M Sc Physics

Department of Physics DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur

SYLLABUS FOR 2 Yr M.Sc. Degree Course in Physics

(Operative since 2003 academic Session)

M.SC. I

The examination shall consist of six theory papers of 50 marks each and a practical of 150 marks. The minimum pass mark in both theory and practicals will be 36% of the aggregate separately. The details of theory and practicals courses are given below:-

THEORY

Paper I : Mathematical Physics 50 marks Paper II : Electromagnetic Theory and Plasma Physics 50 marks Paper III: Quantum Mechanics 50 marks Paper IV: Group Theory and Molecular Spectroscopy 50 marks Paper V: Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics 50 marks Paper VI: Electronics 50 marks

PRACTICALS

A candidate has to perform at least seven experiments from group A and seven from group B. The candidate has to do one experiment from each group in the examination. Time alloted for performing each experiment shall be five hours. The distribution of marks in examination shall be as following: Regular Candidate Ex- Candidate Experiment I 40 50 Experiment II 40 50 Viva 40 50 Record 30 --- Total 150 150

2year M.sc.Physics Syllabus

2

Paper I Mathematical Physics

(a) Tensor Analysis and Green function (i) Tensor Analysis: Covariant and contravariant tensors, addition, multiplication, Contraction of tensors, Tensor density, Levi-cevita tensor density, Pseudo-tensors, Symmetry properties, Differentiation, Connection and covariant differentiations, Metric tensor. (ii) Green Function: Green function properties, Integral-differential equation, Application to linear oscillator (vibrating string), Eigen function, Eigen value equation, Green function for two and three dimensions, Expansion in spherical and cylindrical coordinates, Structural Green function. (b) Complex Variables and Fourier Transform: (i) Complex variables: General function of complex variable, Cauchy-Riemann differential equation and analyticity, conformal mapping(translation, rotation, inversion), Cauchy's integral formula, Taylor's and Laurent's series, singularity poles, Residue theorem. Evalution of definite integrals (around unit circle, infinite semi-circle using Jordan's lemma with poles lying on real axis and integration involving multiple valued function-branch point). (ii) Fourier Transform: Definition, Sine and Cosine transform, properties: linearity, change of scale, translation. Modulation, simple applications. (c) Numerical Analysis: Interpolation: methods of interpolation, least square curve fitting, Methods of equal intervals, unequal intervals, central differences. Inverse interpolation: Iteration of successive approximation, exchange of dependent and independent variables and reversion of series. Numerical differentiation: Method based on interpolation, on finite differences. operator and on undetermined coefficients. Numerical integration: Simpson's one-third and one-eighth rule, Euler-Maclaurin formula, Quadrature formulae, Numerical Solution to ordinary differential equation by Euler's and Runge-Kutta methods. Solution of algebraic and transcedental equations: Newton-Raphson method, Iterative methods. References:

1. Matrices and Tensors in Physics by A.W. Joshi (Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi).

2. Mathematics for Physics by P. Dennery and A. Krzynicki (Harper and Row, New York).

3. Numerical Analysis by Balguruswamy.

4. Numerical Analysis by Harper.

5. Text book of Numerical Analysis by H.S. Sharma, G.C. Sharma and S.S. Choudhary

(Ratna Prakashan Mandir, Agra).


3

Paper II Electromagnetic Theory and Plasma Physics

(a) Electromagnetic theory: (i) Maxwell Equations : Microscopic and Macroscopic fields,Macroscopic Maxwell equations,Fields D and H , Dielectric tensor,Principal dielectric axes. (ii) Potential and Guages : Scalar and vector potentials, Guage transformation,Lorentz guage and Transverse gauge, Maxwell equations in terms of electromagnetic potentials. (iii) Four Dimensional Formulation: Minkowski space, Intervals,Proper time, Lorentz transformation,Transformation of velocities,addition of velocities,relativistic Doppler effect, Four vectors, Four Tensor, Principle of least action, Four-momentum of a free particle. (iv) Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves: Propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space, conducting and non-conducting medium, Reflection and refraction at a plane interface between dielectrics, Polarisation by reflection, dispersion: Normal and anomalous,metallic reflection.; Electromagnetic waves propagation in bound media. (b) Plasma Physics: (i) Plasma State & its Properties : Elementary ideas of plasma state of matter, Motion of charge particles in uniform E & B fields, non-uniform fields, drifting motion, electrostatic and magnetostatic lenses; Time varying E & B fields, Adiabatic invariants, Plasma confinements(Pinch effect,Mirror confinement,VanAllen Belts), Elementary idea of fusion technology. (ii) Hydrodynamical Description of Plasma : Hydroynamical description, Equation of magneto hydrodynamics, High freqency plasma oscillations, Short wavelength limit and Debye-screening distance. (iii) Kinetic Theory of Plasma : Boltzmann-Vlasov equation, Landau damping, Collision damping. (iv) Wave Phenomenon in Magneto-Plasma : Electromagnetic waves perpendicular to B0, phase velocity, Polarization, Cut-off and resonances, Electromagnetic waves parallel to B0, Magnetosonic and Alfven wave. References: 1. The Classical Theory of Fields by L.D. Landau and E.M Lifshitz(Pergmon Press,Oxford) 2. Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory by Reitz, Milford & Christy(Narosa,Delhi) 3. Classical Electrodynamics by J.D.Jackson(Wiley East. Ltd.,Delhi) 4. Introduction to Plasma Physics by F.F. Chen (Plenum Press,New York) 5. Plasma Physics by S.N.Sen(Pragati Prakashan, Meerut)


4

Paper III Quantum Mechanics

(a) Bra and Ket Notation:

Dirac's bra and ket notations, vector representation of states, bra and ket vectors, projection and

projection operators, linear operators; eigenvalue equation, orthonormality and completness relation, relation between kets and wave function, concept of Hilbert space.

