Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol . 3 1 , June 2006, pp. 346-352

Effects of picking periods and average mass of seed on fibre properties of MCU-5 cotton

M Tamil Selvan" & K Raghunathan

Department of Textile Technology, A C College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India

Received 20 Jalluary 2005; revised received alld accepted 5 April 2005

The effects of picking periods and average mass of seed on fibre properties have been studied using MCU-5 Indian cotton variety, collected from threc different locations at various picking periods. It i s observed that there is a significant impact due to the average mass of seed i n a particular picking period on fibre quality. In general, the mass of seed plays a vital role in deciding the quality of fibres.

Keywords: Cotton, Fibre qual i ty

IPC Code: I nt. CI .8 DO I B, GO I N33/36

In practical trade, cotton spinning industries purchase cotton fibres from different places without any consideration to the location and season of growth, picking periods and average mass of seed. These factors are known to affect the quality of fibre, yarn and fabric . In order to study this in greater detai l , an experiment was conducted to observe the impact of mass of seed on fibre quality. Studies have already been calTied Ollt to observe the i nfluence of p icking periods and combination of fibres picked on fibre and yarn properties t and the influence of picking dates, locations and varieties on NEP content in fibre, yarn and fabric? The area of cultivation was also found to be an i mportant variable in determin ing the airborne levels of gram-negati ve baci l l i and en do toxins when cotton is carded.3

The effect of different stages of spinning process 4 . . .

on fibre properties and varIOUS harvestmg practtces and ginning techniques on the NEP content of ginned l intS have also been studied. A characteristic feature of cotton, however, is the wide variation in most of i ts properti es, not only between the fibres that constitute a sample, but also within a fibre i tself.6 In the present work, the influence of the picking period and average mass of seed on fibre properties has been studied.

"To whom al l the correspondence should be addressed. E-mail : tamilsudha@yahoo.com

The experimental MCU-5 variety was grown and harvested at three different locations (L- l to L-3) i n Rajapalayam, Tami l Nadu, about six miles apart from each other. The date of sowing of cotton i n all locations was varied between six days from l oth to 1 6th February 2003. The samples of 9 picking periods (PP- l to PP-9) were separately collected from location 1 (L- I ) . The samples of 5 picking periods out of 8 and 4 picking periods out of 6 were collected from location 2 (L-2) and 3 (L-3) respectively. The duration between the first few pickings varied from 3 to 4 days and the last few pickings varied from 5 to 7 days. In all , 1 8 samples were collected for study ing the influence of average mass of seed on fibre properties of MCU-5 cotton variety.

The manually separated fibre samples were tested us ing High Volume Instruments (HVI) and Advance Fibre Information system (AFlS) as per the standard procedure. The fibres were separated from seeds manually. The minor amount of fuzz fibresb (length not exceeding 1 .5 mm) which remained on the seed was again removed thoroughly before the weighing w ith the help of a fine knife. The mass of seed was measured up to 3'd place of decimal using an electronic balance. The method followed i n collection and test ing of fibres is shown i n Fig. 1 . Giving equal importance to all the picking periods, the grouping of fibres was made with respect to the particular mass of seed in a particular location with an interval of 20 mg. The uniform and equal mixing of fibres from a chosen picking period was calTied out for studying the impact of mixing of picking period and average mass of seed on fibre properties. The picking periods were chosen on the basi s of first two h ighest and lowest average mass of seed among the picked samples. The correlation coefficient (r) was used for proving the relation between mass of seed and i ts corresponding fibre properties.

The mass of seed in a particular picking period was found to vary in the range of 30- 1 50 mg. The result of

iJ-y'here i s no fuzz fibres after manual ginning, particularly in suvin variety; this was done for confirming the correctness of the �bove study. Total weight of fuzz fibres remaining on the seed did not exceed 1 mg. The grouping of seed was done with an interval of each 20 mg and due to this, the impact of fuzz fibres 011 tested result is negligible.

..

Process

Collection of locules

+ Disintegration of kapas

Ginning

Cleaning process

+ Weighing process

Categorization of fibres �

Fibre testing

S HORT COMMUNICATION

Description

Locules were col lected from different locations with respect to a particular variety

Individual kapas from locules was removed manually . The variation i n mass o f kapas was high, approxi mately in the range of 10 -

270 mg.

