M. A. Part-I Marathi Compl. - Tukaram Title. A. Part-I Marathi Paper... · (vi) {ZfoY Ho$cocm Amho....

$: M. A. Part-I Marathi Compl. - Tukaram Title. A. Part-I Marathi Paper... · (vi) {ZfoY Ho$cocm Amho. Ë`m_wio VwH$mam_ {OVHo$ VÎdqMVH$ AmhoV {VVHo$M Vo g_mO_ZñH$ AmhoV. VwH$mam_$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ (Amdí`H$) : 2 (1)

EH$m coIH$mMm Aä`mg :

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àH$meH$S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya : 416 004

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ISBN- 978-81-8486-361-1

H Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)

H Xÿa {ejU n[afX-B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho.

(ii)

EH$m coIH$mMm Aä`mg : _Ü` wJrZ VwH$mam_E_.E.^mJ 1 : _amR>r (Amdí`H$)

Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ : 2 (1)

2011 nmgyZ hmoUmè`m narjm§gmR>r

n Aä`mg_§S>i : _amR>r n

l S>m°. ìhr. Ho$. qeXoà_wI, _amR>r {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. gm¡. Eg. S>r. Hw$cH$Uu_mVmolr ~`m~mB© lrnVamd H$X_ H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`,H$S>oJmd, Vm. ImZmnya, {O. gm§Jcr

l lr. E. Ho$. {ZH$_g§nVamd _mZo _hm{dÚmc`, ImZmnya, {O. gm§Jcr

l lr. E. Eg. d¡amQ>ghH$ma_hfu e§H$aamd _mo{hVo nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`,a{h_Vnya, Vm. H$moaoJm§d, {O. gmVmam

l lr. àXrn nmQ>rcAmQ>©g² A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, H$mgoJmd, {O. gm§Jcr

l S>m°. {ede§H$a Cnmgo"{~ëdXc' adiZmW H$m°cZr, AmOam, {O. H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. J§JmYa nmZVmdUo"lmdñVr' AídKmof H$m°cZr, {_qcX _hm{dÚmc`eoOmar, N>mdUr, Am¡a§Jm~mX

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(iii)

XyaoejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[ya

n gëcmJma go_Vr n

_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndmaHw$cJwê$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. ~r. amOJog§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$anarjm {Z §ÌH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. (lr_Vr) dmg§Vr amg_A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) ~r. Eg. gmd§VA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Q>r. ~r. OJVmnA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) Eg. E. ~mar,g§MmcH$, Xya{ejU Hw$d|ny {dÚmnrR>, H$Zm©Q>H$

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S>m°. E. EZ. Omoerg§MmcH$, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

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àm. S>m°. (lr_Vr) gr_m odco (gXñ` g{Md)g§Mm{cH$m,Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

(iv)

Xya{ejU H|$Ð,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya


Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ : 2 (1)

Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

boIH$ KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ Am{U erf©H$

àm. S>m°. dg§V Zaha Hw$~oa 1. VwH$mam_ : OrdZmcoI_{hcm _hm{dÚmc`, H$amS>, {O. gmVmam.

àm. S>m°. {ede§H$a MÞmßnm Cnmgo 2. VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVmànmR>H$ d _mOr _amR>r {d^mJà_wI, 5. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc gm_m{OH$VmAmOam _hm{dÚmc`, AmOam, {O. H$moëhmnya 8. VwH$mam_m§Mo dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_Îd

S>m°. A{Zc nm§Sw>a§J Jdir 3. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>r`ed§Vamd MìhmU H$m°coO, hcH$Uu, Vm. M§XJS>

lr. _hoeHw$_ma nm§Sw>a§J gmoZmdUo 4. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfmlr_§V ¡æ`mgmho~ amOo_mZo _hm{dÚmc`, åhgdS>Vm. _mU, {O. gmVmam

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àm. S>m°. {ede§H$a MÝZmßnm CnmgoànmR>H$ d _mOr _amR>r {d^mJà_wI,

AmOam _hm{dÚmc`, AmOam,[O. H$moëhmnya.

n g§nmXH n

S>m°. S>r. E. XogmB©AÜ`j, _amR>r Aä`mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya{ddoH$mZ§X H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya

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`ed§Vamd MìhmU H$m°coO,hcH$Uu, Vm. M§XJS>,

{O. H$moëhmnya

àñVmdZm

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo !

E_. E. ^mJ EH$À`m _amR>r {df`mÀ`m "EH$m coIH$mMm Aä`mg :

_Ü` wJrZ-VwH$mam_' `m Aä`mgn{ÌHo$gmR>r V`ma Ho$coco ñd §AÜ``ZmMo

nwñVH$ Amnë`m hmVr XoVmZm _cm {deof AmZ§X hmoV Amho. `mMo H$maU

åhUOo g§V VwH$mam_ Agmo AWdm BVa Aä`mgn{ÌH$m AgmoV Xÿa{ejU

{d^mJmZo `m Aä`mgn{ÌH$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªMm `Wm`mo½` Aä`mg H$amdm

åhUyZ CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcoco gm{hË` AË §V CÎm_ Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mr

H${dVm, VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm, VwH$mam_m§Mm OrdZmcoI, VwH$mam_m§Mm

^{ŠV`moJ, VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc gm_m{OH$Vm Am{U VwH$mam_m§Mo Ë`m§À`m

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cmJco AgVo. EH${ÌV[aË`m `m gmè`m Aä`mgH«$_mMo ê$n Amnë`m ZOaog_moa

oVo ho AË §V _hÎdmMo Amho.

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H$aVmZm åhUV Agcmo Var VwH$mam_ ho _amR>rVrc n{hco AmYw{ZH$ H$dr

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nmI§S>r, A^ŠV, nmnr, AÝ`m` H$aUmam Amho Ë`m§À`mda Ë`m§Zr eãXmMo

AmgyS> AmoT>co AmhoV. A§YlÕm, X¡dXodVo `m§Mm Va Ë`m§Zr AË §V naIS>nUo

(v)

(vi)

{ZfoY Ho$cocm Amho. Ë`m_wio VwH$mam_ {OVHo$ VÎdqMVH$ AmhoV {VVHo$M Vo g_mO_ZñH$ AmhoV.

VwH$mam_ Ho$di g§V-CnXoeH$ ZmhrV Va Vo CÎm_ H$dr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV AdVaUj_Vm,

AmdmhZj_Vm, AmñdmÚVm Amho. H$mimÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda åhUyZM Ë`m§Mr H${dVm {Q>H$cocr Amho. "gwI

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H${dVm Amnë`m nQ>H$Z cjmV amhVo. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mm ^{ŠV`moJhr {dcjU Amho. VwH$mam_ Am{U

{dÇ>c `m IaoVa XmoZ ì`ŠVr ZgyZ EH$M AmhoV Ago dmQ>mdo BVnV VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZmcm

{dÇ>c^ŠVrZo ì`mnco Amho. n§T>ar, {dÇ>c, Vwcgr, EH$mXer `m§Mo _mhmËå` VwH$mam_ AË §V gmpÎdH$VoZo

{c{hVmV. VwH$mam_m§Zm AdKo 42 dfmªMo Am wî` cm^co. _mÌ _amR>rVrc EH$ loîR> H$dr Am{U g§V

`m H$mimV KS>cm. Ë`m§À`m A §JmMm nwÝhm nwÝhm Aä`mg ìhmdm; Agm hm g_W© g§VH$dr Amho.

ew^oÀN>mgh

S>m°. S>r. E. XogmB©AÜ`j, _amR>r Aä`mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

AZwH«$_{UH$m

KQ>H$ 1 VwH$mam_ … OrdZmcoI 1

KQ>H$ 2 VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm 17

KQ>H$ 3 VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>r 44

KQ>H$ 4 VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm 69

KQ>H$ 5 VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc gm_m{OH$Vm 108

KQ>H$ 6 g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr qMVZ{ecVm 149

KQ>H$ 7 VwH$mam_m§Mm ^{ŠV`moJ 173

KQ>H$ 8 VwH$mam_m§Mo dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_Îd 197

(vii)


Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ : 2 (1)

(viii)

n odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm

àË {H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc

]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü { H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.

3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr

A[{jm Amh{.

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Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ

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Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool) åhUyZ

C[ w·V R>aVrc.

1

KQ>H$ : 1

VwH$mam_ : OrdZmcoI

E_. E. 1-_amR>r : EH$m coIH$mMm Aä`mg _Ü``wJrZ : VwH$mam_ ...1

1.1 C{ÔîQ>o

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm VwH$mo~m§À`m OrdZmMm AmcoI nmhUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. hm"OrdZmcoI' nm{hë`mZ§Va Vwåhmg nwT>rc C{ÔîQo gmÜ` H$aVm oVrc.

l VwH$mam_H$mcrZ g_mO-g§ñH¥$VrMr _m{hVr {_ioc.

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l cm¡{H$H$ OrdZmVyZ nmacm¡{H$H$ OrdZmH$S>o VwH$mam_m§Mm àdmg H$gm Pmcm Vo Vw_À`m cjmV`oB©c.

l EH$m gd©gm_mÝ` gmYH$mMm gmjmËH$mar {gÕ nwê$f H$gm Pmcm `m OrdZ àdmgmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Monma_m{W©H$ OrdZ H$go hmoVo Vo C_Joc.

1.2 àmñVm{dH$

A §J åhUVmM VwH$mo~m§Mo Zmd AJ«H«$_mZo KoVco Omdo BVHo$ VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrZo _hmamîQ´>mVrcgm_mÝ`m§À`m öX`mV AmnwcH$sMo ñWmZ àmßV H$ê$Z KoVco Amho. kmZXodm§Zr aMcoë`m ^mJdV Y_©_§{XamMmH$ig hmoÊ`mMo ^m½` VwH$mo~m§Zm cm^co. kmZmo~m-VwH$mam_ qH$dm ½`mZ~m VwH$mam_Mm O`Kmof AmOhrcmImo dmaH$è`m§À`m _wIm§V gX¡d Xw_Xw_V AgVmo, H$maU kmZmo~m Am{U VwH$mo~m ho _amR>r g§ñH¥$VrMo àmUAmhoV. gm_mÝ`m§gmaIm g§gma H$ê$Z EH$ gmjmËH$mar g§V hmoÊ`mMo ^m½` VwH$mam_m§Zm cm^co. EH$g§VloîR>, H${dloîR> Am{U loîR> g_mOgwYmaH$ AgUmè`m VwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`m AmMma{dMmam§VyZ Ad¿`m_Zwî`_mÌmcm CÝZVrMm _mJ© XmI{dcm åhUyZ Vo OJX²Jwê$ R>aco. Aem `m VwH$mam_m§Mo OrdZ Am{Ugm{hË` BVHo$ EH$ê$n Pmco Amho H$s Vo doJio H$mT>VmM oV Zmhr. VwH$mo~m§Mr A §JdmUr hm VwH$mo~m§À`mOrdZmMm Amagm Amho; Ë`m_wio VwH$mam_m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mm OrdZmcoI g_OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$R>aVo, Zìho An[ahm`© R>aVo.

2

1.3 {df` {ddoMZ

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m g§V _m{cHo$Vrc VwH$mo~m ho AIoaMo _hÎdmMo g§V. VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`mAOmoS> A §JdmUrÛmao Oo H$m © Ho$co Ë`m_wioM "VwH$m Pmcmgo H$ig' Ago VwH$mo~m§À`m H$m`m©Mo dU©Z g§V~{hUm~mB©Zo Ho$co. Á`m à{VHy$c n[apñWVrV VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnco H$m`© Ho$co Vr n[apñWVr cjmV KoVcrVa VwH$mam_m§À`m H$m`m©Mo _moc A{YH$M OmUdVo. Ë`m_wio VwH$mo~m§À`m g_J« AmH$cZmgmR>r VwH$mam_m§À`mH$mimVrc amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.

1.3.1 VwH$mam_H$mcrZ _hmamîQ´>

kmZoídam§Zr g_mYr KoVë`mZ§Va WmoS>çmM H$mimV _hmamîQ´> nmaV§Í`mV Jocm. Voamì`m eVH$mnmgyZgVVMr amOH$s` ApñWaVm _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amcr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ _hmamîQ´>mVrc Ym{_©H$ dgm§ñH¥${VH$ dmVmdaUmda Pmcm. Ym{_©H$ Ag{hîUwVm Am{U amOH$s` Hy$Q>ZrVr `m§Zr JÀM ^acoë`m `mVrZeo dfmªÀ`m H$mcI§S>mMo dU©Z "_hmamîQ´>mVrc V_mo wJ' åhUyZ Ho$co OmVo. VwH$mo~m§À`m OrdZH$mimVg§nyU© X{jU ^maVmV CcWmnmcW Mmcy hmoVr. Amnco ApñVËd XmI{dÊ`mMo {ZH$amMo à`ËZ _amR>çm§Zr`mM H$mimV Ho$co. X{jUoVrc qhXy§Mo EH$_od amÁ` {dO`ZJa B.g. 1565 _Ü o ~hm_Zr gwcVmZm§_wioZme nmdco. _mÌ CÎmaoVrc _moJcm§Mo AmH«$_U Wmon{dÊ`mgmR>r gd© ~hm_Zr Hw$im§Mr YS>nS> gwê$ hmoVr.Ah_XZJaMr {ZOm_emhr, {dOmnyaMr A{Xcemhr, dèhmS>mVrc B_mXemhr, ~oXaMr ~arXemhr,JmodiH$m|S>çmMr Hw$Vw~emhr EH$mMdoir AmngmV cT>V hmoË`m, VgoM Xwgè`m ~mOyZo Ë`m _moJcm§er cT>VhmoË`m. _moJc Am{U {ZOm_emhr `m§À`mVrc gVVÀ`m g§Kfmª_wio VwH$mo~m§À`m JmdmÀ`m AmgnmgMmàXoe COmS> Pmcm hmoVm.

B_mXemhr Am{U ~arXemhr _moJc gm_«mÁ`mZo {Ji§H¥$V Ho$cr. _moJcm§Zm amoIÊ`mMm à`ËZ A{Xcemhrd Hw$Vw~emhrZo Ho$cm. ehmOhmZÀ`m H$mimV {ZOm_emhrÀ`m ZmemZ§Va ho amÁ` _moJc d Am{XcemhrV{d^mJco Joco. AmngmVrc `m cT>m`m§gmR>r `m gwcVmZm§Zm ñWm{ZH$ _amR>çm§Mr JaO nS>V Ago. Ë`m_wioH$moUË`mVar naŠ`m gwcVmZm§gmR>r _amR>o AmngmV cTy>Z _aV hmoVo. _amR>çm§Mr Ho$di earaoM Zìho Va_ZoXoIrc Ho$ìhmM _ocr hmoVr. `mdZr MmcrarVr, g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfm, ê$T>r d na§nam `m§Mm Imocda n[aUm__amR>çm§da Pmcm hmoVm. gwÝZrn§Wr` _moJc Am{U {e`mn§Wr` gwcVmZ `m§À`mVrc hm cT>m XmoZ Ym{_©H$g§àXm`m§Vrc g§Kf© hmoVm.

gmVË`mZo Mmccoë`m `m g§Kfm©_wio _amR>r àXoemVrc AW©ì`dñWm T>mgiyZ Jocr hmoVr. Y_mªY_wñcr_ eŠVt_wio qhXy OZVoV gm_m{OH$ f§T>Ëd Amco hmoVo. g_mOmV àM§S> Aì`dñWm _mOcr hmoVr.EH$ZmWm§Mm AndmX dJiVm `m VrZeo dfmªV EH$hr _hÎdnyU© coIH$ {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$cm Zmhr. Joë`mVrZeo dfmªÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV gmoÝ`mgma»`m g§ñH¥$VrMr Ajae… _mVr Pmcr hmoVr. {dñH$Q>coë`m g_mOmV~wdm~mOr, AZmMma d V§Ì{dÚocm D$V Amcm hmoVm. `m Jm§Ocoë`m g_mOmcm AY_ n§Wm§Zr AmUIrZ

3

VimJmimV Zoco. Ë`mV emŠV n§Wr`m§Mm dmQ>m _moR>m hmoVm. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImcr g_mOmcm gam©g cw~mS>coOmV hmoVo. A§Jmao-Ywnmao, OmXyQ>moUm, H$_©H$m§S>, Zdg, M_ËH$ma `m§Mm ~wO~wOmQ> Pmcm hmoVm. g_mOmVTm|Jr Jwê§$Mr g§»`m IynM dmT>cr hmoVr. Aem T>m|Jr Jwê§$Mm g_mMma KoVmZm VwH$mo~m åhUVmV,

""Eogo H¡$go Omco ^m|XyŸ& H$_© H$amo{Z åhUVr gmYwŸ&&1&&

A§Jm cmdy{Z`m amIŸ& S>moio PmHw$Zr H$[aVr nmnŸ&&2&&

Xmdw{Z d¡am½`mMr H$imŸ& ^moJr {df`mMm gmohimŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo gm§Jmo {H$VrŸ& Oimo V`m§Mr g§JVrŸ&&4&&

VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mimV g_mOmMr X¡Ý`mdñWm gdm©Wm©Zo Pmcr hmoVr. cmoH$ AmMma «îQ> Pmco hmoVo.j{Ì`-~«m÷U dJ© Amnë`m H$V©ì`mnmgyZ n{VV Pmcm hmoVm. n{Vd«Vm§Zm X¡Ý`mdñWm àmßV Pmcr hmoVr.g_mOmMo CËWmnZ H$aÊ`mEodOr ~«m÷Um§ZrgwÕm AZmMma _m§S>cm hmoVm. Á`m§Zr g_mOmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$am`MoË`m§ZrM AË §V AY…nVrV AdñWoV Agë`mda BVam§{df`r ~mocUo XyaM am{hco hmoVo. AdKm g_mOHw$_mJm©cm cmJë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgo gmpÎdH$ X¡dVm§Zm Q>mHy$Z jwÐ X¡dVm§Zm ÔV hmoVr. g_mOmMr\$gdUyH$ Mmcy hmoVr. Aem nmoIaë`m Jocoë`m g_mOmcm gm¡å` eãXmV gm§JyZ H$mhrM \$aH$ nS>cmZgVm. Ë`m_wio VwH$mo~m§Zr Xwhoar y{_H$m dR>dcr. XrZ g_mOmMo Vo AmB© Am{U dS>rchr Pmco. H$YrAmB©À`m __VoZo Va H$Yr d{S>cm§À`m YmH$mZo g_mOmMm àdmh Ë`m§Zr gmpÎdH$VoH$S>o di{dcm. gd©Ì\$mo\$mdV Mmccoë`m XwîQ> gm_m{OH$ àd¥ÎmtMo CÝ_ycZ H$aUo hmM g§Vm§À`m Am§XmocZm§Mm à_wI CÔoehmoVm. kmZmo~m§nmgyZ VwH$mo~m§n ªV gd© dmaH$ar g§Vm§Zr hoM H$m © Ho$co. VwH$mo~m§Mo doJionU åhUOo Amnë`mA§V…àkoÀ`m àH$memV Ë`m§Zr Amnco H$m © Ho$co åhUyZ VwH$mam_ OJX²Jwê$ R>aco. VwH$mo~mH$mcrZ _hmamîQ>H$gm hmoVm `mMo {MÌ nm{hë`mda `m nmœ© y_rda VwH$mo~m§Mo cm¡{H$H$ Am{U nmacm¡{H$H$ OrdZ AmVmAmnU nmhÿ.

1.3.2 VwH$mo~m§Mo cm¡{H$H$ OrdZ

kmZXodm§À`m Ami§XrnmgyZ OdiM AgUmè`m B§ÐmÙrH$mR>À`m XohÿjoÌmV EH$m n{dÌ d lr_§VKamÊ`mV VwH$mo~m§Mm OÝ_ Pmcm. VwH$mam_m§Mo KamUo d§ena§naoZo ^JdX² ŠV KamUo åhUyZ à{gÕ hmoVo."ewÕ ~rOmnmoQ>rŸ& \$io agmi Jmo_Q>r' ho ñdV…MoM dMZ Ë`m§ZrM gmW© Ho$co.

Í §~Ho$œaÀ`m ~S>ì`m§H$S>rc dømV VwH$mo~m§Mo YmH$Q>o nwÌ ZmamÙ~modm `m§Zr "Am§{~co Hw$ir _moao'Aer Zm|X Ho$cocr Amho. VwH$mo~m§Mr Hw$ir _moao d AmS>Zmd Am§{~co C\©$ Am§~io Ago na§naoV gmnS>Vo.VwH$mam_m§Mm CëcoI "eyÐ' åhUyZ Ho$cm OmV Agcm {H$dm Amnë`m gm_m{OH$ ñVamMm, OmVrMm CëcoI

""`m{V "eyÐ' Ho$cm dodgmdŸ& Am{X Vmo hm Xod Hw$i nyÁ`Ÿ&'' qH$dm ""eyÐd§er OÝ_cmoŸ& åhUmo{ZX§ o _moH${ccmo'

4

Agm ñdV… VwH$mam_ H$arV Agco Var Ë`m§À`m CnZmdm§dê$Z VwH$mo~m OmVrZo _amRm hmoVo.

VwH$mam_m§nydu AmR> {nT>çm {dÇ>cmMr CnmgZm Ë`m§À`m KamÊ`mV na§naoZo MmcV Amcr hmoVr. _moaoKamÊ`mMo _yi nwê$f {dœ§ a~wdm ho _hmZ {dÇ>c^ŠV hmoVo. AmB©Mm CnXoe _mZyZ {dœ§ a~wdm§Zr n§T>arÀ`mdmarMm Zo_ Yacm. {dœ§ a~wdm§Zm nm§Sw>a§JmMm ÑîQ>mÝV Pmcm Am{U XohÿOdiÀ`m Am§~odZmV {dœ§ a~wdm§Zm{dÇ>c-aIw_mB©À`m _yVu gmnS>ë`m. Ë`mZ§Va B§Ðm`UrH$mR>r {dœ§ a~wdm§Zr {dÇ>c aIw_mB©Mo _§{Xa ~m§Yco.

{dœ§ a~wdm§Mo JwU Ë`m§À`m nwT>rc {nT>çm§Vrc dmagXmam§Vhr CVaco. {dœ§ a~wdm§Mm ZmVy {dR>mo~m`mZo dmS>d{S>cm§Mr H$sVu A{YH$ C§Mmdcr. `m {dR>mo~mMo nUVy H$mÝhmo~m åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mo AmOmo~mhmoV. H$mÝhmo~m§À`m nmoQ>r ~moëhmo~m Zm_H$ nwÌ OÝ_co. ~moëhmo~m§À`m nmoQ>r gmdOr, VwH$mo~m Am{U H$mZ~mqH$dm H$mÝhmo~m Ago VrZ nwÌ OÝ_mcm Amco. VwH$mo~m§À`m AmB©Mo Zmd H$ZH$mB© Ago hmoVo. H$ZH$mB©Mo_mhoaMo AmS>Zmd _moPo Ago AgyZ Ë`m nwÊ`mOdirc cmohJmdÀ`m hmoË`m. ~moëhmo~m d H$ZH$mB© XmoKohrercdmZ d lÕm wŠV A§V…H$aUmMo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ew{MËdmMo \$i VrZ gX²JwUr nwÌm§À`m ê$nmZo{_imco.

VwH$mam_m§Mo KamUo à{V{îR>V AgyZ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o XohÿMr _hmOZH$s hmoVr. gmdH$mar, eoVr Am{UdmUY§ÚmMo XwH$mZ Agë`m_wio JmdmVrc BVam§nojm `m KamÊ`mMr pñWVr Mm§Jcr hmoVr. VwH$mam_m§À`mOÝ_eH$m~Ôc {Za{Zamir _Vo àM{cV AmhoV - àm. X. dm. nQ>dY©Z `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_ _mK ew.n§M_r, Jwê$dma, eHo$ 1528 `m {Xder Pmcm Ago åhQ>co Amho. (_amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg _. gm.n. àH$meZ, I§S>-2) àm. c. am. Z{gam~mXH$am§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_eH$ 1520 {Xcm Amho. (àmMrZ_amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg), S>m°. e§. Xm. n|S>go, {dÚmdmMñnVr e§H$a Aä §H$a, S>m°. {Z_©cHw$_ma\$S>Hw$co, àm. ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o, S>m°. _wHw§$X XmVma BË`mXr Aä`mgH$m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_eH$ 1530_mZcm Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m ~mcnUm{df`r \$maM WmoS>r _m{hVr {_iVo. Ë`m{df`rÀ`m nwgQ>em IwUm Ë`m§À`mA §JdmUrV C_Q>ë`m AmhoV. _moao-Am§{~ë`m§À`m ImË`m{nË`m KamV VwH$mam_m§Mo ~mcnU gwImV Joco.VwH$mo~m§À`m A §JmV {Q>nar, {d{Q>Xm§Sy>, _¥X§JnmQ>çm, hþ§~ar, hmc, h_m_m, \w$JS>çm, cImoQ>m, AS>gU,XiU, H$m§S>U, c{iV Aem AZoH$ Ioim§Mm énH$mË_H$ CëcoI Amcm Amho. Vo gd© Ioi VwH$mo~mAmnë`m gd§JS>çm§~amo~a chmZnUr Ioico. Ë`m§À`m Kar ^OZ-nyOZ-H$sV©ZmXr H$m ©H«$_ MmcVAgV. Ë`mMo g§ñH$ma ZH$iV VwH$mo~m§da Pmco AgmdoV. d{S>cmonm{O©V {dÇ>c_§{XamV VwH$mam_ {ZË`Xe©ZmgmR>r OmV Voìhm Ë`m§À`m A§V…H$aUmcm na_g§Vmof hmoV Ago. dmñV{dH$ VwH$mo~m ho ~moëhmo~m§Mo _Yco{Ma§Ord. Wmoaë`m gmdOrH$S>oM dmS>d{S>cm§Mm ì`mdgm{`H$ dmagm Omd`mMm, nU gmdOrMm AmoT>màW_nmgyZ na_mWm©H$S>o Am{U d¥Îmr CXmgrZ hmoVr. Ë`m_wio KamÊ`mMm Hw$cXrnH$ åhUyZ AmB©d{S>cm§ZrVwH$mo~m§ZmM nm{hco Agmdo.

5

VwH$mo~m§À`m d`mMr n{hcr ~mam df} hÿS>nUm H$aÊ`mV Jocr. VËH$mcrZ àWoà_mUo VwH$mam_ dgmdOr `m§Mo {ddmh chmZ d`mVM Pmco. VwH$mam_m§Mo XmoZ {ddmh Pmco Ë`mn¡H$s n{hë`m {ddmhmÀ`mdoir VwH$mo~m Voam dfmªMo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m n{hë`m nËZrMo Zmd aIw_m~mB© Ago hmoVo. na§Vw aIw_m~mB© X_oH$arAgë`m_wio VwH$mo~m§Mm àn§M gwImMm ìhmdm åhUyZ AmB©d{S>cm§Zr VwH$mo~m§Mm Xwgam {ddmh nwUo oWrclr_§V gmdH$ma AmßnmOr Jwido `m§Mr H$Ý`m {OOmB© C\©$ Amdcr {hÀ`mer H$ê$Z {Xcm. d`mÀ`mgmoimì`m dfmªn ªV VwH$mam_m§Mo Am wî` gwImg_mYmZmV Joco. gmdOrÀ`m CXmgrZVo_wio _moao KamÊ`mMrgmdH$mar d _hmOZH$s ñdm^m{dH$nUo VwH$mam_m§À`m Im§Úmda Amcr.

gd© àH$maMr AZwHy$cVm AgVmZm AMmZH$ Xw…ImMo Vrd«« VS>mIo Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mcm ~gy cmJco.VwH$mam_ gVam dfmªMo AgVmZm Ë`m§Mo AmB©-dS>rc dmaco. dmñV{dH$ KamÊ`mMm ì`dgm` VwH$mo~m§ZrZwH$VmM hmVr KoVcm hmoVm. `mdoir d{S>cm§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmMr Ë`m§Zm JaO hmoVr. Aem AdñWoV _hmOZH$sV{ñWamdUo VwH$mo~m§Zm AeŠ` hmoVo. gmdOr CXmgrZ d¥ÎmrMm Agë`mZo VwH$mo~m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmao H$moUrd{S>cYmao _mUyg CacoM Zmhr. H$m` H$amdo Vo VwH$mo~m§Zm H$ioZm, VemVM gmdOrMr nËZr dmacr. AmVmH$moUVmM nme Z Cacoco gmdOr KamXmamMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z VrWm©Q>Zmcm Joco Vo nwÝhm naV AmcoM ZmhrV.Ë`m_wio ZmB©cmOmñVd dS>rcH$sMr O~m~Xmar VwH$mo~m§Zm ñdrH$mamdr cmJcr.

`m H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ AmnÎmt_wio VwH$mam_m§Mo H$mirO {dXrU© Pmco nU X¡dmZo VwH$mam_m§Mr AmUIr H$R>moanarjm KoÊ`mMo R>a{dco. eHo$ 1550 (B.g. 1628) _Ü o _hmamîQ´>mV ^rfU XwîH$mi nS>cm.AÝZnmÊ`mA^mdr AZoH$ _mUgo, JwaoT>moao, newnjr VS>\$Sy>Z _oco. _hmJmB© ^ §H$a dmT>cr. AZoH$m§Mo{Xdmio {ZKmco. VwH$mam_m§Mm ì`dgm`hr nma ~wS>mcm. eoVr g§nwï>mV Amcr. JwaoT>moao wHo$Zo _ocr. d`mÀ`mAd¿`m EH${dgmì`m dfu VwH$mo~m§Mo {Xdmio {ZKmco. VwH$mo~m§À`m gmgè`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm WmoS>r\$ma _XVH$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm nU H$mhr Cn`moJ Pmcm Zmhr. `mM H$mimV VwH$mo~m§Mr n{hcr ~m`H$mo aIw_m~mB©dmacr. VwH$mo~m§À`m g§doXZerc _Zmda Ë`m_wio _moR>m AmKmV Pmcm. Z§Va cdH$aM Ë`m§Mm _moR>m _wcJmg§VyXoIrc _aU nmdcm. Ho$di Mma dfm©V Hw$Qw>§~mVrc BVHo$ _¥Ë y VwH$mo~m§Zr nm{hco. {XdmiImoar,Xm[aÐç, Aà{VîR>m Am{U An_mZ `m§_wio VwH$mam_m§À`m _ZmVrc gwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm Zm{her Pmcr.VwH$mo~m A§V~m©ø hmXaco. n[aUm_r g§gmamMr {daŠVr oD$Z VwH$mam_m§À`m d¥Îmr CXmgrZ Pmë`m, Ë`m_wioàn§M d ì`dgm`mH$S>o VwH$mam_m§Zr nmR> {\$a{dcr.

1.3.3 cm¡{H$H$ OrdZmH$Sy>Z nma_m{W©H$VoH$S>o

VwH$mo~m§da g§H$Q>m§Mr Or na§nam H$mogicr `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo VwH$mo~m§Mo _Z àn§Mmdê$Z CS>mco dna_mWm©H$S>o dico. d`mMo EH$drg-~m{dgmdo df© åhUOo VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZmVrc IamIwam H«$m§{VH$mcåhQ>cm nm{hOo, H$maU `m H$mcI§S>mZ§Va VwH$mam_m§À`m {dMmagaUrMr {XemM ~Xccr. g§gmamÀ`mMQ>Š`m_wio VwH$mam_m§Zm Oer {daŠVr Amcr Ver Vr àË oH$mcmM oVo Ago Zmhr. VwH$mam_m§Zr nwÝhm

6

ì`mnma H$amdm Agm CnXoe AZoH$m§Zr VwH$mo~m§Zm Ho$cm nU VwH$mo~m§Zr Ë`mH$S>o Xwc©j Ho$co. CcQ> nwÝhmAmnë`m hmVyZ gmdH$mar qH$dm _hmOZH$s hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ na§namJV IVnÌm§À`m dmQ>Ê`m Ho$ë`m. EH$dmQ>m Amncm ^mD$ H$mÝhmo~mcm {Xcm d ñdV…À`m dmQ>UrMr gd© IVnÌo B§ÐmÙr ZXrV ~wS>dyZ Q>mH$cr.

Amnco {MÎm na_mWm©H$S>o di{dVmZm VwH$mam_m§Zm IynM à`mg nS>co. Vo åhUVmV-

""amÌr{Xdg Amåhm wÕmMm àg§JŸ& A§V~m©ø OJ Am{U _ZŸ&

Ordmhr AmJmoO nS>Vr AmKmVŸ& oD${Z`m {ZË` {ZË` H$arŸ&''

Amnë`m nmoicoë`m {MÎmmMr VJ_J em§V ìhmdr åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr VrWm©Q>Z Ho$co, nU H$mhrCn`moJ Pmcm Zmhr. eodQ>r "{dÇ>cZm_' hoM Ë`m§Zr Amnco Ü o {ZpíMV Ho$co. ""VwQ>mo ho _ñVH$, \w$Q>moho earaŸ& Zm_mMm JOa gmoSy> Z oŸ&'' Ago Ë`m§Zr R>a{dco.

AZmgŠV ~wÕrZo {dhrV H$_} H$arV {dÇ>cZm_mÀ`m JOamV ^ŠVrMm _im g§gmamV \w$c{dÊ`mMoË`m§Zr R>a{dco. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mH$S>o {eëcH$ Agcoë`m Ðì`mVyZ {dœ§ a~m~m§Zr ~m§Ycoë`m {dÇ>c_§{XamMm OrUm}Õma Ho$cm. g§gmamMm JmS>m KgaUrcm cmJyZ VwH$mo~m H$O©~mOmar hmoV Mmcco hmoVo.H$O©Xma Xmamer YaUo Yê$ cmJco. Ë`m_wio {OOmB© d VwH$mo~m `m§À`mV ^m§S>Uo hmoD$ cmJcr. {df`mMmË`mJ Ho$ë`m{edm` na_mW© gmYV Zmhr Agm àH$me Ë`m§À`m A§V…H$aUmV nS>cm. J¥hË`mJmMm {dMmaË`m§À`m _ZmV ~imdV Mmccm. g§gmamVrc Xw…I, OZqZXm, A§Jr oV Agcocr AZmgŠV d¥Îmr `m§_wioVwH$mo~m§Zr Ka gmoS>co Am{U XohÿOdi AgUmè`m ^m§~{Jar ZmdmÀ`m S>m|Jamda nma_m{W©H$ qMVZmgmR>r Vo{ZKyZ Joco.

^m§~{Jarda {dÇ>c qMVZmV Ë`m§Mm gd©H$mi OmV Ago. n§Yam {XdgmVM Ë`m§Zm {ZamH$ma ñdê$nmV{dÇ>cmMm gmjmËH$ma Pmcm. B©ídamÀ`m àmßVrgmR>r g§V_h§Vm§Mr dMZo _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVmV åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§ZrkmZXod, Zm_Xod, EH$ZmW BË`mXtMr dMZo _ZZnyd©H$ Aä`mgcr. kmZoœar d EH$ZmWr ^mJdVmMrnmamÙo Ho$cr. Z§Va JmdmV OmD$Z Vo ÔZ-H$sV©Z H$ê$ cmJco. XodnyOm, EH$mXerd«V, J«§WnR>U,H$sV©Z, Zm_ñ_aU `m§VyZ Ë`m§Mr AmÜ`mpË_H$ gmYZm gwê$ Pmcr. A§Va§JmVrc _{cZ d¥ÎmtMm Zme hmoD$Z`mo½`mcm Amdí`H$ Ë`mJ d em§Vr ho JwU VwH$mo~m§À`m A§Jr ~mUy cmJco. Aer nma_m{W©H$ {gÕVm hmoVmMË`m§Zm ñdßZm_Ü o Jwê$nXoe Pmcm.

VwH$mam_m§Zm Jwê$nXoe H$Yr Pmcm `m~m~V g§emoYH$mV EH$_V Zmhr. VgoM VwH$mo~m§Mo Jwê$ ~m~mOrM¡VÝ` hmoVo H$s ñdV… VwH$mo~mM ñdV…Mo Jwê$ hmoVo, `m~m~Vhr _V{^ÝZVm AmT>iVo. VwH$mo~m§Zm Jwê$nXoeH$gm Pmcm `m~Ôc Ë`m§Mm EH$ A §J à{gÕ Amho.