(b) Identical Particles:

The identity, symmetric and antisymmetric wave functions and their construction; exchange degeneracy; particle exchange operator; Distinguishability of identical particles; Pauli’s exclusion

principle and Slater’s determinant; Electron spin hypothesis and spin matrices for electron; Pauli’s eigen

values and eigen function; density operator and density matrices; symmetric and antisymmetric function for hydrogen molecule. (c) Matrix Mechanics:

Heisenberg matrix mechanics and its application to harmonic oscillator; Equivalence of wave

mechanics and matrix mechanics; Angular momentum; infinitesimal rotation operator; orbital and spin momentum operators; commutation relation; Ladder operators (J+ and J-) and their commutation relation with themselves; J and J2, Eigen values of J, J2, J+ and J-; Explicit forms of angular momentum

matrices; Eigen functions of J2 and J; coupling of two angular momenta and Clebsch-Gordon coefficients; Addition of orbital and spin angular momentum and p-states of an electron; recursion

relation of Clebsh-Gordon coefficients; Selection rules in electromagnetic transition. (d) Approximate Methods and Their Applications:

Stationary perturbation method: Nondegenerate and degenerate case; its application to

anharmonic oscillator, normal Zeeman and Stark effects. Variational method and its application to ground and excited states of Helium atom and Vander Waals interaction; Exchange degeneracy. Time

dependent perturbation: harmonic perturbation and transition probability, semi-classical treatment of

radiation, Einstein coefficient; Complex Atoms; Central field approximation and Thomos-Fermi model of Atoms; Hartree-Fock method of self consistent field and Energy state. References:

1. Quantum Mechanics by L.I.Schiff (Mc Graw Hill, New York).

2. Quantum Mechanics by J.L.Pawel and B Craseman (Narosa Publishing House, London).

3. Intorduction to Quantum Mechanics by A.K.Ghatak ( MacMillan India Ltd., New Delhi )

4. Quantum Mechanics (non-relativistic theory) by L.D.Landau and E.M.Lifshitz (Pergamon Press,

Oxford)

5. Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory by B.K.Agrawal (Lok Bharti Publication Allahabad)


5

Paper IV Group Theory and Molecular Spectroscopy

(a) Group Theory: Symmetry elements and symmetry operations, Point group and their representation,

Mathematical group, Matrix represntation, Orthogonality theorem (statements and interpretation only),

Reducible and irreducible representations, Direct product group, normal modes, symmetry

characterization of electronic states and vibrational modes of polyatomic molecules, character tables

(C2v, D3h and D6h).

(b) Molecular Structure: H2+ ion, Born-Oppenheimer approximation and its application, H2 molecule.

Heitler-London theory, Valence bond theory of diatomic molecules, exchange energy; Simple valence

bond treatment of H2O and C6H6 molecules; LCAO approximation, application to H2 and other molecules,

hybridization, Huckel approximation and its application to butadiene and benzene molecules.

(c) Molecular Spectroscopy :

(i) Rotation and Vibration Spectra : IR and Raman spectra of rigid rotator and harmonic oscillator, IR

and Raman spectra of non-rigid rotator, anharmonic oscillator and vibrating rotator, Intensities in rotation

- vibration spectra, Isotope effects in rotation and vibration spectra.

(ii) Electronic Spectra : Electronic energy and total energy, vibration structure of electronic transitions,

progressions and sequences, rotational structure of electronic bands, band head formation and band

origin. Intensity distribution in vibrational structure, Frank-Condon principle and its quantum mechanical

formulation, intensity alternation in rotational lines.

References :

1. Elements of Group theory for Physicists by A.W.Joshi (Wiley Eastern. Ltd. New Delhi).

2. Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics by M Tinkham (Tata Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi).

3. Chemical Applications of Group Theory by F.A.Cotton (Wiley Eastern. Ltd. New Delhi ).

4. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure by G.Herzberg (Dover Publication, London).

5. Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids Vol.-I by J.C.Slater (Mc-Graw Hill, New York).

6. Valence by C.A.Coulson.


6

Paper V Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

(a) Thermodynamics: Entropy and probability; Thermodynamic potentials - Helmholtz, Gibbs, Enthalpy and Internal energy; Equilibrium conditions for an isolated system; Third law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics of first and second order phase transistion, Clausius - Clapeyron and Ehrenfest's equations; Chemical potential and phase equilibria. Thermodynamic properties of liquid Helium II, The lambda - transition, London's theory, Quantum liquid, Tisza two fluid model, Landau structure, superfluidity, second sound. (b) Statistical Mechanics: Ensembles, Canonical, microcanonical and grand ensemles and their partition function, Partition function for monoatomic and diatomic gases, Gibb's paradox, Sackur -Tetrode equation, Maxwell - Boltzman, Bose - Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics; Degenerate bosons and Bose - Einstein condensation, Black body radiation, electron gas and its thermodynamic properties. White dwarfs and their limiting mass, statistical ( Thomas - Fermi) model of atom. (c) Fluctuations and Cooperative Phenomena: (i) Fluctuations: Mean square deviation, Fluctuation in ensembles; Concentration fluctuation in quantum statistics, one dimensional random walk; Random walk and Brownian motion, Fourier analysis of random function, Wiener-Khintchine theorem; The Nyquist theorem. (ii)Cooperative Phenomena: Phase transitions of second kind, Ising model, Bragg-Willams approximation, Kirkwood Method, Order-disorder in alloys, Structural phase change References:

1. A Treatise on Heat by M.N.Saha and B.N.Srivastava ( Indian Press Limited, Allahabad)

2. Thermodynamics for Chemistis by S.Glasstone ( John Wiley, New York)

3. Thermal Physics by C.Kittel (John Wiley, New York 1969)

4. Statistical Mechanics by B.K.Agarwal and Melvin Eisner (Wiley Est. Ltd., Delhi)

5. Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter by E.S.R. Gopal ( Macmillan Ltd., Delhi)

6. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics by B.B.Laud ( Macmillan Ltd., Delhi)


7

Paper - VI Electronics

(A) POWER ELECTRONICS

(i) Power Devices: SCR, Basic structure, I-V characteristics and two transistor model, DIAC and TRIAC;

Basic structure, operation and equivalent and I-V characteristics, TRIAC as high power switch, DIAC as

triggering device of TRIAC, UJT in over voltage protection, Saw tooth wave generation using UJT.

(ii) Regulator Circuits: Load and Line Regulation, Stabilization ratio, Internal impedance and

temperature coefficient of voltage regulation, Linear voltage regulator circuit.

(iii) Controlled Rectification: SCR Controlled Half and Full wave rectifier circuit and their analysis,

elements of SMPS, SCR control and stability in SMPS.

(B) OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER:

Characteristics of op-amp; inverting and non-inverting inputs: Input offset current and Input offset voltage,

Slew rate and power band width, Op-amp as an Amplifier, Bode plot and frequency response of op-amp.

Voltage follower, current follower, Op-amp as integrating and differentiating circuits, Voltage to frequency

and frequency to voltage converter, Voltage controlled oscillator and wave shaping circuits (Triangular

and Square wave), Astable, Monostable and Bistable Multivibrators, Clipping and Clamping circuits.

