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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G Y ™
Series EditorJohn M. Walker
School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hertfordshire
Hat fi eld, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes:http://www.springer.com/series/7651
Plant Mineral Nutrients
Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Frans J.M. Maathuis
Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
EditorFrans J.M. MaathuisDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkYork, UK
ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic)ISBN 978-1-62703-151-6 ISBN 978-1-62703-152-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-152-3Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012949518
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2013This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
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v
Preface
Plants require a range of essential macro and micronutrients for their growth and development. For terrestrial plants, all mineral nutrients derive from the soil. Although research into the roles and functions of such minerals stretches back more than 150 years, there are still many unresolved questions, even where the de fi nition of “essential mineral” is concerned.
The study of plant mineral nutrition has both academic and applied aspects to it. The simple fact that the human diet is, directly or indirectly, plant based has obvious and pro-found implications in this respect. Today, research into plant mineral nutrition is more pertinent than ever in the face of a growing world population and the increasing need for sustainable agriculture.
The study of plant mineral research touches on many biological disciplines such as bio-physical techniques to follow uptake and distribution of mineral ions, analytical methods to measure minerals in soil and tissue, whole plant physiology to assess growth and develop-ment in different conditions, and, more recently, the whole gambit of molecular approaches to characterize the relevant genes and proteins. Furthermore, it spans a large spatiotempo-ral range from subcellular to whole plants and from msec to months.
This volume contains a comprehensive collection of methodologies that are routinely used in plant mineral nutrition research. It describes easy-to-follow protocols that will allow the researcher to study the most relevant aspects of plant mineral nutrition, including growth parameters, ion contents and composition, soil analyses, fl ux measurements, and the use of public facilities for high-throughput analyses. As such this volume should be of great use to plant scientists at every level but particularly to plant physiologists, crop scien-tists, and horticulturalists.
York, UK Frans J.M. Maathuis
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Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vContributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
1 Roles and Functions of Plant Mineral Nutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Frans J.M. Maathuis and Eugene Diatloff
2 Plant Growth and Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Dorina Podar
3 Protocols for Growing Plant Symbioses; Mycorrhiza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Michael Schultze
4 Protocols for Growing Plant Symbioses; Rhizobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Benjamin Gourion, Marie Bourcy, Viviane Cosson, and Pascal Ratet
5 Plant Cell Suspension Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Roberto Moscatiello, Barbara Baldan, and Lorella Navazio
6 Soil Analysis Using Visible and Near Infrared Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Johanna Wetterlind, Bo Stenberg, and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
7 Mineral Composition Analysis: Measuring Anion Uptake and Anion Concentrations in Plant Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Malcolm J. Hawkesford, Saroj Parmar, and Peter Buchner
8 Multielement Plant Tissue Analysis Using ICP Spectrometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121T.H. Hansen , T.C. de Bang , K.H. Laursen, P. Pedas, S. Husted, and J.K. Schjoerring
9 Mapping Element Distributions in Plant Tissues Using Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Erica Donner, Martin D. de Jonge, Peter M. Kopittke, and Enzo Lombi
10 Flux Measurements of Cations Using Radioactive Tracers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161D.T. Britto and H.J. Kronzucker
11 Ion Flux Measurements Using the MIFE Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Sergey Shabala, Lana Shabala, Jayakumar Bose, Tracey Cuin, and Ian Newman
12 Sampling and Analysis of Phloem Sap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Sylvie Dinant and Julia Kehr
13 Methods for Xylem Sap Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195M. Alexou and A.D. Peuke
viii Contents
14 Plant Single Cell Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Wieland Fricke
15 Measurements of Cytosolic Ion Concentrations in Live Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Veena S. Anil, Kavitha P.G., Sam Kuruvilla, Pavan Kumar, and M.K. Mathew
16 Real Time Measurement of Cytoplasmic Ions with Ion-Selective Microelectrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Anthony J. Miller
17 Large-Scale Plant Ionomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255John M.C. Danku, Brett Lahner, Elena Yakubova, and David E. Salt
18 Applications of High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping to Study Nutrient Use Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Bettina Berger, Bas de Regt, and Mark Tester
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