""gX²Jwê$am o H¥$nm _O Ho$crŸ& nar Zmhr KS>cr godm H$mhrŸ&&1&&

gmnS>{dco dmQ>o OmVm J§JmñZmZmŸ& _ñVH$s Vmo OmUm R>o{dcm H$aŸ&&2&&

7

^moOZm _mJVr Vyn nmdeoaŸ& n{S>cm {dga ñdßZm_mOrŸ&&3&&

H$mhr H$io CnOcm A§Vam`Ÿ& åhUmo{Z`m H$m` Ëdam OmcrŸ&&4&&

amKdM¡VÝ` Ho$edM¡VÝ`Ÿ& gm§{JVcr IyU _m{iHo$MrŸ&&5&&

~m~mOr Amnco gm§{JVco Zm_Ÿ& _§Ì {Xcm am_H¥$îUharŸ&&6&&

_mK ewÕ Xe_r nmhþ{Z JwédmaŸ& Ho$cm A§JrH$ma VwH$m åhUoŸ&&7&&

_mK ewÕ Xe_r, Jwédma, eHo$ 1561 amoOr ~m~mOr M¡VÝ` `m§À`mH$Sy>Z VwH$mo~m§Zm "am_H¥$îU har'`m fS>mjar _§ÌmMm AZwJ«h Pmcm. `mdoir VwH$mo~m§Mo d` 32-33 dfmªMo Agmdo. VwH$mo~m J§JmñZmZmcm{ZKmco AgVm ~m~mOr M¡VÝ`m§Zr Amncm H¥$nmhñV Ë`m§À`m _ñVH$s R>odcm d Ë`m§Zm YÝ` Ho$co. Jwê$À`mñnem©Zo VwH$mo~m§Zm VëcrZVm àmßV Pmcr Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo Ho$edM¡VÝ` åhUOoM~m~mOr hmoV. Ë`mH$mir gmYy§Zm Vyn XoÊ`mMr àWm hmoVr. Ë`mZwgma ~m~mOtZr nmdeoa Vyn _m§{JVco nUVëcrZ VwH$mo~m Vyn XoD$ eH$co ZmhrV. Amnë`m hmVyZ H$mhrM Jwê$godm KS>cr Zmhr `mMr MwQ>nwQ>VwH$mam_m§À`m _Zmcm cmJcr. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo hr KQ>Zm AmoVyacm KS>cr. S>m°. Am. h. gmiw§Io`m§Zr Amnë`m "{dÐmohr VwH$mam_' `m J«§WmVrc "H$moUr Jwê$ Zmhr, H$moUr {eî` Zmhr' `m àH$aUmVVwH$mam_m§Zm ~m~mOr ZmdmMm H$moUrhr Jwê$ ZìhVm ho {gÕ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. S>m°. gmiw§»`m§À`m_Vo VwH$mam_m§Zr gmjmV nm§Sw>a§JmcmM Amncm Jwê$ _mZco hmoVo. na§Vw ~hþg§»` Aä`mgH$ Am{U dmaH$argm§àXm{`H$ _mÌ ~m~mOr M¡VÝ`m§Zm VwH$mam_m§Mo Jwê$ _mZVmV.

na_mW©gmYZoVrc `mZ§VaMr nwT>rc nm`ar åhUOo eHo$ 1562 _Ü o VwH$mo~m§Zm Pmcocr H${dËdñ\y$Vuhmo . VwH$mo~m§À`m R>m`r _yiMm H${dËdmMm Pam hmoVmM. Ë`mV gX²Jwê$À`m nargñnem©Zo

""A§VarMo Ymdo ñd^mdo ~mhoarŸ& Amd[aVm n[a AmdaoZmŸ&&''

Aer VwH$mo~m§Mr AdñWm Pmcr. `mg§X^m©V ñdV… VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-

""Zm_Xodo Ho$co ñdßZm_mOr OmJoŸ& gdo nm§Sw>a§Jo oD${Z`mŸ&

gm§{JVco H$m_ H$amdo H${dËdŸ& dmD$Jo {Z{_Îm ~mocmo ZH$moŸ&

à_mUm§Mr g§»`m gm§Jo eVH$moQ>rŸ& Caco eodQ>r cmdr VwH$mŸ&&'

`m A §Jmdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s ñdV… Zm_Xodm§Zr àË`j nm§Sw>a§Jmgdo VwH$mo~m§À`m ñdßZmV oD$ZVwH$mo~m§Zm H$mì` H$aÊ`mMr Amkm Ho$cr. dmñV{dH$ nm§Sw>a§JmZo Zm_Xodm§Zm eVH$moQ>r A §J H$aÊ`mMr AmkmHo$cr hmoVr. nU Vr Anwar am{hë`mZo Cd©[aV A §JaMZoMo H$m © VwH$mo~m§H$S>o Amco. VwH$mo~m§À`m R>m`rCnOV à{V^m hmoVr. {Vcm AÜ``Z, nmam`U Am{U ÑT> à`ËZm§Mo ~i {_imco. VemVM JrVm Am{U^mJdV `m J«§Wm§Mm VwH$mam_m§Mm ì`mg§J JmT>m hmoVm.

8

hiyhiy H$sV©Z, àdMZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ VwH$mo~m§Mr A §JdmUr cmoH$_mZgmV ê$Oy cmJcr. VwH$mam_m§Monma_m{W©H$ ê$n cmoH$m§da à^md nmSy> cmJco, Ë`m_wio VwH$mo~m§À`m ^modVr ^m{dH$m§Mm _oim O_y cmJcm.ñdm^m{dH$nUo XohÿVrc _§~mOr~modm§gmaIr H$_©R> _§S>ir Ë`m§Mm Ûof H$ê$ cmJcr. hm eyÐ H$dr ^{ŠVn§WmMmàgma H$ê$Z doX~mø AY_m©MaU H$aVmo Am{U BVam§H$Sy>Z H$a{dVmo Agm Amamon VwH$mam_m§da R>odÊ`mVAmcm. JmdÀ`m nmQ>cmZo ho àH$aU Ý`m`mc`mV Zoco. Voìhm Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m {ZU© mZwgma Amnë`mA §JmÀ`m døm B§ÐmÙrÀ`m S>mohmV ~wS>{dÊ`mMo {Xì` VwH$mam_m§Zm H$amdo cmJco. cmoH$gmjrZo AmncoH$mì` Ooìhm VwH$mo~m§Zr B§ÐmÙrV ~wS>{dco Voìhm VwH$mo~m§À`m OrdZmMo à`moOZM OUy H$mhr g§nco. Aem{Zdm©UrÀ`m àg§Jr VwH$mam_m§Zr àË`j nm§Sw>a§JmcmM gmH$S>o KmVco. AÝZnmÊ`m{dZm VwH$mam_m§Zr B§ÐmÙrH$mR>rVoam {Xdg {Zdm©U _m§S>co. àM{cV Am»`m{`Ho$Zwgma ~mc_yVuÀ`m ê$nmV {dÇ>cmZo VwH$mo~m§Zm Xe©Z {Xcod A §Jm§À`m døm OemÀ`m Vem H$moaS>çm ñdê$nmV H$mTy>Z {Xë`m. KQ>Zm H$moUVrhr KS>cocr Agmo,VwH$mo~m§Mo A §J B§ÐmÙrV ~wS>mco Var Vo cmoH$J§JoZo nwÝhm Vmaco. na§Vw Amnë`m H$m_mgmR>r AmnU^Jd§Vmcm H$îQ> {Xco `mMo VwH$mo~m§Zm \$ma Xw…I Pmco. VwH$mo~m§Zm Oc{Xì` H$amd`mg cmdUmè`mam_oœa^Å>m§Zm _mÌ `m KQ>Zo_wio CnaVr Pmcr Am{U Vo VwH$mam_m§Zm eaU Joco d VwH$mo~m§Mo EH${ZîR> ^ŠV~Zco.

{edmOr amOm§gma»`m gV²àd¥Îm amOmcm VwH$mo~m§À`m oQ>rMr CËgwH$Vm dmQ>ë`mg Zdc ZìhVo.VwH$mam_m§Zr H$m_-H«$moY nyU©nUo qOH$co hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo OrdZ {damJr, {Z[aÀN> hmoVo. VwH$mo~m§Mr H$sVu{edamOm§À`m H$mZr Joë`mda amOm§Zr VwH$mam_m§Zm gÝ_m{ZV H$aÊ`mgmR>r AãXm{Jar, KmoS>m d g§nÎmrnmR>{dcr. ho gd© gm{hË` VwH$mam_m§Zr naV Va nmR>dcoM nU CÎmamXmIc Oo 14 A §J {chÿZ nmR>dco,Ë`mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mr {Z…ñn¥hVm, {Z[aÀN>Vm ñnîQ> C_Q>cr Amho. `mn¡H$s EH$m A §JmV VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

Vwåhm§nmer Amåhr oD${Z`m§ H$m`,

d¥Wm grU Amho MmcÊ`mMm.

_mJmdo ho AÝZ Var {^jm Wmoa,

dñÌmgr ho Wma qMÜ`m {~Xr.

{ZÐogr AmgZ CÎm_ nmfU

dar AmdaU AmH$memMo.-------------------VwH$m åhUo Vwåhr lr_§V _mZmMo

nyduM X¡dmMo h[a^ŠV

amOmcm oQ>VmZm gm_mÝ` _mUgmcm AmZ§X hmoVmo nU VwH$mo~m§Zr _mÌ Z_«nUo hr oQ> ZmH$macr._mJrc OÝ_r Vwåhr h[a^ŠV hmoVm åhUyZ Vwåhr AmO amOo AmhmV Agm VwH$mo~m§Zr {edam`m§Mm ømA §JmV Jm¡ad Ho$cm Amho.

9

Oc{Xì`mÀ`m àg§JmVyZ èñdr arVrZo ~mhoa nS>ë`mda gmjmËH$mar g§V åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§Mr H$sVugd©Ì ngacr. "OoWo OmVmo VoWoŸ& Vy _mPm gm§JmVr'. hm AZw d Ë`m§Zm oD$ cmJcm.

"{dîUw_` OJ, d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ& oXm oX «_ A_§Ji' Aer Ë`m§Mr ^mdZm Pmcr.

"VwH$m åhUo AmVmŸ& Cacmo CnH$mamnwaVm' Aer OmUrd Ë`m§À`m R>m`r {Z_m©U Pmcr.

""AUwaoUw m WmoH$S>mŸ& VwH$m AmH$memEdT>mŸ&

{Jiw{Z gm§{S>co H${idaŸ& ^d «_mMm AmH$maŸ&

gm§{S>cr {ÌnwQ>rŸ& Xrn COicm KQ>t''

Agm AmË_gmjmËH$ma VwH$mo~m§Zm Pmcm. AUwaoUynojmhr WmoH$S>m Agm VwH$m "AmH$memEdT>m' Pmcm Am{U\$mëJwZ dÚ {ÛVr`m eHo$ 1573 amoOr VwH$mo~m§Zr `m OJmMm {Zamon KoVcm.

VwH$mo~m§À`m {Zdm©Uàg§Jm~Ôc {Za{Zamir _V_Vm§Vao AmhoV.

1.3.4 VwH$mo~m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ OrdZ (gmYH$-gmjmËH$mar-{gÕ)

gm§gm[aH$ Xw…ImZo nmoicocm EH$ gd©gm_mÝ` _mUyg gmjmËH$mamÀ`m g§VËdmÀ`m nXdrg H$gmMT>cm `mMm AmcoI nmhUo åhUOoM VwH$mo~m§Mo nma_m{W©H$ OrdZ nmhUo hmo . VwH$mo~m§À`m OrdZmMo XmoZ{d^mJ nS>coco Amnë`mcm {XgVmV; 1. VwH$mo~m§Mm OÝ_, ~mcnU, {ddmh, VwH$mo~m§da Pmcoco gm§gm[aH$AmKmV Am{U 2. gmYH$mdñWonmgyZ {gÕmdñWon ªVMm àdmg. ñdV…Mo AmB©~mn, ^mdO`, nËZr, _wcJm`m§À`m _¥Ë w_wio VwH$mam_ A{Ve` H$îQ>r Pmco. XwîH$mimV hOmamo _mUgo VS>\$Sy>Z àmU gmoS>VmZm Vo nmhmVhmoVo. _mZdr OrdZmMr namdc§{~Vm, X¡dmYrZVm d jU §JwaVm nmhÿZ VwH$mo~m§Zm `m àn§MmMm drQ> Amcm.`m AmnÎmrVyZ AmnU ~mhoa nS>y Aer Amem Ë`m§Zm dmQ>oZm Am{U ho gd© Q>mHy$Z {ZKyZ Omdo Ago Ë`m§ZmdmQy> cmJco. gm§gm[aH$ AmnÎmr_wio Amcoco ho d¡am½` "^mJdV nwamUmVrc ^ŠVrMm' nJS>m _Zmda~gë`m_wio A{YH$M ÑT> Pmco. {gÕmdñWoV g§gma d OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr ÑîQ>r Oar ~XccrVar ñdV…À`m gm§gm[aH$ OrdZmH$S>o Ë`m§Zr nwT>rc H$mimV \$mago cj H$YrM {Xco Zmhr. gmYH$mdñWoVrcAZoH$ A §JmV Ë`m§Zr `m d¡am½`mMo _hÎd gm§{JVco d g_W©Z Ho$co-

""OoUo KS>o ZmamÙr A§Vam`Ÿ& hmoV ~mn _m` dOm©dr VrŸ&''

Á`m_wio ZmamÙ A§Vaoc Vo àË`j AmB©~mn Agco Var Q>mH$mdo, Ago VwH$mo~m åhUVmV. Amnco^{ŠVào_ ÑT> ìhmdo, ~wÕr {ZîH$m_ ìhmdr åhUyZ _r Ka gmoSy>Z amZmV OmVmo Ago gm§JyZ Amnë`m Xw…IXAdñWoMo dU©Z VwH$mo~m nwT>rc eãXm§V H$aVmV-

""gdmª{der _mPm Ìmgcmgo OrdŸ& AmVm H$moU ^md {ZdS>o EH$Ÿ&

g§gmamMr _O Z gmho{M dmVm©Ÿ& AmUrH$ åhUVm _mPo H$moUrŸ&&''

10

nma_m{W©H$ ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aVm gm§gm[aH$ AmnÎmr åhUOo VwH$mo~m§Zm BîQ>mnÎmrM dmQ>cr. Vo åhUVmV-

"~ao Pmco Xodm {ZKmco {XdmioŸ& ~ar `m XwîH$mio nrS>m Ho$cr &

AZwVmno VwPo am{hco qMVZŸ& Omcm hm d_Z g§dgmaŸ&

~ao Omco Xodm ~mB©c H$H©$emŸ& ~ar ho XwX©em OZm_Ü oŸ&

~ao Omco OJr nmdcmo An_mZŸ& ~ao Joco YZ T>moao JwaoŸ&

~ao Omco Zmhr Y[acr cmoH$cmOŸ& ~am Amcmo VwO eaU XodmŸ&

~ao Omco VwPo Ho$co XodmB©cŸ& coH$ao ~mB©c Cno{jcrŸ&

VwH$m åhUo ~ao d«V EH$mXerŸ& Ho$co Cndmgr OmJaUŸ&&''

VwH$mo~m§Zm Ago dmQy> cmJco H$s g§gmamV _Zmcm g_mYmZ {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio XodmMo Xe©Z Xwc©hmoVo. AmË_{hVmMm KmV H$aUmè`m g§gmam_wio Zmam`UmMr d Amncr MwH$m_yH$ hmoVo ho cjmV oD$ZVwH$mo~m§Zm g§gmam{df`r d¡am½` àmßV hmoD$Z Vo ^ŠVrH$S>o dico. `m AdñWoV na_mW© gmonmZmÀ`m {ddoH$Am{U d¡am½` `m n{hë`m XmoZ nm`è`m VwH$mo~m§Zr Amocm§S>ë`m.

d`mÀ`m 21-22 ì`m dfm©n ªV àn§MmMo A{ZË`Ëd Ë`m§Zr AZw dco. _mÌ gm_mÝ` _mUgmgmaIoVwH$mo~m hVme Pmco ZmhrV. àn§MmH$S>o nmR> {\$adyZ OrdZmMm na_ AW© emoYÊ`mMm d AZw dÊ`mMm ÑT>{Zü` Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm, `mVM VwH$mo~m§Mo Agm_mÝ`Ëd gm_mdco Amho. nma_m{W©H$ gmYZm d g§emoYZH$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$mhr H$mi EH$m§Vdmg nËH$acm, AmË_qMVZ Ho$co. d¡am½`mÀ`m Ádmcoda Amnco earaYaco. CnmgZm d Aä`mgmV Oamhr Hw$MamB© Ho$cr Zmhr. ñdV…H$S>o H$_mcrMm H$_rnUm KoD$Z _rnUmda_mV Ho$cr. hiyhiy ~«÷mZ§XmMo gwI AZw dÊ`mg VwH$mo~m§Zr gwédmV Ho$cr. nma_m{W©H$ CÝZVrMm _mJ©gmnS>ë`mda VwH$mo~m åhUy cmJco-

""d¥jdëcr Amåhm gmo ar dZMaoŸ& njrhr gwñdao Ami{dVr

oUo gwIo éMo EH$m§VmMm dmgŸ& Zmhr JwUXmof A§Jm oV

AmH$me _§S>n n¥{Wdr AmgZŸ& a_o VoWo _Z H«$sS>m H$ar

H§$Wm H$_§S>cy Xoh CnMmamŸ& OmU{dVmo dmam Adgê$

h[aH$Wm ^moOZ nadS>r {dñVmaŸ& H$amo{Z àH$ma gody éMr

VwH$m åhUo hmo _Zmgr g§dmXŸ& Amnwcm {M dmX AmnUmgr''

g§gmamMm ^ma Xodmda, YmH$Q>çm ^mdmda d nËZrda gmondyZ VwH$mo~m {dÇ>c^ŠVrÀ`m _mJm©H$S>odico. Zd{dYm ^ŠVrn¡H$s nmXgodZ, AM©Z, d§XZ Am{U Xmñ` ho ^ŠVrMo Mma àH$ma Vo H$ê$ cmJco.Ë`m§Mm Iam ^a H$sV©Zmda hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>r g§VdMZm§Mm Aä`mg Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm. XodmÀ`m ApñVËdmda

11

{dídmg hmoVm nU AmVm àË`j Xod nmhÊ`mMm d Ë`mÀ`mer g»` OmoS>Ê`mMm {ZíM` Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm-

""~mocmdm {dÇ>c nhmdm {dÇ>cŸ& H$amdm {dÇ>c Ord^mdŸ&

oUo gmogo _Z Omco hm§dârŸ& naVr _mKmar oV ZmhrŸ&

~§YZmnmgy{Z CH$ccr Jm§R>rŸ& XoVm Amcr {_R>r gmdH$meoŸ&

VwH$m åhUo Xoh âcm {dÇ>coŸ& H$m_H«$moYo Ho$co Ka [aVoŸ&&''

Aer Ë`m§Mr pñWVr Pmcr. ^ŠVr_mJm©Mm dmQ>gê$ Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocr n{hcr _hÎdmMr JmoîQ>åhUOo gmdH$marÀ`m ì`dgm`mV cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {chÿZ KoVcocr Amnë`m dmQ>UrMr H$O©IVo d JhmUIVoB§ÐmÙrV ~wS>dyZ Q>mH$cr d AmgŠVrÀ`m EH$m nmemVyZ Vo _wŠV Pmco. O_oc Ë`m _mJm©Zo Amnco earanamonH$mamW© {POdy cmJco. g§gmaVmnmZo nmoicoco VwH$mo~m na_oœamÀ`m Xe©ZmH$[aVm Vi_iy cmJco.

"H$Ý`m gmgwè`m§{g Om oŸ& _mJo naVmoZr nmho.

V¡go Omc| _mÂ`m OrdmŸ& H$Yr oQ>gr Ho$edm.

MwH$cr`m _m oŸ& ~mi hþé hþê$ nmho.

OrdZmdoJir _mgmoirŸ& V¡gm VwH$m Vi_ir.'

`mgma»`m A §JmVyZ Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrc VS>\$S> d H$méÊ` àH$Q> Pmco Amho. Ooìhm na_oídamMo Xe©ZcdH$a hmoB©Zm Voìhm Ë`mÀ`mda {MS>coë`m VwH$mo~m§Zr {dÇ>cmcm MmoaQ>m, qeXi, ^madmhr, {ZcmOam AerXyfUohr ào_mnmoQ>r {Xcr AmhoV.

B©ídaXe©Zm{edm` OrdZ OJÊ`mV AW© Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQy> cmJco hmoVo. amÌ§{Xdg B©ídaXe©ZmMmMÜ`mg Ë`m§Zr KoVcm hmoVm Am{U AmVm VwH$mo~m§À`m ^ŠVrcm è {_iÊ`mMr {MÝho hiyhiy {Xgy cmJcr.gmjmËH$mamMr doi Odi Amë`mMr {MÝho OmUdy cmJcr. Am{X, _Ü`, A§V AgUmè`m `m {dídmÀ`m^modVr EH$m CÀM AmgZmda Xod ~gcm Amho Ago Ë`m§Zm ^mgo. Ë`m_wio EH$mEH$s ^mdmê$T> Pmcoë`m Ë`mAdñWoV gd©Ì XodM âcm Amho, Ë`m harÀ`m KamV AmnU H$m|S>co Jocmo AmhmoV, harZo Amnë`m OrdmMrAXcm~Xc H$ê$Z OrdmcmM h[aê$n Ho$co Amho Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQy> cmJco; Am{U EH$m _§Jc {Xder Á`mXe©ZmMr Vo CËH§$R>oZo dmQ> nmhmV hmoVo, Vo Anyd© Xe©Z Ë`m§Zm KS>co. `m gmjmËH$mam_wio VwH$mo~m§ZmA{Zd©MZr` AmZ§X Pmcm. earamda AîQ> gmpÎdH$ ^md XmQ>co. OJmÀ`m AmH$mamMm A§Yma ZmhrgmhmoD$Z gd©Ì Ydc VoO {Xgy cmJco. Am{U -

""AmZ§XmMo S>mohr AmZ§XVa§JŸ& AmZ§X{M A§J AmZ§XmMo

H$m` gm§Jmo Omco H$mhr{M`m ~mhrŸ& nwT>o Mmcr Zmhr AmdS>rZoŸ&&''

Aer Ë`m§Mr AdñWm Pmcr. AUwaoUynojmhr chmZ AgUmao VwH$mo~m AmH$memEdT>o {demc Pmco._ZmVrc gÎd-aO-V_ hr {ÌnwQ>r Zmhrer Pmcr, A§Va§JmVrc M¡VÝ`mMm Xrn COicm. B©œamMo gmjmV

12

Xe©Z ìhmdo hr BÀN>m nyU© Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr Vi_i Zmhrer hmoD$Z em§Vr àmßV Pmcr, H¥$VH¥$Ë`Pmë`mgmaIo dmQ>co. `m H¥$VH¥$Ë`VoÀ`m nmoQ>r

""`mOgmR>r Ho$cm hmoVm AÅ>mhmgŸ& eodQ>Mm {Xg JmoS> ìhmdm''

Ago CX²Jma Ë`m§À`m Vm|Sy>Z oD$ cmJco.

gmjmËH$mamZ§Va VwH$mo~m§À`m OrdZmV Am_ycmJ« n[adV©Z Pmco. ñdV…MoM _aU Am{U nwZO©Ý_Ë`m§Zr nm{hcm. Xoh åhUOo _r hm Xohmh§H$ma ZîQ> Pmcm. `m XohmMr amI hmoD$Z Jwê$H¥$noZo gmjmËH$mamMmXrn COicm. OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr VwH$mo~m§Mr ÑîQ>r ~Xccr. gmYH$mdñWo_Ü o AgVmZm Hw$Q>rcì`dhma, OrdZ d g§gmamcm {dQ>coco VwH$mo~m ho gd© gmoSy>Z dZmV Omdo Ago åhUV hmoVo; nU AmVmg§gmamV d BVaÌhr gd© JmoqdXM ^acocm Amho Ago Ë`m§À`m cjmV Amco d OrdZm{df`r Ë`m§Zm JmoS>rCËnÝZ Pmcr. Amnë`mcm àmßV Pmcocm AmZ§X JmoqdXmMr JrVo JmD$Z BVam§Zmhr Úmdm Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQy>cmJco.

""OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUm g§Vm§À`m {d yVrŸ& Xoh H$îQ>{dVr CnH$mao

yVm§Mr X`m ho ^m§S>dc g§VmŸ& Amnwcr __Vm Zmhr Xohr

VwH$m åhUo gwI nam{d`m gwIoŸ& A_¥V ho _wIo òdVgoŸ&&''

Aer Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m ~Zcr; Amm{U JrVoZo gm§{JVcocm "kmZmoÎma H$_© moJ' Vo AmMê$ cmJco. ñdV…À`mBÀN>ogh Amnco gd© OrdZ Ë`m§Zr B©ídamcm An©U Ho$co Am{U B©ída Oer àoaUm XoB©c Ë`mà_mUodmJÊ`mMo d Vmo R>odoc Vgo amhÊ`mMo VwH$mo~m§Zr R>a{dco.

1.4 eãXmW© Am{U Q>rnm

l g§V ~{hUm~mB© - VwH$mam_m§Mr {eî`m (B.g. 1628 Vo 1700)

l CÝ_ycZ H$aUo - CISy>Z Q>mH$Uo

l AmJmoO - ^`§H$a, _moR>o

l d_Z - AmoH$mar

l H§$Wm - Km|JS>r

l nadS>r - àH$ma

l _§~mOr - XohÿVrc VwH$mam_mMm EH$ H$Å>a {damoYH$, EH$ H$_©R> gZmVZr

l am_oœa^Å> - dmKmocr (nwUo) oWrc amhUmao, doXemñÌg§nÝZ n§{S>V. àma§ r VwH$mam_m§Mo{damoYH$. na§Vw VwH$mo~m§À`m Oc{Xì`mZ§Va VwH$mam_m§Mo EH${ZîR> {eî` ~Zco.

13

1.5 g_mamon

EH$m coIH$mMm Aä`mg `m Aä`mgn{ÌHo$Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm _Ü` wJrZ H$mcI§S>mVrc "VwH$mam_'`m coIH$mMm Aä`mg AmnU H$arV AmhmoV. hm Aä`mg H$aVmZm VwH$mam_ hr ì`ŠVr Am{U VwH$mam_m§ModmL²>_` `m§Mm Aä`mg Amnë`mcm H$am`Mm Amho. VwH$mam_ hr ì`ŠVr Am{U {VMo dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_ÎdBVHo$ EH$ê$n Pmcoco Amho H$s àW_ VwH$mam_ `m ì`ŠVr~Ôc OmUyZ KoVë`m{edm` VwH$mam_m§À`mH${dVoMm Aä`mg Amnë`mcm H$aVmM oUma Zmhr.

VwH$mam_m§Mo dU©Z dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV "VwH$m Pmcmgo H$ig' Ago Ho$co OmVo. `mMm Zo_H$m AW©Amnë`mcm VoìhmM H$ioc Ooìhm VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVrÀ`m nmœ© y_rda AmnU VwH$mam_m§Mm ì`ŠVr, H$drAm{U g_mOgwYmaH$ åhUyZ {dMma H$ê$. VwH$mam_m§Mo H$m © g_OmdyZ KoD$. ho cjmV KoD$Z `m n{hë`mKQ>H$mV VwH$mo~m§Mm OrdZmcoI AmnU nm{hcm.

hm OrdZmcoI nmhVmZm àW_ VwH$mam_H$mcrZ _hmamîQ> H$gm hmoVm; Ë`mH$miMr amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$,gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVr H$er hmoVr `mMm {dMma Ho$cm. gm§gm[aH$ VwH$mam_ qH$dm VwH$mam_m§Mo cm¡{H$H$ OrdZnmhVmZm VwH$mam_m§Mo Hw$i, VwH$mam_m§Mo ~mcnU d OÝ_, VwH$mam_m§da Pmcoco gm§gm[aH$ AmKmV `m§Mm{dMma Ho$cm. VwH$mam_m§da g§H$Q>m§Mr Or na§nam H$mogicr Ë`m_wioM VwH$mo~m§Mo _Z àn§Mmdê$Z CSy>Zna_mWm©H$S>o dico. cm¡{H$H$ OrdZmH$Sy>Z nma_m{W©H$VoH$S>o VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZmMm àdmg H$gm Pmcm hoVwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZmVrc à_wI KQ>Zm§À`m AmYmao AmnU nm{hco. `m àH$aUmÀ`m AIoarg VwH$mo~m§Monma_m{W©H$ OrdZ "gmYH$-gmjmËH$mar-{gÕ' `m H«$_mZo AmnU nm{hco. `m gd© {ddoMZmVyZ EH$mgm_mÝ` _mUgmMm EH$ gmjmËH$mar g§V H$gm Pmcm ho Amnë`mcm H$iyZ oB©c.

1.6gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

n dñVw{ZîR> àíZ

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m

1. VwH$mam_ ho Zmd H$moUË`m H$mì`àH$mamgmR>r AJ«H«$_mZo KoVco OmVo?

(Amodr/Am`m©/A^§J)

2. "VwH$m Pmcmgo H$ig' ho dU©Z H$moUr Ho$co Amho?

(OZm~mB©Zo/_wŠVm~mB©Zo/~{hUm~mB©Zo)

3. VwH$mam_m§À`m KamÊ`mMo _yi nwê$f H$moU?

(kmZoœa~wdm/{dœ§^a~wdm/{dÇ>cn§V)

14

4. {dœ§ a~wdm§Zr B§Ðm`UrH$mR>r ~m§Ycoco _§{Xa H$moUV?

(am_grVoMo/_méVrMo/{dÇ>c-épŠ_UrMo)

CÎmao : 1. A §J, 2. ~{hUm~mB©, 3. {dœ§ a~wdm, 4. {dÇ>c-épŠ_UrMo

~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.

1. VwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_ n§T>anyacm Pmcm.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m _moR>çm ^mdmMo Zmd H$mÝhmo~m hmoVo.

3. VwH$mo~m§À`m AmB©Mo Zmd H$ZH$mB© hmoVo.

4. VwH$mo~m§Mr n{hcr nËZr X_oH$ar hmoVr.

CÎmao : 1. MyH$, 2. MyH$, 3. ~amo~a, 4. ~amo~a.

H$) Jmicoë`m OmJm ^am.

1. VwH$mo~m§À`m YmH$Q>çm ^mdmMo Zmd ................ hmoVo.

2. ................. hm VwH$mam_m§Mm _moR>m ^mD$ hmo`.

3. VwH$mo~m§Mm _moR>m _wcJm ................. XwîH$mimV _aU nmdcm.

4. VwH$mo~m§Zm ................ H${dËd H$aÊ`mMr Amkm {Xcr.

CÎmao : 1. H$mZ~m qH$dm H$mÝhmo~m, 2. gmdOr, 3. g§Vy, 4. Zm_Xodm§Zr

S>) `mo½` OmoS>çm Owidm.

A ~

1. VwH$mo~m§Mm OÝ_eH$ 1) eHo$ 1540

2. _hmamîQ´>mV XwîH$mi 2) eHo$ 1573

3. VwH$mo~m§Zm JwénXoe 3) eHo$ 1530

4. VwH$mo~m§Mo {Z`m©U 4) eHo$ 1550

5) eHo$ 1561

CÎmao : 1 - 3, 2 - 4, 3 - 5, 4 - 2

15

B) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. VwH$mo~m§Mm OÝ_ H$moUË`m Jmdr Pmcm?

2. VwH$mo~m§À`m YmH$Q>çm _wcmMo Zmd H$m`?

3. àma§ r VwH$mo~m§Mo {damoYH$ AgyZ Z§Va Ë`m§Mm {eî` ~Zcoë`m ì`ŠVrMo Zmd H$m`?

4. EH$m§VdmgmgmR>r VwH$mo~m H$moUË`m S>m|Jamda OmV?

CÎmao : 1. Xohÿ, 2. Zmam`U, 3. am_oœa^Å>, 4. ^m§~{Jar

n XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_m§Mo M[aÌ Vw_À`m eãXm§V {chm.

2. VwH$mo~m H$moUË`m H$maUm_wio ^ŠVr_mJm©H$S>o dico Vo gm§JyZ VwH$mo~m§À`m nma_m{W©H$ OrdZmMmAmT>mdm ¿`m.

n cKwÎmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_H$mcrZ _hmamîQ´´>mVrc amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

2. VwH$mam_m§Mo cm¡{H$H$ OrdZ WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ> H$am.

n Q>rnm {chm

1. VwH$mo~m§darc H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ AmnÎmr

2. VwH$mam_m§Zm Pmcocm Jwê$nXoe

1.7A{YH$ dmMZ

1. _amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg (I§S> Xwgam : ^mJ Xwgam) g§nm. g. J§. _mceo (_hmamîQ´>gm{hË` n[afX àH$meZ, nwUo)

2. àmMrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg : c. am. Z{gam~mXH$a (\$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya)

3. gmjmËH$mar g§V VwH$mam_ : S>m°. e§. Xm. n|S>go (H$m±{Q>Z|Q>c àH$meZ, nwUo)

4. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMr àñWmZÌ`r : S>m°. _wHw§$X XmVma (ñZohc àH$meZ, nwUo)

5. VwH$mam_ : ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o (gmHo$V àH$meZ)

6. g§VH$dr VwH$mam_ EH$ qMVZ : S>m°. {Z_©cHw$_ma \$S>Hw$co (_ohVm npãcqeJ hmD$g)

16

7. g§V VwH$mam_ - {dÚmdmMñnVr e§H$a dmgwXod Aä §H$a (Am{XË` à{VîR>mZ)

8. {dÐmohr VwH$mam_ - S>m°. Am. h. gmiw§Io (amH$oe gmiw§Io)

9. VwH$mam_ Xe©Z - S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao (JmO àH$meZ)

1.8 CnH«$_

l "g§V VwH$mam_' hm {MÌnQ> nmhm.

l "VwH$m Pmcm nm§Sw>a§J' hr ^m. X. Ioa `m§Mr H$mX§~ar dmMm.

l "VwH$m Pmcmgo H$ig' ho g. H¥$. Omoer `m§Zr {c{hcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo c{cV M[aÌ dmMm.

ooo

17

KQ>H$ : 2

VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm


2.1 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo ! "VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm' `m KQ>H$mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmg nwT>rc C{ÔîQ>ogmÜ` H$aVm `oVrc.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jg¥îQ>rMm n[aM` hmoB©c. Ë`mVrc {d{dYVm H$ioc.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVm§À`m àoaUm cjmV oVrc.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jg¥îQ>rMo dmL²>_`rZ {deof C_JVrc.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc AZw d{dídmMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c.

l g§V VwH$mam_ ho Agm_mÝ` H$dr H$go AmhoV, Vo g_Ooc.

2.2 àmñVm{dH$

g§V VwH$mam_ ho _amR>r g§V gm{hË`mcm cm^coco _oUmhÿZ _D$ Am{U dO«mnojm H$R>moa Ago~hþAm`m_r ZoV¥Ëd hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m A§Va§JmV ^mdVa§J C_Q>VmV, Vo ^ŠVrÀ`m a§JmV ÝhmdyZ {ZKVmV Am{UVo ñdV…M A §J hmoD$Z OmVmV. Ë`m§Mo A §J {dÇ>c ^ŠVrÀ`m J§YmMo OVZ H$aVmZm ^{ŠVagmVAmocoqM~ hmoVmV. _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gÎderc AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o VwH$mo~mam`m§Mr A §JdmUr _Z…nyV{dhma H$aVo Amho. åhUyZM ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o åhUVmV, ""Jocr gmS>oVrZ eVHo$ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§da VwH$mam_mMm {dcjU O~a Agm à^md nS>cm Amho. Xya Xya ngacoë`mIoS>çmnmS>çm§Vrc KamKam§V VwH$mam_mMm A §J EoHy$ oVmo, BVH$m Ë`mZo Á`mcm Ë`mcm ^ŠVrMm cimcmdcm Amho. VwH$mam_mMm à^md gd©ì`mnr Amho. .... àË oH$ {nT>rZo Ë`mMo A §J gX²J{XV hmoD$ZdmMco. ... VwH$mam_mZ§Va _amR>rVë`m ~hþVoH$ loîR> H$dtZr VwH$mam_mMo F$U _mZco Amho. Ë`mÀ`m ^mfoMmAm{U H$mì`e¡crMm n[aUm_ Z Pmcocm H$dr _amR>rV gmnS>Uo H$R>rU Amho.'' (VwH$mam_ - n¥îR> 91)

A §JaMZm ho VwH$mo~mam`m§À`m OrdZ{ZîR>oMo A{d^mÁ` A§J Amho. {dÇ>c ^ŠVrMo Vo hþH$_r gmYZAmho Va Ë`m§À`m AmË_m{dîH$mamMo Vo à^mdr _mÜ`_ Amho. {dÇ>cmer ~mocVmZm Ë`m§Mr H${dVm H$Yrê$gVo, H$Yr amJmdVo Va H$Yr c{S>dmi hÅ> H$aVmZmhr {XgVo. Ë`m§Mr H${dVm g‚mZmMm, gmYwMm,d¡îUdmMm Jm¡ad H$aVo Va XwO©ZmMm, T>m|Jr gmYwMm, Xm§{^H$m§Mm Vr {YŠH$ma H$aVo. gmYZm H$aVmZmVwH$mo~mam`m§À`m _Zmcm Amcocr {Zamem, Pmcocm d¡VmJ, {_imcocm CËgmh Am{U Pmcocm gmjmËH$maøm {d{dY ^mdmdñWm§Mmhr AmcoI Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ agaerVnUo C_Q>cocm Amho.