The separation of fibre from seed was done careful ly by hand. Separated fibres and their correspond ing seeds were packed separately .

The fuzz fibres remain ing on seed were again removed thoroughly using fine kn ife before weighing.

Mass of i ndividual seed was measured using electronic balance.

F ibres were categorized with respect to their mass of seed.

Fibres of each sample group were tested using AFIS as per the standard procedure.

347

Fig. 1 - Method followed for collection and testing of fibres

a picking period and the variation in average mass of seeds and corresponding lint from three different locations is shown in Tables 1 -3 . The variation in average mass of seed in a particular picking period was observed in comparison with the picking periods within and between the three locations. The properties of fibre among the picked samples were also found to vary as verified by the excellent correlatJons between the average mass of seeds in a particular picking period and the corresponding fibre properties. The correlations of fibre properties with regard to different pickings are shown in Table 4. The average mass of seed and its l int quality picked at different intervals varied substantially . Generally , the fibres from a later picking period are shorter and immature than those picked at an early period. The cotton plant is also attacked by many insects l ike white-fly, pink and spotted bollworms, stem weevil and jassids, thereby producing adverse effects on the quality and yield of cotton produced. Due to this, the average mass of seed within each picking and more particularly in the later picking is low, leading to low fibre maturity and fineness.

Table I-Mass (mg) variations of seeds and their corresponding l in t in location 1

pp - I PP - 2 PP - 3 PP - 4 PP - 5

Seed Lint Seed

35 1 5 1 23

50 2 1 96

86 46 100

89 36 1 29

1 1 8 42 1 1 6

84 34 60

9 1 43 1 2 1

1 28 54 84

1 3 1 53 1 04

1 20 44 1 1 8

89 43 1 1 8

89 37 95

88 59 9 1

7 1 30 1 19

57 33 1 0 1 55 l 7 1 2 1

53 28 1 1 7

67 44 78

56 24 95

83 45 50

86 43 1 09

100 5 1 1 17

Lint Seed

52 96

43 96

44 1 0 1

60 1 07

55 1 39

29 93 6 1 1 1 7 38 1 02

5 1 77

57 105

47 1 1 3

47 6 1

5 2 78

59 67

4 1 1 14

59 50

47 1 1 4

42 90

49 1 1 3

50 82

53 86

47 106

Lint Seed Lint Seed

48 104 48 72

44 95 43 85

47 I I I 58 5 1

54 1 03 55 1 1 3

58 1 2 1 52 96

36 1 29 6 1 5 1

57 1 1 5 59 64

42 1 1 5 55 1 1 2

40 78 27 1 2 1

48 89 43 1 30

50 78 44 1 12

33 1 2 1 43 64

30 1 05 53 1 07

32 1 1 0 57 60

4 1 79 4 1 I I I

38 89 43 1 1 6 49 76 4 1 1 05

42 94 45 1 02 5 1 108 52 1 02

39 1 22 50 98

39 96 4 1 1 1 0 47 1 22 59 1 24

Lint

29

40 23

49

4 1

22

26

55

54

52

SO

44

44

32

48 54

SO

50

4 1

SO

5 1

56

PP - 6

Seed

75

68

90

78

77

63

99

80

78

72

89

1 1 8

79

75

85 58

100

1 20

85

63

1 16

70

Lint

29

3 1

4 1

3 2

39

35

48

47

40 36

43

55

35

45

50

32

48

63

49

43 50

35

PP - 7

Seed

69

1 1 6

96

1 0 1

1 09

99

89

89

96

1 10 89

58

80 99

87

82

78

7 1

1 1 2

102

87

99

Lint

4 1

63

40

44

64

45

48

49

4 1

45

44

24

35

44

46

40

29

36

56

58

39 48

PP - 8 PP - 9

Seed Lint Seed Lint

1 0 1

72

99

103

95

84

107

69

53

1 10

1 3 8

1 1 3

72

1 12

85

99

84 95

7 1

66

70

90

4 1 77 34

38 53 34

58 48 49

5 1 59 27

43 87 55

42 47 26

44 36 26

39 49 22

27 74 34

50 27 14 84 74 37

46 5 1 34 42 63 34

55 98 55

46 4 1 2 0

5 0 92 68

49 8 1 38

49 59 33

33 98 36

49 75 37

24 67 40

42 44 28

Conld

348 INDIAN J . FIBRE TEXT. RES., JUNE 2006

Table I-Mass (mg) variations of seeds and their corresponding l int i n location I-Collfd