(C) DIGITAL ELECTRONICS:

(i) Number System and Codes: Binary, octal and hexadecimal system and their inter conversion,

Binary arithmetic, 1’s, 2’s and 9’s compliments, addition and substraction, BCD and Gray codes, Signed

Numbers.

(ii) Boolean Algebra and Gates: Boolean variables, Boolean algebra, composite function and their

algebraic simplification, Precedance rule, De-Morgan’s theorem, Duality in Boolean Algebra, Logic gates,

Universality of NAND and NOR gates.

(iii) Logic Circuit Design: Standard representation of Logic function, SOP and POS terms and design of

Logic circuits using these terms, Karnaugh map, Simplification of Boolean expression, Half adder and

Full adder, Parallel adder, look ahead carry.

(iv) Elements of Logic Family: Transistor as a switch, FAN IN, FAN OUT, Noise immunity, Propagation

delay, RTL, DTL, TTL logic, sourcing and sinking logic, ECL logic.


8

References:

(1) Principle of electronics by V.K.Mehta ( S.Chand & Company, New Delhi).

(2) Switch Mode Power Conversion Basic Theory and Design by Kitsum ( Marcel Deknar Inc, New York).

(3) Power Electronics by PC Sen ( Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi).

(4) Pulse, Digital and Switching Wave Forms by J.Milman and H.Tab ( Mc graw Hill Kogakusha Ltd .

Tokyo) (5) Modern Digital Electronics by R.P.Jain (Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi).

(6) Digital Principle and Application by A.P.Malvino and D.P.Leach ( Mc Graw Hill, New York).


9

PRACTICAL Students will be required to perform at least seven experiments from course A as well as from course B. They will have to maintain record books of experiments done for each course separately.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

COURSE A : Electronics 1. Study of regulator circuits 2. Study of switch mode power supply (SMPS) 3. Study of characteristic of SCR and controlled rectification by SCR. 4. Study of RC coupled amplifier 5. Study of emitter follower 6. Study of phase shift oscillator 7. Study of multivibrator : Use of 555 8. Study of saw tooth wave generation by UJT 9. Study of characteristics of operational amplifier 10. Study of TTL gates 11. Study of combinational logic circuits 12. Study of super heterodyne receiver 13. Study of linear and square wave detector 14. Microwave measurement : Mode analysis and standing wave ratio COURSE B : Optical and General 1. Use of constant deviation spectrograph 2. Use of Fabry-Perot interferrometer 3. Use of concave grating 4. He-Ne Laser 5. e/m by Zeeman effect 6. EPR of free radicals 7. Programming on PC 8. Velocity of ultrasonic wave 9. Hall effect 10. Magnetic Susceptibility 11. Measurement of dipole moment 12. Use of scintillation counter 13. Determination of Dielectric Constant PRACTICAL EXAMINATION There will be a practical examination of 150 marks. The candidate has to do one experiment form each group. Duration of each experiment will be five hours. Distribution of marks shall be as follows :

Students Appearing as Regular Ex-student

Experiment I : 40 50 Experiment II : 40 50 Viva-Voce : 40 50 Record : 30 --

Total 150 150


10

M.Sc.II The examination shall consists of six theory papers and a practical. Four theory papers namely papers VII,VIII,IX and X shall be compulsory and papers XI and XII will be optional. Both optional papers will be selected from the same group. The Minimum pass marks in both theory and practical will be 36 percent of aggregrate separately.There shall be a practical course for each optional group.The distribution of marks shall be as following: COMPULSORY THEORY PAPERS Paper VII Classical Electrodynamics and 50 Marks

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

Paper VIII Solid State Physics 50 Marks

Paper IX Nuclear Physics 50 Marks

Paper X Laser and Modern Optics 50 Marks

OPTIONAL THEORY PAPERS (Two papers of 50 marks each)

Paper XI(A) & XII(A) Astrophysics

Paper XI(B) & XII(B) Biophysics

Paper XI(C) & XII(C) Electronics Paper XI(D) & XII(D) Solid State Physics

Paper XI (E) & XII (E) Spectroscopy and Lasers Paper XI (F) & XII (F) X-rays

PRACTICALS

A candidate has to perform at least five experiments from Group A and five from Group B. In the

examination a candidate has to do two experiments one from each group. Time allotted for each experiment shall be five hours. The distribution of marks shall be as follows :

Regular Candidate Ex-Candidate Experiment I 40 50 Experiment II 40 50

Viva 40 50

Record 30 ---

Total 150 150


11

Paper VII Classical Electrodynamics and Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

(a) Classical Electrodynamics (i) Charges in Electromagnetic Fields : Four Potential, Minimal coupling prescription, action of a charged particle, generalised momentum and Hamilton equation of motion, Motion in constant uniform magnetic field (ii) Electromagntic Field Equations : Four dimensional formulation of equation of motion, Electromagnetic field tensor, Transformation properties of electric and magnetic fields, Invariants of Electromagnetic field, Four dimensional formulation of first and second pair of Maxwell equations, The equation of continuity, Energy-momentum tensor of electromagnetic field (iii) The Field of Moving Charges : Retarded potentials, The Lienard-Wiechert potentials, Field due to system of charges at large distances, Dipole radiation,Quadrupole and magnetic dipole radiation; Field at near distances, Radiation from a rapidly moving charge, Synchrotron radiation (magnetic bremsstrahlung), Radiation damping (b) Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (i) Klein-Gordon and Dirac Equation : Klein-Gordon equation , Free particle solution and its interpretation; Dirac equation and its interpretation, a and b matrices, Algebra of Dirac matrices, covariance of Dirac equation, Non-relativistic correspondence, Solution for a free particle, Negative energy states and hole theory, Spin (ii) Field Concept : Langrangian and Hamiltonian formulation for fields, Quantisation of spin 0 , 1/2 and 1 fields, Algebra of annihilation and creation operators, S-matrix expansion, Interaction picture,Ordering theorems (statements only) Supersymmetry and supersymmetric quantum mechanics

References: 1. The Classical theory of Fields by L. D. Landau and E.M.Lifshitz (Pergmon Press, Oxford) 2. Classical Electrodynamics by J.D. Jackson (Wiley East. Ltd.,Delhi) 3. Quantum Field Theory by B.K.Agrawal (Lok Bharti, Allahabad) 4. An Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Field Theory by S.S. Schweber ( Harper and Row, New York)


12

Paper VIII Solid State Physics

(a) Crystal Binding and Structure: Inert gas, Ionic, covalent, metallic and hydrogen bondings, space lattice and basis, Lattice types, Miller indices, Important crystal structures(NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, graphite and diamonds) ; Reciprocal Lattice and Brillouin Zone, Elementary idea of crystal structure analysis and dislocations.