18

{dÇ>c^ŠVr, Zr{VY_m©Mm àgma, AdJwUm§da AmKmV, gË`mMm AmJ«h, AmË_m{dîH$ma, AkmZmV~wS>mcoë`m OZVoMm H$idim Am{U ^Jd§VmMr H¥$nm øm VwH$mo~mam`m§À`m H$gXma H$mì`m_mJrc ^ŠH$_àoaUm AmhoV. øm àoaUm§Mm g{dñVa {dMma BWo Amnë`mcm H$amd`mMm Amho.

VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm gw{e{jV Am{U A{e{jV, gm_mÝ` Am{U Agm_mÝ` øm gdmªZmM AmdS>Vo.øm A §JdmUrZo _hmamîQ´>dmUrcm g_¥Õ Ho$co Amho. "H$mo{S>`m§Mo JmoaonUŸ& V¡go Ah§H$mar _Z', "X`m j_mem§VrŸ& VoWo XodmMr dg{V', "OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUm g§Vm§À`m {d yVr', "{ZíM`mMo ~iŸ& VwH$m åhUo Vo{M\$i' Aer {H$VrVar gw m{fVo Ë`m§À`m H${dVo_YyZ {dIwacr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m H${dVo_Yrc AZw d{dídg_¥Õ Amho. VwH$mo~m§Mr A §JdmUr åhUOo EH$m Wmoa {dMmad§VmMr ^mdH${dVm Amho. VerM Vr CnXoenaH${dVmhr Amho. Ord-OJV² Am{U OJXrída `m {VKm§Mmhr doY KoUmar Ë`m§Mr H${dVm Amho. åhUyZMË`m H${dVoVrc AZw d{díd IynM ì`mnH$ Amho. H${dVoVrc gw m{fV_`Vm Am{U g_W© AmË_{dídmg`m§À`m_wio H${dVoMr AmdmhZj_Vm A{YH$M gKZ Pmcr Amho.

dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu (_amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr), {Z_©cHw$_ma \$S>Hw$co (g§VH$dr VwH$mam_ :EH$ qMVZ), e§. Jmo. Vwinwio (nmM g§VH${d), S>m°. A{Zc Jdir (gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_) Aem AZoH$g_rjH$m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm {dñV¥V AmT>mdm KoVcm Amho. AmnUhr oWo VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoÀ`màoaUm§Mm, {deofm§Mm, ì`mßVrMm Am{U AmdmhZj_VoMm {dMma H$ê$.

2.3 {df` {ddoMZ

2.3.1 àoaUm

1633 _Ü o VwH$mam_m§Zm ~m~mOr M¡VÝ`m§Zr ñdßZmV Jwê$nXoe {Xcm. Jwê§$Zr Ë`m§Zm "am_H¥$îU har'hm _§Ì {Xcm. VwH$mam_ YÝ` Pmco. WmoS>çmM {XdgmV Ë`m§Zm H${dËdñ\y$Vu Pmcr. VoìhmnmgyZ Vmo Ë`m§À`m{ZYZmn ªV gmoim gVam df} VwH$mam_ AI§S>nUo A §JaMZm H$arVM am{hco. gm_mÝ`nUo Ë`m§Mo gmS>o MmahOma A §J CncãY AmhoV.

l {dÇ>c : Kar {dÚoMr na§nam Zmhr, AmnUhr \$ma _moR>o emñÌmÜ``Z Ho$coco Zmhr nU Amnë`m_wImVyZ VmpÎdH$ Am{U H$mì`mË_ CX²Jma H$go ~mhoa nS>VmV, `mMo Ë`m§Zm Zdc dmQ>o. {dÇ>cM Amnë`m_wImVyZ ~mocVmo Amho, Aer Ë`m§Mr lÕm hmoVr. "Amnw{c`m ~i| Zmhr _r ~mocVŸ& gIm ^Jd§V dmMmË`mMrŸ&&'' hr Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m hmoVr. "H$[aVmo H${dËd åhUmc ho H$moUrŸ& Zìho _mPr dmUr nXatMrŸ& _m{P owŠVrMm Zìho hm àH$maŸ& _O {díd§ a ~moc{dVmoŸ&&' hr Ë`m§Mr Amnë`m H${dËdm{df`r Z_«VoMr y{_H$m

hmoVr. {dÇ>c hmM Ë`m§Mm gdm©Wm©Zo Jwê$ d Xod hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m H¥$noZoM AmnU ~mocVmo, hm Ë`m§MmH¥$VkVmnyU© ^md hmoVm.

Zm_Xodm§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m ñdßZmV oD$Z Ë`m§Zm H${dËd H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {Xcr. Zm_Xodm§À`m

19

gm§JÊ`mà_mUo eVH$moQ>r A §J H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar VwH$mam_m§da Amcr. "Zm_Xod| Ho$c| ñdßZm_mOr OmJoŸ&gd| nm§Sw>a§Jo oD${Z`m§Ÿ& gm§{JVc| H$m_ H$amdo H${dËdŸ& dmC>Jo {Z{_Ë` ~mocmo ZH$moŸ&&' Zm_Xod Am{Unm§Sw>a§J `m§Mm AmXoe Pmcm Am{U VwH$mam_ A §JaMZm H$ê$ cmJco. VwH$mam_m§ZrM {Xcocr hr H$~wcrAmho. {dÇ>c hm Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMm _ycòmoV Amho. EH$m ~mOyZo H¥$VkVm Va Xwgè`m ~mOyZo crZVm àH$Q>H$aUmar hr ^y{_H$m Amho.

l ^ŠVr : VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jg¥îQ>rMr _w»` àoaUm åhUOo ^ŠVr. VwH$mam_m§Zr {ed Am{U am_Aem X¡dVm§Mrhr ñVwVr Jm{`cr Amho. {dÇ>cmMr ^ŠVr _mÌ Ë`m§Zr {dnwcVoZo Ho$cocr Amho. {dÇ>cm{df`ràJmT> ^{ŠV^md Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Amho. {dÇ>c hm Ë`m§Mm na_oída Amho, gIm Amho, {nVm Amho, _mVmAmho EdToM Zìho Va Vmo {à`H$a AJa d„^ Amho. BVŠ`m {d{dY ê$nm§V VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmcm nmhVmV.Ë`mMo JwUJmZ H$aVmV. Vo åhUVmV;

"Xodm Vy Am_Mm H¥$nmiŸ& ^{ŠVà{Vnmi XrZdËgcŸ&

_m` Vy _mCcr ñZohmiŸ& ^ma gH$i Mmc{dgrŸ&&'

Xodm, Vy H¥$nmiy Amhog. XrZm§Zm dmËgë` XoUmam Amhog. ^ŠVm§Mo nmcZ H$aUmam Amhog. Vy _mCcrAmhog. gH$im§Mm ^ma VyM Mmc{dVmog !

Ë`m§À`m ^ŠVr_Ü o AmoT> Amho, Vrd«Vm Amho. Ë`m§À`m Xohmcm Am{U Ë`mVrc kmZ|{Ð`m§Zm {dÇ>cmMoAmH$f©U Amho. {dÇ>cmMo ê$n JmoS> Amho, Zm_ JmoS> Amho. Ë`mÀ`m nm`mer gd© gwI Amho. VwH$mam_Amnë`m XohmVrc Ad`dm§Zm åhUVmV-

"KoB© _mPo dmMoŸ& JmoS> Zm_ {dR>mo~mMoŸ&&

Vwåhr ¿`m ao S>moio gwIŸ& nmhm {dR>mo~mMo _wIŸ&&

Vwåhr EoH$m ao H$mZŸ& _mÂ`m {dR>mo~mMo JwU &&

_Zm VoWo Ymd KoB©Ÿ& amho {dR>mo~mMo nm`rŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo OrdmŸ& ZH$mo gmoSy> `m Ho$edmŸ&&

dmUr {dÇ>cZm_mV a_mdr. ÑîQ>r {dÇ>cXe©ZmV ~wS>mdr. H$mZm§Zr {dÇ>cmMo JwUJmZ EoH$mdo. _ZmZo {dÇ>cmÀ`mnm`r Ymd ¿`mdr. Ago OrdmZo Ho$edmcm gmoSy> Z o. hr VwH$mam_m§Mr BÀN>m ! øm {dÇ>mcmMo ê$n H$go Amho,Vohr Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVco Amho.

"gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ C o {dQ>odarŸ& H$a H$Q>mdar R>ody{Z`m§Ÿ&

Vwierhma Jim§ H$mgo nrVm§~aŸ& AmdS>o {Za§Va Vo{M ê$nŸ&

_H$aHw§$S>co VinVr ldUtŸ& H§$R>r H$m¡ñVw^_{U {dam{OVŸ&

VwH$m åhUo _mPo ho{M gd© gwIŸ& nmhrZ lr_wI AmdS>rZoŸ&&'

20

{dÇ>cmMo ho _Zmoha, gw§Xa Am{U gwIXm`r Ago gJwU ê$n Amho. Jù`mV VwierÀ`m _mim, H$_aocm{nVm§~a, H$mZmV Hw§$S>co Am{U Jù`mV H$m¡ñVw aËZ. Agm hm gwImMm nwVim Amho.

^ŠV Am{U Xod `m§À`mV oX ZgVmo. B§YZmMm A½Zrer g§~§Y Amcm Va Vo A{¾_`M hmoVo. nU^ŠVmMm ^md ewÕ hdm. àË`j ZmamÙ ^ŠVm~amo~a H$m_o H$aVmo. ^ŠVmMo _Z na_oœam{df`r AZÝ`Pmco nm{hOo. Zm_ñ_aU, Zm_g§H$sV©Z, ÔZ, g§Vg§J Aem {d{dY gmYZm§Zr ^{ŠV_mJ© chmZ-Wmoanmnr Mm§S>mi `m§Zmhr gwc^ Pmcm Amho. _mojgwImnojmhr gJwU ê$nmÀ`m ^ŠVrMo _hÎd VwH$mo~m§Zr _mZcoAmho. ^{ŠV`moJmZo Ah§H$ma ZîQ> hmoD$Z {dœ~§YwËd dmT>rg cmJco. VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmer _mD$crMo ZmVoOmoS>VmV. "Vy _mCcrhÿZ _`miŸ& M§Ðmhÿ{Z erViŸ& nm{U`mhÿ{Z nmViŸ& H$ëcmoi ào_mMmŸ&' {dÇ>cmcm Vo~§Yw _mZVmV. _m`~mn _mZVmV. "Xodm Vy§ H¥$nmH$éUmqgYwŸ& hmogr _m`~mn Am_Mm ~§YwŸ& OrdZ{gÕrgmYZqgYwŸ& Vmo{S>gr ^d~§Yw H$mcnmeŸ&&' Agm {dÇ>c H$éUmgmJa Amho. Vmo g§gmamMo nme ghOrVmoS>Vmo. {dÇ>cZm_mMo ào_gwI ^ŠVmcmM _m{hV AgVo. {dÇ>cmÀ`m oQ>rMr Vi_i Ë`m§Zm cmJcr Amho."H$Ý`m gmgwè`mgr Om oŸ& _mJo naVmo{Z nmhoŸ& V¡go Omco _mÂ`m OrdmŸ& Ho$ìhm oQ>gr Ho$edmŸ&&' Ago Vo{dÇ>cmcm H$mHw$iVr òD$Z {dMmaVmV.

{damÊ`m§_YyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr _Ywam^ŠVr Ho$cr Amho. Jm¡iUt_YyZ Vo JmonrMr y{_H$m KoVmV. {dÇ>cmcmVo dëc^ _mZVmV, nVr _mZVmV. Vo åhUVmV;

hm{M Zo_ AmVm Z {\$ao _mKmarŸ& ~¡gco eoOmar JmoqdXmMoŸ&

Ka[aKr Omco nÅ>amUr ~ioŸ& d[aco gmdio na~«÷Ÿ&

~{i`mMm A§Jg§J Omcm AmVmŸ& Zmhr ^` qMVm VwH$m åhUoŸ&&

VwH$mam_ BWo {dÇ>cmMr nÅ>amUr ~Zco AmhoV. Vo AmVm g§gmamV naV OmUmaM ZmhrV. gJù`m{dídmV {dÇ>cM ^ê$Z am{hcm Amho. `mMr à{MVr Ë`m§Zm oVo. Xod Am{U ^ŠV `m§À`mV EH$ÎdM AgVo,ho gm§JVmZm Vo åhUVmV -

"cdU _oi{dVm§ OioŸ& H$m` Caco {ZamioŸ&

V¡gm g_ag OmcmoŸ& VwO_mOr hancmoŸ&'

{dÇ>c ^ŠVrg[aVoV Sw>§~V AgVmZmM VwH$mam_m§Zm ho A §J gwMco AmhoV. "{nQy> ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam' hoË`m§À`m OrdZmMo Ü o hmoVo. VrM Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMr àYmZ àoaUm hmoVr.

l Zr{VY_m©Mm àgma : _mUgmMr loîR>H${ZîR>Vm Hw$imdê$Z Am{U OmVrdê$Z R>aV Zmhr,A§Va§JmMr ewÕVm Am{U H$V¥©Ëd `m§dê$Z Vr R>aVo. ewÕ _ZmZo na_oœamMo Omo Zm_ñ_aU H$aVmo Ë`mMrewÕVm {ZIi AgVo. _mZ{gH$ ewÕVm, gXmMma ho ^ŠVrÀ`m joÌmVrc {ZH$f AmhoV. MmoIm_oim,H$mÝhmonmÌm Am{U OZm~mB© `m§À`m OmVrMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aUmao _wI© AmhoV. ñdV… VwH$mam_ A§Va§JmVrcCËH$Q> ^md~imda loîR> g§V ~Zco. {MÎm {dÇ>c_` Pmë`m_wio gmao OrdZ n{dÌ hmoVo. g§Vm§Mo OrdZ ho

21

Ago {Z_©c AgVo. Vo Ë`m_wioM Zr{V_mZ ~ZVmV. g_mOmVrc àË oH$ ì`ŠVr Zr{V_mZ Pmcr Va gd©g_mO gwg§ñH¥$V hmoD$Z àJVr H$ê$ eHo$c, ho VÎd Ë`m§Zm _m{hV hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _mUgmZo g§V, gmYw,g‚mZ Am{U d¡îUd ~Zmdo, Agm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h hmoVm. VwH$mam_ ho ewÕ AmMaUmda ^a XoUmao Z¡{VH$VmdmXrgX² ŠV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m CnXoemV AmË_ewÕr, AmË_g§ _, Aqhgm, H$éUm, j_m, em§Vr hr emídVZr{V_yë o dma§dma oVmV. øm _yë`m§À`m AmJ«hmZo d àgmamZo g§ñH¥$VrMr EH$mË_Vm gwa{jV R>odcr.

"X`m {VMo Zmd yVm§Mo nmiUŸ& Am{UH$ {ZX©iU H§$Q>H$m§Mo'

Jar~ àm{U_mÌm§Mo ajU Am{U g_mOH§$Q>H$m§Mo {Z_y©cZ hrM Iar X`m hmo .

"nmn {VMo Zmd Z {dMm[aVm ZrVŸ& ^cV| {M CÝ_Îm H$ar gXmŸ&'

ZrVrMm {dMma Z H$aVm EImXm _mUyg CÝ_Îm hmoD$Z ^cVoM ZrM H¥$Ë` H$aVmo, Vo nmn hmo`.

"Oo H$m a§Oco Jm§Oco,Ÿ& Ë`mgr åhUo Omo Amnwc|

Vmo{M gmYw AmoiImdmŸ& Xod VoWo{M OmUmdm.

_¥Xw g~mø ZdZrVŸ& V¡go gÁOZmMo {MÎm

Á`mgr Amn§{JVm ZmhrŸ& Ë`mgr Yar Omo öX`t

X`m H$aUo Oo nwÌmgrŸ& Vo{M Xmgm Am{U Xmgr

VwH$m åhUo gm§Jy {H$VrŸ& Vmo{M ^Jd§VmMr _yVuŸ&&

a§Oë`m Jm§Oë`m§Zm ào_mZo Amnco åhUUo åhUOo gmYwËd hmo . g‚mZmMo {MÎm cmoÊ`mà_mUo A§V~m©ø_D$ AgVo. {ZamYmam§Zm Vmo Amnco _mZVmo. nwÌmà_mUoM godH$mdahr X`m XmI{dUo hr gmYwd¥Îmr hmo .VwH$mam_ BWo gmYwd¥ÎmrMm d g‚mZËdmMm Jm¡ad H$aVmV. g‚mZmMr cjUo gm§JVmZm Vo åhUVmV -

_wIr A_¥VmMr dmUrŸ& Xod doMmdm H$maUrŸ&

gdmªJr {Z_©i,Ÿ& {MÎm O¡go J§JmOiŸ&

JmoS> ~mocmdo. eara gËH$maUr cmdmdo. J§JmOimà_mUo {MÎm A§V~m©ø ewÕ amImdo. Aem§À`m g§JVrVeara, _Z Am{U AmË_m `m§Mo Vmn em§V hmoD$Z {dlm§Vr {_iVo.

J¥hñWml_mMo \$i H$emV Amho, ho VwH$mam_ \$ma Mm§Jë`m arVrZo gm§JVm;

OmoS>mo{Z`m YZ CÎm_ doìhmao,Ÿ& CXmg {dMma| doM H$arŸ& CÎm_{M JVr Vmo EH$ nmdocŸ&

... naCnH$mar ZoUo na{Z§XmŸ& na{ñÌ`m gXm ~{hUr _m`mŸ&

yVX`m JmB© ney§Mo nmcZŸ& VmÝhoë`m OrdZ dZm_mOrŸ&

MmoI ì`dhma H$ê$Z n¡gm {_idm. _moh Z R>odVm IM© H$am. namonH$ma H$am. naqZXm H$ê$ ZH$m.na{ñÌ`m§Zm ~{hU _mZm. àm{U_mÌm§da X`m H$am. JmB©-ney `m§Mo nmcZ H$am. dZm_Ü o VmÝhoë`m§Zm nmUr

22

Úm. hm _mUyg em§V ñd^mdmMm AgVmo. Vmo H$moUmer dmB©Q> dmJV Zmhr. J¥hñWml_mMo Iao \$i `mMdV©ZmVyZ {_iVo. ~«÷nXmÀ`m àmßVrgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agcoco d¡am½`mMo ~i hoM Amho. àn§M H$aÊ`mMrCÎm_ nÕV BWo gm§{JVcr Amho. g§nÎmrnojm kmZ, gw{dMma Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr loîR> Amho, hmM {dMma BWoAmcm Amho. em§Vr Am{U àrVr, àgÝZVm d g_mYmZ `mVM Iè`m gwImMo Pao cnco AmhoV. g_mOgwg§ñH¥$V ìhm`Mm Agoc Va ì`ŠVr gXmMmag§nÝZ Pmcr nm{hOo, ho VÎd cjmV KoD$Z VwH$mam_m§ZrAmnë`m A §Jm§_YyZ Zr{VY_m©Mm àgma Ho$cm. "namonH$ma åhUOo nwÊ`, nanrS>m åhUOo nmn, g§Vg§J hmMñdJ©dmg, g§V{dÝ_wIVm åhUOo ZaH$' Aem ì`m»`m Ë`m§Zr ê$T> Ho$ë`m. " oXm oX «_ A_§Ji', "H$moUmhrOrdmMm Z KS>mo _Ëga', "Wmoa Vr Jimcr nm{hOo Ah§Vm', "Z H$ar X§ mMm gm`mg', "An{dÌ dmUr ZH$mo_mÂ`m _wIm', "{MÎmew{Õ godm XodmMr hr', "_Z H$am ao àgÞ' Aem eoH$S>mo dMZm§_YyZ VwH$mam_m§ZrZr{VVÎdm§Mm àgma Ho$cm H$maU VrM Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMr àoaUm Amho.

l AdJwU X§S>U : VwH$mam_m§Zr Ogm ZrVrMm, _yë`m§Mm OmoaXma nwañH$ma Ho$cm Vgm T>m|JrnUmda,ImoQ>onUmda AmKmVhr Ho$cm Amho. X§ mMm Ë`m§Zm {VQ>H$mam Amho. "Amåhm§ ho H$m¡VwH$ OJm Úmdr ZrV' hrË`m§Mr Vi_i Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a "H$amdo \${OV MwH$Vr Vo' ho gm§JÊ`mg Vo {dgaV ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`md¥ÎmrV Oer {dYm`H$Vm Amho Ver {ZfoYnaVmhr Amho. åhUyZM XwO©Zm§Mo Vo dm^mS>o H$mT>VmV. VËH$mcrZXm§{^H$ gmYy§da Ë`m§Zr H$R>moa Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. naÐì` Am{U naZmar `m§Mr A{^cmfm H$ê$Z ho gmYyg_mOmV dmdaV AgVmV. H$mhrOU ^Jdr dñÌo ZogVmV nU Ë`m§Zm nma_m{W©H$ OmU ZgVo. _J Hw$Í`mMma§J ^JdmM AgVmo. H$mhrOU OQ>m dmT>dVmV nU H$moëhm Ë`m dofmV Zoh_rM AgVmo. H$mhrOU O{_ZrV{dda H$ê$Z amhVmV. _J C§Xra Va {~imVM amhVmV. eodQ>r VwH$mam_ åhUVmV - "VwH$m åhUo Eogo H$mg`mH$amdoŸ& Xohmgr X§S>mdo dmCJo {MŸ&' earamcm {dZmH$maU H$m Ìmg XoVm?

nmonQ>n§Mr H$ê$Z H$sV©Z-àdMZ H$aUmè`m§dahr Ë`m§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. Vo åhUVmV- "AW}{dUnmR>m§Va H$mg`m H$amd|,Ÿ& ì`W© {M _amdo KmoHy${Z`m§Ÿ&' AW© Z g_OVm Ho$coë`m KmoH§$nÅ>rMm H$mhrMCn`moJ ZgVmo. Á`mcm AW© H$iVmo Ë`mMoM ~mocUo AW©nyU© AgVo. H$mhr gmYy JwS>JwS>r, _ÚnmZ, ^m§Jd V§~mIy `m§V ~wS>mcoco AgVmV. Aem gmYw§Odi Mocohr O_VmV. {eî`m§H$Sy>Z godm-_mZ-YZ {_iÊ`mMrVo BÀN>m H$aVmV. Aem T>m|Jr gmYw§Mr S>moH$s VwH$mam_ ~moSy>Z H$mT>VmV. "gm|JmÀ`m ZaH$mS>rŸ& VwH$m~moS>mo{Z`m gmoS>rŸ&' Ðì`mMr Anojm Yê$Z H$sV©Z H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm VwH$mam_ KamoKar qhSy>Z nmoQ>mMrIiJr ^aUmao cmo r _m§Oa åhUVmV.

g§nÎmrÀ`m _mohmZo Ho$cocr ^ŠVr hr AkmZmMr ^ŠVr hmo . {VWo AmË_~moY H$gm AgUma? cmo mMrBÀN>m Yê$Z nyOm H$aUo AkmZmMo Amho. Ë`m§À`m Ü`mZr Xod H$gm oUma? \$imda _Z R>odyZ Ho$coco H$_©ho AkmZ wŠV H$_© hmo . {df`mda cj R>odyZ Iè`m ~«÷kmZmMr àmßVr hmoV Zmhr. Aem cmoH$m§Mm {Y¸$maH$aVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV- "VwH$m åhUo Oimo Eo{g`m§Mo Vm|S>Ÿ& AkmZmMo ~§S> dmT>{dVrŸ&' dada g§V{MÝhoYmaU H$aVmV nU _ZmV gJim {df`m§Mm H$„moi !

23

"H$m_H«$moY cmo {MÎmtŸ& d[ad[a Xm{dVr {daŠVrŸ& Amemnmer ~m§Ymo{Z {MÎmŸ& åhUVr Omcmo Amåhr_wŠVŸ&&'' Agm Ë`m§Mm ì`dhma X§ mZo âcocm AgVmo. Aem§Mo Am wî` dm`m OmVo. H$mhr cmoH$ WmoS>çmkmZmÀ`m AÜ`m© hiHw§$S>mZo {ndio hmoVmV. "Aën{dÚm n[a Jd© {eamo_{UŸ& _Ohÿ{Z kmZr H$moU AmhoŸ&&'ho J{d©îR> cmoH$ Iè`m gmYw§Mr qZXm H$aVmV, g‚mZm§Mr hoQ>miUr H$aVmV. "VwH$m åhUo Eogo _mdoMo _h§XŸ&Ë`m§nmer JmoqdX Zmhr ZmhrŸ&&' ñZmZg§Ü`m Z H$aUmao, ^m§J {nUmao d _ÚnmZ H$aUmao ho Xm§{^H$ g§V "VwH$måhUo AdKo gm|JŸ& VoWo H¡$Mm nm§Sw>a§JŸ&&' Aem T>m|Jr gmYw§da VwH$mam_m§Zr eñÌ Yaco Amho. Vo åhUVmV-

Eogo H¡$go Omco ^m|XyŸ& H$_© H$amo{Z åhUVr gmYwŸ&&

A§Jm cmdy{Z`m§ amIŸ& S>moio Pm§Hw$Zr H$[aVr nmnŸ&&

Xmdw{Z d¡am½`mMr H$imŸ& ^moJr {df`mMm gmohimŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo gm§Jmo {H$VrŸ& Oimo V`mMr g§JVrŸ&&

Aem VèhoZo VwH$mam_m§Zr "nmfm§S> I§S>U' Ho$co Amho. "nanrS>H$ Vmo Amåhm§ XmdoXma' hr Ë`m§Mry{_H$m hmoVr. åhUyZ "AdJwUm§Mo X§S>Z' hr Ë`m§À`m H${dËdm_mJrc àoaUm Amho.

l AmË_m{dîH$ma : VwH$mam_ H${dVm {c{hV ZmhrV Va ~mocVmV. H${dVm ~mocUmam H$dr AmncoAZw dM eãX~Õ H$arV AgVmo. ""VwH$mam_mMo ì`{ŠV_Îd ho {dZèrc, gai, em§VVm{à` Am{UH$Zdmiy hmoVo, ho Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§dê$Z cjmV oVo. Ë`mÀ`m A §Jm§dê$Z Vmo kmZr d gw{dÚ Agë`mMohr{gÕ hmoVo. ...ŠM{MV H$mhr doim Vmo amJrQ>, H$S>dQ>, Jmd§T>i Agë`mMohr OmUdVo; Var _wimV Vmoj_merc, qMVZerc, g§doXZerc Am{U _Z_moH$im hmoVm.'' Ago ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Mo _V Amho.(VwH$mam_ - n¥îR> 57) Aem ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm AmË_m{dîH$ma åhUOo Ë`m§Mr A §JdmUr hmo . ""hr dmUråhUOo VwH$mam_mÀ`m ì`{ŠVÎdmMm {d_wŠV Am{dîH$ma Amho. VwH$mam_mMr A{^ì`ŠVr hr Zoh_rM {XcIwcmgAgVo; {VÀ`mV EH$ àH$maMm ~oYw§X {d_wŠVnUm AgVmo. IwaQ>onUm {Vcm R>mD$H$ Zmhr; âKmognUm ho{VMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. {VÀ`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmao ^mdmZw d hohr agagcoco AgVmV. Ë`m§V EH$ àH$maMrgOrdVm d gm_Ï © AgVo. OrdZmMr {ZemUr Vo ~amo~a KoD$Z oVmZm {XgVmV.'' Ago dm. c. Hw$cH$UuåhUVmV. (_amR>r H${dVm… OwZr Am{U Zdr-n¥îR> 51) VwH$mam_m§Mr gJir A §Jg¥îQ>r åhUOo Ë`m§À`m_ZmVrc CËH$Q> ^mdZm§Mm ñdm^m{dH$ Am{dîH$ma Amho. ñdV…cm Amcoë`m AmÜ`mpË_H$ AZw dm§Mo{MÌU VwH$mam_ H$aVmV Ë`mdoir Ë`m§À`m H${dËdeŠVrMm aå` {dcmg {XgVmo. Vmo AZw d dmMH$mÀ`mS>moù`m§nwT>o Vaiy cmJVmo.

"AmUwaUr`m WmoH$S>m, VwH$m AmH$memEdT>m !Ÿ& {JiyZr gm§{S>co H${ida, ^d «_mMm AmH$ma

gm§{S>cr {ÌnwQ>r, Xrn COicm KQ>t,Ÿ& VwH$m åhUo AmVm§, Cacmo CnH$mamnwaVm.'

BWo Aénmcm ê$n Amco Amho, Va Aì`ŠV ì`ŠV Pmco Amho. øm~amo~aM "doXm§Mm Vmo AW© Amåhm§grMR>mdmŸ& oam§Zr dmhmdm ^ma _mWm§Ÿ&&' Ago AmË_{dídmgnyU© CX²Jma Vo H$mT>VmZm {XgVmV. VwH$mam_

24

CËñ\y$V©nUo CX²JmaVmV -

"A§VarMo Ymdo ñd^mdo ~mhoarŸ& Y[aVm§ hr nar Amdao ZmŸ&...

VwH$m åhUo _oK ZmMdr _ wa|Ÿ& cn{dVm§ Ia| oV ZmhrŸ&&'

_oKm§Zm nmhÿZ _ ya ZmMVmo Vgo Oo A§Va§JmV Amho, Vo AmoR>mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Vo. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrVrcàË oH$ eãXmV Ë`m§Mo _Z gdmªJmZo CVaco Amho. Ë`m§Mr dmUr àm§Oc Amho. ^mdñneu Amho. VwH$mam_m§ZmAmnë`m H${dËdmMr OmUrd hmoVr. cmoH$_Z KS>dy BpÀN>Umao Vo _mZdVmdmXr g§V hmoVo Am{U à~moYZH$mahmoVo. OZVoÀ`m _ZmV {dÇ>c^ŠVrMr Am{U Zr{V_yë`m§Mr ~rOo noaÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr. Amnë`mgm_Ï`m©Zo Ë`m§Zr Vo Ho$co. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo AmË_m{dîH$ma hr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr _hÎdmMr àoaUm hmoVr.

2.3.2 ~cñWmZo

"H$m` _r nm_a OmUo AW© oXŸ& dXdr JmoqdX Vo {M dXoŸ&' Aer lÕm Agcoë`m VwH$mam_m§Zm "AmåhmKar YZ eãXm§MrM aËZo' Agm àË`` Amcm. eãX hoM Amnco YZ Amho, eñÌ Amho, OrdmMo OrdZ AmhoEdT>oM Zìho Vmo Xod Amho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Amho. åhUyZ ""dmL²>_` ho Ë`m§À`m OrdZ{ZîR>oMo EH$ A§J~Zco. ^JdËnyOZmMo EH$ A_moK gmYZ, AmË_{ZdoXZmMo EH$ n{dÌ _mÜ`_ åhUyZ eãXg¥îQ>r hm Ë`m§À`mAmdS>rMm, AÜ``ZmMm Am{U AmXamMm {df` Pmcm,'' Ago J§. ~m. gaXma åhUVmV. (A §JdmUrà{gÕ VwH$`mMr - àñVmdZm - n¥îR> 21) VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrMr ~cñWmZo AJa {deof AmVmAmnU nmhÿ.

l ^mdH${dVm - VwH$mam_m§Mo A §J àg§JmZwgma aMco Joco AmhoV. Ë`m Ë`m doir Ë`m§À`m _ZmVÁ`m Á`m d¥Îmr Cgië`m Ë`m Ë`m Ë`m§À`m A §JmV ì`ŠV Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo A §J åhUOoCËH¥$îQ> ^mdJrVoM AmhoV. ^mdJrVmV H$drÀ`m _ZmVrc EH$M EH$ ^md CËH$Q>nUo àVrV PmcocmAgVmo. VgoM BWo VwH$mam_m§Mo Pmco Amho. Ë`m§Mo A §J {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AZw dm§Mo IS>o ~moc AmhoV. Ë`màH$Q>rH$aUmV amoIR>moH$nUm d gainUm Amho. _ZmVrc ^md Vo g_OyZ-e¥§Jmê$Z _m§S>V ZmhrV. EH$mWmoa AZw dg_¥Õ {dMmad§VmMr Vr ^mdH${dVm Amho. ""{dMmam§À`m d AZw dm§À`m _werV ewÕ Pmcocm^md øm dmUrVyZ àH$Q> hmoVmo Amho. Vmo {dMmaJ © ~Zcm Amho. Var ho {dMma àË`j OrdZmZw dmVyZ dAÜ`mË_mZw dmVyZ ñ\w$acoco {dMma Agë`m_wio VoWo {dMma ì`ŠV Pmcoco ZgyZ CËH$Q> {dMmamZw dì`ŠV Pmcm Amho AgmM àË`` dmMUmamcm oVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ^mdJ © ñdê$n H$moR>oM Zm{hgo hmoVZmhr.'' Ago dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Mo _V Amho. (_amR>r H${dVm: OwZr Am{U Zdr n¥îR> 45) "~wS>Vr hoOZ Z XoId| S>moim§, oVmo H$idim åhUdw{Z' `m ^mdZoZo Vo cmoH$m§Zm H$iH$irMm CnXoe H$aVmV. åhUyZË`m§Mm àË oH$ A §J hr CËH$Q> AZw yVrMr An[ahm © A{^ì`ŠVr AgVo, Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`mCnXoedmUrcmhr H$mì`mË_H$Vm oVo Vr Ë`m_wioMŸ&

25

"Zm_ KoVm CR>mCR>rŸ& hmo g§gmamgr VwQ>rŸ& Eogm cm^ ~m§Ym JmR>rŸ& {dÇ>cnm`r nS>o {_R>rŸ&&

Zm_mnaVo gmYZ ZmhrŸ& Oo Vy H$[aer Am{UH$ H$mhrŸ& hmH$mamo{Z gm§Jo VwH$mŸ& Zm_ KoVm amhmo ZH$mŸ&&'

oWrc {ZdoXZ H$mì`g§nÝZ Pmco Amho.

H$Ý`m gmgwamgr Om oŸ& _mJo naVmoZr nmhoŸ&

V¡go Omco _mÂ`m OrdmŸ& Ho$ìhm oQ>gr H$oedmŸ&&

MwH${c`m _m oŸ& ~mi hþê$hwê$ nmhoŸ&

OrdZmdoJir _mgmoirŸ& V¡gm VwH$m Vi_irŸ&&

`m A §JmV VwH$mam_m§Mo _Z {dÇ>cmÀ`m oQ>rgmR>r AmVwaco Amho. AmB©{dZm ~mi Am{U Ocm{dZm_mgm Ogm Vi_iVmo Ver Ë`m§Mr _ZmMr pñWVr Pmcr Amho. gmgar {ZKmcoë`m H$Ý oÀ`m _ZmMrCcKmc BWo dmMH$m§Zm OmUdVo. oWrc öÚ Cn_m Ac§H$mamZo H${dVoV H$mì`mË_Vm AmUcr Amho.ñdV…Mo AmÜ`mpË_H$ AZw d àH$Q> H$aUmar VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr ^mdJrVmMm gmO ë`mcocr Amho.g§Vm§Mo, Zm_mMo, {dÇ>cmMo _mhmËå` JmVmZm hr dmUr ^mdJrVmMo JmoS> ê$n YmaU H$aVo.

l à~i AmË_àH$Q>rH$aU : VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrMm àmU åhUOo {VÀ`m_mJrc à~iAmË_{ZîR>m ! Ë`m_wioM hr dmUr H$mì`mË_ d àË``H$maH$ Pmcr Amho. `m dmUrVrc ^md Am{U {dMmaàm_m{UH$ AmhoV. Ë`mVrc eãX dmMH$mÀ`m A§V…H$aUmg OmD$Z {^S>VmV. Ë`mVrc àm§OcnUm ghOMOmUdVmo. Ë`mVrc eãX dmMH$mÀ`m A§V…H$aUmg OmD$Z {^S>VmV. Ë`m§Mo A §J AmË_àH$Q>rH$aUmgmR>rMgmH$ma Pmco AmhoV. "eãX{M Am_wÀ`m OrdmMo OrdZ' Ago åhUV eãXê$n XodmMr eãXê$n nyOmH$aUmao ho _Zñdr gmYH$ AmhoV. Amnë`m coIZmMo H$V¥©Ëd Vo nm§Sw>a§Jmcm XoVmV. VwH$mam_ A§V_w©IhmoD$ZM {c{hVmV. Vo H$R>moa AmË_n[ajU H$aVmV. Ë`mdoir AmT>icocr AZw dgË o Vo Ý`mhmiVmVAm{U _J Vr eãXê$nmZo A{^ì`ŠV H$aVmV. AmË_ewÕrgmR>r Vo AmË_n[ajU H$aVmV. Amnë`m^modVmcÀ`m ~hþT>§Jr OJmMohr Vo n[ajU H$aVmV. ho n[ajU Vo gË`mÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda H$aVmV. Ë`mVyZ OoAZw dgË` {_ioc Ë`mcm eãXê$n XoVmZm Vo Ac§H$aUmMm IQ>mQ>mon H$arV ~gV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§MrA{^ì`ŠVr gai hmoVo. "_D$ _oUmhþ{Z Amåhr {dîUwXmgŸ& H$R>rU dO«mg oXy EogoŸ&' Ago Vo åhUVmV, VoË`m§Mo ñdV…Mo dmñVd {MÌ AgVo. _ZmMr C{Û½ZVm ì`ŠV H$aUmam Ë`m§Mm A §J {OVH$m àm§Oc {VVH$mM_ZmMr CË\w$ëc d¥Îmr ì`ŠV H$aUmam A §Jhr {VVH$mM àm§Oc ! AmË_VÎd AmoiIë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mdmUrV EH$mM doir _¥XwVm Am{U AmË_gm_Ï ©àVrVr `m XmoÝhr d¥Îmr ì`ŠV hmoVmV. Ago Agco Var Ë`mMoì`{ŠV_Îd EH$g§K Amho. Amnë`m Xw~©cVoda {MS>cocm, "~«÷mZ§Xr cmJcr Q>mir' øm AdñWon ªVnmoMcocm, yV_mÌmH$S>o g_ÑîQ>rZo nmhUmam, H$mhr dmdJo {Xgco H$s AmJnmIS> H$aUmam, Ë`m§MmX§ ñ\$moQ> H$aUmam, _oUmhÿZ _D$ _ZmZo {dRw>_mD$crcm Ami{dUmam d àgÞ Pmcm Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`merH$S>mŠ`mMo ^m§S>U H$aUmam Aem Ë`m§À`m ^mdOrdZmVrc AZoH$ {damoYr N>Q>m, Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§VyZ ì`ŠVhmoUmao Ë`m§Mo ì`{ŠV{MÌ {Od§V d ~mocHo$ H$aVmV.

