MATHS

IN CARS

Objective of this projectWhether you realize it or not, maths is a fundamental function of life and we use it on a daily basis. We use math for everything from balancing our check book, to computing fuel mileage, to purchasing aftermarket goodies, to counting the number of cars ahead of you at the stoplight. Even more impressive is that it's the only universal language in the world. So this project will give us an insight about the coolest things in which maths is involved.

Maths plays a pivotal role in automobiles. Everything about a car is based on mathematics. From degree of design to wind resistance, performance, engine size and adjustment, power outputs , Bolt holes , part sizes , and even the Pounds of air in the tires. Everything is measured and torqued to a specific mathematical formula. From drawing board, to assembly line, it all depends on maths.

WHY CARS?????

In cars , mathematics is involved in- 1. Time and distance2. Geometry3. Statistics4. Angles5. Ratio and proportion6. Mensuration

1.DraftingArtists and car designers who draw models of cars for production need to understand perspective to make their drawings and blueprints look right. This includes a knowledge of angles and line lengths, as well as different geometric shapes. Car wheels, for instance, are really circles, hood tops are arcs, and windows are quadrilaterals.

2.PartsEach part of an automobile has to fit together like a glove, or the automobile won't work properly or be safe. Math is used to measure every part and to make sure those parts are the right size to come together as designed. This includes everything from the dimensions of screws to the width of the frame.

3.PricingAuto manufacturers want to make a profit on the cars they sell, so they have to keep track of the cost of every single part. Math is used to calculate which parts manufacturer can deliver the best price on needed parts and materials. It also is used to determine the final cost of the vehicle. If parts cost x dollars and labour costs y, and the company wants to make a profit percentage of z, for example, then the company would use the following formula to determine the sell price: total cost = (x+y)z+(x+y)

4.Production RatioMath is used to determine how many cars can be produced an hour, day, week or month. If an auto manufacturer receives an order from corporate to increase production by x cars a day, for example, the speed of the assembly line has to be adjusted by a particular percentage to accommodate the total number of cars needed. All of the robots of the assembly line would need to have their speeds adjusted through their programming or manually by the same percentage.

5.AssemblyMuch of the assembly of cars now is done with the help of robots and other technology. The robots are controlled by specialized computer programs, and these programs must specify exact parameters for operation. They must tell the robot, for instance, to hoist a part x number of feet, apply x pounds of pressure, and distribute x gallons of paint per square inch. Additionally, the assembly line must be built under exact dimensions, so there is ample room for assembly to occur safely and efficiently---if a robot arm needs to swing back and forth, for example, the robot needs to be positioned to have a certain number of feet in clearance.

6.Production TimeCertain aspects of auto manufacturing must occur under specific time parameters. Paint, for instance, has to cure for a specific amount of time. Math is used to determine how long that time needs to be under a specific temperature given the chemical composition of the paint.

7.Horsepower & TorqueMaths is used to calculate the horsepower and torque of a car . If we know either the horsepower or torque figures at a given rpm, it's easy to calculate the missing figure by simply plugging in the numbers.For example-Torque x RPM / 5,252 = Horsepower415 x 4,000 / 5,252 = 316Horsepower x 5,252 / RPM = Torque316 x 5,252 / 4,000 = 415

8.Selecting a CarburetorMaths is also involved for selecting a carburetor. There is a simple formula that makes the selection process easier. We need to take the maximum rpm and multiply it by the engine displacement. Next divide that number by 3,456 and multiply it by 0.85. For example, if you plug in a maximum 6,000 rpm and a 350ci displacement, you end up with 516 cfm.Street 350 ci6,000 rpm x 350 / 3,456 x 0.85 = 516 cfm

9.Measuring DisplacementTo calculate cubic-inch displacement, we need to know the bore and stroke of the engine, the number of cylinders, and the handy constant of 0.7854, which is a shortcut representing a portion of the volume equation of a cylinder-3.1417 (pi) divided by 4. Displacement = bore x bore x stroke x 0.7854 x number of cylinders.If the bores are 4,stroke is 3.48 and number of cylinders is 8,then-Displacement = 4.00 x 4.00 x 3.48 x 0.7854 x 8 = 349.84 ci

10.Tire Diameter and Gear RatioBig tires may be cool, but swapping taller or shorter tires affect the final drive ratio. Taller tires effectively change the rear gear ratio, making it "taller" or numerically less. Shorter tires create the opposite effect. Imagine you're building a Pro Street show car and it is already set up with 3.08 gears based on a typical 26-inch-tall tire. Obviously, the car will look killer with a set of monster 33-inch-tall Mickey Thompson tires, but this swap to the much taller tires instantly transforms the final drive ratio from 3.08 to 2.42! Effective Gear Ratio = (original tire diameter / new tire diameter) x gear ratio= 26/33 x 3.08= 2.42

11. Different tyres in different carsMaths is used for making tyres of different shapes. A cars tyres are designed to grip the road surface while supporting the car’s weight and also to stabilize the ride and help steering. Different driving conditions and different vehicles call for a wide range of tyre designs and all this is done through Maths.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TYRES1. Bias Tyres- These tyres are used in normal cars and are of normal

shape. They give the tyres a smooth ride and are treaded. Maths is used to give the tyres their shape and is also used to estimate how much treading should be done.