(b) Lattice Dynamics and Thermal Properties: Lattice vibrations of mono and diatomic chains;Infrared absorption of ionic crystals;quantization of lattice vibration and phonon ; Einstein and Debye theories of specific heat; Lattice thermal conductivity; Anharmonicity and Thermal expansion.

(c) Free Energy and Energy Band Theories: Sommerfield model, Density of states, Fermi and Mean energies at zero and finite temperatures, specfic heat and Pauli paramagnetism; origin of energy bands; Bloch Theorem ; Kronig Penny model; Concepts of electron dynamics in crystalline lattice;Tight binding approximation. (d) Magnetic Properties: Magnetic ions and magnetic excited states,paramagnetism of non-interacting magnetic ions and its application to rare-earth and transition metal ions in solids; Ferromagnetism : Magnetic domains and Landau theory of their origin; Basic features and their explanation by molecular field theory; Heisenberg explanation of internal magnetic field; spin wave theory and magnons; Basic features and Neel’s two sublattice models of antiferro and ferrimagnetic materials.

(e) Ferroelectricity and Superconductivity : Basic features and classification of ferroelectric materials, Occurrence of ferroelectricity due to polarization catastrophe and very low frequency transverse optical mode; Devonshire theory of ferroelectric phase transition; Elementary idea of Cocharan’s theory of ferroelectric phase transition; Basic properties and types of superconductors; Thermodynamics of superconducting transition , London equation, Coherence length, Basic idea of BCS Theory, Elementary discussion of high Tc superconductors. (f) Optical Properties: Optical reflectance,Kramers-Kronig relations; Conductivity and dielectric function of collision electron gas ; Basic Theories and models of luminescence,phosphorescence, thermoluminescence, electroluminescence and photo-conductivity; Exciton in ionic and Molecular crystals, EHD(Electron-hole drops) and colour centres.

References : 1. Solid state Physics by A-J.Dekkar (McMillan and Co., London) 2. Introduction to Solid State Physics by C.Kittel (Wiley Eastern, New Delhi) 3. Elementary Solid State Physics: Principle and Application by Omar Ali (Addison Wesley, London). 4. Solid State Physics by R.Kubo and T.Nagamiya (McGraw Hill, New York). 5. Electrons and Phonons by J.M.Ziman (Oxford University Press, London). 6. Solid State Theory by W.A. Harrison (McGraw Hill, New York).


13

Paper IX

Nuclear Physics (a) Nuclear Models : Liquid drop model; Bethe-Weisacker formulae and its application to a and b decay stabilities; Fermi Gas Model; Evidence of Nuclear Cell Structure; Nuclear Potential and sequence of energy levels of nucleons, spin orbit potential and explanation of magic numbers, Prediction and limitations of single particle cell model; individual particle model; collective model; concept of nuclear core, Nilson unified model for deformed potential; elementary discussion of superfluid and optical models. (b) Nuclear Reaction : General features and concept of cross section; partial wave analysis of cross section, optical theorem and shadow scattering, compound nucleas hypothesis; Breit-Wigner one level formula, Effect of Barrier penetration; overlapping levels and statistical model, Ghoshal experiment, evaporation model, Direct Reaction; peripheral scattering process, pickup and stripping reactions, optical model in nuclear reaction, elementary discussion of nuclear reaction mechanism at different stages, Nuclear fission: Bohr-Wheeler theory and its improvement using quantum effects, Nuclear fusion. (c) Nuclear Reactors : Fission Reactor : Neutron multiplication factor in fission chain reaction; Fermi’s four factor formula, resonance escape probability and thermal utilization factor; Basic reactor theory; critical size of reactor, Reactor materials; Reactor control by delayed neutrons; Basic ideas of breeding and fast neutron reactors. Fusion Reactor: Fusion reaction, its cross section, reaction rate and critical temperature; Lawson’s criteria; Different methods of satisfying Lawsons criteria, magnetic confinement techniques, Tokamak and magnetic mirror devices, Pellet fusion. (d) Nuclear decay : Electromagnetic (Gamma) decay, Electric and Magnetic dipole (and multipole) transitions and selection rules, Internal Conversion and O-O transition in Gamma decay, Mossbauer effect and its application(brief) ;Beta()decay, Energy (linear and angular) momentum crisis in -decay, Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis, Fermi four point theory of -decay, Fermi-Curie Plot and comparative half lives,selection rules and classification of transitions.Parity non-conservation: Theoretical prediction and confirmation by Wu’s experiment; Alpha ( ) decay and Gamow’s quantum theory of a-decay. (e) Nuclear Forces: Investigation of nature of nuclear forces from simple two body problems; Deutron (np) bound state and nucleon-nucleon(n-p and p-p) scattering, deuteron problem low energy (n-p) and (p-p)scattering, scattering length, effective range theory, Study of Spin-dependece of n-p interaction and noncentral and exchange forces from deuteron bound and (n-p) and (p-p) scattering data. (f) Elementary particles : Concept of elementary particles, Basic idea of fundamental interactions in nature, Classifications of elementary particles(with motivation), Continuous and discrete symmetry transformations, External and Internal symmetries and conservation, Isotropic spin, Strangeness and other quantum nos in strong interaction physics.Quark model of Hadrons,Gell-Mann-Nishijima Electric charge formula for Hadrons, Gauge transformation and Introductory gauge theory of different basic interactions. References: 1. Atomic and Nuclear Physics Vol II by S.N.Ghoshal (S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi 1994). 2. Nuclear Physics Vol I by Y M Shirikov and N P Yudin, (Mir Publisher, Moscow 1982). 3. Theory of Nuclear structure by M K Pal (Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi 1982). 4. Nuclear and Particle Physics by E.B. Paul (North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1969). 5. Nuclear Physics (Theory and Experiment) by R.R.Roy and B.P.Nigam (Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi 1993 ). 6. Quams and Leptons by F.Halzen and A.D.Martin (John Wiley and sons 1984). 7. The second creations by R.P.Crease and C.C.Mann (Affiliated East West Private Limited, 1986).


