M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G Y

Series EditorJohn M. Walker

School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hertfordshire

Hat fi eld, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651

Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress III

Edited by

Donald ArmstrongUniversity of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA

ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic)ISBN 978-1-4939-1440-1 ISBN 978-1-4939-1441-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1441-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945207

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Cover Illustration : Color map representing the dissimilarity of chromatographic profi les, obtained for 13 different validation samples containing Passifl ora incarnata in pharmaceutical preparations. Each preparation consists of a mixture of pharmaceutical and/or herbal ingredients. A low dissimilarity (high similarity) is represented by a blue color, while a high dissimilarity (low similarity) is represented by a red color.

Printed on acid-free paper

Humana Press is a brand of SpringerSpringer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Editor Donald Armstrong University of Florida Gainsville , FL , USA

v

I started as an editor in 1996 to publish books for Humana Press that emphasized methods and protocols related to free radicals pathology and antioxidants protection that was launched in the fi rst featured volume (number 108) that appeared in 1998. This was fol-lowed by volumes 186 and 196 in 2002, which, at that time, completed the fi rst three books on oxidative stress. In 2007, I was guest editor for a special issue, volume 37, on a Free Radicals in Biosystems symposium also published by Humana Press in the journal of Molecular Biotechnology . In 2009, I edited volumes 579 and 580 on Lipidomics: Methods and Protocols and coauthored volume 1028 in 2013 on Oxidative Stress and Nanotechnology . More books are under consideration. Our expectation is to publish additional high-quality and useful protocols. I hope those will be available by 2015/2016 to complete the basic scientifi c desk reference.

In 2008, a new collection of volumes was approved; the fi rst being called Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress I (volume 477) and 2 years later in 2010 was Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II , volume 594. The proliferation of information in search engines make it possible to review meaningful information relative to methods approxi-mately every 2–3 years. Data currently shows no change since 2000 in the antioxidant-to-oxidative stress ratio as a percentage of total citations and has remained constant in this subheading category:

Total citations AOX–OS/ratio

2000—Oxidative stress and free radicals = 2,873 24 % Antioxidants = 903

2008—Oxidative stress and free radicals = 15,938 24 % Antioxidants = 5,109

2010—Oxidative stress and free radicals = 25,975 22 % Antioxidants = 7, 283

2013—Oxidative stress and free radicals = 29,076 22 % Antioxidants = 8,001

This analysis indicates that, even though the free radical biomarkers showed a substan-tial increase over the last 3 years, the antioxidant number has remained relatively constant since 2000, which is our reference point, meaning that antioxidant capacity biomarkers should be the next target for new research to keep pace and balance.

The present book is the latest venture under the advanced heading. It has 31 chapters and covers technology ranging from a portable hand-held detector for remote analysis of antioxidant capacity to sophisticated technology such as shotgun lipidomics, mitochondrial imaging, nanosensors, fl uorescent probes, chromatographic fi ngerprints, computational models, and biostatistical applications. Several chapters have shown the effect of

Pref ace

vi

pro- oxidation and antioxidants as infl ammatory mediators in signaling pathways leading from the initial stimulus to termination through redox cycles. Such books save the investi-gator signifi cant time and effort allowing them to focus on their topic of interest. The overall series has 266 cutting-edge technologies to select from at the present time.

I acknowledge Dennis Armstrong who assisted me with organization, computeriza-tion, and updated technology, the in-house editors, and numerous colleagues who encour-aged me to develop and expand the series.

Gainsville, FL, USA Donald Armstrong

Preface

vii

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

PART I REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN TECHNIQUES

1 Derivatization and Detection of Small Aliphatic and Lipid- Bound Carbonylated Lipid Peroxidation Products by ESI-MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ivana Milic and Maria Fedorova

2 Specific Imaging and Tracking of Mitochondria in Live Cells by a Photostable AIE Luminogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chris W. T. Leung, Yuning Hong, and Ben Zhong Tang

3 Analysis of Relationship Between Oxidized Phospholipid Structure and Interaction with the Class B Scavenger Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Detao Gao, Lawrence M. Sayre, and Eugene A. Podrez

4 A Novel Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Malondialdehyde from Oxidized DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Takayuki Shibamoto

5 Nitric Oxide Availability as a Marker of Oxidative Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Dan Pierini and Nathan S. Bryan

6 Quantification of DNA Repair Capacity Towards Oxidatively Damaged DNA in Subcellular and Cellular Systems by a Nonradioactive Cleavage Assay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Ingrit Hamann and Andrea Hartwig

7 Chiral Phase-HPLC Separation of Hydroperoxyoctadecenoic Acids and Their Biosynthesis by Fatty Acid Dioxygenases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Ernst H. Oliw and Anneli Wennman

8 Selenium as a Versatile Center in Fluorescence Probe for the Redox Cycle Between HClO Oxidative Stress and H2S Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Zhangrong Lou, Peng Li, and Keli Han