2. Bus and lorry tyres- Maths is used to make these tyres thinner than normal tyres so that they can survive long distance driving.

BIAS TYRES BUS TYRES

3. Dump trucks- In these cars, the tyres are large and wide.4.Tractor tyres- Maths is used to create and make an estimation of their oversized treads. It also gives them a different shape and makes them thinner than normal tyres.5.Special Tyres for driving on snow- Maths is used to give large and boxy treads to car’s tyres. Also the tyres are made up of special rubber that stay flexible in the cold . For this , automobile engineers need to use maths to calculate how much rubber in a proper ratio should be added to cars.This is the same for treads.

Tractor tyres Tyres for driving on snow

USAGE OF MATHS IN INTERIOR OF CARS1.Odometer- It is an instrument (usually on the instrument panel of a car) that records distance travelled by the car. Thus maths is involved in the functioning of the odometer.2.Speedometer- A speedometer or a speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a land vehicle . Without maths we would not get an idea of the distance travelled or speed of the car. Thus maths plays a vital role here too.3.Radios -Signal processing is one of the most important mathematical fields that supports the design and effective operation of radio in cars.

Speedometer and Odometer Radio in cars

MATHS IN F1 CARSA Formula 1 car - named for the special formula fuel that it burns has a much more powerful engine than a passage car. The increased power comes from the engine’s greater capacity- that is the total volume of the combustion chambers in its cylinders.In a passage car , engine capacity may be 1000 cubic centimeters or else. F1 cars have 3 times that capacity and develop 500 horsepower , which is 4 or 5 times the horsepower of an ordinary car.

To make the additional horsepower of F1 cars more effective , the car’s body is aerodynamically designed(use of shapes) to minimize air resistance. Racing cars need to be extra wide for secure road contact and traction. It also needs to be given a special racing suspension which adds stability and helps the car to grip the road firmly.

1.Body of F1 cars is moulded for excess speed (use of shapes and maths)The low , wide body of a racing car, made of lightweight but strong carbon fiber is designed to make use of the airflow the car creates at high speeds. The sloped front end and rear spoilers make the air press down on the car and keep it from becoming airborne.2.Use of maths in the cockpitMaths is also used in the cockpit of F1 cars. It is 850 mm long, 350 mm wide at the pendals,450mm wide at the steering wheel and 520mm at the rear half . Maths is also used to calculate and show the fuel level, water temperature , oil pressure and other information which appears at the gauges in the cockpit.

The Bernoulli principle has a big role in the operation of the aerodynamic surfaces of an F1 car. The Bernoulli principle is expressed by an equation, which states that for a given volume of fluid, the total energy remains constant. This means that when a fluid is in relative motion, the energy is split into the ‘parts’. The sum of these parts will not exceed a certain value, which will remain constant as long as the external conditions do not change..

Bernoulli principle

The three parts of the total energy are:1) The pressure energy within the fluid.2) The movement of the air (kinetic energy)3) The potential energy of the air (in this case, elevation)This can be written as:p + 1/2 r v2+ rgh = some constantp = Pressurer = Density of fluidv = Velocity of fluidg = Acceleration due to Gravityh = Height of fluid above some reference point

Our average track is fairly level, so a race car will not have enough change in elevation to make the potential energy a variable, so we take this potential energy as a ‘constant ’and therefore are able to remove it from the equation. This leaves us with:p + 1/2 r v2 = some (other) constantWe can rewrite this as:p + q = Hp = static Pressureq = 1/2 rv2 = dynamic pressureH = some (other) constantThis basically means that if the dynamic pressure increases, the static pressure has to decrease and if the dynamic pressure decreases, the static pressure will increase. This means that if we speed up a fluid, the pressure will fall.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to acknowledge many people without whom this project would not me possible-1.Mr.Richard Davies and Mrs.Kamalika Bose for coming out with the idea of ‘Jugaad’ and providing us with a platform for showcasing our talents.2.Mrs.Priya Madan, our maths teacher for constantly helping us.3.Kieron Williams and Katie Vince , our team mates for constantly communicating with us.4. My pal-Sanjay Banerjee for doing half of the research. 5.Last,but not the least we would like to thank ourselves for finding time to make this project against all odds.

Conclusion

• Cars play an important role in our life.• We were able to understand the importance

of maths in cars.• Maths is an universal language.• We were able to know about cars through

maths .• Lastly its all because of project jugaad we

were able to know so much.

A presentation by – Raunak Das and Dynamic ResearchersTeam members-Raunak Das(digital engineer , also researcher),Sanjay Banerjee(chief researcher),Katie Vince(Group Leader), Kieron Williams(communication director.)