14

Paper X

Laser and Modern Optics

(a) Laser: Interaction of radiation with matter, Einstein coefficients, Light amplification; Population inversion; pumping processes; rate equation for three and four level systems; Semi-classical theory of lasers, Cavity modes, polarization of cavity media, first order theory. Quality factor of cavity and ultimate line width laser. Directionality and mono chromaticity of laser and coherence properties. Principles of Ruby, He-Ne, CO2 Dye and Semi-conductor Lasers.

(b) Quantum Optics: Spatial and temporal coherence, classical coherence correlation function; Basic idea of quantum coherence correlation function, coherent states and its properties. (c) Non-Linear Optics: Non-linear polarizability tensors, coupled amplitude equation,optical pumping of active media; Manely-Rowe'r relationship; Parametric amplification and parametric oscillation, Phase matching, Second harmonic generation. (d) Holography: Basic principle of holography and holograms, method of hologram recording, reconstruction of object waveform by hologram; Basic theory of plane hologram; Typical arrangement for hologram reconstruction, practical consideration of holography and its application. (e) Fibre Optics: Types of fibres, Single mode and multi-mode fibres; dispersion and loss in fibre; Principles of optical communication. References:

1. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics by B.B.laud (Wiley East. Ltd., New Delhi)

2. Quantum Optics by S.H.Kay and A.Maitland ( Academic Press, London )

3. Non-Linear Optics by P.G.Harper and B.S.Wherrett (Academic Press, London)

4. Laser and holographic Data processing by N.G.Bosov (Mir Publisher, Moscow)


15

Paper XI (A) Astrophysics -I

Elements of Optical and Radio Astronomy

The celestial sphere: Spherical triangle, Co-ordinate systems : Altazimuth, Equatorial, Ecliptic and Galactic Time: Sidereal time, ephemerise and universal time Properties of Stars : Distance, Luminosity, Temperature, Colour of stars and their determination, Spectral types, H-R diagram, Boltzmann excitation equation, Saha’s theory of thermal ionisation and its application, The MKK spectral classification Star Clusters: Open and globular clusters, Cluster parallax, Colour-magnitude diagram, Stellar populations The Sun: Surface features; granules, sunspots, plages, faculae and spicules. Evershed effect, Rotaion, Magnetic field, Prominences, Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona, Solar activity, Radio emission from the sun, Solar terrestrial relations Planets and Satellites: Periods, Orbits and phases of planets, Physical properties of planets and their satellites, Planetary rings, Atmospheres and interior of planets,Results from space probes, Asteriods, Comets and meteors, Interplanetary medium, Origin of the solar system Stellar Variability: Binary stars; visual, eclipsing and spectroscopic binaries, Determination of elements of a true orbit. Stellar masses and radii, Mass-luminosity relation, Stellar pulsation, Classical cepheids and R R Lyrae stars, Period-luminosity relation, Novae and supernovae.


16

Paper XI (B) Biophysics-I

1. The Living Cell: Structure and function of Cell organelles; The Cell membrane and the osmotic

environment, Cell division - mitosis and meosis, concept of gene and heridity; The central dogma, DNA

replication, RNA transcription and protein biosysthesis, reverse transcription, mutation and regulation of

genes.

2. Nucleic Acids: Nucleosides and nucleotides, primary, secondary and tertiary structure of

DNA, Watson - Crick model, backbone conformation, sugar puckering, different forms of

DNA, Z-DNA, structure of RNA, different forms of RNA and their biological functions.

Hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions in nucleic acids, significance of ion concentration and

histones.

3. Proteins: Amino acids, peptide bond, disulphide bridge, Primary, secondary,

( - helix and - sheet), tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.

Protein conformation, torsion and dihedral angles, Ramachandran map, structure of

haemoglobin and myoglobin.

4. Helix - Coil Transition: Theory of helix - coil transition,kineties of unwinding of the double

helix, thermodynamics of melting of the double helix and DNA replication.

5. Membranes: Cell membrane, Micelle. bilayer and liposome; structure of membrane,

conformational properties of membranes, passive membrane transport; Donnan equilibrium,

Hodgkin - Katz formula, Active membrane transport and transport of charged particles through

membranes.

Simple idea of molecular reception - smell reception and taste reception.

6. Nerve Impulse: The neuron and Axon and Action potential, recording of action potential,

Chronaxie and rheobase; depolarization and reporalization of axon membrane, mechanism

of propagation of nerve impluse; Ionic channels, Elementary idea of synaptic transmission.


17

Paper XI (C)

Electronics - I

ANALOG ELECTRONICS: Analog computation, time and amplitude scaling, PLL, Analog to digital and

digital to analog convertor.

COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN:

(a) Comparator, parity generator and parity checker, Code conversion, Binary to gray and gray to binary.

(b) Logic design with MSI: Encoder and decoder, Multiplexer and demultiplexer circuits.

SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS:

(a) Basic definition, finite state model, SR, JK, T, D, Edge Triggered flip-flop, Race condition, Master

Slave flip-flop, Clocked flip-flop, Characteristic table and characteristic equation, Sequential logic design,

state table, state diagram, state equation.

(b) Registers and Counters: Register, Shift register, Universal shift register, Ring counter, Twisted ring

or Johnson counter, synchronous and asynchronous counters, UP/DOWN and scale of 2n counters.

MEMORY: Basic idea of magnetic memory, Ferrite core memory, Semi-conductor memory viz., RAM,

ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.

MICROPROCESSOR: Introduction to Intel 8085 microprocessor, microprocessor architecture, instruction

and timings, assembly language programming, stack and subroutines, code conversion, interrupts,

interfacing with 8255 and memory.

PROGRAMMING IN ‘C’:

(a) Overview of programming: Introduction to computer based problem solving, requirements of

problem solving by computers, problem definition, problems solving strategies, programme and

algorithm, construction of loops, basic programming constructs, programming language classification,

machine language, assembly language, high level language, assemblers, compilers, interpretors.

(b) An overview of ‘C’: The origin of C language, middle level language, structure of C language,

storage class specifiers and data types, constructs and variables, declaration of variables, operators and

expression. Programme Control Statements: True and false in C, C statements, conditional statements: if, switch, for, while, do-while, break, exit (), continue, levels and goto.


18

Paper XI (D) Solid State Physics I

1. Symmetry Properties of Crystal Lattice and Crystal Field Theory: Concepts, examples and

properties of groups; The crystalline structure; Trasformation of crystal lattice; Symmetries in Bravis lattice; Point groups; Classes, transformation and construction; The representation of groups and their application, Double valued representation.

