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MODULE 2 DATABASE INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATIONSection 3: Database Design

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PHASE OF DATABASE DESIGN

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DB DESIGN

Conceptual Database Design The process of constructing a model of the

information used in an enterprise, independent of all physical considerations

Logical Database Design The process of constructing a model of the

information used in an enterprise based on a specific data model, but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations.

Physical Database Design The process of producing a description of the

implementation of the database on secondary storage; it describes the storage structures and access methods used to archieve efficient access to the data

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PHASE 2: CONCEPTUAL DB DESIGN

DBMS-independent high-level data model Conceptual schema design

Characteristics: expressiveness, simplicity and understandability, minimalism, diagrammatic representation, formality

Approaches: centralized vs. view integration Outcome: E-R schema

Transaction design (application ) Technique: identify input/out and functional behavior Categories: retrieval, update, and mixed

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

Steps to create E-R model: Create entities Identify key attributes Relate each entity via relationships Add detailed attributes Define cardinality Verify all business operations

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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL

Entity TypesAn object or concept that is identified by the enterprise as having an independent existence

AttributesA property of an entity or a relationship type

Relationship TypesA meaningful association among entity types

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NORMALIZATION

Normalization A technique for producing a set of relations with desirable

properties, given the data requirements of an enterprise

UNF is a table that contains one or more repeating groups

1NF is a relation in which the intersection of each row and column contains one and only one value

2NF is a relation that is in 1NF and every non-primary-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

3NF is a relation that is in 1NF, 2NF in which no non-primary-key attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key

BCNF is a relation in which every determinant is a candidate key

4NF is a relation that is in BCNF and contains no trivial multi-valued dependency

5NF is a relation that contains no join dependency

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PHASE 4: LOGICAL DB DESIGN System-independent mapping

From DBMS-independent EER to relational models Tailoring the schemas to a specific DBMS

Define data types Create specific constraints

Result of this phase: DDL statements that specify the conceptual and external level schemas (not physical design parameters yet)

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CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATIONAL MODEL

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PHASE 5: PHYSICAL DB DESIGN Choosing specific storage structures

Storage configuration File organization

Designing access paths Indexing, clustering, and hashing

Criteria Response time Space utilization Transaction throughput

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PHYSICAL DESIGN PROCESS

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Attribute data types

Physical record descriptions (doesn’t always match logical design)

File organizations

Indexes and database architectures

Query optimization

Leads to

DecisionsNormalized relations

Volume estimates

Attribute definitions

Response time expectations

Data security needs

Backup/recovery needs

Integrity expectations

DBMS technology used

Inputs

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FILE ORGANIZATION PRINCIPLES

Fast data retrieval High throughput for I/O Efficient use of storage space Protection from failures or data loss Accommodating growth

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INDEXED FILE ORGANIZATIONS

Index is a data structure used to determine the location of rows in a file for quick retrieval

Indexing design: B-tree index – a keyed, treelike index structure Bitmap index – a separate string of zeros and ones

used for a column with a very small number of distinct values

Hash Index – a transformed key value using a hash algorithm

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MODULE 2 DATABASE INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATIONSection 4: Oracle Database Creation

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ASSIGNMENT 3-1-1: DO NOT CREATE A STARTER DATABASE DURING INSTALLATION

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ENTERPRISE EDITION

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SUMMARY OF INSTALLATION

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CREATING DATABASE

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CREATING DATABASEFa

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CREATING DATABASEFa

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DBCA CREATION DEMO

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CHOOSING CONFIGURATION

Important configuration tasks: Choose a database type

Transactional, data warehouse, or hybrid How should the database be managed?