26

""VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr åhUOo VwH$mam_mMo AmÜ`mpË_H$ AmË_M[aÌ Amho. AÜ`mË__mJm©À`m{~H$Q> àdmgmV Ë`mÀ`m AZw dmcm Amcoco gJio Q>ßno {VÀ`mV à{Vq~~rV Pmco AmhoV. Ë`mV AË §VjwÐ AZw dm§À`m OmoS>rcm AË §V CXmÎm AZw d AmhoV. ¹${MV _ZmMr XmocmMc d¥Îmr Amho. VerM_ZmMr I§~raVmhr Amho. "amÌ§{Xdg Amåhm, wÕmMm àg§J' Ago åhUVmZm VwH$mam_ Iao VoM ~mocVmoAmho. Amnë`m {dH$mam§er Am{U ^modVmcÀ`m OJmer VwH$mam_ EH$mM doir cT>V Amho. AmnU"{dÇ>cmMo JmT>o dra' AmhmoV hr AË wŠVr Zmhr. Vo EH$ ^mdgË` Amho. øm gd© wÕmMm {MÌnQ> Ë`mÀ`mA §JdmUrVyZ Ooìhm Amnë`mg_moa CcJS>V OmVmo, Voìhm Ë`mMo H$UIa ì`{ŠVËd Amnco _Z _mohÿZQ>mH$Vo. ...Ë`mVyZ S>moH$mdUmao {demc _Z Am{U àm§Oc A§V…H$aU Amnco _Z ñdV…H$S>o nQ>H$Z² AmH$fy©ZKoVo.'' Ago VwH$mam_m§À`m AmË_m{dîH$mamg§~§Yr dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu åhUVmV. (_amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{UZdr-n¥îR> 48) Aem VèhoZo VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr hr Ë`m§À`m cT>dæ`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm ghO gw§XaAm{dîH$ma Amho, ho dmMH$m§Zm OmJmoOmJ nQ>oc.

l gw m{fV_`Vm : VwH$mam_m§Mr ~arMer A §JdmUr hr AmOn ªV _amR>r ^mfoMm A{d^mÁ`KQ>H$ ~Zcr Amho. gw{e{jV-A{e{jV, ehar-J«m_rU, gm_mÝ`-Agm_mÝ` Aem gd©M cmoH$m§ZmVwH$mo~m§À`m dmUrMo AmH$f©U Amho. gm_mÝ`m§À`m Am{U g{_jH$m§À`m ào_mXamMm Am{U Hw$VwhcmMm {df`EH$mM doir hmoÊ`mMo ^m½` VwH$mo~m§À`m A §JdmUrcm cm^co Amho. Ë`m§À`m A §JmVrc {H$VrVar MaU,AY©MaU, eãXà`moJ, ^mfmà`moJ Amnë`m Zoh_rÀ`m ~mocr^mfoV Amcoco AmhoV. Ë`mVrc {H$VrVarAmoitZm gw m{fVm§Mr `mo½`Vm àmßV Pmcr Amho. "OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUm g§Vm§À`m {d yVr', "{ZíM`mMo ~i,VwH$m åhUo Vo{M \$i', "T>oH$UmÀ`m g§Jo, {ham Vmo §Jcm', "X`m j_m em§Vr, VoWo XodmMr dgVr',"OmoS>mo{Z`m YZ CÎm_ ì`dhmaoŸ& CXmg {dMmao doM H$ar', "{^jmnmÌ Adc§{~UoŸ& Oimo {OUo cm{OadmUoŸ&&',"Vm§{~`mMo ZmUoŸ& Z Mco Iè`m _mocoŸ&&', "VrWv Ym|S>m nmUrŸ& Xod amoH$S>m g‚mZrŸ&', "~moco V¡gm MmcoŸ&Ë`mMr d§Xmdr nmD$co', "gwI nmhVm OdmnmS>oŸ& Xw…I nd©VmEdT>oŸ&&', "OZ ho gwImMo {Xë`m KoVë`mMoŸ&A§V ho H$miMo Zmhr H$moUrŸ&', "X`m {VMo Zmd yVm§Mo nmcZŸ& AmUrH$ {ZXm©iU H§$Q>H$m§MoŸ&&', "nam{d`mZmar _mD$crg_mZŸ&', "Zmhr {Z_©i OrdZŸ& H$m` H$arc gm~UŸ&&', "_moco KmVco aS>m`mŸ& Zmhr AmgwZmhr _m`mŸ&', "VwPo Amho VwOnmerŸ& n[a Vy OmJm MwH$cmgrŸ&&', "chmZnU Xo Jm XodmŸ& _w§Jr gmIaoMmadmŸ&&', "A§VarMo Ymdo ñd^mdo ~mhoarŸ& Y[aVmho n[a AmdaoZmŸ&&', "H$mZS>rZo Ho$cm _èhmR>m «VmaŸ&EH$mMo CÎma EH$m Z `oŸ&&', "^yVX`m Á`mMo _ZrŸ& Ë`mMo Kar MH«$nmUr' Aer {H$VrVar AdVaUo _amR>r_mUgmÀ`m {O oda AmOhr AmhoV. øm CŠVr AmVm VwH$mo~m§À`m am{hë`m ZgyZ Ë`m `ƒ`mdV _amR>r_mUgmÀ`m Pmë`m AmhoV. gd© g§Vm§_Ü o VwH$mo~m§À`m H${dVoVrc hr AdVaUj_Vm cjUr` Am{UAmJir Amho.

l Añgc _amR>_moir dmUr : VwH$mo~m§Mr dmUr hr Añgc _amR>_moir Amho. Vr {eîQ>m§Mr^mfm Zmhr. AmnU gwg§ñH¥$V AmhmoV Ago Vr XmI{dV Zmhr. hr A §JdmUr Amnco gm_Ï © cmoH$^mfoVyZKoVo. cmoH$^mfoMr ~mocÊ`mMr nÕVr, Ë`mVrc dmH²$g§àXm`, åhUr, ~mocHo$ eãX KoD$Z Vr A §JdmUr

27

~mocVo. VwH$mo~m§Zr H${dVoÀ`m ^mfoV A §J {c{hco ZmhrV. "Xod gmamdo naVo g§V nwOmdo AmaVo', "H$m§ÚmMmImUma MmoOdr H$ñVwar', "AmoQ>rÀ`m narg _wR>rMo Vo dmT>o', "Zdm Zdgm§Mr, Omcmo Vwåhmgr dmUrMr' ømAmoirVrc ^mfoMo cmoH$^mfoer OdiMo ZmVo Amho. VwH$mo_m§À`m A §JdmUrV Amcocr H$mì`mË_H$Vm ømcmoH$^mfo_wioM Amcr Amho. cmoH$^mfm hr _wimVM H$mì`mË_ AgVo. cmoH$^mfocm Zoh_r à{V_mg¥îQ>rMmAmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. cmoH$^mfoMm OmñVrV OmñV g§~§Y _yV© AZw dm§er oVmo. cmoH$^mfm dma§dmaà{V_m§Mm dmna H$arV AgVo. "{Xdg H$mgam^a da Amcm', "{Xdg ~wS>mcm', "Vm§~S>§ \w$Q>c§' Aer ghO~mocUmar hr ^mfm à{V_m§_YyZM ~mocV AgVo. Aem ^mfoda VwH$mo~m§Mm qnS> nmogcm Amho. Ë`m§Mo A §J`mM ^mfoVyZ ~mocV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio {VMm ~mocHo$nUm IynM dmT>Vmo. ""VwH$mam_mÀ`m hmVmV, AJmoXaMXoIÊ`m Agcoë`m øm ^mfocm Am{YH$ XoIUonU oVo, {VÀ`mVrc _wimVrc R>gH$m A{YH$M dmT>Vmo. Vr\$maM R>gHo$~mOnUo ~mocy cmJVo. T>§JXma ~ZVo. Vr ^mfm _wimV c`~Õ AgVo. {VÀ`mV EH$ àH$maMrJo Vm AgVo. {VÀ`mV EH$ A§VJ©V Vmc AgVmo. hr Vmc~ÕVm lwVrcm Mm§JcrM OmUdVo. VwH$mam_-Zm_Xodm§gmaIo øm ^mfoMm Aml` KoUmao H$dr {VÀ`m øm A§V y©V lw{Vgm¢X`m©Mm Mm§JcmM Cn`moJ H$ê$ZKoVmZm {XgVmV.'' ho _V Amho dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Mo ! (_amR>r H${dVm : OwZr d Zdr - n¥. 58-59)

VwH$mo~m§À`m A §JdmUr_Ü o Or A§J yV Vmc~ÕVm d c`~ÕVm OmUdVo {VÀ`m _wimer hrcmoH$^mfmM Amho. EH$m ~mOyZo Vr WmoS>çm eãXm§V ^anya Ame` gmR>dVo. Va Xwgè`m ~mOyZo Vr Eogn¡g~mocVo. à{V_m§_YyZ ~mocÊ`mÀ`m {VÀ`m àH¥$Vrcm VwH$mam_ CR>md XoVmV. Ë`m§Mr à{V^m AZw dm§Zm~mocHo$ H$arV cmoH$dmUrcm doJioM VoO ~hmc H$aVo. VwH$mo~m _yV© AZw^d eãXê$n H$aVmVM nU A_yV©{dMmaV§aJhr ì`ŠV H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mm A §J åhUOo gmjmV Pmcoco AZw d d Ë`mVyZ OÝ_coco {dMmaVa§J`m§Mo EH$mM doir Xe©Z KS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo. øm cmoH$^mfoVyZ Vo à{V_m§Mo gm_Ï © dmT>{dVmV. hr^mfm AW©nyU© {dMma eãXm§V AMyH$ nH$S>Vo. Ë`mVyZ EH$ gdªH$f OrdZÑîQ>r ì`ŠV H$aVo. ho gmYVmZmVr Amnco _amR>_moim ñdê$n A~m{YV amIVo. "VwH$mam_mÀ`m `m àM§S> cmoH${à`VoMo ahñ` Ë`mZodmnacocr gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mr X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVcr ~mocr^mfm Amho.' Ago ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o åhUVmV (VwH$mam_- n¥îR> 93) VwH$mo~m gmÜ`mgwÜ`m Xoer eãXm§Mm dmna H$miOrnyd©H$ H$aVmV. Vo ZdrZ dmH²$àMmaKS>{dVmV. Vo ^{ŠV_mJu H${dVm {dnwc gm§gm[aH$ Cn_m-CËàojm dmnê$Z gai gmono àmgm{XH$ H$mì`{c{hVmV.

l AmdmhZj_Vm : gmS>oVrZeo dfm©Z§Vahr VwH$mo~m§Mo A §J dmMH$mcm VmOo d AmOMo dmQ>VmV.H$mi ~Xccm Agcm Var gm_m{OH$ JwUmdJwU \$mago ~XcV ZmhrV CcQ> Ë`mV dmT>M hmoV amhVo. Aemgm_m{OH$ Zr{V_ÎmoÀ`m èhmgH$mimV Va Ë`m§Mr JaO àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo. Ë`m§À`m A §JmVrc AdVaUo-gw m{fVo AmOhr gw{e{jV OZ CXmhaUo-XmIco åhUyZ XoVmV Va Ak OZm§À`m _wImVM Ë`m§Mr dgVrAmho. Ë`m_wioM Adm©MrZ Am{U g_H$mcrZ _amR>r H${dVoMo à_wI àoaUmñWmZ åhUOo VwH$mo~m§Mr H${dVmBVHo$ _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Ë`m H${dVocm cm^co Amho. Vo Oo ~mocVmV VrM Ë`m§Mr H${dVm AgVo. Ë`mVAm§V[aH$ C_mim AgVmoM ! Oo Ë`m§Zr AZw dco Vo AmS>nS>Xm Z R>odVm Ë`m§Zr eãXm§V ~m§Yco. Vo Ogo

28

OrdZmV hmoVo VerM Ë`m§Mr H${dVm Amho. Vo XwO©Zm§À`mda H$R>moa àhma H$aVmV. Va {dÇ>cmMr ^ŠVreãXm§V _m§S>VmZm ì`mHw$i hmoVmV. "ho{M XmZ XoJm XodmŸ& VwPm {dga Z ìhmdm', "ewÕ ~rOmnmoQ>rŸ& \$ioagmi Jmo_Q>rŸ&' "_Z H$am ao àgÝZŸ& gd© {gÕrMo H$maUŸ&', "nañÌrer A§YŸ& qZXoer Omo _wH$mŸ& Vmo g§VXoImŸ& VwH$m åhUoŸ&', "Zdgo H$Ý`mnwÌ hmoVrŸ& Var H$m H$aUo cmJo n{VŸ&', "chmZnU Xo Jm XodmŸ& _w§JrgmIaoMm admŸ&', "Z cJo gm`mg Omdo dZm§VamŸ& gwIo oVmo Kam Zmam`UŸ&&', "eara CÎm_ Mm§JcoŸ& earagwImMo KmogwcoŸ&', "Amco XodmOrÀ`m _ZmŸ& VoWo H$moUmMo MmcoZmŸ&', "H$moUmhr OrdmMm Z KS>mo _ËgaŸ&d_© gd}œa nyOZmMoŸ&' Aer VwH$mo~m§Mr dMZo AmVm _amR>r ^mfoMo A{d^mÁ` A§J ~Zcr AmhoV. Ë`mMoH$maU Ë`m dMZm§_Ü o Agcocr H$mcmVrV AmdmhZj_Vm ! _mZdr _Zmcm gVV AmdmhZ H$ê$Z Ë`m_Zmcm gXmMmamÀ`m _mJm©dê$Z MmcÊ`mMo ~i hr A §JdmUr XoV Amcr Amho.

g_mOmVrc g§VËd, gmYwËd Am{U d¡îUdËd `m§Mm VwH$mo~m§Zr Jm¡ad Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~ag_mOmVrc X§ , ImoQ>maS>onUm, {dKmVH$ d¥Îmr `m§Mm Ia_arV {Y¸$ma Ë`mZr Ho$cm Amho. {nT>çm{nT>çm§À`mg_mOaMZoV ho JwU Am{U AdJwU Zm§XV-dmT>V Amco AmhoV. åhUyZ AmOhr VwH$mo~m§À`m H${dVoMrAmdmhZj_Vm H$m`_ {Q>Hy$Z Amho. nmM Vo ghm eãXm§V OmñVrVOmñV Ame` BWo gm_mdcm Amho.""`mMr eãXaMZm JmoS> AgyZ eãX Ogo H$m|XUmV ~gdmdo Ë`mà_mUo VoOmZo M_H$VmV d Ë`m§À`m~¡R>H$sZoM Vo OmñV emo VmV. _ZmVcm AW© WmoS>Š`mV {deX H$amdm d Amnë`m H$ënZocm _mohH$ Ago_yV© ñdê$n Úmdo `mVM VwH$mam_mÀ`m loîR>nUmMo JyT> Amho. Am{U `m_wioM `mMo A §J AmO AR>amnJS>OmVrÀ`m Vm|S>mV H$m`_Mo hmoD$Z am{hco AmhoV.'' Agm {d. c. ^mdo `m§Mm A{^àm` Amho. (_hmamîQ´>gmañdV-n¥îR> 295)

""øm A §JdmUrMo AmdmhZ gVamì`m Am{U AR>amì`m eVH$mVrc _amR>r _mUgmcm OodT>o hmoVo,VodT>oM H$mcÀ`m Am{U AmOÀ`m eVH$mVrc _amR>r _mUgmcmhr Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va _amR>r OmUyeH$Umè`m naY{_© mcm Am{U naXoeñWmcmhr Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmMo B§J««OrV Pmcoco ^mfm§Va hoXoIrc nmíMmË` _Zm§Zm gVV AmH$fy©Z KoV Amco Amho. åhUOo Xoe, H$mc, ^mfm d n[apñWVr øm§da _mVH$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © Ë`m A §JdmUrV AdVaco Amho.'' Agm dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Mm A{^àm` Amho.(_amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr - n¥îR> 85) WmoS>Š`mV VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr eVH$meVH$mVrc_amR>r _Zmcm gmVË`mZo à^mdrnUmZo AmdmhZ H$arV Amcr Amho. `mnwT>ohr Vr H$aUma Amho.

l OrdZqMVZ : VwH$mo~m§Mr y{_H$m {dÇ>c ^ŠVmMr Amho, ho Iao Amho. Varhr Vo ^modVmcÀ`m_mZdr ì`dhmamMo qMVZ H$aÊ`mV a§JyZ OmVmV. {d{^ÝZ _mZd ì`dhmam§Mo qMVZ H$aUo, Ë`m§Mm AÝd`mW©cmdUo, hm Ë`m§Mm OdiOdi àH¥${VY_©M ~Zcm Amho. nU Ë`m§Mo ho OrdZ qMVZ VÎddoÎ`mMoOrdZqMVZ Zmhr, Va na_oœamg§~§YrÀ`m ^{ŠV^mdZoZo ào[aV Pmcoë`m AZw dr ì`ŠVrMo Amho. VwH$mo~mA §JdmUrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Oo Oo ì`ŠV H$aVmV Vo Vo OrdZì`dhmam§À`m qMVZmVyZ OÝ_mcm oV AgcoVar Ë`mV AZw dm§Mo àË``H$m[aH$Îd Amho. Amnë`m Zoh_rÀ`m OrdZmV Oo AZoH$mZoH$ AZw d oVmVË`m§Mm EH§$Xa OrdZmÀ`m g§X^m©V Vo AÝd`mW© cmdVmV. hm Ë`m§À`m na_mW© gmYZoMmM EH$ ^mJ ~ZVmo

29

Amho. AmË_narjm hr VwH$mo~m§Zm Oer AmË_ewÕrgmR>r Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo VerM Amnë`m ^modVmcÀ`mOrdZì`dhmam§Mr narjm hr XoIrc Amnë`m OrdZ{df`H$ Om{Udm {dewÕ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm {VVH$sMAmdí`H$ ~m~ dmQ>Vo. øm OrdZqMVZmVyZ Ë`m§À`m hmVr Oo ~ao-dmB©Q> cmJVo Vo Vo A §JdmUrVyZ Voì`ŠV H$aVmV. hr ^y{_H$m EH$mM doir emoYH$mMr d ~moYH$mMr Amho. VwH$mo~m§Mr hr EH$mM doirMmccocr ^{ŠVgmYZm Am{U kmZgmYZm Amho. OrdZmH$S>o S>moio ^ê$Z nmhÊ`mMr d Ë`mMo ñdê$ng_OyZ KoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr YS>nS> Amho. Ë`mVyZ Vo AW©J © {dMmamZw d ì`ŠV H$aVmV. Ë`mÛmaoOrdZì`dhmam§da àH$me nS>Vmo. Ë`mVyZM Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV gw m{fVm§Mr nIaU hmoVo. øm gw m{fVnyU©{dMmam§Mm _moh H$moUË`mhr H$mimVrc ~w{ÕdmÚm§Zm nS>V AgVmo. "\$mo{S>co ^m§S>ma YÝ`mMm hm _mcŸ& _rVd h_mc ^madmhrŸ&&', "_hmnwao PmS>o OmVrŸ& VoWo cìhmio dmMVrŸ&', "OZ ho gwImMo {Xë`m KoVë`mMoŸ&A§V ho H$mirMo H$moUr ZmhrŸ&', "_Z H$am ao àgÝZŸ& gd© {gÕrMo H$maUŸ&', "YZ _oidyZ H$moQ>rŸ& gdo Zo ao c§JmoQ>rŸ&', "Á`mMo A§Jr _moR>onUŸ& V`m `mVZm H$R>rUŸ&', "gXm _mPo S>moim§ OS>mo VwPr _yVu' Aer

{H$VrVar AZw d gË o Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV JXu H$ê$Z amhVmV. ho gw m{fVdOm MaU åhUOo VwH$mo~m§À`mhmVr Amcocr _Zwî`ñd^mdmg§~§YrMr Am{U _mZdr ì`dhmamg§~§YrMr d¡pídH$ gË o AmhoV. OrdZì`dhmamÀ`m qMVZmVyZ Amcoco ho {dMmam§Mo _moVr Vo Amnë`m H${dVo_YyZ ghOnUo Jw§\$VmZm {XgVmV.AmnU _mZdr OrdZmg§~§YrMr ñWcH$mcmVrV Aer gË o ì`ŠV H$arV AmhmoV, `mMr OmUrd Ë`m§ZmZmhr. Ë`m§Mr _mZdr g_mOOrdZmg§~§Yr Ho$cocr qMVZo hr àJë^ _ZmMr qMVZo AmhoV. "Ë`m_mJoAmË_ewÕrMm AmJ«h Amho. _mZdr Xw…ImMm AÝd`mW© cmdy nmhUmar emoYH$~wÕr Amho', Ago dm. c.Hw$cH$Uu `m§Mo _V Amho.

øm OrdZì`dhmamVrc Hw$énVm, _crZVm, {dg§JVr, H«y$aVm, A§YËd, A_mZwfVm Zm{her ìhmdr `mCXmÎm hoVyZo VwH$mo~m àg§Jr Ë`mda eãXm§Mo eñÌ YaVmV. Vo åhUVmV - "EH$m ~moQ>mMr {ZemUr,Ÿ& narnmH$Zmhr _ZtŸ& V[a Vo g§nm{Xco gm|JŸ& H$maUmdmMw{Z`m ì §JŸ& d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©,Ÿ& OJ {dîUw ZoUo d_©Ÿ& A{Ve |nmnŸ& VwH$m gË` H$ar _mnŸ&' H$nmimda ~moQ>mZo J§Y cmdyZ d¡îUd åhUyZ {_adVmV. Ë`m§Mo _Z AZw dmZoAn[anŠd AgVo. ho gd© OJM {dîUwê$n Amho, ho ahñ` Ë`m§Zm H$iV Zmhr. øm T>m|Jm_wio Ë`m§À`m hmVyZnmn KS>Vo. T>m|Jr d¡îUdm§da Ho$cocm hm hëcm Amho. VwH$mo~m H$m` H$ê$ Z o ho Ogo gm§JVmV Vgo H$m`H$amdo hohr gm§JVmV. "X`m {VMo Zmd yVm§Mo nmiUŸ& Am{UH$ {ZXm©iU H§$Q>H$m§MoŸ& nmn {VMo Zmd Z{dMm[aVm ZrV,Ÿ& ^cVo{M CÝ_Îm H$ar gXm.Ÿ& VwH$m åhUo Y_© ajmd`mgmR>rŸ& Xodmg hr AmQ>r OÝ_ KoUoŸ&'g‚mZm§Mo ajU d XwîQ>m§Mo {ZXm©cZ åhUOo X`m hmo . _mUyg ZrVrMm {dMma Z H$aVm CÝ_Îm hmoD$Z ^cVrMZrM H¥$Ë o H$aVmo, Ë`mcm Iao nmn åhUVmV. Aem nmß`m§Mm Zme H$ê$Z Y_m©Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r XodmcmnwÝhm nwÝhm AdVma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. - BWo VwH$mo~m§Zr X`m Am{U nmn `m§À`m ì`m»`m {Xë`m AmhoV. AemVèhoZo VwH$mo~m§Mo OrdZ qMVZ ho gdmª{JU VgoM _m{_©H$ Amho.

l à{V_mg¥îQ>r : VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Vrc gw m{fVdOm dMZo à{V_m§À`m AdVaUmVyZ OÝ_mcmAmcr AmhoV. "H$mo{S>`mMo JmoaonUŸ& V¡go Ah§H$mar _Z', "chmZnU Xo Jm XodmŸ& _w§Jr gmIaoMm adm',

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"H$m` {XZH$amŸ& Ho$cm H$m|~S>çmZo Iam', "T>>oH$UmÀ`m g§Jo {ham Omo §Jcm', "D§$g H$m§Xm EH$ AmimŸ&ñdmX JmoS>rMm {ZamimŸ&', "B§ÐnXm{XH$ ^moJŸ& ^moJ Zìho Vo ^damoJ' Aer AZoH$ dMZo Ë`mMr gmj XoVrc.hr gd© dMZo à{V_mJ © AmhoV. Amnë`m A §JmVrc EImXr à{V_m kmZoídam§Mr dm Zm_Xodm§Mr AgocVa {VMm Cn`moJ H$aUo Vo Q>mirV ZmhrV. VgoM Ë`m à{V_m§Mm dmna åhUOo Amnë`m H${dËdeŠVrMrImg {Z{_©Vr Amho, Agm ^mdhr Vo ì`ŠV H$arV ZmhrV.

VwH$mo~m§Mr A §JdmUr hr Ë`m§À`m A§Va§JmMr dmUr Amho. Ë`mV gacËd Amho, AZc§H¥$VVm Amho.hr gacVm Ë`m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rVhr {XgVo.

"H$Ý`m gmgwamgr Om oŸ& _mJo naVmo{Z nmhoŸ&&

V¡go Omco _mÂ`m OrdmŸ& Ho$ìhm oQ>gr Ho$edmŸ&&

MwH${c`m _m oŸ& ~mi hþéhþê$ nmhoŸ&&

OrdZmdoJir _mgmoirŸ& V¡gm VwH$m Vi_irŸ&&'

gmgar Mmccocr _wcJr, AmB©cm emoYUmao _yc, nmÊ`m~mhoa VS>\$S>Umam _mgm øm oWrc à{V_mghO AdVaë`m AmhVo. S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r d Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mË_eŠVrMo_yë`_mnZ' `m àH$m{eV à~§YmV VZwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVm§Vrc {d{dY à{V_mZm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVcm Amho.Ë`m_Üò H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, ì`mdgm{`H$, YZ-YmVy-aËZ, {ejU-H$cm-H«$sS>m, eara, d¥j-\$io-\w$co, njr-nmird àmUr, Oc-dm w-A¾r-AmH$me-gy ©-M§Ð, amOH$s`-nm¡am{UH$-Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`ŠVtMr-AgoË`m§Zr dJuH$aU Ho$co Amho. VmOonUm, Vrd«Vm, R>gR>erVnUm, AZwê$nVm, AW©g§nÝZVm ho Ë`m§À`mà{V_mZm§Mo JwUY_© AmhoV. ""VwH$mam_m§Mo CËH$Q> ^mdOrdZ A{Ve` gmW©nUo d g_n©H$nUo hr à{V_mZodmMH$m§g_moa Cô H$aVmV. VwH$mam_m§Mr H$mìèŠVr H$er Aìdc XOm©Mr hmoVr d H$dr `mÑîQ>rZoVwH$mam_m§Mo ñWmZ {H$Vr loîR> XOm©Mo hmoVo `mMo gw§Xa {X½Xe©Z Ë`m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r H$aVo.'' Agm {ZU©S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr {Xcm Amho. (VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r d Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mË_ eŠVrMo _yë`_mnZn¥îR> 302-303) VwH$mo~m§À`m à{V_m Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrVrc Ame`mcm AZwê$n AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mA §JdmUrV n§T>ar, {dÇ>c, g§V, d¡îUd, H¥$îUcrcm, ì`dhmakmZ, T>m|Jmda àhma, àmn§{MH$m§Zm CnXoe,^{ŠV_mJ©, AÛ¡V{dMma Ago AZoH$ {df` oVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mV ha VèhoÀ`m Cn_m, à{V_m, ÑîQ>mÝVòVmV. gn©-Hw$Ìm-H$mo{H$im-_mgm-~Jim-~¡c-JmT>d-Kw~S>-Jm`dmgê$- h[aUr-nmS>g AernewnjtMr g¥îQ>r oVo. gy ©-M§Ð-{ham-cmoI§S>-XJS>-_moVr-gmoZo Mm§Xr-nV§J-MH$moa-_oK-d¥îQ>r-n¢OU-nmUr-cmoUr-AmH$me-XyY-Xhr-àoV-ñ_emZ-Zdar-gmoZma-cmohma-_mir-JmOa-H$m§Xm-cgwU-YZwî`-T>mc-Vwig-H$mnya-d¡Ú-gwB©U-gVr-H$moigm-hmoZ-{nV Aer ~hþê$nr g¥îQ>r Ë`m§À`m à{V_m§_Ü oJw§\$cr Jocr Amho. {d{dYVoZo ZQ>cocr, g§nÝZ Aer hr à{V_mg¥îQ>r Amho. VwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoVà{V_m Jw§\$VmZm OrdZmMo H$moUVoM joÌ dÁ © _mZco Zmhr. "VwPo XmarMm Hw$VamŸ& ZH$mo _moH$cy XmVmamŸ&YaUo KoVco KamVŸ& ZH$mo Yê$Z CR>dy hmVŸ&' Ago {dÇ>cmcm {dZdUmao VwH$mo~m BWo ñdV…gmR>r Hw$Í`mMrà{V_m {~Z{X¸$VnUo dmnaVmZm {XgVmV.

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l A\$mQ> AZw d{díd : VwH$mam_m§Zr {d{dY ñdê$nmMo {dMmamZw d Am{U ^mdmZw d Amnë`meãXeŠVrÛmam dmMH$m§g_moa gJwU, gmH$ma Ho$co AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr A §JdmUr åhUOo Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm_wŠV Am{dîH$ma Amho. Ë`m§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr {XcIwcmg AgVo. åhUyZ {VÀ`mVyZ ì`ŠV Pmcoco ^mdmZw dho agagcoco AgVmV. Ë`mV EH$ àH$maMm {Od§VnUm d gm_Ï © AgVo. OrdZmMr {ZemUr Vo ~amo~aKoD$Z oVmZm {XgVmV.

""VwH$mam_m§Mo AZw d{díd A\$mQ> Amho. Zm_Xod Ë`m§Mo H$mì`Jwê$ AmhoV. kmZoídamXr g§Vm§Mo H$mì`Ë`m§Zr dmMcoco Amho. nwamUo, JrVm, _hm^maV, am_mÙ `m§Mohr ñ_aU Ë`m§Zm Amho. Ë`m_wio gmh{OH$MË`m§À`m H${dVoV Cn_mZg¥îQ>r Am{U à{V_mZg¥îQ>r g_¥Õ Amho.'' Agm A{^àm` S>m°. A{Zc Jdir `m§Zr{Xcm Amho. (gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_ - n¥îR> 36)

""VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r {dœì`mnr Amho. {dídmVrc ~marH$gmarH$ KQ>H$m§Mm _yë``wŠV dmna `mà{V_mg¥îQ>rV oVmo. {ZË`mÀ`m n[aM`mVrc dñVw, àmUr, ì`dhma `m§Mm AWm©VM Iyn âUm Amho. `mdñVy, àmUr d ì`dhma `m§À`m g§X^m©Vrc gd©gmYmaU AZw dmMm AmYma KoD$Z VwH$mo~m {dMma Am{U^mdZm `m§Mr Imocr dmT>{dVmV.'' Agm _m{_©H$ A{^àm` S>m°. {Xcrn Ym|S>Jo `mZr {Xcm Amho. (g§VVwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Mm e¡crd¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg. n¥îR> 262-63) Cn_m, à{V_m d ÑîQ>mÝV ho Ë`m§À`mH$mì`mV ghO nU doJmZo oVmV. ""VwH$mam_ Agco ÑîQ>mÝV XoVmZm J«må`VoMm dm gä`VoMm {dMma H$arVZmhr, gw§Xa-Agw§XamMm {dMma H$arV Zmhr. Omo ^mdmZw d Vmo ì`ŠV H$ê$ nmhVmo, Vmo AmnmoAmn oVmo. VoÑîQ>mÝV åhUOoM VwH$mam_mMo H$ënZm{díd, Ë`mMr {dMmaà{H«$`m, Ë`mÀ`m à{V oÀ`m g§MmamgmR>r V`maPmcoco Ë`m§Mo AZw d{díd hmo . øm {dídmVrc gd© àH$maMo gw§Xa-Agw§Xa, ícrc-Aícrc, H$mo_cAm{U amR>, ñWyc Am{U gyú_ AZw d Ë`mÀ`m à{V oMo ImÚ R>aVmV.'' Ago dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu åhUVmV.(_amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr - n¥îR> 54) ""VwH$mam_mV EH$m narZo dmñVddmXr Om{Udm§Mm àH$f©AmT>iVmo. Vo H$m` dmQ>oc Vo ~mocVmV; {Z{ ©S>nUo ~mocVmV. VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r _wÔm_ nmhÊ`mgmaIrAmho. Ë`mV H$m` Zmhr? H$m|~S>r Amho, ~oS>H$s Amho, H$moëhmQ>rU Amho, eoVImZm Amho, JwImS>r Amho -H$m` dmQ>oc Vo Amho. ho ~mocVmZm Amnë`mcm g§H$moM dmQ>Vmo. nU Ë`m§Zm g§H$moM H$gm Vmo dmQ>VM Zmhr.''Ago H¥$. ~. {ZHw§$~ åhUVmV. (g§V Zm_Xod gmV ì`m»`mZo - n¥îR> 55)

Cn_m, à{V_m Am{U ÑîQ>mÝV `m§Mm I{OZmM Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV âJÀM âcm Amho. ho ÑîQ>mÝVVwH$mo~m XoD$Z Q>mH$VmV. _J Vo J«må` H$s gä`, gw§Xa H$s Agw§Xa `m§Mm {dMma Vo H$arV ZmhrV. ho ÑîQ>mÝVåhUOoM VwH$mam_m§Mo AZw d {díd hmo . gm_mÝ` Am{U Agm_mÝ`, jwÐ Am{U CXmÎm Aem {damoYrAZw dm§Zr Ë`m§Mr AZw dg¥îQ>r gmH$ma Pmcr Amho. Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrVrc VwH$mam_ {d{dY d¥ÎmtVdmdaVmZm {XgVmV. em{cZ Am{U {ZíM`r, àgÝZ Am{U {dfÊU, em§V Am{U ~oM¡Z, g_mYmZr Am{U{MS>Imoa, j_merc Am{U amJrQ> Ago ~hþê$nr VwH$mo~m Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV oQ>VmV. Vo AUwa{U`m WmoH$S>oAmhoV Am{U AmH$memEdT>o _moR>ohr AmhoV. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo Ë`m§Mo A §J åhUOo AZoH$a§Jr B§ÐYZwî` Amho.Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m A §Jm§_YyZ Amnco OrdZM[aÌ _m§S>co Amho. Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mda Amcocr g§H$Q>o, _ZmVrc

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g§Kf©, Jwê$nXoe, H${dËdñ\y$Vu, gmYH$mdñWm, gmjmËH$ma Ago {H$VrVar AmË_M[aÌna A^§J Ë`m§ZraMco AmhoV. ^mH$ar, g§V, Zm_g§H$sV©Z, Zm__{h_m, VÎdkmZ, àmn§{MH$m§Zm CnXoe, g_mOXe©Z,g_mOà~moYZ Aem {H$VrVar {df`m§da VwH$mam_ A §Jm§VyZ ~mocco AmhoV. H¥$îUM[aÌhr Ë`m§Zr AË §VVÐþnVoZo _m§S>co Amho. g_mOmVrc gwîQ>m§Mm Ë`m§Zr Jm¡ad Ho$cm Amho Am{U Xwï>m§Mm {Y¸$ma Ho$cm Amho.Aem {H$VrVar AZw dm§Mo a§J Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ IwcyZ {XgVmV. øm A §JdmUrVrc AZw d{dídmMm{dMma Ho$cm Va VwH$mam_ ho _hmamîQ´>mVrc ~hþOZ g_mOmMo IaoIwao à{V{ZYr hmoVo, ho cjmV oVo. "H$m`Imd| AmVm§ H$moUrH$S>o OmdoŸ& JmdmV amhmdo H$moÊ`m ~i|Ÿ&' ho VwH$mam_m§Mo ñdV…À`m cm¡{H$H$ OrdZm~ÔcMoAmV© CX²Jma AmhoV. "g§Vm§Zr gaVm Ho$cmo V¡go nar,Ÿ& M§XZr Vo ~moar ì`m{n ocrŸ&&' M§XZmOdirc ~moarMoPmS> J§{YV hmoVo. Vgo g§Vm§Zr _cm H¥$VmW© Ho$co - hm YÝ`VoMm AZw d Amho. "n{Vd«Vm ZoUo Am{UH$m§MrñVwVr,Ÿ& gd© md| nVr Ü`mZt _ZtŸ& V¡go _mPo _Z EH${dY Omc|,Ÿ& ZmdS>o {dÇ>co{dU XwO|.Ÿ&' BWo{dÇ>cmÀ`m _Ywam ^ŠVr_Yrc CËH$Q>VoMm AZw d gmH$ma Pmcm Amho. "Vy§ _mCcrhÿZ _`mi, M§Ðmhÿ{ZerVi', oWrc {dÇ>cmMm AZw d öÚ Amho. "KmoQ>drZ cmi ~«÷kmÝ`m hmVt,Ÿ& _wŠVm§ AmË_pñWVrgm§S>drZŸ&' oWrc AmË_{dídmgmMm AZw d R>m_ Amho. "{eH$ë`m ~mocmMo gm§JVrc dmX,Ÿ& AZw d oXZmhr H$moUmŸ&' BWo VwH$mo~m T>m|Jr n§{S>Vm§da Kmd KmcrV AmhoV. Aem VèhoZo VwH$mam_ AmË_M[aÌna,Xod^ŠVrna, g§V-d¡îUd-gmYw dU©Zna, Xm§{^H$Vodarc àhmana, Ago {d{dY A §J {c{hVmZm Ë`m§À`mAZw dm§Mo a§Jr~oa§Jr ñdê$n CcJS>V OmVmZm {XgVo.