2. Electron States in Crystalline Solids : Free electron theory : Properties of degenerate fermi gas at finite temperature; Mean energy, Specific heat, Pauli paramagnetism and Landau dimagnetism; Self consistent Field Approximations: Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations, Koopman’s theorm and crystal potential ; Methods of Energy Band Calculation: Concept of electron dynamics in periodic lattice, Wigner-Seitz method and cohesive energy of metals, Nearly free electron approximation, Orthogonalized plane wave (OPW), Pseudo potential, Augmented plane wave (APW) and Green function methods, Transition metal Pseudo potential and transition metal bands ; Insular Bands : Tight binding approximation, Band and binding in ionic crystal, Polarons and Excitons, Metal insulator transition.

3. Fermi Surfaces : Construction of fermi surfaces, Electron, hole and open orbits, Fermi surface studies using cyclotron resonance, Anomalous skin effect, Azbel-Kaner resonance and de Haas Van Alphen effect.

4. Lattice Vibration, Phonons and Thermal Properties : Quantization of lattice vibration, Phonons,

phonon momentum Inelastic scatterings of photon by phonon and neutron by phonon, Local phonon modes, Phonon dispersion relation, Debye model of lattice heat capacity, Anharmonicity and thermal expansion, Lattice thermal resistivity and Umklapp process

5. Disordered materials : Stucture, short range order and dangling bond; Random network model; Amorphous semiconductor: Density of states and mobility gap; electrical transport, optical and switching properties.

Reference :

1.Principle of the theory of solids by J.M. Ziman (Oxford University Press, London)

2.Theoretical Solid State Physics Vol. 1 and Vol. 11 by W. Jones And N.H. March (John Wiley and Sons,

London)

3.Quantum theory of solid by C. Kittel (John Wiley and Sons, London)

4.Solids: Elementry Theory for advanced students by G. Weinreich (John Wiley and Sons, London)

5.Elementry Solid State Physics : Principle and Application by Omar Ali (Addison Wesley, London)


19

Paper XI ( E)

Spectroscopy and Lasers-I

I Atomic Spectroscopy

(a) Breadth of spectral lines, Intensity of spectral lines, Nuclear spin, Isotope effect and Hyperfine structure, Lamb shift.

(b) Vector model for three or more valence electrons, Lande internal rule, Inverted terms and Hund’s

rule, Magnetic energy and Lande’g’ factor, spectral terms by magnetic quantum numbers.

II Molecular Spectroscopy

(a) Rotational spectra of linear molecules like CO2 and HCN, Rotational Raman spectra, Microwave

spectra of ammonia.

(b) Normal vibrations and normal coordinates, classical and quantum mechanical treatment of normal

vibrations, interaction of vibrations, vibrational seletion rules, Vibrational and electronic spectra of

benzene.

(c) Rotational structure of vibrational bands, Parallel and perpendicular bands of linear molecules like

CO2 and HCN and symmetric top molecules like NH3, Coriolis interaction.

(d) Classification of electronic states, interaction of vibration and electronic motion, Renner-Teller effect,

Coupling of rotation with vibration and electronic motion for linear molecules.

(e) Allowed and forbidden electronic transitions, Vibrational structure of electronic transitions, Isotope

effect, Teller and Redlich product rule.

References: (i) Atomic spectra : H.E. White (ii) Molecular spectra and Molecular structure vol. I, II, III : G. Herzberg


20

Paper XI(F) X-Rays-I

(a) Production of X-Rays,types of X-Ray tubes and auxiliary equipments.General features of continuous

and characeristic spectra.Theories of the continuous spectrum :Stoke-Thompson pulse theory and

Kramer’s Wentzel theory of production of X-Rays by thin and thick targets. Polarisation of X-Rays

scattering of X-Rays by atoms and simple molecules. Atomic scattering factors and test of various

theories. Scattering by gases and liquids.Compton scattering-Wave mechanical treatment.Klein-Nishina

formula (no-derivation).Dispersion theory and reflection of X-Rays. Experimental methods of measuring

refractive index. Anomalous scattering. Photoelectrons and their spatial distribution.Fluovescence yield.

(b) X-Ray emission spectra : X-Ray energy level diagrams,spin and creeming doublet laws,multiple

radiation and transition probabilities.Absorption spectra,Crictical absorption edges.Theory of fine

structure of absorption edges and absorption discontinuty. Soft X-Ray emission and absorption

spectroscopy and its applications to band structure of solids.Effects of chemical combination on emission

and absorption spectra.Forbidden lines.Relative intensities of X-Ray lines.Augey effect and satellite

lines.X-Ray spectrographs-plane and bent crystal.


21

Paper XII (A) Astrophysics II

Basic Astrophysics: Hydrostatic equilibrium, Lane - Emden equation, Equation of radiative transfer, Local thermodynamical relation, Radiative equilibrium, Mass-luminosity relation, Stability conditions for convective and radiative equilibrium. Continuous spectrum of stars, Stellar opacity, Limb darkening, Theory of Fraunhofer lines, Curve of growth

Stellar Energy: Gravitational contraction, pp cycle, CN cycle and triple alpha -process Stellar Evolution: Evolutionary sequence of stars, Stellar models, White dwarfs; Structure of envelope and interior, Age and Evolution. Elementary ideas of neutron stars, Pulsars and black holes

The Milky Way: Distribution of stars, Interstellar gas and dust, Luminosity function, Star counts, Spiral structure. Galactic rotation, Oort’s constant, Mass distribution, 21-cm radiation and Galactic structure External Galaxies: Classification, Mass and other physical properties, Radio Galaxies, Active Galaxies, Quasars, Intergalactic medium, Clusters of galaxies Cosmology: Olber’s paradox, Newtonian cosmology, Expanding universe, Cosmological postulates, Cosmological red-shift, Big-bang model, Steady state theory


22

Paper XII (B)

Biophysics -II

1. Radiation Biophysics: Types of ionizing radiations, interaction between radiation and matter,radiation

dose and dose rate, dosimetry, dose effect graphes and target theory, radiation effect on living cell,

protein, nucleic acid and membrane. Radiation hazards and radiation protection.

2. Photobiophysics: Importance of photosynthesis, chloroplasts, chemical structure and properties of

chlorophyII, mechanism of photosynthesis, photochemical systems: PS-I and PS-II.

Basic concept of vision, molecular mechanism of photoreception, bacteriorhodopsin.