PP - 1 PP - 2 PP - 3 PP - 4 PP - 5 PP - 6 PP - 7

Seed Lint Seed Lint Seed

40 30 1 17 57 65

87 48 98 36 1 03

75 36 99 45 93

Lint Seed Lint ' Seed

37 1 22 57 1 1 3

45 49 56 102

54 1 04 50 1 1 2

Lint Seed

46 74

45 88

47 66

Lint Seed

3 1 94

48 90

3 1 1 02

Lint

49

55

40

Mean 8 1 . 1 2 38.24 1 03 48.84 94.72 44.04 1 0 1 .4 49.32 97.32 43.96 82.64 4 1 .44 92. 1 6 44.92

SD 25.94 1 1 .54 19.62 8.07 20.48 7.69 1 9. 1 8 8.08 23.36 1 0.06 1 6.94 8.78 1 3 .99 9.46

CV % 3 1 .98 30. 1 9 19.04 1 6.52 2 1 .62 1 7.46 1 8.92 1 6.39 24 22.88 20.5 2 1 .2 1 5 . 1 8 2 1 .07

0.79 0.65 0.79 0.53 0.90 0.8 1 0.76

PP - Picking period.

r = Correlations between mass of seed and its corresponding l int; 0.34 at 5 % level of significance.

Table 2-Mass (mg) variations of seeds and thei r correspond ing l int in location 2

Mean SD CV %

r

Seed

88

1 02

68 95

86 1 05

1 07

85

88

99

99

1 0 /

86

86

76

84 57

1 1 1

53 86

87 93

1 06 87 88

88.92 1 4.35 1 6. 1 3

PP - I

0.3 1

Lint

44 48 42 46 39

46

37

45 4 1 35 39

34

29 5 1 37 48 29 45

23 47

44 57 30 52 5 1

4 1 .56 8.32

20.02

Seed

77

46

84 89

92

20

94

94

94

54

94

98

96

54

5 1

66 76 88

5 1 93 95

44

86 99

55

75.6 22.27 29.46

PP - 2

0.93

Lint

43 1 8

4 1

36

44 1 1

48 45

5 1 1 9 36 52

47

1 6 1 9

28

42

4 1

1 9

46 50

20

50

62

20

36. 1 6 1 4.4 1 39.86

PP - 3 Seed

5 1

8 1

76

73

54 90

78 73

70 75

97 76

83

77 78 66

50

85

1 19 75

67

1 2 1

6 1

79

84

77.56 1 6.99 . 2 1 .9 1

0.68

Lint

50

46

44 40

34 53

42

35

56 40

46

4 1

54 40

33

50 29

53

70

33

35

59

32 49 5 1

44.6 9.97

22.36

Seed

1 05

7 1

77 69 78 95

34 95 99 1 04

80 70

89

80

80 97

76

79

4 1

9 1 75

1 06

79

49

52

78.84 1 9.24 24.4

PP - 4

0.68

r = Correlations between mass of seed and its corresponding l i nt; 0.34 at 5 % level of significance.

Lint

56 38 46

24

47

43

27

45

5 1

52

49 33

4 1

40

35

5 1

44 44 30 43 34 43

34

30

49

4 1 . 1 6 8.45

20.54

PP - 8 PP - 9

Seed

1 02

70

77

Lint Seed Lint

52 59 29

47 63 43

4 1 9 1 63

89.48 45.68 64.52 36.64

1 9.48 1 1 .23 1 9.74 1 3 .0 I

2 1 .77 24.58 30.6 35.5 1

0.77

Seed

87 59

79

59

1 07 94 70

92

48 93

75

64

67

63 78 72 44

59

60 6 1 6 1 75

65 57 76

70.6 1 5 .2

2 1 .53

0.75

PP - 5

0.96

Lint

44 24 35

26 50 46 33 47 1 8

49 39 30

30

32

44

28

1 7

28

26

27 29 34 26 26

38

33.04 9.34 28.29

Mean SD CV %

r

Seed

1 1 2 92 86 87 1 1 8 75 67 99 92 1 1 3 97 1 1 9 1 03 96 75 1 14 96 1 1 9 76 40 85 64 96 99 1 1 8