2.3.3 H${dVoMr ì`mßVr Am{U {d{dYVm

VwH$mam_m§Mr EHy$U A §JaMZm gw_mao gmS>oMma hOma BVH$s Amho. Ë`m§Mo A §JdmL²>_` CËñ\y$V© dAmË_m{dîH$mamÀ`m ñdê$nmMo Amho. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMr ì`mßVr d {d{dYVm nmhÊ`mgmR>r _hmamîQ´> emgZmZoàH$m{eV Ho$coë`m VwH$mam_ JmWoVrc A §Jm§Mo dJuH$aU nmhmdo cmJoc. Ë`m§Mr erf©Ho$ Aer AmhoV._§JcmMaU-{damÊ`m-Omohma-H$mcm-M|Sw>\$ir-H$moS>o-\w$JS>çm-cImoQ>m-hþ§~ar-h_m_m-JmB©-H$m§S>U,AmS>gU, XiU, hmc, hþZwH$, {Q>nar, {dQ>>rXm§Sy>, _¥X§JnmQ>çm, ~«÷Mmar {\$`m©X Jocm-hZw_§V ñVwVr-_§~mOr Jmogmdr `m§Zr ñdm_rg nrS>m Ho$cr Vo, ñdm_rg gX²Jwê$Mr H¥$nm Omcr Vo, S>m§H$m, dmgwXod, JmdJw§S>,OmoJr, gadXm, _y§T>m, S>moB©\$moS>m, _c§J, Xadog, d¡ÚJmoir, Jm|Yi, H$mdS>o, gm¡è`m, dmÚm, AmaË`mgXm{edmda, cirV, Amerdm©X, Xgam, cmohJmdmg naMH«$ doT>m nS>cm, ñdm_rMo ñÌrZo ñdm_rg H$R>rUCÎma| Ho$cr-ZmQ>mMo A §J-Ywd©H$-nmB©H$-Km|JS>o, am_M[aÌ, qhXr ynmù`m, {edmOrg nÌ, ^m{JaWrgnÌ-n§T>arZmWmg nÌ-nyU©~moYmMo A^§J-nmiUm-c{iVo-H¥$îUOÝ_-H$mÝhmo~m Xodmer ^m§S>co-ZmQ>-Amoì`m-~miH««$rS>m B. A §J erf©Ho$ AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m AmË_mZw yVrMo A §J IynM AmhoV.

l ~miH«$sS>oMo A §J : dmaH$ar Agcoë`m VwH$mam_m§Zr Cnmñ` X¡dV lrH¥$îUmÀ`m ~micrcm§Mo_mohH$ dU©Z H$aUmao ~aoM A §J aMco AmhoV. Omohma, H$mcm, M|Sy>\$ir, H$moS>o, \w$JS>çm, hþ§~ar, h_m_m,JmB©-H$m§S>U-AmS>gU, Xi, gwZyH$, {Q>nar, {dQ>rXm§Sy>, _¥X§J-nmQ>çm Ago VwH$mam_m§Mo A §J dmMco H$sVo EH$ZmWm§À`m ^méS>m§Mr AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoVmV. `mV H$mhr Ioim§Mo àH$ma AmhoV Va Ioimg_mZ ì`dhma

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AmhoV. øm H«$sS>m JmonJmontÀ`m AmhoV. Ë`mV H¥$îUhr Amho. VwH$mo~m OrdZmMo AZoH$ ì`dhma Ý`mhmiVAmhoV. Ë`mVM Vo ñdËdmMm emoY KoVmV. _mUgmMo Xw…I, Ë`mMr {Zamem, gwImgmR>r Mmccocr YS>nS>`m gdmª~Ôc Vo A §Jm§VyZ {dMma H$aVmV. VwH$mam_ ñdV…À`m AZw dm§VyZ _mUgm§À`m øm {d{dYAZw dm§Mm {dMma H$arV AmhoV. `_wZoÀ`m {H$Zmar lrH¥$îUm~amo~a Jwam§_mJo amZmdZmV {\$aV AgVmXoh^mZ hanyZ øm {d{dY Ioim§V a§JyZ Jococo Vo Jmonmi AmhoV. H¥$îUMaUr crZ Pmcoco Vo Jmonmi AmhoV."Pocm ao Pocm daModa PocmŸ& hmVrMo J_mdr Vmo nmR>r gmho Q>mocmŸ& {ÌJwUmMm M|Sy> hmV| PwJmar {ZamimŸ&d[a{c`m _wI| _Z cmdr VoWo S>moimŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&' {ÌJwUmMm M|Sy> daModa nH$S>m. AÝ`Wm Ë`mcm _ma ~goc.Ë`m M|Sy>H$S>o _Z S>moio cmdyZ ~gco Amho. øm gd©M A §Jm§Mo dmVmdaU àgÝZ Amho. dmMH$ A§V_w©I~ZVmo. Ë`m AZoH$ H«$sS>m§_Ü o VwH$mam_m§Mo _Z a§JyZ OmVo. Ë`m àË oH$ IoimMo ahñ` CcJS>Ê`mMr XwX©å`BÀN>m Amho d eŠVr Amho. øm g§g¥VrH«$sS>oV AZoH$ Zm_d§V Io{i o hmoD$Z Joco. "qg{n`mMm nmoa EH$Io{i`m Zm_mŸ& VoUo {dÇ>c ~gd§V Ho$cm aoŸ&&' BWo Zm_Xodm§Mo dU©Z Aho. "~«m÷UmMm nmoa Io{i`m EH$^cmŸ& VoU| OZ IoiH$a Ho$cm aoŸ&' BWo EH$ZmWm§Mo dU©Z Amco Amho. eodQ>r VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV - ""VwH$måhUo JS>o hmo hþeméZr IoimŸ& nw{T>cm§Mr Yé{Z`m gmoB© aoŸ&& EH${M KmB© IoiVm Omo MwH$cmŸ& Vmo nS>ocg§gmaS>mBª aoŸ&' Agm Bemam BWo {Xcm Amho.

l AmË_M[aÌna A §J : VwH$mam_m§Zr ñdV…{df`r, Kam{df`r, Hw$Qw>§~m{df`r A §J {c{hcoAmhoV. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mo AmË_M[aÌ CcJS>V OmVo. X¡dr AmnÎmr, XwîH$mimV Amcocr g§H$Q>o, KamVrcì`ŠVtMm Pmcocm _¥Ë y, Ë`m_wio Amcoco d¡am½`, gmYH$mdñWoVrc AZw d ho gmao Ë`m§Zr AmV© ^mdmZogm§{JVco Amho. Ë`m_wio ho A §J H$mì`_` Pmco AmhoV. XmoZ ~m`H$m, AmB©~mn, XmoZ ^mD$, _wco, BVaAmßV `m§À`mgh JmdmV _hmOZH$s H$ê$Z ì`mnmamV _½Z AgUmao d gmdH$mar H$aUmao VwH$mam_ g§gmamVgwIr-g_mYmZr hmoVo. XwîH$mi nS>cm. g§gmamVrc gwI g§nco. ì`mnmamMo {Xdmio {ZKmco. _J Ë`m§Zrg§gmamH$S>o nmR> {\$a{dcr. Jwao T>moao _ocr. AmßVOZm§Mm _¥Ë y Pmcm. g§gmamMo nme VwQ>V Joco.

~ao Pmco Xodm {ZKmco {XdmioŸ& ~ar `m XwîH$mio nrS>m Ho$crŸ&

AZwVmno VwPo am{hco qMVZŸ& Omcm hm d_Z g§gmaŸ&&

~ao Omco Xodm ~mB©c H$H©$emŸ& ~ar ho XwX©em OZm_Ü oŸ&

~ao Omc| OJt nmdcmo An_mZŸ& ~ao Joc| YZ Jwa| T>moa|Ÿ&&

~ao Omc| Zmhr Y[acr cmoH$cmOŸ& ~am Amcmo VwO eaU XodmŸ&

~ao Omco VwPo Ho$c| XodmB©cŸ& coH$a| ~mB©c Cno{jcrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo ~ao d«V EH$mXerŸ& Ho$co Cndmgr OmJaUŸ&&

XwîH$mimZo {Xdmio {ZKmco Vo ~ao Pmco. XodmMo qMVZ H$aUo am{hco. g§gma AmoH$mar dmQy> cmJcm.nËZr H$H©$e Agë`mZo g_mOmV XwX©em Pmcr. An_mZ Pmcm. YZ Joco. Jwao T>moao _ocr. cmoH$c‚mm gmoSy>Z{Xcr. øm gd© JmoîQ>r Mm§Jë`m Pmë`m. ~m`H$m _wcm§Zm gmoSy>Z XoD$Z VwÂ`m nm`mer eaU Amcmo. EH$mXer


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hm A§V…ewÕrMm _mJ© Amho. g§H$Q>o H$mogicr. VwH$mam_m§Zr Ka gmoS>co. g§gma Ë`m§Zm "d_Z' dmQ>cm. nwT>o{dÇ>c^ŠVrMm Vo {ZíM` H$aVmV. ñdV…À`m g§gmamMo CKS>o ZmJS>o Xe©Z KS>{dUmao VwH$mam_ BWo àm§Oi_ZmMo dmQ>VmV. Vo A§V~m©ø ~Xcco. _J Ë`m§Zr {dÇ>cmcm gmX KmVcr-

g§dgmaVmno Vmncmo _r XodmŸ& H$[aVm§ `m godm Hw$Qw>§~mMrŸ&

åhUD$Zr VwPo AmR>{dco nm`Ÿ& o dmo _mPo _m` nm§Sw>a§JoŸ&&

B©œamMm {d`moJ hmoV Agoc Va AmßV, _wco, nËZr, YZ H$m` H$m_mMo? `m eãXm§V VwH$mam_Amnë`mdarc g§H$Q>m§Mr g§ mdZm H$aVmV. ""g_mOmVrc Xw…I, Ym{_©H$ dmVmdaU Ë`m§Zr OdiyZ nm{hco.JrVm, doX, emñÌo, nwamUo dmMyZ H$mT>cr. Ë`mV Y_m©Mm AW© emoYcm. eodQ>r XohþOdiÀ`m ^m_ZmW,KmoamS>çm, §S>mè`m S>m|Jamda OmD$Z Ë`m§Zr Vn…gmYZm, qMVZ-_ZZ-Ü`mZ-YmaUm H$ê$Z nm{hcr.doXm§Zr gm§{JVcocm Xod emoYyZ nmhÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr VngmYZmXr gmonñH$ma nma nmS>co. Ë`m§À`m _ZmMoøm_wio g_mYmZ Pmco Zmhr. _J Vo {dÇ>cmÀ`m ^ŠVrH$S>o Ord cmdyZ dico'' Ago S>m°. {H$emoa gmZnd _ZmoO Vm`S>o åhUVmV (VwH$mam_: ì`{ŠV_Îd Am{U H${dËd-n¥îR> 20) nwT>o Ë`m§Mr gmYZm gwê$ hmoVo.{dÇ>cmcm Vo _Zñdr AmidVmV. nU Vmo àgÝZ hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`mda Vo amJmdVmV. ñdV…er Ë`m§Mm g§Kf©gwê$ hmoVmo. ñdßZmV Jwê$nXoe hmoVmo-{dÇ>cmMm gmjmËH$ma hmoVmo. Z§Va Vo EH$m§VmVyZ cmoH$m§VmV oVmV.Agm hm AmË_{dH$mgmMm àdmg Ë`m§À`m AmË_M[aÌna A §Jm§VyZ AYmoaoIrV hmoVmo. Ë`m§Mm ì`{ŠVJVg§gma g§nVmo Am{U Vo {dÇ>cmÀ`m ^ì` g§gmamV gm_rc hmoVmV. Xodmcm Vo dëc^ _mZVmV. ñdV… Ë`mMrnËZr hmoVmV. {dÇ>cmcm Vo AmB© _mZVmV, ñdV… Ë`mMo ~mi hmoVmV.

l àmg§{JH$ A §J : VwH$mo~m§Zr OrdZmVrc _hÎdmÀ`m àg§Jr A §JaMZm Ho$cr Amho.""JwénXoemMm àg§J d gX²Jwê$Mr àmßVr `m§VyZ VwH$mo~m§À`m Jwéna§naoMr _m{hVr {_iVo. B§Ðm`UrV VwH$mo~m§À`mH${dËdmÀ`m døm ~wS>{dë`m hm _hÎdmMm àg§Jhr BWo A §Jm§VyZ gm§{JVcm Amho. "ñdm_tZr H$m`m ~«÷Ho$cr' (gXoh d¡Hw§$R>J_Z)Ÿ `m àg§Jmda Mmodrg A §J AmhoV. H$sV©ZagmVM Amncm Xoh ~«÷ñdê$nmMmH$aVm oVmo, hm AZw d BWo A §JmVyZ oVmo. cmohJmdÀ`m naMH«$mMm àg§J d {edmOramOo `m§Zr VwH$mo~m§g~mocmdUo nmR>{dco `mhr àg§Jm§da A §J {c{hco Joco AmhoV.'' Ago lr. _. qnJo d JO_c _miråhUVmV (VwH$mam_m§Mo {ZdS>H$ A §J-n¥îR> 20-21) {edmOramOm§Zm Ë`m§Zr A §JmVyZM CÎma nmR>dcoAmho. Vo åhUVmV-

Vwåhm§nmer Amåhr oD${Z`m H$m`Ÿ& d¥Wm grU Amho MmcÊ`mMmŸ&&

_mJmdo ho AÝZ Var {^jm Wmoa,Ÿ& dñÌmgr ho Wma qMÜ`m {~XrŸ&&

AmVm§ ho{M Vwåhm gm§JUo H$m¡VwH$Ÿ& {^jo Eogo gwI Zmhr ZmhrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Vwåhr lr_§V _mZmMoŸ& nyduM X¡dm§Mo h[a^ŠVŸ&&

{dídoída Jdgë`mZ§Va VwH$mo~m§À`m Vm|Sy>Z hr ^mfm {ZKmcr Amho, `mV Zdc Vo H$m`?

35

l ^ŠVr : VwH$mo~m ^m_ZmWmÀ`m S>m|Jamda ~gyZ B©ídaqMVZ H$arV. Ë`mZm h[aZm_mMm N>§XcmJcm. Ë`m§Mo _Z pñWa Pmco. Vo B©eqMVZmV a§Jco. Ë`m§Mr gmYH$mdñWm AZoH$ A §Jm§_YyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo.BWo H$Yr Vo Jm§JaVmV. H$Yr H$iVo nU diV Zmhr. e§H$m§Zr _Z ^ê$Z OmVo. "H$moUmÀ`m AmYma| H$ê$ _r{dMmaŸ& H$moU XoB©c Yra _mÂ`m OrdmŸ&' Aer Ë`m§À`m _ZmMr ì`mHw$i _Z…pñWVr Pmcr Amho. Y_©-AY_©, H$_©-AH$_© Ë`m§Zm H$iV Zmhr. nwÝhm Vo B©ída^ŠVrV ñdV…cm {dgaVmV.

Xodmcm XodËd oVo Vo ^ŠVm_wio ! cmoI§S> Amho åhUyZ n[agmcm _hÎd Amho. `mMH$ Amho åhUyZH$ënVécm _hÎd Amho. VgoM "n{VV' Amho åhUyZ n{VVnmdZ Amho. "O[a _r ZìhVmo n{VVŸ& V[a Vy§nmdZ H$¡Mm oWŸ& åhUmo{Z`m _mPo Zm_ AmYrŸ& _J Vy nmdZ H¥$nm{ZYrŸ&&' VwH$mam_ H$mhr doim XodmdaZmamO hmoVmV. ê$gdm YmaU H$aVmV, amJmdVmV Va H$Yr d¡VmJVmVhr ! oWo amJ Am{U AZwamJ `m§Mo a§JEH$_oH$m§V {_giyZ OmVmV. Ë`mVyZM EH$ doJim ^md ì`ŠV hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m _ZmÀ`m àm§OinUm_wio ømA §Jm§À`m A{^ì`ŠVrV {Od§VnUm d agaerVnUm oVmo.

^ŠV Am{U Xod `m§À`mV oX ZgVmo. B§YZmMm A½Zrer g§~§Y Amcm Va Vo A{½Z_` hmoVo.H$ñVwar_Ü o _mVr {_gicr H$s Vr H$ñVwar hmoVo, Vgo ho Amho. ^ŠVmMm ^md _mÌ ewÕ hdm. _J Ë`m§Zm{dÇ>cmMmM Ü`mg cmJVmo.

"gXm _mPo S>moim§ OS>mo VwPr _yVuŸ& aIw_mB©À`m nVr gmo [a`mŸ&&

JmoS> VwPo ê$n JmoS> VwPo Zm_Ÿ& XoB© _O ào_ gd©H$miŸ&&' Ago Vo åhUVmV.

H$maU "VwPo nm`r gd© gwI Amho' Aer Ë`m§Mr ImÌr Amho. "amOg gwHw$_ma _XZmMm nwVim' Aem{dÇ>cmÀ`m ào_mV Vo ~wS>mco AmhoV. åhUyZM Vo {chÿZ OmVmV- "Vy§ _mCcrhÿZ _`miŸ& M§Ðmhÿ{Z erViŸ&nm{U`mhÿ{Z nmViŸ& H$ëcmoi ào_mMm' na_oída Ë`m§Zm H¥$nmgmJa dmQ>Vmo. _m`~mn dmQ>Vmo. Vo åhUVmV-

"Xodm Vy H¥$nmH$éUm qgYyŸ& hmogr _m`~mn Am_Mm ~§YwŸ&

OrdZ{gÕr gmYZqgYwŸ& Vmo{S>gr ^d~§Yw H$minmeŸ&&'

{dÇ>cmÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r Vo Amgwgco AmhoV.

"MwH${c`m _m oŸ& ~mi hþéhþê$ nmhoŸ&

OrdZmdoJir _mgmoirŸ& V¡gm VwH$m Vi_irŸ&'

oQ>rÀ`m `m Vi_irV VwH$mo~m§À`m Cn_m-ÑîQ>m§Vm§Zm ~ha oVmo.

VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmer gVV ~mocV amhVmV. Ë`mÀ`m XmamV cmoiV amhUmao Hw$Ìo Ago Vo ñdV…cm_mZVmV. Vo [dÇ>cmcm nVr _mZVmV. {damÊ`m d Jm¡iUr_YyZ Ë`m§Zr _Ywam^ŠVr Ami{dcr Amho. {OH$S>onmhmdo {VH$S>o Ë`mMrM nmCco Ë`mZm {XgVmV. ê$n-JwU-Zm_ B. énm§Zr Vmo {dídmV ì`mnyZ am{hcm Amho.

36

"Véda ~rOmnmoQ>rŸ& ~rO Védam godQ>rŸ&

V¡go Vwåhm Amåhm OmcoŸ& EH$s EH$ gm_mdc|Ÿ&&'

Aer AÛ¡VmZw yVr Vo MmIVmV.

{dÇ>cmÀ`m Zm_mMm _{h_m Ë`m§Zr C§M AmdmOmV Jm{`cm Amho. "Zm_ KoVm CR>mCR>tŸ& hmo g§gmamgrVwQ>rŸ&' Ago Vo åhUVmV. _moj ZH$mo, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. {dÇ>cmÀ`m gJwU énmMr Ë`m§Zm AmdS>r Amho.åhUyZ "VwH$m åhUo AmåhmŸ& gwIo Kmcmdo J ©dmgrŸ&' nwT>ë`m OÝ_rhr _r {dÇ>cmMm ^ŠV hmoB©Z. Ë`mMrgodm H$arZ. Aer Ë`m§Mr BÀN>m Amho. _mojgwImnojm VwH$mo~m§Zr gJwU^ŠVrMo _hÎd OmñV _mZco Amho.Zm_g§H$sV©ZmV _½Z amhÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm YÝ`Vm dmQ>Vo. g§V-d¡îUd Am{U gmYy `m§Mm Ë`mZr Jm¡ad Ho$cm Amho.OJmMo AmKmV gmogUmam Vmo g§VM AgVmo. "_D$ _oUmhÿZ Amåhr {dîUyXmgŸ& H${R>U dO«mg oXy EogoŸ&',"Oo H$m a§Oco Jm§OcoŸ& Ë`mgr åhUo Omo AmnwcoŸ& Vmo{M gmYw AmoiImdmŸ&&' g§V Am{U gmYw `m§Mr cjUogm§JyZ ho g§V åhUOo XodmMo à{V{ZYr AmhoV. Ago Vo gm§JVmV. A§Va§JewÕrMm hm AmJ«h Amho. Aemg‚mZ-gmYwê$n _mUgm§_wioM g_mO gËàd¥Îm hmoB©c Aer Ë`m§Mr ImÌr Amho.

l OrdZH$m ©-Y_©ajU : VËH$mcrZ g_mOmV ~«m÷U-j{Ì` fS²>[any§À`m Amhmar Joco hmoVo.gJirH$S>o AY_© _mOcm hmoVm. nmn ~{cîR> Pmco hmoVo. cmoH$m§_Ü o ñdY_m©H$S>o Xwc©j d naY_m©{df`rAmdS> CËnÝZ Pmcr hmoVr. Y_©ñWmnZoÀ`m B©ídar H$m`m©cm Amnco nwT>rc Am wî` VwH$mo~m§Zr dm{hco.Ë`m§Zr Amnco C{ÔîQ> Omhra Ho$co-

Amåhr d¡Hw§$R>dmgrŸ& Amcmo `m {M H$maUmgrŸ&

~mo{cco Oo F$frŸ& gmM ^md| dVm©d`mŸ&&

PmSy> g§Vm§Mo _maJŸ& AmS>amZo âco OJŸ&

CpÀN>îQ>mMm ^mJŸ& eof Caco Vo godyŸ&&

AW} cmoncr nwamUoŸ& Zme Ho$cm eãXkmZ|

{df`cmo r _ZŸ& gmYZo ~wS>{dcrŸ&&

{nQy> ^ŠVrMm S>m§JmoamŸ& H${iH$mimgr XamamŸ&

VwH$m åhUo H$amŸ& OÒ`H$ma AmZ§XoŸ&&

""F$ftZr gm§{JVcoë`m _yi Y_m©Mo cmoH$m§Zr AmMaU H$amdo åhUyZ Amåhr BhcmoH$mV AmcmoAmhmoV. OJ AY_m©Zo âco Amho. gËnwéfm§Mm _mJ© Amåhr àH$memV AmUy, H$irH$mimcm Xamam dmQ>ocAgm ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam Amåhr {nQ>Uma AmhmoV. ^Jd§VmÀ`m ^ŠVrMm OÒ`H$ma H$am'', Aer Ë`m§Mry{_H$m Amho.

37

_r ^{ŠVagmMo godZ H$arV Amho Am{U Vmo BVam§Zm dmQ>rV Amho. {dÇ>c^ŠVrH$S>o cmoH$m§Mo _Zdi{dUo ho Ë`m§Mo Or{dVH$m © hmoVo. doXm§Zr Or ZrVr gm§{JVcr, Omo gXmMma gm§{JVcm VmoM Am_À`meãXm§V gm§JUma AmhmoV, Ago Ë`m§Mo åhUUo Amho. AmOn ªV g§V Oo H$arV Amco VoM Amåhr H$aUmaAmhmoV, Aerhr Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m Amho. OJmcm {hVH$maH$ H$_} H$aUo åhUOo Y_m©MaU H$aUo, hrMdoXZrVr, hoM nwÊ` Am{U `mMm {dMma Z H$aVm CÝZÎmnUo dmJUo ho nmn hmo , Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Amnë`mOrdZmMo C{ÔîQ> Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ A §Jm§_YyZ ñnîQ> Ho$co Amho. ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam {nQy>Z Ë`m§Zr gd© OmVtÀ`m,n§Wm§À`m ñÌr-nwéfm§Zm ^{ŠV_mJm©V oÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$co. gÁOZm§Mo g§ajU Am{U CÝ_Îmm§Mo {ZXm©cZhmM Amncm OrdZY_© Amho, hr Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m hmoVr. AmOw~mOyMr n[apñWVr nmhVmZm Y_m©Mr Pmcocrhoigm§S> Vo nmhV hmoVo. T>m|Jr d g_OH§$Q>H$m§À`m Xwï> H$madm`m§nmgyZ cmoH$m§Mr gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mMo d«V Ë`m§ZrKoVco hmoVo. àmn§{MH$m§Zm OrdZmV YÝ`Vm dmQ>oc Aem ^{ŠV_mJm©Mm-gXmMmamMm Ë`m§Zr AmJ«h YacmhmoVm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr eoH$S>mo A §Jm§Mr aMZm Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo.

l àmn§{MH$m§Zm CnXoe : VwH$mo~m§Zr gm§gm[aH$ cmoH$m§Zm ^anya CnXoe Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zrg_mOmVrc Xmofm§da Kmd KmVcm. ì`W© Mmcr[aVr d Ë`mVrc AkmZmda Ë`m§Zr hëcm Ho$cm Amho.""Amnco eara Zmed§V Amho, ho cjmV KoD$Z namonH$ma H$am. AmË_kmZmH$S>o S>moioPmH$ H$ê$Z VyXoh~wÕrV AkmZmZo Pmon KoV Amhog. Var gmdY hmo Am{U ñdV…À`m Am wî`mMo ajU H$a !'' AgmAmÜ`mpË_H$ CnXoe Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm. Amnë`m EH$m A §JmV Vo gm§JVmV-

OmoS>mo{Z`m YZ CÎm_ ì`dhmaoŸ& CXmg {dMmao doM H$arŸ&&

CÎm_ {M JVr Vmo EH$ nmdocŸ& CÎm_ ^moJrc OrdImUrŸ&&

naCnH$mar ZoU| naqZXmŸ& na{ñÌ`m gXm ~{hUr _m`mŸ&&

yVX`m JmB© ney§Mo nmcZŸ& VmÝhoë`m OrdZ dZm_mOrŸ&&

em§{Vê$no Zìho H$moUmMm dmB©Q>Ÿ& dmT>dr _hÎd d{S>cm§MoŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo ho{M Aml_mMo \$iŸ& na_nX ~i d¡am½`mMoŸ&&

MmoI ì`dhmamZo n¡go {_idm. CXmgd¥ÎmrZo IM© H$am. Xwgè`mda CnH$ma H$amdoV. Xwgè`mMr qZXmH$ê$ Z o. na{ñÌ`m AmB©-~{hUrà_mUo _mZmì`mV. àm{U_mÌm§{df`r X`m ~miJmdr. d¥Îmr em§V R>odmdr.Hw$Umer dmB©Q> dmJy Z o. _Ëga H$ê$ Z o. VhmZcoë`mg nmUr Úmdo. Á oîR>m§Mm _mZ R>odmdm. WmoS>Š`mV,J¥hñWml_mV amhÿZ AmXe© dV©Z H$amdo. g_mO{hV gmYmdo. g_mOH§$Q>H$m§Zm amOmZo emgZ H$amdo.

"EH$ EH$m gmø H$ê$Ÿ& AdKo Yê$ gwn§W', "H$m` ~m H$argr gmodio AmodioŸ& _Z Zmhr {Z_©i dmCJo{MŸ&&', "AW}{dU nmR>m§Va H$mg`m H$amdoŸ& ì`W© {M _amdo KmoHy${Z`m§Ÿ&&', "Zmhr {Z_©i OrdZŸ& H$m`H$arc gm~UŸ&', "{^jmnmÌ Adc§~UoŸ& Oimo {OUo cm{OadmUoŸ&&', "gdmª yVr Úmd| AÝZŸ& Ðì` nmÌ{dMmamoZŸ&' "OmD${Z`m§ VrWm© H$m` Vwdm Ho$coŸ& M_© àjm{ico dar darŸ&&' "Amem V¥îUm _m`m An_mZmMo

38

~rOŸ& Zm{g{c`m nwÊ` hmoB©OoVoŸ&', "{hV ìhmdo Var X§ Xwar R>odmŸ& {MÎmewÕr godm XodmMr hoŸ&' Ago{H$VrVar A §J MaU àn§M H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Zm Ë`m§Zr AmoaSy>Z gm§{JVco AmhoV. àË oH$ A §JmVgw{dMma Amco AmhoV. ì`ŠVr g§ñH$mag§nÝZ Pmcr Am{U Vgo dV©Z H$arV am{hcr Va g_mO gwg§ñH$marhmoB©c. hm {dMma Ë`m_mJo hmoVm. Ë`m_wio VwH$mam_m§Mo ho A §J AmOhr Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

l g_mOà~moYZ : g_mOmVrc T>m|Jr cmoH$m§da VwH$mo~m§Zr H$R>moa àhma Ho$co AmhoV. VËH$mcrZg_mOmV T>m|Jr d H$m_McmD$ gmYw§Mm gwigwimQ> Pmcm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`mda VwH$mo~m§Zr hëcm Ho$cm Amho."nanrS>H$ Vmo Amåhm§ XmdoXma' hr Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m hmoVr. H$nmimda J§Y nU _ZmV _mZdVm-J§YM Zmhr.ho H$gco d¡îUd? Vo Va gm|J Amho. gd© OJ {dîUy_` Amho. ho Ë`mcm _m{hVM Zmhr. ho Ë`m§Mo T>m|J åhUOonmnM Amho. "EH$m ~moQ>mMr {ZemUrŸ& n[anmH$ Zmhr _ZrŸ& .... d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ& OJ {dîUw ZoUo d_©Ÿ&'~{ha§JmMm XoImdm H$aUmao ho Y_m©Mo eÌy AmhoV. H$mhr gmYw ^Jdr dñÌo KmcVmV. nU VoWo AZw dMZgVmo. _J Hw$Í`mMm a§J Va ^JdmM AgVmo. H$mhrOU OQ>m dmT>dVmV. _J H$moëhm Ho$gmiM AgVmo.O{_ZrV {dda H$ê$Z H$mhr gmYw amhVmV _J C§XamMo gmYwËd H$m` dUm©do? "VwH$m åhUo Eogo H$mg`mH$amdo,Ÿ& Xohmgr X§S>mdo dmCJo {MŸ&&' ~mø dof gmYwMm, A§Va§J _mÌ {df`{cßV. ^modVr «îQ> Moco. _oiVa O_cm nU {MÎmewÕrMo ZmdM Zmhr. "gmYH$ Pmco H$irŸ& JwéJwS>rMr cm§~ ZirŸ& nMr nS>o _ÚnmZŸ&^m§J wH$m© ho gmYZ>' øm H$mimV JwS>JwS>rMr cm§~ Zir Vm|S>mV Yê$Z _moj gmYy nmhUmao AZoH$ gmYH$AmhoV. _ÚnmZ, ^m§J, V§~mIy hr Ë`m§À`m _mojmMr gmYZo PmcrV. "Moë`m§Mm gwH$miŸ& qnS> X§S> §JnmiŸ&godm _mZYZŸ& ~ao BÀN>oZo g§nÝZŸ&' Aer gm|Jo T>m|Jo H$aUmè`m gmYw§Mr S>moH$s VwH$mam_ ^mXê$Z H$mT>VmV.

na_mË_m Amnë`m OdiM Amho. Ë`mMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r amZmdZmV H$emgmR>r Om`Mo? Am§Yù`mÀ`mhmVr _moVr XoD$Z H$m` Cn`moJ? A{YH$mar cmoH$ Ho$di ÑîQ>rZoM aËZmMr narjm H$aVmV. Ë`mà_mUo^{ŠV_mJm©da àdmg H$aUmam gmYH$ ñdV…Odi na_oída emoYVmo. XwîQ> _mUgmcm Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>tModmdS>o AgVo. qc~mÀ`m PmS>mcm gmIaoMo Amio KmVco åhUyZ Vo PmS> H$Sw>nUm gmoS>V Zmhr. Imnamcmn[agmMm Oar ñne© Pmcm Var Ë`mMo ñdê$n ~Xcoc H$m`? doiyMo ~Z M§XZdZmÀ`m eoOmar ZgVo H$m`?Vgo XwîQ>mMo A§Va§J A_§Ji AgVo. {hVH$maH$ JmoîQ>r Vo Xya gmaVo. "{Z§~m{M`m PmS>m gmH$aoMo AmioŸ&Amncr Vr \$i| Z g§S>r MŸ&& V¡go AY_mMo A_§Ji {MÎmŸ& d_Z Vo {hV H$é{Z gm§S>rŸ&&' nmoQ>mWu cmoH$m§MrVÎdMMm© ì`W© Amho, ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV- "qnS>nmofH$mÀ`m Oimo kmZJmoîQ>rŸ& PUr Ñ{îQ> oQ>rZ hmo Ë`m§MrŸ&& Zmhr g§V{MÝh C_Q>c| A§JtŸ& CnXoemcmJr nmÌ PmcmŸ&&' nmoQ>mWu ì`ŠVrMr VmpÎdH$~S>~S> nmoH$i AgVo. Ë`mMo Xe©Zhr ZH$mo. g§Vm§Mo H$moUVoM cjU A§Jr ZgVmZm CnXoe H$arV amhUmaoT>m|JrM AmhoV. g_mOmVrc «îQ> cmoH$m§da, Xmofm§da VwH$mam_m§Zr eñÌ Yaco ho Iao Amho. Ë`mM~amo~aË`m§Zr g_mO{hVmMm gH$mamË_H$ {dMmahr Ho$cm Amho. VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-

"{dîUw_` OJ d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©, oXm oX «_ A_§Ji.

ABH$m Or Vwåhr ^ŠV ^mJdV,Ÿ& H$amc Vo {hV gË` H$am.

39

H$moUmhr OrdmMm Z KS>mo _Ëga,Ÿ& d_© gd}ída nyOZmMoŸ&

VwH$m åhUo EH$m XohmMo Ad`dŸ& gwI Xw…I Ord ^moJ nmdoŸ&&

gd© OJ na_oída_` Amho. chmZ-_moR>m, CÀM-ZrM, nwÊ`dmZ-nmnr Agm oX H$ê$ ZH$m. gd©_mUgo na_oídamMr coH$ao AmhoV, `mMr OmUrd R>odm.

a§Oë`m Jm§Oë`m§Zm Omo ào_mZo Amnco _mZVmo, VmoM gmYy hmo . "_¥Xw g~mø ZdZrV,Ÿ& V¡go gÁOZmMo{MÎmŸ&', "X`m H$aUo Oo nwÌmgrŸ& Vo{M Xmgm Am{U XmgrŸ&&' nwÌmda {OVHo$ ào_ {VVHo$M ào_ ZmoH$amdaH$aUmam gmYw hmo . {ZamYmam§Zm Vmo ào_mZo öX`r YaVmo.