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Contributors
M. ALEXOU • National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Forest Research Institute (FRI) , Thessaloniki , Greece
VEENA S. ANIL • Department of (Agri) Biotechnology , College of Agriculture-Hassan, Subcampus of University of Agricultural Sciences , Bangalore , India
BARBARA BALDAN • Department of Biology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy BETTINA BERGER • The Plant Accelerator, University of Adelaide , Urrbrae ,
SA , Australia JAYAKUMAR BOSE • School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania ,
Hobart , TAS , Australia MARIE BOURCY • Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS , Gif sur Yvette , France D. T. BRITTO • Department of Biological Sciences , University of Toronto ,
Toronto , ON , Canada PETER BUCHNER • Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , Hertfordshire , UK VIVIANE COSSON • Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS , Gif sur Yvette , France TRACEY CUIN • School of Agricultural Science University of Tasmania , Hobart , TAS ,
Australia; Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, Université Montpellier II , Montpellier , France
JOHN M.C. DANKU • School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
T.C. DE BANG • Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
MARTIN D. DE JONGE • Australian Synchrotron , Clayton , VIC , Australia BAS DE REGT • The Plant Accelerator , University of Adelaide , Urrbrae , SA , Australia EUGENE DIATLOFF • INRA AgroParisTech, Inst Natl Rech Agron, Inst Jean
Pierre Bourgin, UMR , Versailles , France SYLVIE DINANT • Institut Jean Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA-AgroParisTech ,
Versailles , France ERICA DONNER • Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation,
University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA , Australia ; CRC Care , Salisbury , SA , Australia
WIELAND FRICKE • School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD) , Dublin , Ireland
BENJAMIN GOURION • Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS , Gif sur Yvette , France T. H. HANSEN • Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Agriculture
and Ecology, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark MALCOLM J. HAWKESFORD • Rothamsted Research , Harpenden , Hertfordshire , UK S. HUSTED • Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Agriculture and Ecology,
Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
x Contributors
KAVITHA P.G. • Membrane Biophysics Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences-G.K.V.K Campus , Bangalore , India
JULIA KEHR • Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Campus de Montegancedo , Madrid , Spain
PETER M. KOPITTKE • CRC CARE, PO , Salisbury , SA , Australia ; The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences , St. Lucia , QLD , Australia
H. J. KRONZUCKER • Department of Biological Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
PAVAN KUMAR • Membrane Biophysics Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Uni-versity of Agricultural Sciences-G.K.V.K Campus , Bangalore , India
SAM KURUVILLA • Membrane Biophysics Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences-G.K.V.K Campus , Bangalore , India
BRETT LAHNER • Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
K.H. LAURSEN • Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
ENZO LOMBI • Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA , Australia
FRANS J.M. MAATHUIS • Biology Department , University of York , York , UK M. K. MATHEW • Membrane Biophysics Group, National Centre for Biological Sciences,
University of Agricultural Sciences-G.K.V.K Campus , Bangalore , India ANTHONY J. MILLER • Department of Disease and Stress Biology , John Innes Centre, Nor-
wich Research Park , Norwich , UK ROBERTO MOSCATIELLO • Department of Biology , University of Padova , Padova , Italy LORELLA NAVAZIO • Dipartimento di Biologia , Università di Padova , Padova , Italy IAN NEWMAN • School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania , Hobart , Aus-
tralia SAROJ PARMAR • Rothamsted Research , Hertfordshire , UK S. PEDAS • Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty
of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark A. D. PEUKE • ADP International Plant Science Consulting , Gundel fi ngen , Germany DORINA PODAR • Faculty of Biology and Geology, Department of Experimental Biology ,
Babes-Bolyai University , St. Cluj-Napoca , Cluj , Romania PASCAL RATET • Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS , Gif sur Yvette , France DAVID E. SALT • School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK J.K. SCHJOERRING • Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Agriculture
and Ecology, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark MICHAEL SCHULTZE • Biology Department , University of York , York , UK LANA SHABALA • School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania ,
Hobart , Australia SERGEY SHABALA • School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania ,
Hobart , Australia BO STENBERG • Department of Soil and Environment , Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences , Skara , Sweden
xiContributors
MARK TESTER • Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics University of Adelaide , Urrbrae , SA , Australia
RAPHAEL A. VISCARRA ROSSEL • Department of Soil and Environment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Skara , Sweden
JOHANNA WETTERLIND • Department of Soil and Environment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Skara , Sweden
ELENA YAKUBOVA • Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA