decision that for

conditions of exploitation in Belgrade most acceptable is pantograph fast-charging system

on the terminals and application systems for electrical energy storage using super

capacitors [4]

Advantages of pantograph charging

system [2]

bull Acceptable charging time 5-8 minutes

bull Possibility to connect the charger to the

tram network (DC)

or public distribution network (AC)

bull Ebus can operate throughout the work

day

(Especially important in summer

conditions when using the air

conditioner)

Advantages of storage electricity using

supercapacitors [2]

bull Principle Electro Static

bull Flexibility for rapid charging and emptying

bull High efficiency 92-98

bull Acceptable weight 900 kg

bull Temperature range -40 to +65 Co

bull Fast charge 5-8 min

bull The possibility of accepting the entire

electricity in the process of recuperation

bull Long life min 10 years

bull Convenience recycling

Figure 5 Charging station rsquorsquoBelvilersquorsquo Figure 6 Position of supercapacitors

Figure 7 Charging station rsquorsquoVukov

spomenikrsquorsquo

Figure 8 Charger

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 63: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

61

Figure 9 E-bus Higer KLQ6125GEV3 Figure 10 Interior of the E-bus Higer

Table 4 Technical characteristics E-bus Higer [3]

Manufacturer Higher

Type Electric KLQ6125GFV3

Lengthwidthheight 1200025503630 mm

Curb weight 12540 kg

Passengers 82+1

Max speed 70 kmh

Charging the terminus 660 V DC or 380 V AC 580 V DC output 250 A

Charging time at the terminus 5-8 minutes

Storage systems

Electricity Super capacitors

Capacity 20 kWh

Manufacture Aowei

Type U-CAP (37DT6-03210)

Traction motors 2

Manufacture Siemens

Type 1PV5135

Power 2x90 kW (peak opt) 2x67 kW (nom Opt)

Torque 2x430 Nm

Inverter DC AC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type IEVD 130-60ZO6GA

Working range 580 V DC AC 500-650V

Converter DC DC

Manufacture Zhonglian

Type DY074C

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 64: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Slobodan Mišanović Slaven Tica Željko Milković Pavle Krstić Branko Milovanović

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

62

Working range 12-24-48 V DC

Charging systems

Pantograph Aowei 37DT6-03212

Plug-in DU OSIDA 37XL2-3709

Auxiliary systems

Air conditioning Thermoking 81 DT6

Pump control KVD HDZXB 1416

Compressor IEM ER 230

UC-Cooler Aowei 37DT6

Traction control Siemens 10DT6

External display NFHS-020

5 EXPECTATIONS OF THE USE OF E-BUSES (ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY

ASPECTS)

Putting into operation first line with the purely electric buses would start a new

chapter in the exploitation of the bus subsystem in Belgrade Given that this is a completely

new drive concept special attention will be focused on the monitoring of all the techno-

exploitation characteristics in order to give real insight into the advantages and

disadvantages of this concept which was first applied not only in Belgrade but also in the

region of South Eastern Europe During July and August 2016 before the start of the regular

exploitation test-driving was done which showed satisfactory results which are expected

when will start regular exploitation (end of August or beginning of September 2016)

Expectations of introducing buses on pure electric drive are

- Zero emissions by E-bus at the micro location

- Significantly advantageous carbon dioxide emissions at the macro level from the

production electricity from the electrical energy system of the Republic of Serbia in

comparison to the CO2 emissions derived from the combustion of hydrocarbons fuels

- Lower level emitted noise of 12-17 dB

- High energy efficiency compared to diesel-powered buses Expected electricity

Consumption

- E-bus on the new line is between 106 to 130 kWhkm depending on the mode

passengers load use of air conditioning

- Profitability of invested assets after 6 years

- E-bus is technology of future

4 CONCLUSION

The introduction of buses with electric drive in regular operation represents a

significant development step in the improvement of the system of public transport in

Belgrade E-buses with pantograph system supplementing on the terminus fully meet the

requirements for operation in terms of supply of electricity the daily route and

transportation demands of passengers The proposed route of the first line in staffed by

electric buses allow the full effect of the use of this concept in terms of environmental

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 65: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Ecology and energy aspects of exploitation fully electrical buses on the new line

in public transportation Belgrade

Volume 42 Number 3 2016

63

transport requirements (the arrival interval the offered capacity) and a high level of

attractiveness of the locations they serve

Monitoring the results of using the buses on electric drive on the line 1E will serve

as the best argument for defining future strategies of public transport in Belgrade as well as

in other major cities of the Republic of Serbia (Novi Sad Niš Kragujevac ) when this

concept of buses issue and its mass application

REFERENCES

[1] ЈКП ГСПБеоград Елаборат о увођењу прве линије са аутобусима на

електрични погон у ЈКП ГСПБеоград октобар 2015

[2] MMilev The Ultra capacitors electric bus-the future of urban transportation

Elektrobusse-markt der zukunft Berlin 23022015

[3] Higer Electric bus ndash EC TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Idiada automotive

technology AC 2016

[4] Mišanović S Mogućnosti korišćenja autobusa sa električnim pogonom u sistemu

javnog gradskog prevoza putnika seminarski rad na doktorskim studijama Fakultet

inženjerskih nauka Univerzitet u Kragujevcu 2016

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 66: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