OEM Grid Control or OEM Database Control Decide on the DBA authentication method Select a storage mechanism

OS, ASM, or raw devices Decide on the file management method

Specified or set using OMF Set the initial parameters (init.ora)

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DBA AUTHENTICATION METHODS

The DBA authentication method encompasses the method used to validate logon of users with the SYSDBA or SYSOPER role SYSDBA: ADMIN role and can CREATE DATABASE SYSOPER: has system privileges to start up, shut

down, and back up the database, and modify database components

Two authentication methods: OS authentication Password file authentication

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0OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

AUTHENTICATION

User logs without specifying user name/password

To set up OS authentication, follow these steps:1. Create OS user for the DBA2. Unix only: Create an OSDBA group3. Optional: Create an OSOPER group4. Set the initialization parameter

REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE to NONE5. Assign OS user to OSDBA or OSOPER group6. Create Oracle user in DB with same name

To log on to SQL*Plus using OS authentication:sqlplus /nologCONNECT /@ORACLASS AS SYSDBA

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PASSWORD FILE AUTHENTICATION

Encrypted file contains user names and passwords

To set up password file authentication:Create a new password file (orapwd)

Windows: PWD<sid>.ORA, in ORACLE_HOME\database

Unix: orapw<sid>.ora, typically in ORACLE_HOME/dbs

1. REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORD FILE = EXCLUSIVE2. Log on to DB with SYSDBA privileges3. Create the new DBA user name if needed4. Grant SYSDBA or SYSOPER privilege to user

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INITIALIZATION PARAMETERSFa

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INITIALIZATION PARAMETERSFa

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INITIALIZATION PARAMETERSFa

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CREATING DATABASEFa

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To create a database you can use: Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA tool) CREATE DATABASE command

You can use the DBCA tool to generate scripts for creating a database manually You can use these scripts if you have multiple

consistent databases to create at different sites CREATE DATABASE gives you greater

flexibility but unnecessary complexity with settings You do need to be familiar with its syntax

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DBCA – CHOOSE TEMPLATE

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0DBCA – NAME DATABASE

NOTE: FILL GLOBAL DATABASE NAME ONLY, SID WILL BE FILLED AUTOMATICALLY. YOU WILL USE A DIFFERENT SID FOR YOUR ASSIGNMENT. Fa

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DBCA – DBA PASSWORDSNOTE: HERE IS SYS AND SYSTEM PASSWORD DEFINED.

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DBCA – ADD SAMPLE SCHEMAS

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DBCA – STORAGE NOTE: HERE IS THE PLACE TO DELETE REDO LOG GROUP 3

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DBCA – CREATE DATABASE

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DBCA – DATABASE CREATED

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PHYSICAL DATABASE STRUCTURE

Initialization and Administration files under: C:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\

admin\orcl450

Network files under: C:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\

network\admin

Main types of files – data files, control files, redo log files.

Initialization files – init.ora, SPFILE Network files – tnsnames.ora, listener.ora Administration files – alert.log, trace files

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STARTING AND STOPPING THE INSTANCE AND DATABASE

To shut down a running database using SQL*Plus:

1. Start a Command Prompt window (or shell)2. Start up SQL*Plus without logging: sqlplus

/nolog

3. Connect as SYS with SYSDBACONNECT SYS/<password>@trial01 AS SYSDBA

4. Type SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE and press EnterDatabase closed.Database dismounted.ORACLE instance shut down.

There are four options for SHUTDOWN: NORMAL, TRANSACTIONAL, IMMEDIATE, ABORT

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STARTING AND STOPPING THE INSTANCE AND DATABASE

To start DB, change step 4 in previous slide:STARTUP PFILE=ORACLE_BASE\admin\trial01\pfile\

inittrial01.ora

PFILE parameter needed if you have not created the SPFILE

STARTUP options: NOMOUNT, MOUNT, OPEN, PFILE

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THE ALERT LOG AND TRACE FILES

The alert log is essential because it will contain all the essential information for the smooth running of your database All critical errors will be written to the alert log

Trace files contain more detailed log and tracing information about general processing Trace files can be used to track down problems

not causing critical failures, generally using special tools E.g. , TKPROF

Note: Some of the slides are from Oracle 10g Database Administrator: Implementation and Administration by Gavin Powell and Carol McCullough-Dieter

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