M Fabricius 9. Guidelines for Sustainable and Responsible Tourism World Tourism Organization Manila,...

M Fabricius

9. Guidelines for Sustainable and Responsible Tourism

World Tourism Organization

Manila, 20 – 22 March 2006

M Fabricius

ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Invisible export which creates a flow of foreign currency in

the economyTourism

Creates: - business turnover - household income - employment - government revenue

Contributes directly to the balance of payments

Economic costs

THE DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM

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MEASURING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM

Wages Profits Taxes Equipment Stocks & supplies

Tourist Expenditure

Direct

Imports (leakages)

Travel Hotels Transports Handicrafts Services agency & rest.

THE TOURISM INCOME MULTIPLIER

Indirect

Induced

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ECONOMIC IMPACTS

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Input-output studies analyse inter-industry relationships by tracking the flow of goods and services in an area’s economy

through the chain of producers, suppliers, and intermediaries to the final buyer

Demonstrates how economic sectors are related, the number of linkages among them and the effect of these linkages

Construction of a table showing the economy of the destination in matrix form where all the purchasers

and sellers of goods and services are represented


INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS

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DEMAND BY INDUSTRY

Industry 1

Industry 2

Industry 3

Wages

Profits

Taxes

Imports

Total Output

Total Input Sales to

Purchase

from

(H = household consumption) (I = Investment expenditure) (G = Government expenditure)

(E = Exports)

Industry 1 2 3 H I G E

INPUT-OUTPUT TABLE


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Clear Definition of Tourism ActivityClear Definition of Tourism Activity

Direct Activities Indirect Activities

Account for:

•Demand •Supply•Employment

•TaxesIdentification of benefits: income, employment, taxes flows through sectors

Comprehensive picture of the size and scale of tourism in the country

TOURISM SATTELITE ACCCOUNTS


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Impacts Inflation Repatriation of profits by foreign firms and workers

Diversion of scarce resources

Profitability of other firms affected

Scarce resources for tourists, not locals Increase in land and retail prices

Unemployment in

non-tourist areas

Loan repayments

Positive Negative

Invisible export Flow of foreign currency

Development of infrastructure Redistribution of domestic currency spatially within

boundaries of a country Improvement less developed areas

Employment creation Foreign investment

Multiplier effect

MANAGING ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM

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CHANGES TO EVERYDAY LIFE

SOCIAL IMPACTSSOCIAL IMPACTS refer to changes in the lives of people who live at destination communities, and are associated more with direct contact between residents and tourists.

DEFINITION: SOCIAL IMPACTS

SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM

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CHANGES TO CULTURE

CULTURAL IMPACTSCULTURAL IMPACTS refer to changes in the arts, artefacts, customs, rituals and architecture of a people, and are longer term changes which result more from tourism development.

Collective memory may be affected resulting in a loss of identity.

DEFINITION: CULTURAL IMPACTS


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Aggressive promotion of

something favoured

Silent acceptance of something

favoured

Aggressive opposition to

something disliked

Resigned acceptance of

something disliked

Positive

Active

Attitude Behaviour

Negative

Response Active

LOCAL’S ATTITUDES TOWARDS TOURISM


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Positive Negative

Employment Jobs for women Jobs for the young

Higher standard of living Quality of life

Social contact with foreigner Languages

Leaning new skills - training Education

Social tourism

Crime, drugs Prostitution Corruption, bribery

Relocation for construction

Displacement of rural and fishing communities Breakdown of

family unit Jobs taken by foreigners Demonstration effect

Resentment by locals Jealousy

Impacts

MANAGING SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM


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Impacts Positive Negative

Revival and protection of ancient

traditions

Preservation of ancient buildings

Stage-managed events protect reluctant cultures

Revival and preservation of the handicraft industry

Pride in heritage

Degradation and commercialisation of cultural and ethnic heritage

Cultural traditions may become devalued in an attempt to adapt to

tourist tastes

Observing, watching and photographing locals doing

their daily business

Racism

MANAGING CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM


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Impacts Positive Negative

Excess demand /over-utilisation

Concentration of tourist is areas and in time - crowding

Loss of natural landscape Badly conceived construction

damage areas Tourism development can destroy natural resources

Damage to fragile habitats… Atmospheric, water and

visual pollution Littering

Regeneration Environmental awareness

Preservation of buildings, attractions, historic sites,

natural habitats Development of leisure facilities used by locals Tourists want high quality

environment Cleaning up of pollution

Protected areas

MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM

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Alien factors

Planning process

Management of development

Technology

Impacts

Local factors

Social/Cultural Environmental Economic

Parameters

Standards

Carrying Capacity

DETERMINING CARRYING CAPACITY


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Design of environmental conditions that are desirable