3. Intermolecular Interactions : Intermolecular potential functions, Rayleigh - Schrodinger perturbation

theory of long - range intermolecular interactions, classification of intermolecular forces, concept of short

- range forces and inadequacy of Rayleigh - Schrodinger treatment at short range. Representation of

short - range forces by classical and semi - empirical methods. Equivalence of classical and quantum -

mechanical forces. Multicentred - multipole representation of intermolecular interactions.

4. Biophysical Techniques - I

(A) X - ray methods : Principle of X - ray diffraction, structure factor, Analysis of Laue,Rotation, Powder

and Fiber photographs. Low angle X - ray scattering.

(B) ORD and CD : Polarization of radiation, Basic concept of circular dichoism and optical rotation, Drude

equation, Molecular basis of rotatory power, Rotatory behaviour of macromolecules, Moffit plots for

helical and random coil structure.

(C) NMR:Basic theory of Nuelear Magnetic Resonance,Chemical shift and spin-spin coupling, relaxation

effect, NMR spectrometers and FT spectroscopy, Applications.

5. Biophysical Techniques - II

(A) Sedimentation : Sedimentation velocity, apparatus and procedures for sedimentation studies,

sedimentation equilibrium, Archibald method;Density gradient sedimentation.

(B) Electrophoresis: Transport in an electric field, isoelectric focussing, orientation of molecules in

electric fields.

(C) Chromatography : Basic idea of Molecular - Sieve chromatography; Gel filteration, analysis of the

shape of eluting bands; Determination of shape and size of macromolecules.


23

Paper XII(C) Electronics - II

Signal Representation:

Time domain & frequency domain representation of signals. Fourier transform and its

properties, delta function and some of its applications to communication.

Noise:

Shot Noise, White Noise, thermal Noise, Noise spectrum, Noise figure, Noise in

communication systems, S/N ratio in an analog Communication systems.

lnformation Theory:

Information content of message, average information content, rate of information

transmission, discrete communication channels, rate of information transmission over a

discrete channel,Shannon-Hartley Theorem and its implications.

Pulse Modulation:

Sampling of Analog signals, Sampling theorem, PAM, PPM, PWM and its generation

detection and S/N ratio.

Coded Transmission of Signal:

(a) Quantization of Analog Signals: Uniform Quantizations, Non-Uniform Quantization,

A- law and -law computing.

(b) Pulse Code And Digital Modulation: Pulse Code Modulation,Binary Coding and

PCM band width, DPCM, DM and ADM.

(c) Digital Modulation techniques: ASK, FSK, PSK system, Transmission and detection

of binary system. and subroutines, code-conversion, stack and subroutine.

(d) Microwave: Propagation of EM wave in cavity, microwave generation, Gunn oscillator, tunnel

diode, IMPATT, BARITT, TRAPATT.

(e) Microwave Components: Isolators, attenuator, Magiet, Tuners,directional couplers.

(f) Antenna : Current and voltage distribution in antenna, short electric dipole, linear and ground

antenna, distribution of field around vertical antenna, half and full wave antenna, Folded dipole,

Antenna arrays, Matching of antenna.


24

Paper XII (D) Solid State Physics II

1. Transport Properties: Linearised Boltzmann transport equation, electrical conductivity, relaxation

time, impurity scattering, Ideal resistance, Carrier mobility, General transport coefficients: thermal

conductivity, thermoelectric effects, latice conduction, phonon drag, Hall effect and magnetoresistance,

Electrical transport in semiconductors.

2. Static Magnetic Properties: Larmor diamagnetism, polarisation effects and diamagnetism of

molecules; crystal field and paramagnetism and rare-earth and iron group ion in solid, John-Teller

effect and Kramer Theorem. Ferromagnetism: Heisenberg and Stoner models, spin wave theory and

magnons, magnon excitation and Block T3/2 law of magnetisation. Antiferromagnetism : Neel’s two

sublattice model, Antiferromagnetic magnons, Ferrimagnetism,: Neel’s two sublattice model,

saturated magnetization, spin ordering, neutron diffraction method for magnetic ordering; Different

type of exchange interaction, Ising model, Combinatorial method, Exact solution of Ising problem in

simple cases; Landau theory of domains.

3. Superconductivity: Superconductors and their properties, electron-electron interaction and

screening; Electron-phonon-electron interaction and cooper pairs, BCS theory through Bogoliubov

method, superconducting groud state, Quasi particle and energy gap, Persistent current and

coherence length High Tc superconductors: Theoretical models, Charge transfer model of Cuprates,

Defect ordering and superconductivity, Organic superconductors.

4. Magnetic Relaxation and Resonance: Complex magnetic susceptibility, Theories of paramagnetic

relaxation, General theory of magnetic resonances and Bloch equations. Electron paramagnetic

resonance (EPR) : Method of observation, fine and hyperfine structure of resonance line and their

uses; Ferromagnetic Spin wave and Antiferromagnetic resonances; Nuclear magnetic

resonance(NMR): General theory, method and condition of observation, Broadening, shifting and

splitting of lines and their uses, Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR); Double resonance technique.

5. Mossbauer Effect: Difficulties in observing resonance flourescence of nuclear system, Recoil

energy, Natural and dipole broadenings, Classical and quantum theories of Mossbauer effect,

experimental method and principal uses of Mossbauer effect.

References:

1. Principle of theory of solid by J.M. Ziman (Cambridge University Press, London)

2. Theoretical Solid State Physics Vol.1 and Vol.11 by W. Jones and N.H. March (John Wiley and

Sons, London)

3. Quantum Theory of Solid by C. Kittel (John Wiley and Sons, London)

4. Quantum Theory of Solids by R.E. Peirls (Oxfbrd University Press, London)

5. Principles of Magnetic Resonance by C.P. Slichter (Horper and Row, NewYork)

6. Mossbauer Effect and its Application by V. G. Bhinde


25

Paper XII(E)

Spectroscopy and Lasers-II

(a) Laser Physics: Einstien coefficients and light amplification, Population inversion, two and three level

systems, Resonant modes of optical cavities, Mode size and cavity stability, Q factor and resonance line

width, Q switching, Techniques of Q switching, Pockels effect and mode locking.

(b) Holography: Basic description of holography, recording of plane and volume holograms, Holographic

interferometry.

(c) Raman and Brillouin Scattering

(d) Non Linear Optics: Induced polarization, Parametric amplification, second and third harmonic

generation, Parametric light oscillator and Frequency upconversion.

(e) Laser expositions: Pulsed crystal lasers, Rare earth ions, Actinide ions and Transition metal ion

lasers, Effects of crystal imperfections on laser behaviour, GA As injection laser and other injection

lasers, Tunable dye lasers and colour centre lasers.

(f) Laser spectroscopy: Laser Raman spectroscopy, Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, High

Resolution spectroscopy, Laser investigations in atmosphere and pollution monitoring and Picosecond

spectroscopy.

References:

(i) Atomic and Laser spectroscopy: Alan corney

(ii) Lasers vol I and vol II: Edited by A.K.Levine

(iii) Principles of Holography: Howard m. Smith

(iv) Advances in Laser spectroscopy: Edited by F.T.Arecchi

(v) Laser Applications: Monte Ross

(vi) Laser spectroscopy: Edited by J.L.Hall

(vii) Lasers and Non-linear optics: B.B.Laud


26

Paper XII(F) X-Rays - II

(a) Crystal syolumo,Bravais lattices. Symmetries in crystals. Point groups. Space lattices,Unit cells, Lave

graphs,space groups.Concept of reciprocal space and reciprocal lattice.Theory of diffraction of X-Ray by

crystals. Lave equations and their interpration by Bragg.Interpretation of Bragg’s law in terms of

reciprocal lattice-Ewald’s construction. Atomic scattering factors and structure factors. Systematic

abstnces and absolute intensity.Theory of reflection of X-Rays from mosiac and perfect crystals. Effect

of thermal agitation.Diffuse reflections. Various types of X-Ray photographs Lave,

Debye-Scherrer, rotation.Oscillation,Weissenberg and precession and their interpretation. Elementry idea

of X-Ray diffractometers. Diffraction of X-Rays by fibres and amorphous solids.Effects of grain size in

polycrystalline aggregates.Fourier methods for mapping electron densities in crystals.Phase problem in

structure analysis. Patterson synthesis. Elementry idea of (i) direct methods for phase determination and

(ii) difference Fourier and least-suares methods of refinement.

(b)Elementry idea of electron and neutron diffractions methods and their comparison with X-Ray

diffraction methods. Alloys: order-disorder phenomenons and phase transformations superlattice.


27

List of Experiments

ASTROPHYSICS

Candidates will be required to perform at least five experiments from each group.

Group A: DAY EXPERIMENTS

1. Solar spectrum studies using 2 - m concave grating

2. Solar constant / Solar energy studies

3. Prism spectrograph

4. Orbital elements of Binary / Variable star study

5. Radial velocity determination including correction due to Earth's motion

6. Stellar spectral classification

7. Astronomical Project

Group B: NIGHT EXPERIMENTS

1. Familiarity with the night sky using Celestial globe and star maps

2. Diurnal motion study using telescope

3. Angular separation between stars using telescope

4. Use of Theodolite (Transit measurement; Coordinates of the stars)

5. Rising and Setting time of Planets and stars using Almanac

6. Lunar Photography

7. Stellar Photometry


28

List of Experiments

BIOPHYSICS


Group A

1. Molecular modelling using crystallographic data

2. Electronic properties of biomolecules (CNDO method)

3. Ramchandran plot (f - y) of the peptides (PCILO method)

4. Molecular assosisations among nuecleic acid bases

5. Absorption bands of chlorophyll using spectrophotometer

6. Emission spectra of Cu using Fe as standard

7. Rotational spectra of CN molecule

8. Dissosiation energy of iodine molecule

9. Vibrational spectra of benzene

Group B

1. X - ray powder photograph

2. Fibre photograph

3. Plane crystal photograph

4. Ultrasonic studies of binary liquids

5. Molecular weight of a polymer using Viscometer

6. Optical rotatory dispersion study of dextrose

7. Paper / Thin layer / Column chromatography

8. Study of electrophoresis bands

9. Recording and analysis of ECG


29

List of experiments

ELECTRONICS


Group A

Analog Electronics:

1. Linear characteristics of Operational amplifier

2. Non-linear characteristics of Operational amplifier

3. Active filters using Operational amplifier

4. IC 555 Timer in different modes

5. Phase Locked Loops using IC 565 PLL

6. Sample and Hold circuit

7. Pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation

8. PAM, PPM, PWM modulation and demodulation

Group B

Digital Electronics:

1. Combinational circuits

2. Sequential circuits

3. Characteristics of TTL logic

4. Multiplexer and Demultiplexer circuits

5. Semiconductor memory using IC 7489 RAM

6. D / A and A / D converters

7. Encoder and Decoder

8. Microprocessor 8085 Programming

9. Programming in 'C'


30

List of Experiments

SOLID STATE PHYSICS


Group A

1. X-ray powder diffraction

2. Lauve photograph or rotation photograph

3. Experiment on lattice dynamics

4. Energy band gap by four probe technique

5. Dielectric constant of BaTiO3 and Curie temperature

6. Ionic conductivity

Group B

1. Thermoelectric power

2. E. P. R.

3. Magnetic susceptibility

4. Electro-Luminescence 5. B.H. curve (Hysteresis loss) by C.R.O 6. Hall effect


31

List of Experiments

Spectroscopy and Lasers


Group A

Spectroscopy

1. Verification of Cauchy’s and Hartmann dispersion formula

2. Determination of the wavelength of Zn triplets

3. Dissociation energy of Iodine by absorption spectra in visible region

4. Rotational and Vibrational analysis of 3883 Å band system of CN molecule

5. Analysis of 2600 Å vibronic system of benzene

6. Study of the great Ca triads

Group B

Lasers

1. Determination of wavelength of laser by grating (transmission / reflection)

2. Power distribution within the laser beam

3. Spatial coherence with Young’s double slits

4. Spot size and divergence of a laser beam

5. Raman spectrum of CCl4

6. Study of speckle phenomenon


32

List of Experiments

X-rays


Group A

1. Determination of wave length of X-ray source using plane crystal spectrograph for

Copper target

2. Determination of wave length of X-ray source using plane crystal spectrograph for

Molybdenum target

3. X-ray powder photograph of a metal

4. X-ray powder photograph of NaCl (non-metal)

5. Rotation photograph of an organic crystal

6. X-ray fiber photograph

Group B

1. X-ray emission spectrum using bent-crystal spectrograph for Copper target

2. X-ray emission spectrum using bent-crystal spectrograph for Molybdenum target

3. X-ray absorption spectrum using bent-crystal spectrograph

4. Oscillation photograph of an organic crystal

5. Weissenberg photograph of a crystal

6. Study of absorption edge of Silver

M Sc Physics

Documents

Transcript of M Sc Physics