Á`mMo gd© ào_ Xodmda H|${ÐV Pmco Aho, Á`mMm eara, n¡gm, cmoH$ `m§Mm _moh nS>V Zmhr. Vr gd©Ë`mcm V¥UdV² dmQ>VmV. H$R>rU g§H$Q> Amco Varhr B©ídamonmgZoV Vmo I§S> nSy> XoV Zmhr. _J Ë`mMr OmVH$moUVrhr H$m AgoZm, Vmo d¡îUd hmo .

""d¡îUd Vmo O`m,Ÿ& AdKr Xodmdar _m`m

Zmhr Am{UH$ à_mUŸ& VZ YZ V¥U OZ

nS>Vm OS> ^marŸ& Zo_m Z Q>io {ZYm©ar

VwH$m åhUo `mVrŸ& hmo H$m V`mMr ^cVrŸ&&

gÁOZmÀ`m g§JVrMo _hÎd Ë`m§Zr Jm{`co Amho. "_wIt A_¥VmMr dmUrŸ& Xoh doMmdm H$maUtŸ&&gdmªJr {Z_©iŸ& {MÎm O¡go J§JmOiŸ&&' g‚mZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _wImV _Ymi ~mocUo Am{U AmMaUmV _YwaH¥$Vr AgVo. J§JmOi Á`mà_mUo {Z_©i AgVo Vgo Ë`mMo _Z n{dÌ AgVo. M§XZ d¥jmMo hmV nm` M§XZMAgVmV. n[agmMo H$moUVoM A§J hrZ ZgVo. {Xì`mÀ`m nmR>r nmoQ>r A§Yma H$YrM ZgVmo. gmIa gdmªJmZoJmoS>M AgVo. "VwH$m åhUo V¡gm g‚mZmnmgyZŸ& nmhVm§ AdJwU {_io {M ZmŸ&&'

l emŠVmMo A §J : Y_m©À`m ZmdmImcr Mmccoë`m AZmMmam§Mm Ianyg g_mMma BWo VwH$mo~mKoVmZm {XgVmV. BWo VwH$mo~m amJmdco AmhoV. "ewÕ na_mW© ~wS>{dcm VoU|Ÿ& JwéËd yfU| ^moJ ^moJrŸ&'"d¡am½`mMm cmon h[a^OZr {djonŸ& dmT>{dc| nmn _{Vg§JoŸ&&' Aem VèhoZo emŠVm§Zm CÔoeyZ Vo AneãXH$mT>VmV.

""{Q>im Q>monr _mim XodmMo J~mioŸ& dmJdr Am|Jio nmoQ>mgmR>rŸ&&

Vwigr Imodr H$mZt X © Imodr e|S>rŸ& c{Q>H$s Yar ~m|S>r Zm{gH$mMrŸ&&

H$sV©ZmMo doir aS>o nS>o cmoioŸ& ào_odrU S>moio JiVmVrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Eogo _mdoMo _B§XŸ& Ë`m§ nmer JmoqdX Zmhr ZmhrŸ&&''

40

emŠVm§Zr Y_m©À`m ZmdmImcr Ho$coë`m AZmMmam§Zr VwH$mam_ amJmdcoco AmhoV. {d{dY XodVm§Mo nyOH$ dË`m XodVm§À`m Zmdmda CnOr{dH$m H$aUmao ^m|Xy `m§À`mda Ë`m§Mm H$Q>mj Amho. øm gdmªMr hOoar Vo H$S>H$eãXm§V KoVmV. H$_©H$m§S>mMo ñVmo_ _mOdyZ qhXy Y_m©cm ~iH$Q>r oUma Zmhr Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Amho. Vod«Vd¡H$ë`m§Mr Q>dmir H$aVmV.

Aer VwH$mo~m§Mr H${dVm Iyn Iyn ì`mnH$ Amho. Ë`m H${dVoZo VwH$mo~m§Mo M[aÌ {Xco. Ë`m§Mr gmYZmJw§\$cr. g§V_{h_m Jm{`cm. Zm__{h_m Jm{`cm, àn§{MH$m§Zm CnXoe Ho$cm. VÎdkmZ M{M©co. g_mOXe©ZKS>dyZ à~moYZhr Ho$co. WmoS>Š`mV VwH$mo~m§Mr A§V~m©ø à{V_m åhUOo Ë`m§Mr H${dVm hmo .

2.4 eãXmW© d {Q>nm

l AmQ>r - l_

l AmV© - Xw…{IV, AmVwa, CËH§$Rm, Vi_i

l AmhmM - ì`W©, dadaMo, ImoQ>o

l JéS>Q>H$m - JéS>{MÝh Agcoco {ZemU

l ^mH$ - dMZ, enW

l dmoag - nmÝhm

l hmQ> - ~mOma

l gwXUo - KmQ>Uo, R>odUo, XoUo

l cmhmo - N>§X, cm^, Ëdam

l Wma - Aml`

l ~{S>dma - _moR>onUm, Wmoadr

l MoBUo - OmJo hmoUo

2.5g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, "VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm' øm KQ>H$mMm BWo AmnU gm§Jmonm§J Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho.{dÇ>c, ^ŠVr, Zr{VY_m©Mm àgma, AdJwU X§S>U, AmË_m{dîH$ma øm Ë`m§À`m H${dVoÀ`m à_wI àoaUmAmhoV. "Amåhm ho H$m¡VwH$Ÿ& OJm Úmdr ZrVŸ&' øm y{_Ho$VyZ Vo gm§gm[aH$m§Zm CnXoe H$arV am{hco."nanrS>H$ Vmo Amåhm XmdoXma' `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Vo g_mOà~moYZ H$arV am{hco. ñdV…À`m gmYH$mdñWoMoË`m§Mo {MÌU ^md_` Pmco Amho. ^mdH${dVm, à~i AmË_àH$Q>rH$aU, gw m{fV_`Vm, Añgc _amR>_moir

41

dmUr, AmdmhZj_Vm, OrdZqMVZ, A\$mQ> AZw d {díd d à{V_mg¥îQ>r hr Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMr ~cñWmZoAmhoV. Ë`m§Mr A §JdmUr hr EH$m Wmoa {dMmad§VmMr ^mdH${dVm Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrMm àmUåhUOo {VÀ`m_mJrc à~i AmË_{ZîR>m ! Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc {H$VrVar MaU _amR>r ~mocr^mfoMo A{d^mÁ`A§J ~Zco AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr A §JdmUr hr _w»`V… cmoH$^mfm Amho. gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mr Zoh_rÀ`m ì`dhmamVrcVr ~mocr^mfm Amho. Ë`m§Mr H${dVm H$mcmVrV AmdmhZ H$arV amhVo. VwH$mo~m§À`m H${dVoV àm_w»`mZo_mZdr OrdZmMm {dMma _m§S>cocm Amho. ho Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMo {deof AmhoV. A\$mQ> AZw d{díd hohrË`m§À`m A §JdmUrMo d¡{eîQ>ç hmo . ~hmaXma à{V_mg¥îQ>r hohr A §JmMo ~cñWmZ Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`mA §JdmUr_Ü o {d{dYVm Amho. Ë`mVrc ì`mßVr cjUr` Amho. lrH¥$îUmÀ`m ~miH«$sS>oMo A §J,emŠVmMo A §J, AmË_M[aÌna A §J, àmg§{JH$, ^ŠVr, OrdZH$m ©, àmn§{MH$m§Zm CnXoe, g_mOà~moYZAem AZoH$ à_wI ^mJm§V Ë`m§Mr A §JdmUr {dIwacr Amho. ho gd©M A §J g§dmXê$n AmhoV. {dÇ>c^ŠVrMo Vo hþH$_r gmYZ Amho. Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§Mm à^md gd©ì`mnr Amho. øm A §JdmUrZo _amR>rcmlr_§V Ho$co Amho. H${dVoVrc gw m{fV_`Vm Am{U g_W© AmË_{dídmg `m§À`m_wio Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrMrAmdmhZj_Vm A{YH$M gYZ Pmcr Amho.

2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

n dñVw{ZîR> àíZ


1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr àYmZ àoaUm H$moUVr?

(ZrVràgma / ^ŠVr / X§ mda àhma)Ÿ

2. {damÊ`m§_YyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr H$moUVr ^ŠVr _m§S>cr Amho?

(_Ywam^ŠVr / Xmñ`^ŠVr / dËgc^ŠVr)

3. "VwH$mam_mMr H${dVm : H$mhr {dMma' hm àXrK© coI dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§À`m H$moUË`m J«§WmVAmho?

(VwH$mam_ / VwH$mam_Xe©Z / _amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr)

4. "Vy§ _mCcrhÿZ _`mi, M§Ðmhþ{Z erVi' Ago VwH$mo~m H$moUmg åhUVmVŸ?

(lram_ / n§T>[aZmW / {dîUwŸ)

5. VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr Amnco gm_Ï © H$emVyZ KoVo?

(cmoH$^mfoVyZ / VÎdkmZmVyZ / g§dmXm_YyZ)

CÎmao : 1. ^ŠVr, 2. _Ywam^ŠVr, 3. _amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr, 4. n§T>[aZmW, 5. cmoH$^mfoVyZ

42

~) Jmicoë`m OmJm ^am.

1. Amnw{c`m ~i| Zmhr _r ~mocVŸ& gIm ............. dmMm Ë`mMrŸ&&

2. VwH$m åhUo _mPo ho{M gd© gwIŸ& nmhrZ ............... AmdS>rZoŸ&&

3. X`m H$aUo Oo nwÌmgrŸ& Vo{M .............. Am{U XmgrŸ&

4. ................ Ymdo ñd^mdo ~mhoarŸ& Y[aVm§ hr nar Amdao ZmŸ&&

5. "VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr åhUOo VwH$mam_mMo ............. AmË_M[aÌ Amho.

CÎmao : 1. ^Jd§V, 2. lr_wI, 3. Xmgm, 4. A§V[aMo, 5. AmÜ`mpË_H$

H$) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {chm.

1. ~hmaXma à{V_mg¥îQ>r hm VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm _hÎdnyU© {deof Amho.

2. VwH$mam_m§Mo ~miH«$sS>oMo A §J ho lram_mÀ`m ~mcnUmdarc A §J AmhoV.

3. "{nQy> ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam' ho VwH$mo~m§Mo OrdZH$m © hmoVo.

4. VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ gm§gm[aH$m§Zm CnXoe Ho$cm Zmhr.

5. {dÇ>c^ŠVrgmR>r AmnUmg nwZO©Ý_ {_imdm, Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV.

CÎmao : 1. ~amo~a, 2. MyH$, 3. ~amo~a, 4. MyH$, 5. ~amo~a.

S>) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. {dîUwXmg H$go AgVmV?

2. YZ {_i{dÊ`m{df`r d IM© H$aÊ`m{df`r VwH$mam_ H$m` gm§JVmV?

3. VwH$mam_ X`oMr ì`m»`m H$moUVr H$aVmV?

4. gmYw H$moUmcm åhUmdo?

5. {dÇ>cmer AmnU H$go g_ag Pmcmo, Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV?

CÎmao : 1. {dîUwXmg _oUmhÿZ _D$ AgVmV Am{U H$R>rU dO«mcm oXy eH$VmV.

2. MmoI ì`dhma H$ê$Z YZ {_idm Am{U _moh Z R>odVm IM© H$am.

3. X`m {VMo Zmd yVm§Mo nmcZŸ& Am{UH$ {ZXm©cZ H§$Q>H$m§MoŸ& qH$dm

àm{U_mÌm§Mo g§ajU H$aUo Am{U g_mOH§$Q>H$m§Mo {ZXm©cZ H$aUo åhUOo X`m hmo .

4. Oo a§Ococo cmoH$ AmhoV, Ë`m§Zm Amnco åhUUmao Vo gmYw hmoV.

5. nmÊ`mV _rR> {daKië`mZ§Va _rR> {eëcH$ amhVo H$m`? Vgm _r VwÂ`mV g_ag Pmcmo Amho.

43

n cKwÎmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ~cñWmZo H$moUVr?

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrÀ`m àoaUm H$moUË`m?

n XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$ê$Z {VMr {d{dYVm gmoXmhaU CcJSy>Z XmIdm.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrÀ`m àoaUm d d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mo {dñV¥V dU©Z H$am.

n Q>rnm {chm.

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc AmdmhZj_Vm

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc AZw d{díd

2.7 dmMZ

1. VwH$mam_m§Mo {ZdSH$ 100 A §J : g§nmXH$ lr. _. qnJo - {à. JO_c _mir.

2. _amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr : dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu

3. VwH$mam_ Xe©Z : S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao

2.8 CnH«$_

l AmfmT>r EH$mXer {Z{_Îm n§T>anwacm OmUmè`m qXS>r_YyZ dmaH$è`m§gmo~V nmM Xhm {H$cmo_rQ>anm`r àdmg H$am. dmarMm AZw d ¿`m. qXS>r_Yrc H$sV©Z-àdMZ-^OZ `m§Mm AZw d ¿`m.dmaH$è`m§À`m ghOrdZmMo {ZarjU H$am. {d{dY à_wI dmaH$ar ñÌr-nwê$fm§À`m _wcmIVr¿`m.

l "VwH$m AmH$memEdT>m' hr Mméercm JwßVo `m§Mr H$mX§~ar {_idm Am{U dmMm.

ooo

44

KQ>H$ : 3

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>r

3.1 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, "VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>r' `m KQ>H$mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va VwåhmcmnwT>rc C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aVm oVrc.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m gm{hËèmñÌmMm n[aM` hmoB©c.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Vrc dm H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>rMo {deof cjmV oVrc.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc {d{dYm§Jr à{V_mg¥îQ>rMm n[aM` hmoB©c.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rÀ`m Cn`moOZmMo CXmhaU åhUyZ "{dÇ>c, ^ŠVr Am{U gmjmËH$ma'`m g§X ©joÌmMm n[aM` hmoB©c.'

3.2 àmñVm{dH$

"gwI nmhVm OdmnmS>oŸ& Xw…I nd©VmEdT>o'

"AUwaUr`m WmoH$S>mŸ& VwH$m AmH$memEdT>m'

"_D$ _oUmhÿZ Amåhr {dîUwXmgŸ& H$R>rU dO«mg oXy Eogo'

"_ZmÀ`m Vi_ioŸ& M§XZo hr A§J nmoio'

"Amoco _mVrMm âdgmŸ& H$m ao Y[aer _mZgm'

"amJ Ami{dVmo ZmZmŸ& JmVmo H$m` Vo H$ioZm'

"ewÕ ~rOm nmoQ>rŸ& \$io agmi Jmo_Q>r'

"H$m` {XZH$amŸ& Ho$cm H$m|~S>çmZo Iam'

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV Aer {dnwc {damoYr Cn_mZo gmnS>VmV. `m {damoYr à{V_m nm{hë`m H$s Ë`m {Z_m©UH$aUmè`m H$drMr H$ënH$Vm, ~w{Õ_Îmm Amnë`m cjmV òVo. VwH$mam_ _mÌ `mMo lo` lr{dÇ>cmg XoVmV."H$moU gm§Jm`mgŸ& Joco XoemoXoeŸ& Zoco dmè`mhmVr _mnŸ& g_W© Vmo _mPm ~mn' `m eãXm§V VwH$mam_m§Zr{dÇ>cmÀ`m lo mMo dU©Z Ho$co Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc Aem AdVaUm§V, A §Jm§V à{V_mg¥îQ>rH$mR>moH$mR> ^ê$Z am{hcr Amho. _amR>rÀ`m àm§VmVrc n{hcm gd©loîR> AmYw{ZH$ H$dr åhUyZ AmOhrVwH$mam_m§Mm Jm¡ad hmoVmo. _amR>r H${dVoÀ`m àm§VmV VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm hr d¡{œH$ H${dVm Amho.

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$mV AmnUmg VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>rMo {deof, à{V_m§Mr

45

{d{dYVm, à{V_m§Mr dJ©dmar, à{V_m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço `m JmoîQ>r nmhmd`mÀ`m AmhoV. VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>rVw_À`m Am_À`m ì`dhmamVrc Amho. Vr Amnë`m AmoiIrMr Amho. Ago Agco Var Vr OwZmQ> AWdméicocr dmQ>V Zmhr. CcQ> Vr A{^OmV Amho. AënmjaËd, VmOonUm, Zd{Z{_©Vr, ZdmW©Xe©Z, ZmdrÝ`Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Aer Ë`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rMr AmnUmg d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm oVrc. VwH$mam_m§Mr A §Jg§»`mgmS>oMma hOmam§À`m Amgnmg Amho. `m A §Jg¥îQ>rVyZ oUmar à{V_mg¥îQ>r nmhVm VwH$mam_m§Zr H$moUVmhr{df` Am{U Cn_m-à{V_mZo dÁ © _mZcocr ZmhrV Ago cjmV oVo. OrdZmÀ`m gd© A§Jmonm§Jm§Zm ñne©H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrV Amho, Ago OmUdVo. dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu (_amR>r H${dVm OwZrAm{U Zdr), am. J. OmYd (AmZ§XmMm S>moh), S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc (VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r d Ë`m§À`mH$mì`mË_eŠVrMo _yë`_mnZ) `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Amnë`m J«§Wm§VyZ_m§S>cocm Amho. AmnUhr `m {R>H$mUr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>rMr {d{dYVm nmhÿ, VgoM"{dÇ>c ^ŠVr Am{U gmjmËH$ma' Ago EH$ g§X ©{díd KoD$Z VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rMm nS>Vmim dmCn`moOZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

3.3 {ddoMZ

VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd {ddoH$erc Amho. `m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm gdmªJrU Am{dîH$ma Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrVKS>VmZm {XgVmo. AZoH$Xm VwH$mam_ g§gmamVrc, Amnë`m AdVr^modVr ì`dhmamV AgUmar Cn_mZo-à{V_mZo H${dVoV dmnaVmV. _mÌ Ë`m_mJo VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mdZm g§gma-àn§MmMr ZgVo CcQ> VwH$mam_m§MoH${dËdmMo ì`{ŠV_Îd VoWo R>iH$ hmoVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mV Ë`m_wioM AmnUmg gd©Ì ~w{ÕdmXM_H$VmZm {XgVmo. VwH$mam_m§À`m `m H${dVocm Am{U Ë`m§À`m ~w{ÕdmXmcm AmUIr EH$m JmoîQ>rMr nmViràmßV Pmcocr Amho, Vr åhUOo VwH$mam_ Á`m Ym{_©H$ Aem dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV dmdaco Vr hmo . `mg§àXm`mV amhÿZ Vo "g§V' `m nXmcm nmohMco AmhoV. "g§VÎd' ho XodmÀ`m Odi OmUmao nX Amho. IaoVa "g§VËd' d "XodËd' `mV \$magm oX ZgVmoM. åhUyZM VwH$mam_ åhUVmV, "VwH$m åhUo Amco g§V KamŸ&Vmo{M {Xdmir Xgam'. VwH$mam_ "dmCJo' ~mocV ZmhrV Va "gË`' ~mocVmV. Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>rË`mVhr "Cn_o ' ho Zoh_r gË`M AgVo, Iao AgVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m à{V_m AmnUmg Amnë`m OdiÀ`mdmQ>VmV. nwT>rc {ddoMZmV A §JmÀ`m nwT>o oUmè`m H§$gmVrc AmH$S>o VwH$mam_m§À`m emgH$s` JmWoVrcA §JH«$_m§H$ AmhoV.

3.3.1 à{V_mg¥îQ>rMo {deof

am. J. OmYd `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm {deof Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m§À`m "AmZ§XmMm S>moh'`m nwñVH$mV VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mVrc AdVaUj_Vm, à{V_m§Mr {H$c{~c, à{V_m§Mm _ycH§$R> Ago coIAmhoV. `m {VÝhr coIm§Ûmao Ë`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r CcJSy>Z XmI{dVmZm {VMo {deofhr H$WZHo$coco AmhoV. "CËH¥$îQ> Cn_m d g_n©H$ ÑîQ>mÝV `m§V VwH$mo~m H$m{cXmgmMmhr Jd©haU H$aVrc `mV

46

{Vi_mÌ e§H$m Zmhr. Vo BVHo$ {dnwc AmhoV, H$s Ë`m§À`mgmR>r g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr' Ago _VS>m°. am. J. hf} `m§Zr _m§S>coco Amho. Va dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu åhUVmV, "VwH$mam_m§Mo H$moUVohr nmMghmA §J KoVco, Var Ë`m§V AmnUm§g ho ÑîQ>mÝV AmT>iyZ oVmV.... Vo ÑîQ>mÝV åhUOoM VwH$mam_mMoH$ënZm{dœ, Ë`mMr {dMmaà{H«$`m, Ë`mÀ`m à{V oÀ`m g§MmamgmR>r V`ma Pmcoco Ë`mMo AZw d{díd.'VwH$mam_m§Mr JmWm dmMyZ AmnUmg gVamì`m eVH$mVrc OrdZmMr H$ënZm oVo. eoVr, _mVr, nmD$gnmUr,njr, dZñnVr, ì`mnmaCÚmoJ, n¡gm, ì`dhma, n`m©daU `m gdmªMr _m{hVr {_iVo. VgoM {ddmhg§ñWm,Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm, Y_©, ZmVog§~§Y, Ka, ZJa, ñd §nmH$ KamVrc {d{dY nXmW©, H$cm, nmoemI, OmV-nmV,Xod-Zdg, Mmc[aV, gUdma, gmdH$mar, J[a~r-lr_§Vr Aem gmè`mgmè`m§Mm CëcoI JmWoV AmnUmgàË``mg oVmo. VwH$mam_H$mcrZ _hmamîQ´>, _mZdr OrdZ Am{U VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm `m§Mr AmnUmg\$maH$VM H$aVm òV Zmhr.

VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r AmnUmg H$mhr doim nma§n[aH$ dmQ>Vo. _mÌ Ë`mVhr d¡{dÜ` Am{U{dnwcVm Amho. g§VdmL²>_`mV _mD$cr, nmnmMo S>m|Ja, n{jUr d {VMr {nco, Zm_Xrn, _¥JOi, ^dgmJa,H¥$nmH$Q>mj, nmVH$mMr amer dm S>m|Ja, OrdZmdoJir AgUmar _mgmoir, YoZy d dËg, gy ©, n¥Ïdr, gmJa,AmH$me, d¥j Aem à{V_m§Mm Cn`moJ gVV VrZeoMmaeo df} hmoV AmhoM. VwH$mam_m§Zrhr `m à{V_m§Mmdmna Ho$cm Amho. _mÌ VwH$mam_m§Mm dmna hm H$cmË_H$ Amho. à{V_m nma§n[aH$ Agë`m Var Ë`m§À`mdmnamMr H$cmË_H$Vm Am{U {d{dYVm cnyZ amhV Zmhr. `m à{V_m§Mo Cn`moOZ VwH$mam_ Amnë`mH${dVoV H$go H$aVmV Vo AmnUmg nwT>o nmhmd`mMoM Amho. `m à{V_m åhUyZM nma§n[aH$ AgyZhr A{ÔmVAm{U ñdm^m{dH$ hmoD$Z OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rMr ì`mßVr Am{U Imocr Amü ©H$maH$ Amho.gmh{OH$M Ë`m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r ì`mnH$ Amho. "H${dVm åhUOo H$m`?' `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao AZoH$ àH$mao{Xcr OmVmV. H$maU ""H${dVm åhUOo à{V_m Aerhr ì`m»`m Ho$cr OmVo. Aer ì`m»`m VwH$mam_m§À`m{H$VrVar ñ\w$Q> H${dVm§Zm ghOnUo cmJy nS>Vo. Ë`m§Mr H$mì`g¥îQ>r hr EH$ àH$maMr à{V_mg¥îQ>rM Amho.`m XmoÝhr g¥îQ>r EH$ê$n AmhoV'' Aer Ë`m§À`m H$mì` d à{V_oMr _r_m§gm am. J. OmYd `m§Zr Ho$cocrAmho. (AmZ§XmMm S>moh, n¥îR> H«$_m§H$ 54) VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZo JwUmË_H$ AgVmV. Amncm H$moUVm ZmH$moUVm Var JwU `m à{V_m - Cn_m ì`ŠV H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV. _J Ë`m H${dVoV H$m|~S>m, gy`©, Jyi,M§XZ Aer H$moUVrhr à{V_m odmo. AmnU `m à{V_m§Mo JwU g_OmdyZ ¿`md`mg hdoV. `m JwUm§VyZ ì`ŠVhmoUmam Ame`hr _hÎdmMm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio `m à{V_m§Mr g§»`m, Zm|Xr, dJ©dmar Aem JmoîQ>tZm \$mago_hÎd Zmhr. Vr à{V_m H$moUVm JwU H$moUË`m Ame`mgmR>r ì`ŠV H$aVo ho Iyn _hÎdmMo AgVo.VwH$mam_m§À`m `m à{V_m åhUyZM Ho$di ì`dhmamVrc XmIco dm ÑîQ>mÝV `m ñdê$nmÀ`m Z amhVm Ë`mAmnë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrc _yc yV JmoîQ>r dm na§nam R>aVmV. åhUyZM `m à{V_m A{ÔmV R>aVmV.

47

VwH$mam_m§À`m ÑîQ>mÝVmVhr AZoH$ à{V_m oV amhVmV. CXmhaUmW©;

"^moaß`mZo gm|J nmc{Q>co darŸ& ~H$ Ü`mZ Yar _Ëñ`m O¡goŸ&

{Q>io _mim _¢X _wÐm cmdr A§JrŸ& XoImo Zo{X OJr \$mgo O¡goŸ&

T>rda `m _Ëñ`m Mmam Kmcr O¡gmŸ& ^rVarc \$mgm H$imo ZoXr&

Im{Q>H$ hm ñZohdmXo new nmirŸ& H$mnmd`m Zir V`mgmR>rŸ&

VwH$m åhUo V¡gm ^cm _r cmoH$m§VŸ& nar Vy H¥$nmd§V nm§Sw>a§JmŸ&&' (94)

`m{R>H$mUr VwH$mam_m§Zr Amncm "^conUm' ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY ÑîQ>mÝV {Xcoco AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr hrÑîQ>mÝV_mcm à{V_mg¥îQ>rM Amho. `m {R>H$mUr AmnUmg VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc hþema d {ddoH$sH$dr {XgVmo. VwH$mam_m§Zr {deofV… ZmX, eãXmMr AW©N>Q>m, eãXmMo MaUmVrc ñWmZ, `m eãXm§Zm EH$Ì~m§YUmam MaU~§Y `m§Mo CÎm_ ^mZ amIë`mMo {XgVo. `m gdmª_mJo VwH$mam_m§À`m `m à{V_mg¥îQ>rcmgË`mMr nmVir Amho. Vr dmaH$ar g§àXm`m_wio àmßV Pmcocr Amho. H$dr åhUyZ VwH$mam_ H${dËdmÀ`mgd© H$gmoQ>çm§da n[anyU© CVaco AmhoV.

3.3.2 VwH$mam_m§Mo gm{hËèmñÌ

EH$ Va VwH$mam_ AmË_Jm¡ad Z H$aVm Amnë`m H$mì`mMo gmao lo Z_«nUo {dÇ>cmH$S>o XoVmV. ImoQ>oH${dËd H$aUmè`m H$dtMm Ë`m§Zm amJ Amho. è, _mZ Am{U YZ `mgmR>r H${dVm H$aUo ho AûcmÜ` AgoVwH$mam_ _mZVmV. g§ñH¥$V H$mìèmñÌ g_moa R>odyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo gm{hËèmñÌ _m§S>Vm oV Zmhr. cjU,à`moOZ, ag, eãXeŠVr Agm gaYmonQ> {dMma VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVo~m~V H$ê$Z MmcUma Zmhr.g§Vgm{hË`mMr AÜ`mË_{ZîR>m, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, ì`{ŠV{d{eîQ>Vm, g§V d lmoVo, cmoH$~§Y, g§V d ì`dhmaAem {d{dY nmVù`m§da AmnUmg g§Vgm{hË` Vnmgco nm{hOo. AÜ`mË_{ZîR>m, naVÎd ñne©, gdm©Ë_^md,{dÇ>cAmoT> `m g§X^m©Vhr AmnUmg VwH$mam_m§Mo gm{hËèmñÌ C o H$aVm oB©c.

{dÇ>c AWdm naVÎd hm AWm©VM Ë`m§Mm ñ\y${V©XmVm Amho. Zm_Xodm§Mm H$mì` H$aÊ`mMm ñdßZñWAmXoe, àoaUoÀ`m ñdê$nmV C^m Amho. eãXm§Mo gm_Ï ©hr VwH$mam_ OmUyZ AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo H${dËdm_Ü ogmYZm, Aä`mgmcm {H$Vr _hÎd Amho ho Ë`m§À`m, ""ZìhVo Aä`mgr {MÎm AmYrŸ&'' (1333) `m EH$mMCX²Jmamdê$Z {gÕ ìhmdo. gm{hËèmñÌmVrc ag, àgmX, _mYw ©, Ac§H$ma `m§Mr Ë`m§Zm _m{hVr Agmdr.

""IoiVm| Vo Ioi nm`m§À`m àgmX|Ÿ& ZìhVr ht N>§X| Zm{gd§V|Ÿ&

_mPm _m`~mn C^m {dQ>odarŸ& H$dVwH|$ H$ar H¥$nmXmZŸ&

àgmXmMr dmUr dXo Vt CÎmaoŸ& Zmht _Vm§Va| Omo{S> octŸ&

VwH$m åhUo ag dm{T>{V`m A§J|Ÿ& N>m`m nm§Sw>a§Jo Ho$cr darŸ&'' (3167)

lrharÀ`m nm`m§À`m àgmXmZoM AmnU N>§Xm§Mo ho Ioi IoiV AmhmoV, Ë`m_wio Amnco N>§X Zmhrgo hmoUma

48

ZmhrV; `mMr VwH$mam_m§Zm ImÌr Amho. Amnë`m _wImVyZ àH$Q> hmoUmao gd© eãX àmgm{XH$ AhoV, {VWoBVa _Vo OmoS>cocr ZmhrV, `m àgmXmMm ag {dÇ>cm_wioM dmT>V Amho. `m A §JmVrc N>§X, ag, àgmXAgo eãX VwH$mam_m§Zm OdiyZ n[aM`mMo hmoVo, ho OmUdVo. AWm©V ho Ho$di eãX AmhoV. Ë`mMr àË`jAZw yVr AmnUmg VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mV oVo, VwH$mam_m§À`m eãXm§Zm, "ZìhVr _mPo ~mocŸ& AdK| H$[aVmo{dÇ>c' (952) Agm naVÎdñne©hr Amho. "gË`mgmR>r _mPr eãX{dd§MZmŸ& Omo{S>ë`m dMZm§Mo VoZìhoŸ&' (1539) Aem VèhoZo Amncm H$mì`{dMma VwH$mam_m§Zr eãX~Õ Ho$cocm Amho. AZw dmMrgË`Vm hmM H$mì`mMm Iam nm`m AgVmo, Ago VwH$mam_ _mZVmV.

""Zìho eãX EH$ XoerŸ& gm§S>r Jder H$moUmcmŸ&

Omcr _mPr d¡IarŸ& {dœ§ ar ì`mnH$Ÿ&' (692)

AWm©cm gmoS>Umam qH$dm EH$M AW© gmnSy> XoUmam Agm Amncm eãX EH$Xoer ZgyZ Vmo gd©ì`mnH$ Amho,Ë`m_wio dmUrhr {dœì`mnH$ Pmcr Amho. AWm©VM Aem eãXm§Zm VwH$mam_ Amncr YZXm¡cV _mZVmV.Ë`m eãXm§À`m Jm¡admgmR>r VwH$mam_m§Zr {c{hcocm A §JM ~mocH$m Amho. ZmXmMo, ÜdZrMo, Ame`mMo ê$nAgUmè`m eãXmcmM Ë`m§Zr Xod _mZco Amho.

""Amåhm§ Kat YZ eãXmMtM aËZ|Ÿ& eãXmMtM eñÌ| `ËZ H$ê§$Ÿ&

eãX{M Am_wÀ`m OrdmM| OrdZŸ& eãX| dmQy>§ YZ OZcmoH$m§Ÿ&

VwH$m åhUo nmhm eãX{M hm XodŸ& eãX|{M Jm¡ad nyOm H$é§Ÿ&'' (3396)

eãXmcm BVHo$ ì`mnH$ Am`m_ VwH$mam_m§ZrM àmßV H$ê$Z {Xco AmhoV. ^ŠVrZo, OrdZmZw dmZo ^macocmeãXmW© hm Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMm AmË_m, Jm^m, Amho Ago åhQ>ë`mg dmdJo R>ê$ Z o.

AWm©V H$mì`mVrc Aä`mgmMo, gmYZoMo _hÎdhr VwH$mam_m§Zr OmUcoco Amho. Agm_mÝ` H$dr hm~hþlwV, ì`mg§Jr, Vac g§doXZeŠVr AgUmam AgVmo. {edm` Ë`mMr {ZarjUeŠVr A\$mQ> AgVo.VwH$mam_m§Zr A §J, Amodr `m{edm` Ë`mH$mimV cmoH${à` AgUmao {damUr, Jm¡iU, {Q>nar, h_m_m,gm¡ar, nm§Jwi, H$mcm M|Sw>\$ir, JmB©, H$m§S>U, _¥X§J-nmQ>çm Aem ñdê$nmMo H$mì`àH$mahr Ho$co AmhoV.wO§Jà`mV d¥Îmm_Ü ohr Ë`m§Zr ghm A §Jm§Mr aMZm Ho$cocr Amho. H$~ra hm VwH$mam_m§Mm AmdS>Vm H$dr

Amho. Ë`m_wio H$Xm{MV H$~ram§À`m Xmoømà_mUo Ë`m§Zr qhXr gm»`m aMë`m AmhoV. Ë`m EHy$U VrgAmhoV. VËH$mcrZ ^mfoVrc åhUr, dmŠ`m§e `m§Mm dmna Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mV hmoUo gmh{OH$M hmoVo. VwH$mam_`m AWm©Zo ~hþlwV hmoVo.

_mÌ `m dadaÀ`m Aä`mgmnojm VwH$mam_m§Mm _mZdr OrdZmMm Aä`mg ì`mnH$ Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`mH$mì`mVrc _mZdr ^mdm{^ì`ŠVrMm nQ> AmnUmg {demc Am{U ^ì` dmQ>mdm AgmM Amho, AmVmAmnU Á`m à{V_mZm§Mm; ÑîQ>m§V, Cn_m, ê$nH$ Aem g¥îQ>rMm {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV, Ë`mVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m`m ^ì`moXmÎm {dœmMo AmnUmg Xe©Z KS>Vo.

49

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m `m gm{hË`emñÌmMm AmT>mdm KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm AmnUË`m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rMm Aä`mg H$ê$ `m.