Local residents’ perspectives

Scientific knowledge

Surveys

Tourism activity or development

Applied research

must consider

LIMITS TO ACCEPTABLE CHANGE


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Analysis of Social and Environmental

Costs

Analysis of Social and Environmental

Benefits

Cost Benefit Analysis

Expressed Quantitatively

COST BENEFIT


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THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL PLANNING

PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS

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Introduction Growth Maturity Saturation Decline or rejuvenation

Exploration

Involvement

Development

ConsolidationStagnation

Decline

Rejuvenation

Time

No of visitors


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Planning is essential to tourism development to:

• Optimise the return-on-resources without jeopardising the future of the resources

• Provide equitable costs and benefits for actors

• Maximise tourist/consumer satisfaction

• Improve the prosperity of indigenous people

• Contribute to the competitive strategy of the destination

IS A PLAN NECESSARY?


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Planning is organising the future to achieve certain objectives. There are several forms of tourism planning:

Economic development planning

Land use planning

Infrastructure planning

Social services planning

Safety planning

FORMS OF TOURISM PLANNING


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National Tourism Planning

Regional Tourism Planning

Local Tourism Planning

General guidelines; voluntary standards

International Tourism Planning

General objectives for the country as a whole

Specific for region following overall aims of

the national plan

Detailed and specific for area

LEVELS OF TOURISM PLANNING


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Interactive Planning

TQM Goals: focus on support, continuous consultation and stakeholder involvement throughout the plan

Plan is what we agree to do

Planner is a value -committed advocate

Success: achievement of agreement on action and resulting change

Expert sets goals: focus on information and manipulation on data

Plan is what we should do

Planner as a value-neutral expert

Success: achievement of plan’s objectives

Conventional Planning

INTERACTIVE VS CONVENTIONAL PLANNING


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A successful tourist destination requires infrastructure:

ATTRACTIONS

ACCESSIBILITY

AMENITIES

ANCILLARY SERVICES

Natural, man-made, artificial, purpose built, heritage

Transport system: route, terminals, vehicles

Accommodation and catering facilities, retail, other tourist services

Banks, telecommunications, post…

PROVIDING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR TOURISM


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Time for a break!

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

Brundtland Commission

Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way

that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological

diversity, and life support system.

WTO, WTTC, Earth Council (Agenda 21 for tourism industry - 1995)

DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

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Ecological Sustainability

Ensures that development is compatible with the maintenance of essential processes, biological

diversity and biological resources.

Economic Sustainability

Ensures that development is economically efficient and

equitable and that resources are managed so that they can

support future generations

Social and Cultural Sustainability

Ensures that development increases people’s control over their lives, is compatible with

the culture and values of people affected by it, and maintains and strengthens community

identity

SD

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

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Public authority

tourism industry

environment supporters

community

Old Style Tourism

tourism industry

environment supporters

community

Sustainable Tourism

Public authority

PARTNERSHIPS IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

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RESPONSIBLE TOURISM AS A KEY TO SUSTAINABILITY

Proactive approach by tourism industry partners to develop, market and manage the tourism industry in a

responsible manner so as to create a sustainable competitive advantage

Proactive approach by tourism industry partners to develop, market and manage the tourism industry in a

responsible manner so as to create a sustainable competitive advantage

Responsibility TowardsResponsibility Towards

Environment Local Communities

Local Cultures

Visitors Employees/ Employers

RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT

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ELEMENTS OF RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT• Avoid waste and over-consumption by using local resources

sustainably

• Be sensitive to the host culture

• Involve local community in planning/ decision-making

• Encourage benefits/links for local entrepreneurs

• Encourage natural, economic, social, cultural diversity

• Assess environmental, social and economic impacts as a pre-requisite to developing tourism

• Market tourism that is responsible, respecting local cultural and natural environments

• Monitor impacts of tourism transparently


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WHY RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT?