93.52 19.8 1 2 1 . 19

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Table 3--Mass (mg) variations of seeds and their corresponding l i nt in location 3

PP - I

0.84

Lint

43 40 36 40 44 3 1 23 56 39 46 50 55 46 49 30 57 39 48 43 22 35 24 39 38 52

4 1 9.87 24.07

Seed

55 50 66 39 1 1 3 1 14 78 60 66 1 1 9 1 12 I I I

92 96 57 54 59 37 9 1 1 02 1 12 56 54 97 100

79.6 26.78 33.64

PP - 2

0.5 1

Lint

49 26 49 33 44 49 43 40 40 49 44 48 40 45 42 3 8 27 34 38 36 44 39 23 3 1 38

39.56 7 .41 1 8 .73

Seed

83 52 1 1 8 66 39 105 1 19 1 1 5 5 1 30 107 105 42 72 1 1 0 1 03 1 07 88 1 16 32 1 19 70 6 1 1 17 54

83.24 3 1 . 14 37.4 1

PP - 3

0.88

L i nt

29 20 40 35 29 49 49 52 27 1 7 43 44 27 38 40 36 36 35 43 1 9 44 32 33 48 34

35.96 9.57 26.6 1

Seed

7 1 36 1 09 109 86 1 12 97 93 78 72 69 93 93 76 9 1 92 79 87 83 43 73 94 48 95 6 1

8 1 .6 1 9.62 24.05

PP - 4

0.52

Lint

42 1 6 3 1 40 34 47 40 45 40 35 35 37 38 40 33 26 39 3 1 4 1 34 39 33 24 44 37

36.04 6.88 19 .09

349

r = Correlations between mass of seed and its corresponding l i nt ; 0.34 at 5 % level of significance.

Table 4-Picking-wise data on fibre physical properties from all locations and their correlation with average mass of seed

Picking period

Location I

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Average mass of

25 seeds, mg

8 1 . 1 2 1 03 .04 94.72 1 0 1 .4 97.32 82.64 92. 16 89.48 64.52

Fibre properties by HVI STR LEN UNF SFI ELG

27.6 33.3 53.5 <3.5 29.7 33.3 55.9 <3.5 27 34 52.3 <3.5

27.8 34.9 53.9 <3.5

27.9 33. 1 54.8 <3.5 25.3 33.4 54 <3.5 25.2 3 1 .7 49.4 <3.5 25.2 33.2 53 <3.5 22 30. 1 45. 1 5.4

6.3

6.2 5 .7 6. 1 5 .7 5 .8 5 .9 6. 1 5 .8

Fibre properties by AFIS UQL SFC FINE IFC MR NEP NEP SCN

36.2 1 5 . 1 1 40

36. 1 1 3 .6 1 58

36.3 1 7.7 1 42 38.2 1 2.4 1 58 36.5 1 8 1 44 34.5 24.5 1 34

33.2 1 8 .6 1 46

35 1 6. 1 1 52

32.2 24.6 1 30

urn cntlg urn

7. 1 0.88 688

6 0.94 694

7 .3 0.9 740 5 .8 0.96 630 7.4 0.9 1 7 1 4 7.2 0.88 623 6.2 0.92 658

6.6 0.93 674

8.4 0.85 680

1 06 2000

82 1 169 96 1 825 8 1 1 242. 99 1 744 224 800 70 1 200

1 18 1 035 1 64 1 1 67

SCN cntlg

2

6 7 3 6 2

4

8 4

Contd

350 INDIAN 1 . FIBRE TEXT. RES., JUNE 2006

Table 4--Picking-wise data on fibre physical properties from all locations and their correlation with average mass of seed�ontd