3.3.3 à{V_mg¥îQ>r

XodÛma d Xodrda hm VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Mm N>§X Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mr ~hþVoH$ H${dVm A §J `md¥ÎmmVrc "`_H$' KoD$ZM AdVaVo. A §JmÀ`m EH$m AmoirV Mma MaU AgVmV. `m Mma MaUm§Mm EH$Mm¡H$ hmoVmo. MaUm§Zm Aja, _mÌm AWdm JU Zgë`mZo A §JmMo chmZ A §J d _moR>m A §J Agoñdê$nmdê$ZM XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. ho H${dVoMo ~møm§J Pmco. VwH$mam_m§À`m H$dr-ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm {dMmaAmnUmg à{V_mZg¥îQ>rÛmao H$aVm oB©c. VgoM Ë`m§Mr H${dVm A§Va§JmVyZ nmhmd`mMr Agoc Va Ë`m§À`mA §JmVyZ {XgUmè`m à{V_mZg¥îQ>rH$S>o n`m© mZo Cn_mZ d Cn_o g¥îQ>rH$S>o AmnUmg dico nm{hOo. `mg§X^m©V S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr, ""à{V_mZm§À`m ^mfoV ~mocUo hr VwH$mam_m§Mr ghOàd¥Îmr Agë`mZoË`m§Mr H$mì`g¥îQ>r à{V_mZm§Zr IÀMyZ ^acr Amho. CÎm_ àVrÀ`m H$mì`mV à{V_mZo AgVmVM.'' Agm{Zdm©im {Xcm Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV AmnUmg OmJmoOmJr ÑîQ>m§V AmT>iyZ oVmV. àW_V… AmnUË`m§Mm {dMma H$ê$, AWm©V Xod d ^ŠV, g§V d lmoVo, gJwU Am{U {ZJw©U, AÛ¡V, XwO©Zm§Mr Hw$g§JV, loîR>^{ŠV_mJ©, AÜ`mË_{ZîR>m, g§gmar JwUXmof Aem d BVa AZoH$ g§X^mªV ho ÑîQ>m§V OmJmoOmJr oVmV.AmnUmg `m{R>H$mUr H$mhr CëcoIZr` ÑîQ>m§V, Cn_m, ê$nH$ `m§Zr wŠV Aer à{V_mZg¥îQ>r nmhmd`mMrAmho. "AmZ§XmMm S>moh' `m J«§WmV àm. am. J. OmYd `m§Zr "à{V_m§Mr {H$c{~c' `m erf©H$m§VJ©V coImVVwH$mam_m§À`m `m à{V_mZm§Mm _mJmodm KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m ÑîQ>m§Vm~m~V lr. dm. c.Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr, ""ÑîQ>m§V åhUOoM H${d VwH$mam_. Vo ÑîQ>m§V åhUOoM VwH$mam_m§Mo H$ënZm{dœ, Ë`mMr{dMmaà{H«$`m, Ë`mÀ`m à{V oÀ`m g§MmamgmRr> V`ma Pmcoco Ë`mMo AZw d{díd.'' (_amR>r H${dVm : OwZrAm{U Zdr : n¥îR> H«$_m§H$ 54) Ago _V {Xco Amho. doimodoir VwH$mam_m§Zr hr à{V_mZo, Ac§H$ma ÑîQ>m§Vdmnaco AmhoV. ÑîQ>m§V XoUo hr _mZdr àd¥ÎmrM Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm Ac§H$mamMm AWdm Ë`m emñÌmMmAä`mg H$amd`mg hdm Ago Zmhr. VwH$mam_m§gmaIm {gÕhñV H$dr {H$Vr ghOnUo Aer à{V_mZodmnaVmo. `mMmM AmnUmg emoY ¿`md`mMm Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mo Vo EH$ à{V{dœM Amho; nU dmñVd Amho.

""n[a_i åhUyZ Mmoiy§ Z o \y$cŸ& ImD§$ Z o _yc AmdS>V|Ÿ&

H$m` EH$ Zìho Y[aVm§ A§VarŸ& H$mgdrMo nar doimodoimŸ&

_mo{V`mM| nmUr MmIy§ Z o ñdmXŸ& §Ì oXy{Z ZmX nmhÿ§ Z oŸ&

H$_©\$i åhUwZr BÀNy>§ Z o H$m_Ÿ& VwH$m åhUo H$_© Xmdy§ cmoH$m§Ÿ&&'' (64)

H$_©\$imMr BÀN>m Yê$Z H$_© H$ê$ Z o ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_m§Zr {d{dY ÑîQ>m§V {Xcoco AmhoV. \w$cmg _YwagwJ§Y Amho åhUyZ Vo EH$X_ H$moUr MmoiyZ Q>mH$V Zmhr. _yc AmdS>Vo åhUyZ H$moUr ImVo H$m?H$mgdrà_mUo Amnë`m {ncm§Mo ZOaoZo nmcZ H$aVm oUma Zmhr H$m? M_H$Xma _moË`m§Mo nmUr MmIÊ`mMmdoS>onUm H$ê$ Z o AWdm _Ywa ÜdZrMo dmÚ \$moSy>Z H$moUr Ë`mMm ZmX nmhÿ Z o. VX²dVM H$_© XoUmar \$io


50

Agcr Var BÀN>m Yê$Z H$_© H$ê$ Z o. VwH$mam_m§Zm cmoH$g§dmX gmYÊ`mMr hm¡g Amho, hohr `m{R>H$mUrOmUdVo. lmoË`m§er, dmMH$m§er VwH$mam_ gVV ~mocV AgVmV. ì`dhmamVrc AWdm AZÝ`gmYmaU AgoXmIco Vo XoVmV.

""^moaß`mZ| gm|J nmc{Q>c| darŸ& ~H$ Ü`mZ Yar _Ëñ`m O¡g|Ÿ&

{Q>io _mim _¢X _wÐm cmdr A§JtŸ& XoIm| Zo{X OJt \$m§go O¡goŸ&

T>rda `m _Ëñ`m Mmam Kmcr O¡gmŸ& ^rVarc \$m§gm H$im| ZoXrŸ&&'' (94)

dada AmnU {XgVmo Vgo ZgVmo. `mgmR>r VwH$mam_m§Zr darc CXmhaUo {Xcocr AmhoV. ~hþê$nr, ~Jim,_mgo _maUmam H$moir dê$Z g‚mZ, g§V {XgVrc nU Ë`m§À`m A§Va§Jr ZmZm H$im AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrc^md AmnU OmUV Zmhr. _mim, _wÐm§Mo Am{dîH$ma H$aUmam g§V AgocM Ago Zmhr. _mUgmcm g§gmamMrAmgŠVr, cmo gwQ>Vm gwQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m_Ü o Vmo A{YH$M AS>H$V OmVmo. Á`m Zirda nmonQ> ~gVmo {VWoMVmo H$m`_Mm ~Õ hmoD$Z OmVmo. Agm ÑîQ>m§V VwH$mam_ `mgmR>r XoVmV;

""ewH|$ Z{iHo$et Jmo{d oco nm`Ÿ& {dgamo{Z Om` nj XmoÝhrŸ&

VwH$m åhUo EH$ Eogo newOrdŸ& Z Mco Cnmd H$m§ht VoW|Ÿ&'' (132)

_mVm Am{U {VMo _yc, XmoKohr EH$_oH$m§Zm A{Ve` {à` AgVmV. _mVocm Amnë`m _wcm§Mm {d`moJ ZH$moAgVmo. `mgmR>rMm A §J,

""H$amd| Jmo_Q>|Ÿ& ~mim _mVo V| C_Q>oŸ&

Amnw{c`m OrdmhÿZrŸ& Ago dmëh| V| OZZrŸ&

{d`moJ V| {VgŸ& Ë`mÀ`m CnMma| V| {dfŸ&

haUr MwH$cr nmS>gmŸ& Yw§S>mir Vr Xmhr {XemŸ&

amZt qhS>mo Jocr Jm`Ÿ& Kar dËg dmQ> nmh|Ÿ&

VwH$m åhUo nm |Ÿ& S>moim gwImZo Á`m Ý`m |Ÿ&&'' (265)

_wcmg XaamoO H$mhrVar Mm§Jco Úmdo Agm C_mim _mVocm AgVmo. nmS>g {Xgco ZmhrVa h[aUr g¡amd¡amYmdyZ emoY KoVo. Jm` amZmV Mmè`mgmR>r qhS>V AgVo, nU JmoR>çmV dmgê$ wHo$co Amho `mMr {Vcm gVVOmUrd hmoV AgVo. _mVm Am{U _yc `m§À`mVrc hm ào_mMm nmÝhm, nm`mg erVc CnMma Ho$ë`m_wio OgoS>moio V¥ßV hmoVmV, Ë`mà_mUo AgVmo. Jm`, harU Aem à{V_m KoVë`mZo ào_mVrc H$ZdmiynUm, H$méÊ`A{YH$M ñnîQ> hmoVo. _mUgmMo Zer~ g_mZ AgV Zmhr. gd© _mUgo Oar gmaIrM H$mirJmoar {XgVAgcr Var Ë`m§Mo Zer~ {^ÝZ AgVo. `mH$[aVm VwH$mam_m§Zr EH$mM ImUrVyZ {ZKmcoco XJS>, EH$M_H$Xma Agë`mZo {ham ~ZVmo, Va AÝ` nm`arMo XJS> ~ZVmV. Agm XmIcm XoD$Z nwT>rc AmUIr EH$ÑîQ>m§V Ë`m§À`m g_W©ZmW© {Xcm Amho;

51

""Hw§$^ AdKm EH$ AmdmŸ& nmH$s¨ EH$s¨ Jw\o$ S>mdmŸ&

Eogo {^ÝZ {^ÝZ gmQ>oŸ& Ho$co àmaãYmZ| dm§Q>oŸ&&'' (287)

Hw§$^mamÀ`m EH$mM Amì`mV V`ma Pmcocr hr _S>H$s; nU Ë`m§À`m Z{e~r {^ÝZ{^ÝZ H$m } Amcr AmhoV.{^ÝZ H$m_mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.

g‚mZm§Mr _hVr VwH$mam_m§Zr AZoH$Xm Jm{`cr Amho. EH$m AË §V g_n©H$ A §JmVyZ g‚mZm§MogdmªJËd H$go AgVo ho VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV.

""M§XZmMo hmV nm` hr M§XZŸ& n[agm Zmht hrZ H$moUr A§JŸ&

Xrnm Zmht nmR>t nmoQ>t A§YH$maŸ& gdmªJ| gmH$a AdKr JmoS>Ÿ&

VwH$m åhUo V¡gm gÁOZmnmgyZŸ& nmhmVm§ AdJwU {_io {M ZmŸ&&'' (290)

M§XZ, Xrn, gmIa `m§À`mà_mUo g‚mZhr AdJwUhrZ AgVmV. Amnë`mH$S>o H$mhr amIyZ Z R>odUo hmM§XZmMm, XrnmMm, gmIaoMm JwU gÁOZm§Zm AmnmoAmnM {_iVmo. Ho$di ÑîQ>m§V XoÊ`mgmR>r VwH$mam_Ë`m§Mm dmna H$arV ZmhrV. Zo_H$m Ame` Ë`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmoM nU AZoH$ AW©N>Q>mhr Aem ÑîQ>m§Vm§Zmcm^coë`m AgVmV. Ë`m_wio M§XZ, gmoZo Aem à{V_m§Mm dmna VwH$mam_ {d{dYVoZo H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV.gÁOZm§Mo öX` ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ogm Vo M§XZ, gmoZo Aem à{V_m dmnaVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo kmZmMm Jd©YmaU H$aUmam H$gm Xw…Ir hmoVmo ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>rhr Ë`m à{V_m dmnaVmV.

""_m`~mn| Oar gnuU ~moH$mŸ& Ë`m§Mo g§J| gwIm Z ndo ~miŸ&

M§XZmMm eyi gmo{Z`mMr ~oS>rŸ& gwI ZoXr \$moS>r àmU ZmerŸ&

VwH$m åhUo ZaH$s¨ Kmcr A{^_mZŸ& Oar hmo kmZ Jd© VmR>mŸ&&'' (292)

AmB© gnuU d ~mn ~moH$m Agë`mda _wcmcm H$moUVo gwI AgUma? M§XZmMm eyi d gmoÝ`mMr ~oS>rAmncm KmVM H$aUma, VÛVM kmZmMm VmR>m ZaH$mMr àmßVrM XoB©c. gn© Am{U ~moH$m `m à{V_mdmnaÊ`mVhr VwH$mam_ Am¡{MË` XmI{dVmV. H$maU Ago åhUVmV H$s, gnuU; Amnë`m AnË`m§ZmM{JiVo Am{U ~moH$m "Za_m§Om©amg' {Od§V R>odrV Zmhr. hm AW© C_Jë`mda VwH$mam_m§Zr {Xcocm XmIcm{H$Vr MnIc Amho, `mMm àË`` `mdm. VwH$mam_m§À`m ÑîQ>m§VmV gm¢X © Amho Vo `mM AWm©Zo hmo . XwîQ>_mUgmg JmoS> dMZm§Zr AmnU CnXoe Ho$cm Var Vmo ì`W©M OmV AgVmo, Ogo

""amg^ YwVcm _hm VrWmª_mOrŸ& Zìho O¡gm VoOr em_H$U©Ÿ&

Vodt Iim H$m` Ho$cm CnXoeŸ& Zìho{M _mZg ewÕ Ë`mM|Ÿ&&'' (815)

J§JoÀ`m VrWm©Zo Oar JmT>dmg ÝhmD$ KmVco Var Ë`mMm em_H$Uu KmoS>m hmoUma Zmhr. VgoM ÑîQ>mg CnXoeH$ê$Zhr Ë`mMo _Z ewÕ hmoUma Zmhr. `m {R>H$mUr VwH$mam_ Ho$di "KmoS>m' hr à{V_m, Aíd AemH$moUË`mM n`m© r AW©ê$nr eãXmZo XoV ZmhrV Va Ho$di em_H$U© Ago {c{hVmV. "em_H$U©' ho AídmMo

52

ew cjU _mZco OmVo, hr ImoM Amnë`m cjmV Amcr H$s AmnUmg "Aíd' hr à{V_m C_JVo. ZmhrVadmMH$m§Mr AdñWm "JmT>dmnwT>o dmMcr JrVm' Aer H$emdê$Z hmoUma Zmhr? gmh{OH$M Omo Vmo AmnAmnë`m{R>H$mUrM emo yZ {XgVmo hoM Iao !

""gmo{X`mMm n¢OUŸ& _wJwQ>_{U Ho$cm hrUŸ&&

O`mM| H$maUŸ& V`m R>m`t Ac§H$maŸ&'' (125)

nm`mVrc VmoS>m gmoÝ`mMm Amho åhUyZ loîR> Am{U _wHw$Q>mMm _Ur H$mMoMm åhUyZ hrZ Ago hmoV Zmhr. OmoVmo Amnë`m {R>H$mUr emo yZ {XgVmo, loîR> R>aVmo. Á`mMo Ë`mMo JwU-AdJwUhr R>acoco AmhoV,

""JOmhÿ{Z IaŸ& åhUo Mm§Jcm _r \$maŸ&

_wcmå`mM| ZmU|Ÿ& VwH$m åhUo Zìho gmoZ|Ÿ&& (1566)

hÎmrnojm AmnU loîR> AmhmoV, Mm§Jco AmhmoV Ago åhUyZ JmT>d ñdV…MoM AdJwU XmI{dV AgVo._wcmå`mMo ZmUo gmoÝ`mgmaIo AgUmaM Zmhr. ì`dhmamVrc AmUIr EH$ ÑîQ>m§V oWo gm§JÊ`mgmaImAmho. ""Mmoamgr Mm§XU| doí ogr goOmaŸ& n[ag|gr Imna H$m` hmo Ÿ&'' (4124) Mmoamcm Mm§XÊ`mMm,doí ocm Mm§Jcm eoOma Am{U n[agmcm Imna cmJyZ Cn`moJ Zmhr. VrZ ÑîQ>m§V EH$mM AmoirV JmodÊ`mMoH$m¡eë`hr VwH$mam_ Xe©{dVmV. Amncm _wÔm VwH$mam_ H$YrM R>mgyZ gm§JV ZmhrV. CcQ> XmIco XoD$Z,nwamdo XoD$Z Amnco åhUUo A{YH$ g_W© H$aÊ`mMr hmVmoQ>r VwH$mam_m§Odi Amho. _Z Vi_iV Agoc,ì`{WV Agë`mg AmnUmg H$moUË`mM JmoîQ>r Mm§Jë`m dmQ>V ZmhrV, H$emVhr Amnco _Z a_V Zmhr,hm Amncm AZw d Amho. VwH$mam_ hm AZw d nwT>rc eãXm§V gm§JVmV;

""{MÎm g_mYmZ|Ÿ& Var {df dmQ>o gmoZ|Ÿ&---

_ZmÀ`m Vi_i|Ÿ& M§XZ| hr A§J nmoioŸ&'' (63)

Jocr {H$Ë oH$ df} {Z~§Y{df` Pmcoco VwH$mam_m§Mo ÑîQ>m§V AmVm AmnUmg nmhmd`mMo AmhoV. `mA §Jm§VyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr Z_«ËdmMo, chmZnUmMo _hÎd A{Ve` gmÜ`m nU AW©nyU© ÑîQ>m§Vm§VyZ nQ>dyZ {XcoAmho. loîR> H${ZîR>nUmMr KmUoaS>r ñnYm© àË oH$ H$mimV AmhoM. åhUyZ Z_«VoMo A{YH$M _hÎdŸ!gw m{fV AWdm åhUtMm XOm© àmßV Pmcoco ho ÑîQ>m§V;

""chmZnU Xo Jm XodmŸ& _w§Jr gmIaoMm admŸ&

EoamdV aËZ WmoaŸ& V`m A§Hw$emMm _maŸ&

Á`mMo A§Jr _moR>onUŸ& V`m `mVZm H$R>rUŸ&

VwH$m åhUo OmUŸ& ìhmd| cmhZmhþ{Z cmhZŸ&&'' (1282)

_w§Jr Am{U hÎmr Ago nañna{damoYr XmIco KoD$Z VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnco åhUUo A{YH$ gmono H$ê$Z {XcoAmho. ÑîQ>m§VmVrc BVH$m A{^OmVnUm, BVH$m gmYonUm AWdm àgmX AmnUmg AemM nwT>rc A §JmVyZOmU{dë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr,

53

""ZrMnUm ~ad| XodmŸ& Z Mco H$moUmMm hr XmdmŸ&

_hmnwa| PmS>| OmVrŸ& VoW| cìhmio amhmVrŸ&

oVm§ qgYyÀ`m charŸ& Z_« hmoVm§ OmVr d[aŸ&

VwH$m åhUo H$iŸ& nm` Y[aë`m Z Mco ~iŸ&&'' (1283)

Ago Z_« hmoÊ`mVrc d_© VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV. ÑîQ>m§Vm~amo~a VwH$mam_m§Zr Cn_m, ê$nH$m§À`m AmYmao Amnco{dMma ì`ŠV Ho$co AmhoV. Amnë`m H${dËdmMo ajU {dÇ>cmZo Ho$ë`mMo cjmV oVmM VwH$mam_m§Zr{dÇ>cmcm CÔoeyZ _mD$crMr Cn_m {Xcr Aho. hm gmohim H$gm KS>cm Vo VwH$mam_ nwT>rc eãXm§Vgm§JVmV.

""Vy§ H¥$nmiy _mCcr Amåhm§ XrZm§Mr gmCcrŸ& Z g§[aV Amcr ~midoeo OdirŸ&

_mP| Ho$c| g_mYmZ ê$n Jmo{Oa| gJwUŸ& {Zd{dc| _Z AmqcJZ XoD$ZrŸ&&'' (2242)

VwH$mam_m§Zr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ho {dRy>_mD$crMo ê$nH$ _m§S>coco Amho. qH$~hþZm gd© g§V {dÇ>cmcm _mD$crMrCn_m XoVmV. VwH$mam_hr Ë`mcm AndmX ZmhrV. {dÇ>c Am{U VwH$mam_, Xod Am{U ^ŠV `m§À`mVrcCn_m, ÑîQ>m§V, ê$nH$m§Mm AmnUmg nwT>o AmT>mdm ¿`m`Mm AmhoM. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgo g§gmamV Ðì`,_mZmn_mZ, H$sVu, Ka, O_rZOw_cm, ~m`H$m_wco Aem ~mø JmoîQ>tVM gwIXw…Ir hmoV AgVmV. AWm©Vg§Vm§Zm Aem cm¡{H$H$ gwIXw…ImMo H$mhr dmQ>V Zmhr. gm§gm[aH$m§À`m gwIXw…ImMo dU©Z H$aVmZm, ""gwInmhVm§ OdmnmS>|Ÿ& Xw…I nd©Vm EdT>|Ÿ&'' (88) Aer VwH$mam_m§Mr CŠVr ghO AmR>dVo. AY_ _mUgmMrXmoñVr åhUOo nV§JmÀ`m jU §Jwa a§JmgmaIr AgVo. "AY_mMr `mar a§J nV§JmMo narŸ&'' (276) Aerg_n©H$ Cn_m VwH$mam_ dmnaVmV. AWdm ñÌr_moh H$gm dmB©Q> `mH$[aVm, ""{ñÌ`m§Mm Vmo g§J ZH$moZmam`UmŸ& H$mîR>m `m nmfmUm_¥{ÎmHo$À`mŸ&'' (523) Aer Cn_m XoD$Z Amnco åhUUo VwH$mam_ naIS>nUoì`ŠV H$aVmV. ñÌrMo ê$ncmdÊ` {H$Vrhr CÎm_ Agco Var Ë`mMm _moh Z _mZVm Ë`m§Zm H$mîR>mÀ`m,XJS>mÀ`m AWdm _mVrÀ`m g_mZM _mZmdo Ago VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV. dadaMm ^m{dH$nUm hm Iam ZgVmoho Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r, ""VwH$m åhUo gn© S>mocoŸ& V¡gm H$Wo_mOr IwcoŸ&'' Aer Cn_m {Xcr Amho. VwH$mam_m§MrCn_mZÑîQ>r {d{dYVoZo ZQ>cocr Amho, `mMm àË`` AmnUmg Ë`m§À`m àË oH$ Ac§H$mamV AWdm à{V_mZmVoB©c. gm¡ar, H$mcm, {Q>nar, hþ_m_m, goV, _¥Xw§J-nmQ>çm, Jm¡iUr Aem {d{dY H$mì`àH$mam§VyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr

ê$nH$mWm©Zo na_mW© {dMmamMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cocr Amho. gJwU-{ZJw©U, ^ŠV-na_oída Aem {df`m§Mm ~moYAmnUmg Ë`mVyZ ìhmdm.

""n§T>ar MmohQ>m _m§{S> ocm IoiŸ& d¡îUd {_imo{Z gH$i aoŸ&

Q>mi {Q>nar _m§Xio EH$ ZmX aoŸ& Omcm ~gd§V XodH$sMm ~mi aoŸ&'' (195)

{Q>narÀ`m `m A §JmV VwH$mam_m§Zr ^ŠV Am{U {dÇc `m§À`m EH$_oimMo ê$nH$ _m§S>coco Amho. n§T>anyaÀ`mMìhmQ>çmdarc ~mOmanoR>oV gd© d¡îUdm§Zr hm ^ŠVrMm Ioi _m§S>cocm Amho. AmZ§XmZo ~ohmoe hmoD$Z Vo

54

ZmMV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mgmo~V Ë`m§Mo X¡dV XodH$rnwÌ H¥$îU Amho. `m ZmXmMr, c`rMr ~hmaXma dU©ZoH$aVmZm VwH$mam_, ""XmoÝhr {Q>nar EH${M ZmXŸ& gJwU {ZJw©U Zmhr oX aoŸ&'' (192) Agm A oXËdmMm,EH$VmZVoMm AZw dhr ^moJVmV. {dÇ>cmÀ`m Zm_mMo \$wH$Q>Mo eoV ^ŠVm§Zr {ZYm©ñVnUo H$amdo Agogm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV,

""goV H$am ao \w$H$mM|Ÿ& Zm_ {dR>mo~mam`mM|Ÿ&

Zmht doR>r Oodm gmamŸ& OmhmVr Zmht åh{U`mamŸ&

g[aH$ Zmht ao XwgamŸ& YZr gmam VwPm Vy§Ÿ&

OnVn Zm§JaUrŸ& Z cJo AmQ>r XwZdUrŸ&

H$_© Hw$idUrŸ& Z cJo Y_©nmir XmoÝhrŸ&

kmZnm^mar Vr \$UrŸ& Z cJo H$amdr noaUrŸ&

~rO Z cJo g§{MVmM|Ÿ& nrH$ {nH$c| R>m`tM|Ÿ&&' (1147)

`m Zm_ê$nr eoVmV {~Jmar cmoH$m§Mm IM© oV Zmhr. AWdm VoWo H$moUmMr Owcy_ O~aXñVrhr Zmhr.`m eoVmV OnVnmMr Zm§JaUr Am{U H$_©Y_m©Mr H$moinUr H$amdr cmJoc. kmZê$nr nm^arZo noaUr H$amdrcmJVo. `m A §JmVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m ^ŠVrMr Vrd«VmM Amnë`m cjmV oVo. AemM EH$m ê$nH$mË_H$A §JmV VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m _Zmg lrharÀ`m Zm_ê$nr docrda n{jamO hmoÊ`mg gm§{JVco Amho.

""h[aZm_docr nmdcr {dñVmaŸ& \$it nwînt ^ma dmoëhmdcrŸ&

VoW| _mÂ`m _Zm hmoB© n{jamOŸ& gmYmd`m H$mO V¥ßVrM| `mŸ&

_wit{M`m ~rO| XmI{dcr JmoS>rŸ& cdH$a{M OmoS>r Om{c`mMrŸ&

VwH$m åhUo jUjUm§ OmVmo H$miŸ& JmoS>r Vo agmi A§VaocŸ&&'' (3254)

Zm_ê$nr AgUmè`m _yi ~rOmMrM JmoS>r \$imV Amho. Ë`mMr àmßVr Amnë`m _ZmZo MQ>H$Z H$ê$Z¿`mdr, Aer {dZdUr VwH$mam_ Amnë`m _Zmg H$arV AmhoV.

S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr "VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r d Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mË_eŠVrMo _yë`_mnZ' `mAmnë`m àH$m{eV nrEM.S>r. à~§YmV VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mVrc {d{dY à{V_mZm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVcmAmho. Ë`m_Ü o H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, ì`mdgm{`H$ à{V_mZo; H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dm KamVrc {ZË`mn`moJr dñVy{df`H$à{V_mZo; YZ, YmVy aËZ {df`H$ à{V_mZo, {ejU, H$cm, H«$sS>m {df`H$ à{V_mZo; eara d emar[aH$ì §J AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr `m§Mr à{V_mZo; d¥j, \w$co d \$io `m§{df`rMr à{V_mZo; njr, nmird OZmdao,dZMao, jwÐ àmUr, ganQ>Umao àmUr, OcMa `m§À`m {df`rMr à{V_mZo; Oc, dm y, A½Zr, AmH$me,gy ©, M§Ð d {ZgJm©Vrc OS> nXmW© {df`H$ à{V_mZo; amOH$s` à{V_mZo; nm¡am{UH$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ì`ŠVtMr à{V_mZo Ago dJuH$aU S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr Ho$co Amho. nyd©ñ_¥Vr OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr,

55

VmOonUm, Vrd«Vm, R>gR>erVnUm, AZwê$nVm, AW©g§nÝZVm ho à{V_mZm§Mo JwUY_© Agë`mMo à{VnmXZË`m§Zr Ho$co Amho. Ë`mÛmao ""a{gH$m§À`m {MÎmd¥Îmr AmZ§{XV H$aUmao eãX{MÌ åhUOo à{V_mZ'' Aerà{V_mZmMr ì`m»`m Ë`m§Zr {Xcocr Amho. S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr gm§{JVcocr à{V_mZm§Mr gd©d¡{eîQ>ço, JwUY_© AmnUmg VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì` à{V_m§VyZ àË``mg oVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mVrcà{V_mZg¥îQ>r AW©KZ d VmOonUm Xe©{dUmar Amho. ""OrdZmMo H$moUVoM joÌ VwH$mam_m§Zr Xwc©{jcocoZmhr'' Ago gm§JyZ S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr Amnë`m à~§YmÀ`m Cng§hmamV; ""VwH$mam_m§Mo CËH$Q>^mdOrdZ A{Ve` gmW©nUo d g_n©H$nUo hr à{V_mZo dmMH$-lmoË`m§g_moa C o H$aVmV. VwH$mam_m§MrH$mìèŠVr H$er Aìdc XOm©Mr hmoVr d H$dr `mÑîQ>rZo VwH$mam_m§Mo ñWmZ {H$Vr loîR> XOm©Mo hmoVo `mMogw§Xa {X½Xe©Z Ë`m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r H$aVo.'' Agm {ZîH$f© {Xcm Amho. (n¥îR> 302-303) VwH$mam_m§À`mH$mì`mVrc Cn_m, à{V_m, ê$nH$, ÑîQ>m§V AmnUmg_moa VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mVrc OrdZmgh C o amhVmV.Vrd«VoZo Am{U R>gR>erVnUo dmMH$m§À`m _Zmda Ë`m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r à^md nmS>V AgVo. ""VwH$mam_m§Mrà{V_mZo Ë`m§À`m Ame`mcm AJXr AZwê$n AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Vr {d{eîQ> g§X ©joÌmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo A{VeÀm¡{MË`nyU© AmhoV.'' Ago _V S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr {Xcoco Amho. (n¥îR> 44) Amnë`m _VmÛmaoË`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc Ame` Am{U à{V_mZo `m§Mr g_VmocVm, EH$ê$nVm d à_mU~ÕVm ì`ŠVHo$cr Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §J JmWo_Ü o {dÇ>c, n§T>ar, g§V, ^ŠVJU, Jmonr-H¥$îU, H¥$îUmÀ`m~mccrcm, Jm¡iUtMr {dahmdñWm, ì`dhmakmZ, nmI§S>I§S>Z, AÛ¡V{dMma, ^{ŠV_mJ©, g§gmaemñÌ,X§ -T>m|Jmda àhma, Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm BË`mXr AZoH$ g§X ©joÌo oVmV. gmh{OH$M {d{dY g§X © joÌm_wio {d{dYVèhoÀ`m Cn_m, à{V_m, ÑîQ>m§V Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV òVmV. gn©, Hw$Ìm, _m§Oa, _moa, H$mo{H$im, C§Q>, _w§Jr,_mgm, ~Jim, H$moir, nmonQ>, _mH$S>, JmT>d, H$ñVwar_¥J, ~¡c, ~moH$S>, T>oHy$U, ~moH$m, amOh§g, ~oSy>H$,hÎmr, H$m_YoZy, Kw~S>, Jm`-dmgê$, h[aUr-nmS>g, _mVm-_yc, H$mgd, nVr-nËZr, gmgy-gyZ, H$Ý`m-_mhoa, Am§Yim, nm§Jim, ZH$Q>m, gw§Xa, qeXi ñÌr, doí`m, n{Vd«Vm, {dYdm, H$m{_Zr, JwOar, Mmoa,aËZnmaIr, h_mc, {^H$mar, ~hþê$nr, nmaYr, ~«m÷U, A§ËÒ, H$_i- «_a, M§XZ, {ham, cmoI§S>,XJS>, _moVr, gy`©, M§Ð-Mm§XUo, J«h, gmoZo, Mm§Xr, nV§J, {df, nd©V, Odg, Vri, gmIa, Jyi, _rR>,n¢OU, _wHw$Q>, nmUr, gmJa, g[aVm, ^yV, MH$moa, _oK, d¥îQ>r, n¥Ïdr, cmoUr, JJZ-AmH$me, S>moh, d¥j,_XZ, ~rO, cìhmim, eyi, gm~U, Kmogcm, eoV, JmS>Jo, ~oS>r, A½Zr, dm y, Zdar, gmoZma, doS>m,`moJr, _c§J, cmohma, XyY, Xhr, VmH$, gm§Om, Vyn, ZdZrV, nÌmdi, _mR>, Jmodar, H$moigm, nc§J,_wÐm, hmoZ, {nVi, ZJmam, V§~moam, XiU, _ëc, àoV, ñ_emZ, e|S>r, {dîR>m, Am§~m, ~m yi, Ho$dS>m,D$g, H$X©i, Vwig, JmOa, H$m§Xm, cgyU, dmiy, qencm, e§I, ñ\${Q>H$, Xmg, amD$V, nmB©H$, YZwî`,T>mc, C{H$aS>m, ~wŠH$m, H$mnya, d¡Xy, gwB©U, gVr, BË`mXr Iyn CXmhaUo AmnUmg AOyZhr XoVm oVrcAer AmhoV. BVH$s {d{dYVoZo ZQ>cocr Am{U g§nÝZ Aer hr à{V_mg¥îQ>r Amho. OrdZmMo H$moUVoM joÌVwH$mam_m§Zm dÁ © Zmhr hoM Iao !

56

n {dÇ>c, ^ŠVr Am{U gmjmËH$ma : EH$ g§X ©joÌ

S>m°. _mcVr nmQ>rc `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZo {d{eîQ> g§X ©joÌmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZohr Am¡{MË`nyU© Agë`mMmCëcoI CnamoŠV {Xcoë`m Amnë`m {dYmZmV Ho$cm Amho. AmnU VwH$mam_m§À`m A §J JmWoVrc {dÇ>cê$n,VwH$mam_m§Mr ^ŠVrMr Vi_i d Ë`m§Zm Pmcocm gmjmËH$ma ho g§X ©joÌ AWdm g§X ©{díd KoD$. `mg§X ©joÌm_Ü ohr VwH$mam_m§Zr Cn_m, ê$nH$, ÑîQ>m§V `m§Mr Amncr ñdV…Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r C^r Ho$cr Amho.hr g¥îQ>r {ZpíMVM Ame`mcm AZwê$n Am{U Am¡{MË`nyU© Aer Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m ^ŠVrVrc Vrd«AmoT>rMo nS>gmX Ë`m§À`m `m à{V_mZm§_YyZ AmnUmg OmUdVmV. Ë`m§À`m gdm©Ë_^mdr ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMoXe©Z AmnUmg `m g§X ©{dœmVyZ AWdm `m à{V_mZg¥îQ>rVyZ KSy>Z oVo. àW_V… VwH$mam_m§Zr dU©ZHo$coë`m {dÇ>cê$nmMr {d{dYVm nmhÿ `m,

""gw§Xa V| Ü`mZ C | {dQ>odarŸ& H$a H$Q>mdar R>ody{Z`m§Ÿ&

Vwierhma Jim§ H$mgo nrVm§~aŸ& AmdS>o {Za§Va V|{M ê$nŸ&

_H$aHw§$S>co VinVr ldUtŸ& H§$R>r H$m¡ñVw^_{U {dam{OVŸ&

VwH$m åhUo _mP| h|{M gd© gwIŸ& nmhrZ lr_wI AmdS>rZ|Ÿ&&'' (2)

dmaH$ar AË §V ào_mZo VwH$mam_m§Mm hm A §J JmVmV. Ë`m§À`m `m à{gÕ A §JmV Vwierhma, _H$aHw§$S>co,H$m¡ñVw _Ur, nrVm§~a, `m§Zr gmH$macoë`m gJwU ê$nmMo Xe©Z Amho. H$a H$Q>mda KoD$Z, ^ŠV nw§S>{cH$mZo\o$H$coë`m {dQ>oda {dÇ>cmMo ho gw§Xa Ü`mZ C o Amho. lr{dÇ>cmMo AVrd _Zmoha, gw§Xa, gwIH$maH$ AgodU©Z VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$co Amho. ñd^mdmoŠVr Ac§H$mamMm EH$ CÎm_ Z_wZm åhUyZ `m A §JmH$S>o nmhVmoB©c. {dÆ>cê$nmMo dU©Z H$aUmam AmUIr EH$ A §J AgmM Amho, Vmo nwT>rcà_mUo,

""amOg gwHw$_ma _XZmMm nwVimŸ& a{de{eH$im cmon{c`mŸ&

H$ñVwar_idQ> M§XZmMr CQ>rŸ& ê$io _mi H§$R>t d¡O`§VrŸ&

_wJwQ> Hw§$S>co lr_wI emo c|Ÿ& gwImM| AmoVc| gH$i hrŸ&

H$mgo gmoZgim nm§Kao nmQ>moimŸ& KZZri gmdim ~mB`mZmoŸ&&'' (4)

`m A §JmV {dÇ>cmg CÔoeyZ VwH$mam_ amOg gwHw$_ma, _XZnwVim Aer {deofUo cmdVmV. {dÇ>cmÀ`mà^mdmZo gy ©M§ÐmÀ`m H$cm cmon nmdë`mMo Vo dU©Z H$aVmV. nrVm§~amgmR>r "gmoZgim' Agm a§JXe©H$eãX Vo `moOVmV. {dÇ>cmÀ`m ào_mV VwH$mam_ AmH§$R> ~wS>mcoco AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {dÇ>cmMo lr_wI Ë`m§Zm"gwImMo AmoVco' dmQ>Vo. H$mhr doiocm VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cê$nmMo Agohr dU©Z H$aVmV,

""gmocrd O| gwI A{VgwImhw{ZŸ& C | h| A§JUr d¡îUdm§À`mŸ&

d¥§XmdZ gS>o Mm¡H$ a§J _mimŸ& ZmMo Vmo gmohmoim XoImo{Z`m§Ÿ&&'' (684)

gwImnojmhr Añgc gwI åhUOo Ë`m gwImMm Jm^m hmo . Agm hm gwImMm Jm^m d¡îUdm§À`m XmamV C^m

57

Amho. am§Jmoù`m gS>mg§_mO©Z Ho$coë`m Am{U Vwier d¥§XmdZ Agcoë`m A§JUmV Vmo ZmMV Amho. VwH$mam_Am{U {dÇ>c øm EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy dmQ>mì`mV BVHo$ ^ŠV-XodmMo ho g»` {XgVo. ^ŠV Am{UXodmMo A oXËdM VwH$mam_ BVŠ`m VÝ_`VoZo Amnë`m A §JmVyZ ì`ŠV H$ê$ nmhVmV. `m A §JmVyZì`{VaoH$ Ac§H$ma gmYcm Amho. AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU,

""Vy§ _mCcrhÿZ _`miŸ& M§Ðmhÿ{Z erViŸ&

nm{U`mhÿ{Z nmViŸ& H$ëcmoi ào_mMmŸ&

XoD§$ H$memMr Cn_mŸ& XwOr VwO nwê$fmoÎm_mŸ&

Am|dmiy{Z Zm_mŸ& VwÂ`m dê${Z Q>m{H$cm|Ÿ&&'' (2246)

ì`{VaoH$mMo ho BVHo$ g_n©H$ Am{U gw§Xa CXmhaU Amho H$s, AZoH$ ì`mH$aUH$ma ì`{VaoH$mÀ`m CXmhaUmgmR>rhmM A §J KoVmV. VwH$mam_ Ho$di oWoM Z Wm§~Vm, "Vwdm Ho$co ao A_¥Vm JmoS> Ë`m hr Vy§ naVmŸ&' AgoåhUyZ OmVmV. {dÇ>cmZo Amnë`mda H¥$noMm dfm©d Ho$cm åhUyZ {VVŠ`mM AmdS>rZo VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmdaào_mMm dfm©d H$aVmV. H$Yr H$Yr {dÇ>cmcm Vo H$m¡VwH$mZo _¢X (T>m|Jr/H$nQ>r) Ago åhUVmV,

""_¢X Amcm n§T>argŸ& hmVt KoD${Z ào_nmeŸ&---

d¡Hw§$R>rhþ{Z noU|Ÿ& Ho$c| n§T>arH$maU|Ÿ&

nw§S>{cH|$ WmamŸ& XoC{Z Am{Uc| `m MmoamŸ&

VwH$m åhUo McmŸ& Vwåhr Amåhr Yê§$ Ë`mcmŸ&&'' (842)

^ŠVm§Zm ào_nmemV nH$S>Ê`mgmR>r d¡Hw§$R>mhÿZ n§T>arg oD$Z dñVr Ho$coë`m `m T>m|Jr lrharg d¡îUdm§ZrYamdo, Ago VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV. lr_wImÀ`m gw§XaVogmR>r VwH$mam_m§Zr `mo{Ococr AmUIr EH$ Cn_m;

""{ham emo cm H$m|XUtŸ& O{S>V _m{UH$m§Mr ImUrŸ&&'

V¡gm {Xgo Zmam`UŸ& _wI gwImM| _§S>UŸ&&'' (475)

aËZO{S>V H$m|XUmV {ham emo mdm Vgm hm Zmam`U emo yZ {XgV Amho. H$mhr doiocm VwH$mam_ ê$nH$mÀ`m^mfoVhr {dÇ>cmMo ñdê$n dU©Z H$aVmV, JwUJmZ JmVmZm {XgVmV. na_oída OUy H¥$noMm gmJaM Amho.VmoM Amncm _m`~mn AgyZ Amnë`m OrdZmMr {gÕr d gmYZm§Mm qgYy VmoM Amho. ^ŠVm§Mm gm§ miH$aUmam hm XrZX`mi, ñZohmi _mD$crg_mZ Amho.

