M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of...
-
Upload
prudence-pearson -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
1
Transcript of M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of...
![Page 1: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MARKETMBA NCCU
Managerial Economics
Jack Wu
![Page 2: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CASE: TANKER SERVICE MARKET, 2005
Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent tanker standards
![Page 3: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKET
homogeneous (identical) product many small buyers many small sellers price takers (No influence on price) free entry and exit (No barriers) Both buyers and sellers share equal
(symmetric) information
![Page 4: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
MARKET EQUILIBRIUM, I
Price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied when market out of equilibrium, market forces push price towards equilibrium
![Page 5: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
0
20
22
8 10 11
supply
demand
a
b
c
equilibrium
excess supply
Quantity (Million ton-miles a year)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
MARKET EQUILIBRIUM, II
![Page 6: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
MARKET EQUILIBRIUM, III
excess supply = excess of quantity supplied over quantity demanded triggers price decrease
excess demand = excess of qty demanded over qty supplied triggers price increase
![Page 7: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SUPPLY SHIFT, I
supply shifts down (right) -> lower price, larger quantity
supply shifts up (left) -> higher price, smaller quantity
final equilibrium depends on elasticities of demand and supply
![Page 8: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
0
19.60
20
10 10.4
original supply
new supply
demand60 cents
60 cents
c e
b
d
Quantity (Million ton-miles a year)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
a
SUPPLY SHIFT, II
![Page 9: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
0 10
19.40
20
original supply
new supply
demand
60 cents
60 centsc
b
0 10 10.6
20 new supply
original supply
demand
60 cents
60 centsb
c
Extremely inelastic demand Extremely elastic demand
Quantity (Million ton-miles a year) Quantity (Million ton-miles a year)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
e e
PRICE ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND
![Page 10: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
0
20
10
demand
a
b
original and new supply
0 10 11
19.40
20 60 cents 60 cents
a
b original supply
new supply
demand
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
Quantity (Million ton-miles a year) Quantity (Million ton-miles a year)
Extremely inelastic supply Extremely elastic supply
PRICE ELASTICITIES OF SUPPLY
![Page 11: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
0
1.50
1
retail supply
a
Quantity (Million units a year)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
unit
)
after wholesale price cut
retail demand
b
PROMOTING RETAIL SALES
Q
![Page 12: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DEMAND SHIFT, I
demand shifts down (left) -> lower price, lower quantity
demand shifts up (right) -> higher price, larger quantity
final equilibrium depends on elasticities of demand and supply
![Page 13: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
0
20
10 10.8
supply
new demand
original demand
1 million
af
b
c
1 million
Quantity (Million ton-miles a year)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
DEMAND SHIFT, II
![Page 14: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
TANKER SERVICES, 2005
Increasing oil prices Higher costs for tanker services supply curve
up Increasing China imports
Higher demand for tanker services More stringent tanker standards
Non-complying tankers scrapped supply curve shifted to left
![Page 15: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
VALENTINE’S DAY
Nearing Valentine’s Day, price of roses always rises much more than the price of greeting cards. Why?
![Page 16: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM, I
How would 3% increase in income affect price and sales of gasoline? demand
price elasticity -.23 income elasticity 0.39
supply price elasticity 0.62
![Page 17: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM, II
1. % change in qty demanded = -0.23* p % + 0.39 x 3%
2. % change in qty supplied = 0.62* p %3. equate and solve: p % = 1.38%4. % change in qty = 0.87%
![Page 18: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
0
20
22
100105
price
short-runaveragevariable cost
short-runmarginal cost
Quantity (Thousand ton-miles a year) Quantity (Thousand ton-miles a year)
0
20
22
10
12
short-rundemand
short-runsupply
1 million
a
c
Pri
ce (
$p
er
ton
-mile)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
(a) Individual seller (b) Market
SHORT-RUN MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
![Page 19: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
0
2021
100
original long-run averagecost
new long-runaverage cost
long-runmarginal cost
Quantity (Thousand ton-miles a year) Quantity (Thousand ton-miles a year)
0
2021
10
13
long-rundemand
long-runsupply1 million
a
d
Pri
ce (
$p
er
ton
-mile)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
ton
-mil
e)
(a) Individual seller (b) Market
LONG-RUN MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
![Page 20: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SHORT/LONG-RUN IMPACT
If demand/supply shifts, market price is more volatile in the short run
than long run greater change in market quantity over the
long run than short run
![Page 21: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DEMAND INCREASE
![Page 22: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
DEMAND REDUCTION
![Page 23: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PRICING AND FREIGHT COST, I
cost and freight ex-works pricing
How does pricing policy affect sales?
![Page 24: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
0
1.50
1
CF supply
a
Quantity (Million pounds a year)
Pri
ce (
$ p
er
pou
nd
)
ex-works supply
CF demand
ex-works demand
b
25 cents
25 cents
PRICING AND FREIGHT COST, II
![Page 25: M ARKET MBA NCCU Managerial Economics Jack Wu. C ASE : TANKER S ERVICE MARKET, 2005 Impact of Increasing oil prices Increasing China imports More stringent.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649f145503460f94c29853/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
RETAILING: WHY COUPONS?
alternative -- cutting wholesale prices “With coupons, prevent retailers from getting
part of price cut.”