Intentionally blank

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 67: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

NOTIFICATION TO AUTHORS

The Journal MVM publishes original papers which have not been previously published in

other journals This is responsibility of the author The authors agree that the copyright for

their article is transferred to the publisher when the article is accepted for publication

The language of the Journal is English

Journal Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics is at the SSCI list

All submitted manuscripts will be reviewed Entire correspondence will be performed with

the first-named author

Authors will be notified of acceptance of their manuscripts if their manuscripts are adopted

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS AS REGARDS THE TECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS

OF MANUSCRIPTS

Abstract is a separate Word document ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Native

authors should write the abstract in both languages (Serbian and English) The abstracts of

foreign authors will be translated in Serbian

This document should include the following 1) authorrsquos name affiliation and title the first

named authorrsquos address and e-mail ndash for correspondence 2) working title of the paper 3)

abstract containing no more then 100 words 4) abstract containing no more than 5 key

words

The manuscript is the separate file bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo which includes

appendices and figures involved within the text At the end of the paper a reference list and

eventual acknowledgements should be given References to published literature should be

quoted in the text brackets and grouped together at the end of the paper in numerical order

Paper size Max 16 pages of B5 format excluding abstract

Text processor Microsoft Word

Margins leftright mirror margin inside 25 cm outside 2 cm top 25 cm bottom 2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Paper title Uppercase bold 11 pt

Chapter title Uppercase bold 10 pt

Subchapter title Lowercase bold 10 pt

Table and chart width max 125 mm

Figure and table title Figure _ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Manuscript submission application should be sent to the following e-mail

mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

or posted to address of the Journal

University of Kragujevac ndash Faculty of Engineering

International Journal M V M

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia

The Journal editorial board will send to the first-named author a copy of the Journal offprint

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
  • Content_Vol_42_No_3
  • Blazevic_et all_Abstract
  • Blazevic_et_all_Paper
  • Karabegovic_et all_Abstract
  • Karabegovic_et_all_Paper
  • Stanojevic_et all_Abstract
  • Stanojevic_et_all_Paper
  • NRamesh Babu_et all_Abstract
  • Ramesh_Babu_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_et all_Abstract
  • Misanovic_et_all_Paper
  • Misanovic_Abstract
  • Misanovic_Paper
  • Authors_Notification
  • Back_matter
Page 68: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

MVM ndash International Journal for Vehicle Mechanics Engines and Transportation Systems

OBAVEŠTENJE AUTORIMA

Časopis MVM objavljuje orginalne radove koji nisu prethodno objavljivani u drugim časopisima što

je odgovornost autora Za rad koji je prihvaćen za štampu prava umnožavanja pripadaju izdavaču

Časopis se izdaje na engleskom jeziku

Časopis Mobility amp Vehicles Mechanics se nalazi na SSCI listi

Svi prispeli radovi se recenziraju Sva komunikacija se obavlja sa prvim autorom

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA ZA TEHNIČKU PRIPREMU RADOVA

Rezime je poseban Word dokument ldquoFirst author family name_ABSTRACTdocrdquo Za

domaće autore je dvojezičan (srpski i engleski) Inostranim autorima rezime se prevodi na

srpski jezik Ovaj dokument treba da sadrži 1) ime autora zanimanje i zvanje adresu prvog

autora preko koje se obavlja sva potrebna korespondencija 2) naslov rada 3) kratak

sažetak do 100 reči 4) do 5 ključnih reči

Rad je poseban fajl bdquoFirst author family name_Paperdocldquo koji sadrži priloge i slike

uključene u tekst Na kraju rada nalazi se spisak literature i eventualno zahvalnost

Numeraciju korišćenih referenci treba navesti u srednjim zagradama i grupisati ih na kraju

rada po rastućem redosledu

Dužina rada Najviše 16 stranica B5 formata ne uključujući rezime

Tekst procesor Microsoft Word

Margine levodesno mirror margine unurašnja 25 cm spoljna 2 cm gore 25 cm dole

2 cm

Font Times New Roman 10 pt

Naslov rada Velika slova bold 11 pt

Naslov poglavlja Velika slova bold 10 pt

Naslov potpoglavlja Mala slova bold 10 pt

Širina tabeladijagrama max 125 mm

Nazivi slika tabela Figure __ (Table _) Times New Roman italic 10 pt

Dostavljanje rada elektronski na E-mail mvmkgacrs lukicjkgacrs

ili poštom na adresu Časopisa

Redakcija časopisa M V M

Fakultet inženjerskih nauka

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Srbija

Po objavljivanju rada Redakcija časopisa šalje prvom autoru jedan primerak časopisa

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

Sestre Janjić 6 34000 Kragujevac Serbia Tel +38134335990 Fax + 38134333192

wwwmvmfinkrs

  • Editorial_board
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Page 69: M V M M · PDF file3 Dževad Bibić, Prof., University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, 71000 Sarajevo, bibic@mef.unsa.ba

MVM Editorial Board University of Kragujevac Faculty of Engineering

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