9 Evaluation of Physical Integrity of Lipid Bilayer Under Oxidative Stress: Application of Fluorescence Microscopy and Digital Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Ran Liang, Jian-Ping Zhang, and Leif H. Skibsted

10 Electrochemical Detection of Glutathione S-Transferase: An Important Enzyme in the Cell Protective Mechanism Against Oxidative Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Manuel C. Martos-Maldonado, Juan M. Casas-Solvas, Antonio Vargas- Berenguel, and Luis García-Fuentes

11 Using Nanosensors for In Situ Monitoring and Measurement of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in a Single Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Tadeusz Malinski

Contents

viii

PART II ANTIOXIDANT TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION

12 Curcuma longa Attenuates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Oxidative Stress in T-Lymphocyte Subpopulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 H. A. Abu-Rizq, Mohamed H. Mansour, and Mohammad Afzal

13 Prolongation of the Lag Time Preceding Peroxidation of Serum Lipids: A Measure of Antioxidant Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Ilya Pinchuk and Dov Lichtenberg

14 Identification of (Antioxidative) Plants in Herbal Pharmaceutical Preparations and Dietary Supplements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Eric Deconinck, Deborah Custers, and Jacques Omer De Beer

15 Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid, Aminothiols, and Methionine in Biological Matrices Using Ion-Pairing RP-HPLC Coupled with Electrochemical Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Muhammad Imran Khan, Zafar Iqbal, and Abad Khan

16 Portable Nanoparticle Based Sensors for Antioxidant Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Erica Sharpe and Silvana Andreescu

17 Fe3+–Fe2+ Transformation Method: An Important Antioxidant Assay . . . . . . . . 233 İlhami Gülçin

18 Antioxidant Activity Evaluation Involving Hemoglobin- Related Free Radical Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Augustin C. Mot, Cristina Bischin, Grigore Damian, and Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu

19 Computational Studies on Conformation, Electron Density Distributions, and Antioxidant Properties of Anthocyanidins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Ricardo A. Mosquera, Laura Estévez, and Mercedes García-Bugarín

20 Automatic Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) Determination of Total Reducing Capacity in Serum and Urine Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Marcela A. Segundo, Ildikó V. Tóth, Luís M. Magalhães, and Salette Reis

21 Mass Spectrometry Detection of Isolevuglandin Adduction to Specific Protein Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Casey D. Charvet and Irina A. Pikuleva

22 Preoxiredoxin Family Members (Prx3 and Prx4) and Pregnancy Disorder (Recurrent Pregnancy Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Behrouz Gharesi-Fard

23 Substituted Pyridoindoles as Biological Antioxidants: Drug Design, Chemical Synthesis, and Biological Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Lucia Kovacikova, Magdalena Majekova, and Milan Stefek

24 Measuring Antioxidant and Prooxidant Capacity Using the Crocin Bleaching Assay (CBA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Stella A. Ordoudi and Maria Z. Tsimidou

25 Simultaneous Determination of the Endogenous Free α-Lipoic Acid and Dihydrolipoic Acid in Human Plasma and Erythrocytes by RP-HPLC Coupled with Electrochemical Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Muhammad Imran Khan, Zafar Iqbal, and Abad Khan

Contents

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26 Aryl-Acetic and Cinnamic Acids as Lipoxygenase Inhibitors with Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anticancer Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina and Eleni Pontiki

27 Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of N-β-Methylamino-L-alanine with 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Carbamate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 W. Broc Glover, Steven A. Cohen, and Susan J. Murch

PART III GENE EXPRESSION

28 Intracellular Distribution of Glutathionylated Proteins in Cultured Dermal Fibroblasts by Immunofluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Stefania Petrini, Valentina D’Oria, and Fiorella Piemonte

29 New Analytical Strategies Applied to the Determination of Coenzyme Q10 in Biological Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Mario Contin, Sabrina Flor, Manuela Martinefski, Silvia Lucangioli, and Valeria Tripodi

30 Binding and Cytotoxic Trafficking of Cholesterol Hydroperoxides by Sterol Carrier Protein-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Albert W. Girotti and Tamas Kriska

PART IV BIOSTATISTICS

31 A Toolkit for Clinical Statisticians to Fix Problems Based on Biomarker Measurements Subject to Instrumental Limitations: From Repeated Measurement Techniques to a Hybrid Pooled–Unpooled Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Albert Vexler, Ge Tao, and Xiwei Chen

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

Contents

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H. A. ABU-RIZQ • Aridland Agricultural Production Program (AAPP), Environment and Life Sciences Centre , Kuwait Institute for Scientifi c Research (KISR) , Safat , Kuwait

MOHAMMAD AFZAL • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait

SILVANA ANDREESCU • Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science , Clarkson University , Potsdam , NY , USA

CRISTINA BISCHIN • Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes- Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania

NATHAN S. BRYAN • Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA

JUAN M. CASAS-SOLVAS • Department of Chemistry and Physics , University of Almería , Almería , Spain

CASEY D. CHARVET • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA

XIWEI CHEN • Department of Biostatistics , New York State University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA

STEVEN A. COHEN • Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Kelowna , BC , Canada

MARIO CONTIN • Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

DEBORAH CUSTERS • Division of Food, Medicines, and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products , Scientifi c Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels , Belgium

VALENTINA D’ORIA • Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu’ Pediatric Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy

GRIGORE DAMIAN • Department of Physics , Babes- Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania ERIC DECONINCK • Division of Food, Medicines, and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal

Products , Scientifi c Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels , Belgium LAURA ESTÉVEZ • Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Vigo , Vigo , Spain MARIA FEDOROVA • Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry

and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine , Universität Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany

SABRINA FLOR • Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

DETAO GAO • Department of Molecular Cardiology , Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , OH , USA

MERCEDES GARCÍA-BUGARÍN • Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Vigo , Vigo , Spain

LUIS GARCÍA-FUENTES • Department of Chemistry and Physics , University of Almería , Almería , Spain

Contributors

xii

BEHROUZ GHARESI-FARD • Immunology Department , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Fars , Iran

ALBERT W. GIROTTI • Department of Biochemistry , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA

W. BROC GLOVER • Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Kelowna , BC , Canada

İLHAMI GÜLÇIN • Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey ; Department Zoology, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia

DIMITRA HADJIPAVLOU-LITINA • Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece

INGRIT HAMANN • Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada

KELI HAN • Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian, Liaoning , China

ANDREA HARTWIG • Institute of Applied Biosciences, Food Chemistry and Toxicology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Germany

YUNING HONG • Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China

ZAFAR IQBAL • Department of Pharmacy , University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan ABAD KHAN • Department of Pharmacy , University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan ;

Department of Pharmacy , University of Swabi , Swabi , Pakistan MUHAMMAD IMRAN KHAN • Department of Pharmacy , University of Peshawar , Peshawar ,

Pakistan ; Department of Pharmacy , Women Institute of Learning , Abbottabad , Pakistan LUCIA KOVACIKOVA • Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology ,

Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia TAMAS KRISKA • Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Medical College of Wisconsin ,

Milwaukee , WI , USA CHRIS W. T. LEUNG • Department of Chemistry , The Hong Kong University of Science

and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China PENG LI • Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences ,

Dalian, Liaoning , China RAN LIANG • Department of Chemistry , Renmin University of China , Beijing , China DOV LICHTENBERG • Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine ,

Tel Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel ZHANGRONG LOU • Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences ,

Dalian, Liaoning , China SILVIA LUCANGIOLI • Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and

Biochemistry , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientifi cas y Tecnológicas, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina

LUÍS M. MAGALHÃES • REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal

MAGDALENA MAJEKOVA • Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia

TADEUSZ MALINSKI • Department of Chemistry & Nanomedical Research Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , OH , USA

Contributors

xiii

MOHAMED H. MANSOUR • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait

MANUELA MARTINEFSKI • Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina

MANUEL C. MARTOS-MALDONADO • Department of Chemistry and Physics , University of Almería , Almería , Spain

IVANA MILIC • Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine , Universität Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany

RICARDO A. MOSQUERA • Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Vigo , Vigo , Spain

AUGUSTIN C. MOT • Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes- Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania

SUSAN J. MURCH • Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Kelowna , BC , Canada

ERNST H. OLIW • Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden

JACQUES OMER DE BEER • Division of Food, Medicines, and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products , Scientifi c Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels , Belgium

STELLA A. ORDOUDI • Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece

STEFANIA PETRINI • Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu’ Pediatric Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy

FIORELLA PIEMONTE • Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesu’ Pediatric Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy

DAN PIERINI • Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA

IRINA A. PIKULEVA • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA

ILYA PINCHUK • Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel

EUGENE A. PODREZ • Department of Molecular Cardiology , Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , OH , USA

ELENI PONTIKI • Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece

SALETTE REIS • REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal

LAWRENCE M. SAYRE • Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA

MARCELA A. SEGUNDO • REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal

ERICA SHARPE • Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science , Clarkson University , Potsdam , NY , USA

TAKAYUKI SHIBAMOTO • Department of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA

RADU SILAGHI-DUMITRESCU • Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania

Contributors

xiv

LEIF H. SKIBSTED • Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C , Denmark

MILAN STEFEK • Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia

GE TAO • Department of Biostatistics , New York State University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA

ILDIKÓ V. TÓTH • REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal

VALERIA TRIPODI • Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientifi cas y Tecnológicas, CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina

MARIA Z. TSIMIDOU • Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece

ANTONIO VARGAS-BERENGUEL • Department of Chemistry and Physics , University of Almería , Almería , Spain

ALBERT VEXLER • Department of Biostatistics , New York State University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA

ANNELI WENNMAN • Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden

JIAN-PING ZHANG • Department of Chemistry , Renmin University of China , Beijing , China BEN ZHONG TANG • Department of Chemistry , The Hong Kong University of Science

and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China ; Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China ; Division of Biomedical Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China ; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China ; Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong , China

Contributors