Picking period

Location 2

2

3

4 5

Location 3

I

2

3

4

Average mass of

25 seeds, mg

88.92

75.6

77.56

78.84 70.6

93.52

79.6

83.24

8 1 .6

Fibre properties by HVI STR LEN UNF SFI ELG

28.4 34.9

25.7 33.2

27.4 33.2 24.8 3 1 .9

23.9 32.6

52.6 <3.5

48.6 <3.5 5 1 . 1 <3.5

5 1 .4 <3.5 49 <3.5

6. 1

5.9

6.4

6.2

6.3

28.7 33.4 5 1 .9 <3.5 6. 1 25. 1 32.5 52.6 <3.5 5 .8

25 .9 30.8 49.6 <3 .5 5 .9

26. 1 34. 1 49.4 <3 .5 5 .8

Fibre properties by AFIS UQL SFC FINE IFC MR NEP NEP SCN

38. 1

35 .8

33.2

34.6

37.3

1 9.9

23.4

23.5

20.8 1 8 . 1

1 36

1 25

1 22

1 40

1 30

34.7 1 5 .8 1 4 1 35.5 1 8. 1 1 37

35.4 1 3 .9 1 44

35. 1 2 1 .9 1 36

um cnt/g um

8 . 1

9.2

1 0.3

7 .9 9.2

0.88

0.82 0.8 1

0.87 0.85

7 1 0

664

646

662 650

7.6 0.87 660

9.2 0.86 666

7 0.89 705

8.6 0.85 700

1 4 1

1 86 1 50

1 14 1 36

2 1 92

1 1 12

1 200

o 1 100

96 1425

103 1475

1 10 1 288

1 90 1 244

SCN cnt/g

5

3 2

o 2

3

2

3

8

r 0.77 0.54 0.75 -0.07 0.43 -0.66 0.8 1 -0.73 0.8 1 0.22 -0. 6 1 0.28 0.43

STR--strength in g/tex, LEN-fibre length in nun, UNF-Iength uniformity, SFI--short fibre index, ELG--elongation in %, UQL--upper quart i le length (w) in mm, SFC--short fibre content (n) in %, FINE-fineness in m.tex, IFC-immature fibre content in %, MR--maturity ratio and SCN--seed coat nep. r = Correlation between average mass of seed (average of 25 seeds) and its fibre properti,;:s; 0.4 1 at 5 % level of significance.

Table 5--Physical properties of mixed fibres and their correlation with average mass of seed

Mixing details

Average Fibre properties by HVI Fibre properties by AFIS mass of STR LEN UNF SF! ELG UQL SFC FINE IFC MR NEP NEP SCN SCN

L-I PP-2 + L-I PP-4

L- I PP-2 + L- I PP-9

L-I PP-2 + L-2 PP-5

L - I PP-4 + L-I PP-9

L-I PP-4 + L-2 PP-S

L-I PP-9 + L-2 PP-5

seed, mg

1 02.22 29.2 33. 1

83.78 24.5 32. 1

48.9 <3.5

47.2 <3.5

86.82 26 32.8 50.9 <3.5

82.96 25.7 32.9 46.9 <3.5

86 24 33.7 47.6 <3.5

67.56 22.4 33.6 47.6 <3.5

6

5.9

5.8

5.9

S.9

5.6

36.7 1 6.2

34.5 22

34.6 20

34 1 8.3

36.6 22.4

33.7 23.2

1 58

1 46

144

1 50

1 3 2

1 28

6.4 0.94

7. 1 0.9

7.9 0.89

6.7 0 .91

8 . 1 0.87

8.5 0.86

urn cntlg urn cntlg

636 96 o o

662 223 1 792 3

652 1 67 1 275

644 154 1 506 5

663 238 1 508 3

688 305 IOS0 6

r 0.92 -0.22 0.37 0.88 0.77 -0.79 0.79 -0. 7 1 0.83 -0.88 -0.88 -0.54 -0.89

r = 0.72 at 5 % level of significance.

The picked sample of h igher average mass of seed (L- l , PP-2) shows better fibre properties compared to other samples, particularly i n fibre strength, unifor­mity, elongation, short fibre content, fineness ( in mil l i tex), maturity ratio and nep cnt/g. S imi larly, the picked sample of lower average mass of seed (L- l , PP-9) shows poor properties compared to other samples.

M ixing of fibres from different picking periods with respect to the average mass of seed was also studied and the results are presented in Table 5 . Most of the other fibre properties in a mixed sample also vary with the average mass of seed; this was evident from the correlations. The fibres from the sample (fibre lot) w ith highest average mass of seeds (L - 1 , PP - 2 + L - 1 , PP - 4) among the mixed sample

SHORT COMMUNICATION 35 1

Table 6--Mass of seed and its fibre properties

Mass of seed Fibre [lro[lerties by AFIS mg UQL SFC FINE IFC MR NEP NEP SCN SCN

urn cnt/g urn cnt/g

Location I 4 1 -60 33.9 28 1 14 10.8 0.8 662 384 800 2 6 1 -80 34.5 1 7 . 1 1 36 8 . 1 0.88 666 1 56 1 058 3 8 1 - 1 00 35.2 1 5 .8 1 52 6.3 0.92 672 1 03 1 975 2 1 0 1 - 1 20 37 1 3 .9 1 56 6.4 0.93 648 64 1 875 2

Location 2 4 1 -60 33.3 29.5 1 12 I Ll 0.78 677 539 1 120 6 6 1 -80 35 20 1 30 8.6 0.85 682 1 94 1 538 4 8 1 - 1 00 35.9 1 6 1 46 6.5 0.9 1 670 1 19 1 775 1 1 0 1 - 1 20 37.6 1 3.7 1 56 6.4 0.94 644 75 1088 5

Location 3 4 1 -60 32.6 28.8 1 23 9. 1 0.8 1 7 1 6 390 1450 8 6 1 -80 34.2 22. 1 1 34 8.6 0.86 646 1 47 1 158 6 8 1 - 1 00 35.2 2 1 .8 1 40 8.4 0.88 652 1 42 925 1 0 1 - 1 20 36.3 I Ll 156 5.7 0.94 670 8 1 1 525 2

r 0.95 -0.92 0.96 -0.9 1 0.96 -0.55 -0.87 0.43 -0. 5 1

r = Correlation between m id class point of seeds and their corresponding fibre properties; 0.50 a t 5 % level o f significance.

Table 7-Mass of seeds and their fibre properties (uniform and equal mixing of all locations)

Mass of seed Fibre rrorerties by H VI Fibre rrorerties by AFIS

rng STR LEN UNF SFI ELG UQL SFC FINE IFC MR NEP NEP SCN SCN u rn cntlg urn cntlg

4 1 -60 19.8 3 1 43.3 5.7 5.5 33.7 29 1 1 8 1 0.3 0.8 1 683 565 1475 I

6 1 -80 24.5 32.3 46.9 <3.5 6.2 34.3 22.7 1 30 8 .8 0.85 669 255 1 525 3

8 1 - 1 00 27.8 32.8 49.6 <3.5 6.5 35.2 1 6.6 148 6.9 0.9 67 1 1 86 1 076 8

1 0 1 - l 20 3 1 . 1 33.3 49.6 <3.5 7 36.5 1 5 1 5 2 6.6 0.91 707 106 2225 5

r 1 .00 0.97 0.93 0.99 0.99 -0.97 0.98 -0.97 0.97 0.55 -0.93 0.49 0.73

r = Correlation between mid class poin t of seeds and their corresponding fibre properties; 0.90 at 5 % level of significance.

showed better propert ies compared to that from other samples used. S imi larly, the properties of fibres wi th lowest average mass of seed (L - 1 , PP - 9 + L - 2, PP - 5) among the mixed sample showed poor quality compared to those from other samples.

The average mass of seed in a particular picking period determines the properties and qual i ty of fibres, because significant changes i n fibre properties were observed with the change in mass of seed. This is also c lear from the correlations between the (mid class point) mass of seeds and their corresponding fibre properties. The mass of seed and corresponding fibre properties are shown in Tables 6 and 7. It is clear that the fibres, separated from seeds of higher mass, have good qual i ty compared to fibres which are separated from seeds of lower mass. That i s, there is an increase

i n fibre strength, length, uniformi ty , elongation, fineness, and maturity ratio and decrease in short fibre content, i mmature fibre content, nep (cnt/g) with an i ncrease i n mass of seed. Therefore, the quantity of particular mass of seeds i n a particular picked sample decides not only i ts average mass but also the fibre quality.

The average mass of seed in a particular picking period determines the quality of fibres p icked from that picking period.

Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Technical D irector

and other officials of M/s. Sambandam Spinning Mills Limited, Salem 636 0 1 4, Tami l Nadu, I ndia, for their help i n testing the requisite samples.

352 I NDIAN J . FIBRE TEXT. RES. , JUNE 2006

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3 Janet J, Fischer J J & Robert R Jacobs, Text Res J, 55 ( 1985) 165.

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