Increasing International

Trend

Increasing market demand

Ethos towards Future

GenerationsBusiness Case


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• Consumer demand strong and growing, although still largely passive

• Strong tour operator’s support – especially among specialist operators – branding and price advantages

• Ethical consumption and investments growing rapidly

• Eco-labels: general support but also confusion – too many


STATE OF SUPPORT FOR RESPONSIBLE TOURISM

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RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

Environmental Social and

CulturalEconomic

Responsible Tourism Guidelines


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ECONOMIC GUIDELINES

• Assess economic impacts before developing tourism

• Maximise local economic benefits by increasing linkages and reducing leakages

• Ensure communities are involved in an benefit from tourism

• Assist with marketing and product development

• Promote equitable business practices

RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ECONOMIC GUIDELINES

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ASSESSING ECONOMIC IMPACTS

HOW WILL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

AFFECT THE LOCAL ECONOMY?

Seasonality effects?

Benefits & Opportunity

cost?

Adverse effects –

inflation, loss resources?

Possible FDI & SMME

links?

Unrealistic Expec-tations?


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MAXIMISE LINKAGES THROUGH LOCAL PROCUREMENT

Analyse the corporate supply chain & fit to objectives

Identify opportunities for local supply and procuremente.g. laundry, firewood, fresh produce, arts & craft, flowers, transport,

entertainment, etc. etc.

Manage policy and processi.d. relevant products & suppliers, evaluate, contract, mentor, train,

assist, etc.

Monitor and EvaluateMeasure success, lessons, adapt strategy & processes, communicate

& apply, etc.


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+’s AND –’s OF LOCAL PROCUREMENT

BENEFITS

Cost-saving

Product differentiation

Brand recognition

Social reputation and morale

Government acknowledgement

CONSTRAINTS

Lack of quality and product acceptability

Price

Contractual requirements

Staff/management inertia and resistance


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SOCIAL GUIDELINES

• Involve the local community in planning and decision-making

• Assess social impacts of tourism activities

• Maintain and encourage social and cultural diversity

• Be sensitive to the host culture

RESPONSIBLE TOURISM SOCIAL GUIDELINES

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Private Businesses

Local Community

Destination

Eliminate barriers to entry

Local Community part of decision structures

Mentoring Programmes

Market/communicate local culture, traditions

Understand political & cultural context

INVOLVE LOCAL COMMUNITY IN PLANNING/DECISIONS


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ENCOURAGE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY

• Develop tourism with dignity, respect & nurturing of local cultures

• Use tourism as a catalyst for human development

• Be sensitive not to compromise respect for local cultural and religious rights

• Support school visits to cultural/heritage sites

• Consider community scholarships

• Showcase and promote local artifacts & crafts in your enterprise

• Encourage cultural workers to maintain authenticity

• Serve local dishes, source furnishings, arts & crafts locally

• Work with community in identifying, scoping and developing heritage resources


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BE SENSITIVE TO THE HOST CULTURE

Operating Principles

Guard against over-

commercial

Value indigenous intellectual property

Guard against over-

commercial

Use and capacitate

local guides

Develop & Display Social

Contract

Opportunities for spontaneous

interaction

Combat negative

impacts & abuse

Educate Visitors re

Local Culture


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ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES

• Assess Environmental Impacts

• Use local resources sustainably, avoid waste & over-consumption

• Maintain and encourage natural diversity

RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES

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ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

• Select areas for development with care and integrate environmental management in project cycle

• Follow best-practice guidelines for design, planning and construction

• Use local materials and designs – avoid negative aesthetic impacts

• Avoid noise and light pollution

• Use natural ventilation

• Plan for lowest possible ecological impact – forests, wildlife, wetlands, etc.

• Encourage biodiversity – plant indigenous habitats for birds, bees, butterflies


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USE LOCAL RESOURCES SUSTAINABLY• Meter water consumption and set targets to reduce

• Measure energy consumption and introduce energy saving measures ( low-energy appliances, natural ventilation, dim lights, etc.)

• Increase usage of renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro, etc.)

• Monitor use of diesel, paraffin & petrol and set targets to reduce consumption

• Monitors sewage disposal and management

• Recycle waste and reduce waste output

• Encourage use of environmentally friendly transport

• Invest in sustainable trails, hides and interpretation

• Tell visitors what you are doing!


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MAINTAIN AND ENCOURAGE NATURAL DIVERSITY

Educate staff & visitors about conservation

Invest some profits in conservation

Avoid pollution by using environmentally friendly chemicals, soaps, detergents

Encourage visitor behaviour that respects natural heritage and has a low impact on it

Look for ways in which enterprise & guests can assist with conservation

Do not market activities that can harm ecologically sensitive areas e.g. 4x4, hunting, diving, etc.

Discourage purchase of products that contribute to destruction of species/ habitats

Natural Diversity


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Thank You!

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