""Xodm Vy§ H¥$nmH$éUmqgYwŸ& hmogr _m`~mn Am_Mm ~§YwŸ&

OrdZ{g{Õ gmYZqgYwŸ& Vmo{S>gr ^d~§Yw H$minmeŸ&'' (627) AWdm

""Xodm Vy Am_Mm H¥$nmiŸ& ^{ŠVà{Vnmi XrZdËgiŸ&

_m` Vy§ _mCcr ñZohmiŸ& ^ma gH$i Mmc{dgrŸ&&'' (630)

58

Aem eãXm§V ho dU©Z, H$m¡VwH$ oVo. _mD$crMo ZmVohr Vo {dÇ>cmgr OmoS>VmV. CËàojm, H$ënZm `mMo H$mhrVwH$mam_m§Zm dmdS>o Zmhr. "n§T>arMo ~m yV _moQ>oŸ& Amë`m Joë`m PS>nr dmQ>oŸ&' (4051) Ago ho n§T>arMoyV _moR>o ZmX{dUmao Amho. Amë`mJoë`m§Zm Vo PnmQ>Vo Aer gw§Xa ê$nH$ Ë`m§Zm gwMVo. VwH$mam_ nwT>rc

A §JmVyZ {dÇ>cmMo AgoM H$ënZmnyU© dU©Z H$aVmV. {dÇ>c hm OUy CXmam§Mr amg AgyZ, gd© {dœmMmàmU Agë`mMr H$ënZm Vo H$aVmV.

""{dÇ>cm ao Vy§ CXmamMm amdŸ& {dÇ>cm Vy§ Ord `m OJmMmŸ&

{dÇ>cm ao Vy§ CXmamMr amgrŸ& {dÇ>cm VwOnmet gH$i{gÕrŸ&&'' (680)

Aem `m {dÇ>cmMr, {dÇ>cê$nmMr Amg, AmoT> VwH$mam_m§Zm cmJcocr Amho. Ë`m§À`m öX`mMr hr Vi_iAZoH$ A §Jm§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo. {dÇ>cmMo ê$n Amnë`m S>moù`mV gmR>dmdo, Ë`mcm S>moio ^ê$Z nmhmdo AgoË`m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

""gXm _mPo S>moio OS>mo VwPo _yVuŸ& aIw_mB©À`m nVr gmo [a`mŸŸ&

JmoS> VwP| ê$n JmoS> VwP| Zm_Ÿ& XoBª _O ào_ gd©H$miŸ&&'' (3)

`m AmoirVyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr ZmXmË_H$Vm gmYcr Amho-Am{U lmoË`m§Zm AZwàmgmMm ZmXhr àmßV H$ê$Z {XcmAmho. na_oídamÀ`m {ZH$Q> OmÊ`mMr, Ë`m§À`mer OdirH$ gmYÊ`mMr Amncr BÀN>m VwH$mam_ ì`ŠVH$aVmV. Cn_m Am{U ÑîQ>m§VmMm _oi KmcyZ VwH$mam_ Amncr hr Vi_i nwT>rcà_mUo ì`ŠV H$aVmV,

"" oQ>rcmJt Ordm cmJcrgo AmgŸ& nmho amÌt {Xdg dmQ> VwPrŸ&

ny{U©_oMm M§Ð_m MH$moam OrdZŸ& V¡g| _mP| _Z dmQ> nmhoŸ&

{XdmirÀ`m _wim c|H$s AmgmdcrŸ& nmhVgo dmQw>cr n§T>arMrŸ&

wHo${c`m ~mi A{VemoH$ H$arŸ& dmQ> nmho n[a _mCcrMrŸ&

VwH$m åhUo _O cmJcrgo yH$Ÿ& Ym§dy{Z lr_wI Xmdt XodmŸ&&'' (2821)

nm¡{U©_oMm M§Ð Ogm MH$moamg OrdZ dmQ>Vmo Vgo _mPo _Z dmQ> nmhmV Amho. {XdmirÀ`m doir _mhoamÀ`mAm_§ÌUmMr AmVwaVoZo dmQ> nmhUmè`m _wcrà_mUo AWdm wHo$cocm ~mi AmB©H$[aVm Ogm A{VemoH$H$aVmo Ë`mà_mUo _mPo _Z AmVm ì`mHw$i Pmco Amho. Voìhm AmVm lrharZo oD$Z _cm Amnco lr_wIXmIdmdo, Aer {dÇ>c oQ>rMr BÀN>m VwH$mam_ ì`ŠV H$aVmV. H$mì`mVrc Cn_m (MH$moa - M§Ð) Am{Uì`dhmamVrc XmIcm (AmB©-_yc Am{U _mhoa-_wcJr) Agm gw§Xa _oi `m A §JmV gmYcm Amho.{dahH$mcmMm {ZX}ehr A §JmV CÎm_[aË`m Amcm Amho. AmnUmg {dÇ>cmÀ`m nm`mMr {H$Vr AmdS>Amho, ho gm§JVmZm, ""H$m{_Zrgr O¡gm AmdS>o «VmaŸ& BpÀN>V MH$moa M§Ð O¡gmŸ&'' (4502) Agm XmIcmVwH$mam_ XoVmV. nVr-nËZrÀ`m ZmË`mMm XmIcm VwH$mam_ Ogm XoVmV, Ë`mMà_mUo ì`{^Mmar ñÌrMmhrXmIcm Amnë`m ^ŠVrgmR>r Vo dmnaVmV. Amnë`m ^ŠVrMr Vrd«Vm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr dmnacocrCn_m;

59

""ì`{^Mm[aUr ZmarŸ& Kaml_ H$ar

nanwéf {OìhmarŸ& nar cj VoWoŸ&''

ì`{^Mmar ñÌr Kar H$m_Y§Xm ZrQ> H$aVo, nU {VÀ`m A§V…H$aUmV Ogm nanwê$f AgVmo. VgoAmnë`m ì`dhmamVhr gd}œaM R>gcocm Amho, Aer gmj VwH$mam_ XoVmV. H$_imÀ`m gwdmgmMr JmoS>rH$_imcmM _m{hVr AgV Zmhr. hm gwdmg «_a ^moJVmo. VgoM AmnU lrharÀ`m Zm_mMr JmoS>r MmIrVAmhmoV, Or lrharcmM _m{hVr Zmhr, OmUdV Zmhr Agm JmoS> ÑîQ>m§V VwH$mam_ XoVmV,

""H$_mo{XZr H$m` OmUo Vmo n[a_iŸ& «_a gH$i ^moJrVgoŸ&

V¡g| VwO R>md| Zmht VwP| Zm_Ÿ& AmåhrM V| ào_gwI OmUm|Ÿ&&'' (533)

`m Zm_gwImgmR>r, {dÇ>cmÀ`m gmocrd ê$nmgmR>r VwH$mam_ H$go AmVwa Pmco AmhoV, Ë`mÀ`m oQ>rgmR>rH$go Vi_iV AmhoV, `mMm àË`` AmnUmg Ë`m§À`m `m {VVŠ`mM ì`mHw$i dmQ>Umè`m A §JmV oVmo;

""H$Ý`m gmgwè`m{g Om oŸ& _mJ| naVmoZr nmhoŸ&

V¡g| Omc| _mÂ`m OrdmŸ& Ho$ìhm§ oQ>gr Ho$edmŸ&

MwH${c`m _m oŸ& ~mi hþé hþé nmhoŸ&

OrdZm doJir _mgmoirŸ& V¡gm VwH$m Vi_irŸ&'' (266)

Amncr Vi_i ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r VwH$mam_ V¡go, V¡gm åhUyZ Cn_m dmnaVmV Am{U H$Ý`m-_mhoa,_mVm-~mi, OrdZ-_mgmoir Ago ì`dhmamVrc ÑîQ>m§V Cn`moJmV AmUVmV. OrdZm{edm` Or pñWVr_mgmoirMr, _mVo{edm` Or pñWVr ~mimMr, _mhoam{edm` Or JVr H$Ý oMr VrM Amncr AdñWm Agogmå` `m Cn_oÛmao VwH$mam_ ì`ŠV H$aVmV. {dÇ>cê$nmÀ`m `m dU©ZmV, oQ>rÀ`m `m Vi_irV Am{UË`m§À`m oQ>rÀ`m AmZ§XmV VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmV Cn_m-à{V_m§Zm ~ha oVmo. {d{harVrc C_mù`mVyZ{H$Vrhr nmUr Cngco Var Ogo Vo gVV oV amhVo, nmPaV amhVo. Ë`mà_mUoM `m à{V_mZm§Mr AdñWmAmho. VwH$mam_m§Zm {dÇ>c oQ>rMr BVH$s Vi_i Amho, AmoT> Amho H$s Vr {dÇ>cmer AgUmè`m AmoT>rMoñdê$n XmI{dVmZm Hw$Ìm, _m§Oa `m§À`m ÑîQ>m§Vm~amo~aM Jmo{nH$m, _yc, YmH$Q>m ~§Yy Ago ZmVo OmoS>VmVAm{U {dÇ>cmg _mD$cr, Wmoacm ~§Yy, MwcVm, {nVm, dëc^ _mZVmV. BVHo$M Zìho Va VwH$mam_{dÇ>cmcm ~hrU _mZyZ BVa g§VH$dtÀ`m nwT>o EH$ nmD$c Q>mH$VmV. loîR> H$dr {Z`_moëc§KZ H$aVmo hoMIao ! "{dÇ>c MwcVm ~{hUr ~§YyŸ&' (3108) AWdm "{dÇ>c ~mn _m` MwcVmŸ& {dÇ>c ^{JZr Am{U«mVmŸ&' (611) Ago A §J `mMoM {ZXe©H$ AmhoV.

""_m§Oa| Xo{Icm cmo{U`m§Mm JmoimŸ& cmdw{Z`m§ S>moim ~¡gc|goŸ&

VwH$m åhUo AmVm§ PS>r Kmcy§ nmh|Ÿ& nm§Sw>a§Jo _m o VwPo nm`tŸ&& (3908)

cmoÊ`mÀ`m Jmoù`mda Ogo _m§Oa S>moim cmdyZ ~gVo Ver _mPr AdñWm Pmcr Amho, Ago VwH$mam_

60

Amnë`m AdñWoMo dU©Z H$aVmV. nwT>rchr H$mhr AemM Cn_m, Á`m{R>H$mUr VwH$mam_m§Zr ñdV…cm Hw$Ìmg§~moYyZ {dÇ>cmer Agcoco Amnco ZmVo Xe©{dco Amho. Ë`mVyZ oQ>rMr Amg Ë`m§Zr nwT>rcà_mUo Xe©{dcrAmho.

""ídmZm{M`mnar cmoi| VwÂ`m ÛmatŸ& w§H$m| h[ah[a Zm_ VwP|Ÿ&

w§H$s¨ CR>t ~¡g| Z dOm | doJimŸ& cwS>~wS>t Jmonmim nm`m§nmetŸ&'' (3992),

""VwPo XmatMm Hw$VamŸ& ZH$mo _moH$cy§ XmVmamŸ&

YaU| KoVc| KamVŸ& ZH$mo Yê$Z CR>dy§ hmVŸ&'' (3590),

""{gi| ImVm Amcm drQ>Ÿ& gwZ| YrQ> nm§ YarŸ&

H$mÝhmo~m Vo OmUo IyUŸ& CZCZ Kmg KmcrŸ&'' (3311)

Aem {d{dY y{_H$m§VyZ VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmer ~mocV amhVmV. Amncr ì`mHw$iVm ì`ŠV H$aVmV. XmamVcmoiUmao Hw$Ìo, nm`merM cwS>~yS> H$aUmao Hw$Ìo, hmH$cco Var XmamVyZ Z OmUmao, {eio ImD$Z ({dÇ>cmMmgmjmËH$ma hmoV Zmhr Vmon ªVMm VmoM VmoM {eionUm) Ìmgcoco Am{U D$Z-D$Z VmOo AÝZ ImÊ`mgAYra Pmcoco, w§H$Ê`mVyZhr harMm CÀMma H$aUmao-Hw$Í`mÀ`m Aem {H$Vr {d{dY y{_H$m VwH$mam_dU©Z H$aVmV ! ñdm_tZm Z gmoS>Ê`mMr, Ë`m§À`m{df`r AmXamMr ñdm_r{ZîR>mhr, VwH$mam_ oWo ì`ŠVH$aVmV. "Hw$dm©{iVm' `m eãXmZo {dÇ>cmZo Amnë`mg ào_mZo Hw$admië`mMohr VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV. (3310)Cn_mZg¥îQ>rÀ`m BVŠ`m ZmZm nar VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mV AmT>iVmV. ""Vy§ H¥$nmiy _mCcr Amåhm§ XrZm§MrgmCcrŸ&'' (2242) Ago ê$nH$ Ë`m§Zr doimodoir dmnaco Amho. nwT>ohr AerM EH$ê$nVm, A{^ÝZËd hoê$nH$mMo JwU VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmZm AmT>iVmV. CËàojoà_mUo ê$nH$ Jwi_wirV AgVZmhr. `mMr OmUrdhr oWo ìhmdr.

""Vy _mPr _mCcr Vy§ _mPr gmCcrŸ& nmhVm| dmQw>cr nm§Sw>a§JoŸ&

Vy§ _O oHw$cm dS>rc YmHw$cmŸ& Vy§ _O Amnwcm gmo am OrdŸ&

VwH$m åhUo Ord VwOnmet AgoŸ& VwO{dU Amog gd© {XemŸ&&'' (2607)

`m ê$nH$mVrc _mCcr, gmCcr, dmQw>cr, oHw$cm, YmHw$cm, Amnwcm Aem ZmX_` eãXm§_wio AZwàmghrgmYVmo. "_mCcr' eãXmZo AmV©Vm ì`ŠV hmoVo. eãXm§Mo gm¢X © VwH$mam_m§Zm {ZpíMVnUo _mhrV Agë`mMoË`mVyZ OmUdVo. ""_m`~mn MwcVm ~§YwŸ& AdKm VwOet g§~§YwŸ&'' (2265) Aem VèhoZo VwH$mam_{dÇ>cmcm CÔoeyZ MwcVm, ~§YwMr Cn_mhr dmnaVmV. Ë`mÀ`mer ZmVo g§~§Y OmoS>VmV. g§Vm§Zr Oer{dRy>_mD$cr a§J{dcr Amho, Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zr na_oídamg Amncm dëc^, nVr _mZcm Amho. {damÊ`m,Jm¡iUtVyZ _Ywam^ŠVr Ami{dcocr Amho. EH$m A §JmV ñdV… JmonrMr y{_H$m KoD$Z Amnë`m _¡{ÌUrOdiVwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmMo dU©Z H$arV AmhoV, ""amOg gwHw$_ma _XZmMm nwVimŸ& a{de{eH$im cmon{c`mŸ&''(4) Aem n§ŠVrV, {dÇ>c åhUOo gm¡§X ©dmZ H$m_XodmMmM nwVim Agë`mMo ê$nH$ VwH$mam_m§Zr C o Ho$co

61

Amho. ""dmimo OZ _O åhUmoV qeXirŸ& n[a hm dZ_mir Z {dg§~|Ÿ&'' (7) Aer H$m§VmaVrMr y{_H$mVwH$mam_ ñdrH$maVmV. nwT>rc ê$nH$ AgoM g_n©H$ dmQ>mdo.

""hm{M Zo_ AmVm§ Z {\$a| _mKmarŸ& ~¡gc| eoOmat JmoqdXmMoŸ&

Ka{aKr Omc| nÅ>amUr ~i|Ÿ& d[ac| gm§di| na~«÷ŸŸ&

~{i`mMm A§Jg§J Omcm AmVm§Ÿ& Zmht ^` qMVm VwH$m åhUoŸ&'' (9)

VwH$mam_m§À`m `m ì`mHw$i Vi_irÀ`m AdñWoZ§Va Ë`m§À`m {dÇ>c gmjmËH$mamÀ`m g§X ©{dídmMmà{V_mZm§À`m~m~V {dMma H$ê$ `m. {dÇ>cmÀ`m oQ>rZ§Va AWdm gdm©Ë_^mdr gmjmËH$mamZ§Va VwH$mam_m§MrAdñWm H$er hmoVr `mMo H$mhr XmIco;

""OoW| XoI| VoW| C^mŸ& Ad¿`m JJZmMm Jm^mŸ&

S>moim§ ~¡gc| ~¡gc|Ÿ& Ü`mZ amhmo{Z g§Mc|Ÿ&'' (1528)

Aer gw§Xa CËàojm VwH$mam_ H$aVmV. gd© AmH$memg ì`mnyZ AgUmam Jm^m (AmË_VÎd) Ë`m§Zm ZOaogoVmo. JJZmMm Jm^m hr H$ënZmM A{Ve` ^ì`{Xì` Amho. nwT>rc AmoirVyZ hoM ì`mnH$Ëd gwM{dco

Amho.

""OoW| XoI| VoWo VwPrM nmCc|Ÿ& {dœ AdK| H$m|XmQ>c|Ÿ&

ê$n JwU Zm_ AdKm _oKí`m_Ÿ& doJi| V| H$m` Cac|Ÿ&'' (1830)

{OWo nmhmdo {VH$S>o OUy na_oídamMrM nmD$co VwH$mam_m§À`m ZOaog nS>VmV. ê$n, JwU, Zm_ BË`mXrê$nm§Zr hm _oKí`m_ `m {dœmV ì`mnyZ am{hcm Amho. gd©ì`mnr Ago Ë`mMo ê$n Amho.

""cdU _oi{dVm§ Oi|Ÿ& H$m` Cac| {Zami|Ÿ&

V¡gm g_ag Omcm|Ÿ& VwO_mOr hancm|Ÿ&'' (2484)

nmÊ`mV _rR> {_gië`mda VoWo {Zamio H$m` {eëcH$ amhrc? Aem Cn_oZo AmnUhr {dÇ>cmer EH$ê$nPmë`mMo VwH$mam_ nQ>dyZ XoVmV. ñdV…H$S>o Vo {_R>mMr Am{U {dÇ>cmH$S>o OrdZmMr, nmÊ`mMr y{_H$mXoVmV ho oWo cjmV oVo. ""JmoS>rnUo O¡gm JyiŸ& V¡gm Xod Omcm gH$iŸ&'' hr Amoi AerM _rR>-nmUr`m Cn_ogmaIr Amho. Jyi Ogm JmoS>rZo gd©Ì gmaImM AgVmo Vgm XodmMm gd©Ì dmg Agë`mMm àË``VwH$mam_m§Zm oVmo Amho. na_oída d AmnU EH$Ord Pmcmo AmhmoV, Amnë`mV H$go EH$Ëd Amho, {^ÝZËdZmhr, `mH$[aVm VwH$mam_m§Zr nwT>rc ÑîQ>m§V {Xco AmhoV.

""Véda ~rOm nmoQ>tŸ& ~rO Védam godQ>tŸ&

V¡g| Vwåhm§ Amåhm§ Omc|Ÿ& EH$s¨ EH$ gm_mdc|Ÿ&'' (3069),

""AmZ§XmMo S>moht AmZ§XVa§JŸ& AmZ§X{M A§J AmZ§XmM|Ÿ&---

J^m©Mo AmdS>r _mVoMm S>mohimŸ& VoWtMm {Oìhmim VoW| q~~oŸ&'' (3251)

62

Ago AÛ¡VmZw yVrMo gwI VwH$mam_ MmIVmV. gdm©Ë_^mdr gmjmËH$mamMm hm ~«÷mZ§X, na_mZ§X Amho."AmZ§XmMm S>moh' hr H$ënZm Am{U "~rO-Vê$', hr H$ënZm H$drÀ`m à{V^meŠVrMr AmnUmg gmjXoVrc. "gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ' Ago Á`mMo VwH$mam_m§Zr nydu dU©Z Ho$co hmoVo Vo "gmdio na~«÷' VwH$mam_m§ZmàË`jmV H$go {Xgco `mgmR>r ñd^mdmoŠVrMm Z_wZm åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm nwT>rc A §J nmhmd`mg hdm.

""n¡c Amco h[aŸ& e§IMH«$ emo o H$atŸ&

JéS> oVmo \$S>ËH$ma|Ÿ& Zm^r Zm^r åhUo ËdaoŸ&

_wJwQ>Hw$§S>cm§À`m XrßVrŸ& VoO| cmoncm J^pñVŸ&

_oKí`m_dU© h[aŸ& _y{V© S>moig gm{OarŸ&

MVw w©O d¡O§ VrŸ& Jim _mim ho éiVrŸ&

nrVm§~a PiHo$ H$¡gmŸ& COië`m Xmhr {XemŸ&'' (1596)

e§I, MH«$, JXm, nÙ BË`mZr Am wYo Mmar hmVmV KoD$Z JéS> dmhZmdê$Z lrhar oV Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _wHw$Q>Am{U Hw§$S>cm§À`m VoOmZo gy © {ZñVoO Pmcm Amho. Va Ë`mÀ`m nrVm§~amÀ`m PiH$Ê`mZo Xmhr {XemCOiyZ Joë`m AmhoV, Ago dU©Z dmMë`mZ§Va OUy _oKí`m_ dUm©Mm Vmo har Amnë`mg_moa Amcm Amho,Ago AmnUmg dmQ>mdo. BVHo$M Zìho Va "Zm ^r Zm ^r' `m Mma eãXm§VyZ OUy Vmo Amnë`mer ~mocVmoAmho, Agmhr ^mg ìhmdm. Amnë`m {Xì` VoOmZo, Xe©ZmZo, VwH$mam_m§Zr {^D$ Z o Ago Vmo Ë`m§Zm gm§JVmo;BVH$s gw§Xa ñd^mdmoŠVr VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m `m A §JmVyZ gmYcr Amho. ì`{VaoH$ Ac§H$mahr AmhoM.''(gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_ : S>m°. A{Zc Jdir n¥îR> : 76 Vo 89)

""VwH$mam_mÀ`m H${dVm§V Cn_mZg¥îQ>rMr {d{dYVm Amho, Ago åhUmdo cmJVo. `mgmR>r H$mhrCXmhaUo oWo CX²Y¥V H$ê$ `m. ""_mVm' hr à{V_m nmhm;

1. ""YmHw$Q>çmMo _wIr Kmg Kmcr _mVmŸ&

dar H$ar gÎmm ehm{U`mŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo A§Jmnmgy{Z {ZamioŸ&

{Zd{S>co ~io aS>Vo ñVZrŸ&&1Ÿ&&''

2. ""Xodm{dU ^ŠVmŸ& H$moU XoVm {ZîH$m_VmŸ&

VwH$m åhUo ~miŸ& _mVm O¡go ñZohOmiŸ&&''

3. ""erVi gmD$cr Am_wMr _mCcrŸ&

{dR>mB© dmoicr ào_nmÝhmŸ&&''

4. ""_mCcrgr gm§Jo H$moUŸ& ào_ dmT>dr VmhmZoŸ&&''

63

5. ""MwH${c`m _m oŸ& ~mi hþê$hþê$ nmhoŸ&&''

6. ""~mcH$mMo MmcrŸ& _mVm OmUw{Z nmCc KmcrŸ&&''

n[agmMr à{V_mhr {d{dY a§Jm§Zr VwH$mam_mZr a§J{dcocr Amho:

1. ""H$m` ê$no Ago n[ag Mm§JcmŸ& YmVw Ho$cr _mocm dmT> VoUoŸ&&''

2. ""AmVm JwU Xmof H$m` {dMm[agrŸ& _r Vmo Amho amgr nmVH$m§MrŸ&&

KUKm`r oQ>r cmoI§S> n[agmŸ& Var AZm[agm Z nmcQ>oŸ&&''

3. ""Mmoamgr Mm§XUo doí ogr goOmaŸ& n[agogr Imna H$m` hmo Ÿ&&''

4. ""H$mo{S>`mMo hmVoŸ& n[ago hmo gmoZoŸ& An{dÌ åhUmoZŸ& KoD$ Z oŸ&&''

"gn©' øm àmÊ`mMr à{V_mhr ~hþê$nr Amho:

1. VwH$m åhUo gn© S>mocoŸ& V¡gm H$Wo_mOr IwcoŸ&&

2. gn© wcmoZ Jw§Vcm ZmXmŸ& Jmé{S> o \$m§Xm KmVcmgoŸ&

qhS>dw{Z nmoQ> ^ar XmamoXmarŸ& H$m|Sw>{Z noQ>mar Agoa`mŸ&&

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV ídmZ Amho d Vmo {d{dY OmVrMm Amho;

1. hmoB©Z _moMo dmhmUmŸ& nm`r gH$im§ g§VOZmŸ&

_m§Oa gwH$a gwUmŸ& Odir Xmof ¿`md`mŸ&&

2. ídmZ erK«H$monrŸ& AmnUm KmVH$a nmnrŸ&

3. XwO©ZmMo ^` Yamdo Ë`mnarŸ& {ngmico dar Ym§do ídmZŸ&&

4. VwH$m åhUo _|½`m JmT>dmMo {OUoŸ& Hw$Vè`mMo ImUo cJ~JmŸ&&

A§YmMr à{V_mhr VwH$mam_mZr AZoH$ ê$nm§Zr S>moig Ho$cr Amho:

1. Zm_ VmaH$ ^dqgYwŸ& {dÇ>c VmaH$ ^dqgYwŸ&&

OmUy{Z`m Oo Z gaoŸ& Vo ZoU{V O¡gm JO A§YwŸ&&

2. A§Yù`mMo nmR>r YZmMr MadrŸ& AK{Q>V Vo{d KS>mo AmcoŸ&&

3. A§Yio Vo gm§Jo gm§{JVë`m IwUmŸ& AZw d XoIUm àJQ> Ë`mŸ&&

4. A§Yù`mMr H$mR>rŸ& {hamo{Z`m H$S>m cmoQ>rŸ&&

ho H$m XoIÊ`m C{MVŸ& cm^ qH$dm H$mhr {hVŸ&&

64

Jhÿ `m AÝZYmÝ`mcmhr VwH$mam_mZo Cn_mZg¥îQ>rV AmoT>co Amho:

1. Jìhm{M`m hmoVr narŸ& \$mHo$ dar ImD$ Z`oŸ&&

2. VwH$m åhUOo {H$Vr R>H$cr ~mnwS>rŸ& Jìhm Amho JmoS>r _m§S>o nwè`mŸ&&

da CX²Y¥V Ho$coë`m dMZm§dê$Z VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rVrc d¡{dÜ`mMm ghO CcJS>m hmoVmo. hr{d{dYVm H$mì`m§VJ©V AgVo Am{U JwUmË_H$ AgVo. `mM {deof {d{dYVocm H$mì`ÑîQ>çm _hÎd AgVo.AmnU hr {d{dYVm g_OmdyZ KoVmo, `mMmM AW© AmnU VwH$mam_mMr H${dVm g_OmdyZ KoV AgVmo,AZw dV AgVmo. hr {d{dYVm Ho$di ñdV…nwaVrM AWnyU© ZgVo. Amnë`mcm Vr ñdV…OdiM {IidyZR>odrV Zmhr. Vr gVV _yi H${dVoH$S>o A§Jw{c{ZX}e H$arV AgVo d {VÀ`mH$S>o Amnco cj doYdrVAgVo.

VwH$mam_mÀ`m Cn_mZm§Mr CJ_joÌohr darc ÑîQ>rZoM AW©nyU© R>aVmV. `m CJ_joÌm§Mr g§»`mË_H$~mOy {dMmam~mhoa R>odcr, Va `m CJ_joÌm§Mm AW© VwH$mam_mÀ`m H${dVm§Vrc Ame`merM {ZJ{S>V Amho,ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. `m CJ_joÌm§Mm Aä`mg åhUOo VwH$mam_mÀ`m H${dVoVrc {df`m§Mm d Ame`m§Mm Aä`mghmo . hr CJ_joÌo VwH$mam_mÀ`m AZw dm§Mm EH$ àH$mao Amg_§VM AgVmo. Cn_mZg¥îQ>rÀ`m A{YîR>mZrAgcocm hm AZw dm§Mm Amg_§V VwH$mam_mÀ`m Cn_o g¥îQ>rÀ`m _wimer Agcoë`m AZw dm§gmaImM_hÎdmMm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m Cn_o g¥îQ>rMo Oo gË` AmnUmg àVrV hmoVo, Vo gË`M Ë`mMr Cn_mZg¥îQ>rA{^ì`ŠV H$arV AgVo. `m XmoÝhr g¥îQ>r nañnam§er g_m§Va AgVmV. `m XmoZ g¥îQ>tMr hr Am§V[aH$EH$ê$nVm cjmV R>odcr, Va à{V_m§À`m CJ_joÌm§Mo ñWmZ d _mhmËå` ghO H$iyZ oVo. `m CJ_joÌm§ZmVwH$mam_mÀ`m H${dVm§À`m g§X^m©VM ApñVËd AgVo. à{V_mg¥îQr Ë`m§À`m à{V_o g¥îQ>rMmM EH$ A{d^mÁ`KQ>H$ R>aVo Am{U åhUyZM {VMm {dMma hm VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVm§Mm Ame`cjr {dMma R>aVmo.

H${dVoVrc à{V_o`g¥îQ>r H$m` qH$dm à{V_mg¥îQ>r H$m`, `m XmoZ g¥îQ>tZm ñdV§Ì {df` åhUyZ H$YrM_hÎd ZgVo. Omo Ame` `m XmoZ g¥îQ>tVyZ gy{MV hmoVmo, Ë`mcm H$mì`ÑîQ>çm cjUr`Vm AgVo. `m XmoÝhrg¥îQ>tVrc {df`m§Mr Zm|X, dJuH$aU, {d{dYVm `m§V ñdV§ÌnUo AW©nyU©Vm ZgVo. åhUyZ à{V_o g¥îQ>rVrc{df`m§Mr CJ_joÌo, Ë`m§Mm g§»`mË_H$ {dñVma d d¡nwë` `m§Zmhr Ogo H$mì`{dMmam§V _hÎd ZgVo, VÛVMà{V_mg¥îQ>rVrc {df`m§Mr CJ_joÌo, Ë`m§Mm g§»`mË_H$ {dñVma d d¡nwë` `m§Zmhr H$mì`{dMmam§V _hÎdZgVo. àË oH$ H${dVm hr `m XmoZ g¥îQ>tVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocr EH$ ñdV§Ì Aer {Vgar g¥îQ>r AgVo. `m{Vgè`m g¥îQ>r~Ôc H$gcrM gamgar H$mT>Vm oV Zmhr.

VwH$mam_mÀ`m H${dVm§Vrc à{V_m§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm AmUIr EH$m JmoîQ>rMm Amnë`mcm AZw d oVAgVmo. H$mhr à{V_m nwT>o Amë`m, H$s MQ>H$Z Amnë`m Vm|S>mVyZ "Šcm{gH$c h§ !' Ago eãX ~mhoanS>VmV. Ë`m à{V_m Šcm{gH$c qH$dm A{^OmV AmhoV, Ago A§V…àoaUoZo Amnë`mcm OmUdVo.

65

CXmhaUmW©;

1. _mPo _mJUo Vo {H$VrŸ& XmVm cjw_rMm n{VŸ&&1Ÿ&&

VmÝhoë`mZo nrVm nmUrŸ& VoUo J§Jm Zìho CUrŸ&&

H$ënVê$ Omcm XoVmŸ& VoWo nmoQ>mMm _mJVmŸ&&

2. H$ñVwarMo ê$n A{V hrZdaŸ& _mOr Ago gma _moc V`mŸ&&

Am{UH$ hr V¡gr M§XZmMr PmS>oŸ& n[a_io dmT>o _moc V`mŸ&&

H$m` ê$no Ago narg Mm§JcmŸ& YmVw Ho$cr _mocm dmT> VoUoŸ&&...

VwH$m åhUo Zmhr OmVrgdo H$m_Ÿ& Á`mMo _wIr Zm_ Vmo{M YÝ`Ÿ&&

3. OmUmo{Z ZoUVo H$ar _mPo _ZŸ& VwPr ào_IyU XoD${Z`mŸ&&

_J _r ì`dhmar AgoZ dV©VŸ& Oodr OimAmV nÙnÌŸ&&

EoH$mo{Z ZmBHo$ qZXmñVw{V H$mZrŸ& O¡gm H$m CÝ_Zr `mo{JamOŸ&&

XoImo{Z Z XoIo àn§M hm ÑîQ>rŸ& ñdßZr{M`m g¥{îQ> Mo{dë`m OodrŸ&&

4. VwH$m åhUo Vy `m H¥$noMm qgYwŸ& VmoS>r ^d~§Yw _mPm XodmŸ&&

5. gH$i qMVm_Ur earaŸ& Oar Om` Ah§H$ma Amem g_yiŸ&&

6. em§{Vj_m X`m _y{V©_§V A§JrŸ& namd¥Îm g§Jr H$m_m{XH$mŸ&

{ddoH$g{hV d¡am½`mMo ~iŸ& Y½Y{JVmo Ádmi A{½Z O¡gmŸ&&

7. ewÕ~rOm nmoQ>r& \$io agmi Jmo_Q>rŸ&&

_wIr A_¥VmMr dmUrŸ& Xoh doMmdm H$maUrŸ&&

gdmªJr {Z_©iŸ& {MÎm O¡go J§JmOiŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo OmVrŸ& Vmn Xe©Zo {dlm§VrŸ&&

`m gd© AdVaUm§V {dIwacoë`m à{V_m§Mm EH$ {d{eîQ> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `m à{V_m EH$mM doiràmMrZ Am{U Adm©MrZ Agë`mMm àË`` AmnUmg oVmo. Ë`m§À`mV EH$ hdmhdmgm OwZonUm d AW©nyU©ZdonUm OmUdVmo. Iè`m AWm©Zo `m à{V_m {Ma§VZ dmQ>VmV. Ë`m§À`mVrc g§ñH$maj_Vm {Q>Hy$Z am{hë`mMmAmnUmg gmjmV AZw d oVmo. `m à{V_m EH$ g§nÝZVoMm, lr_§VrMm Am{U `m~amo~aM gImocVoMm,Jm§ r`m©Mm, JyT>VoMm d AX² wVaå`VoMm n[aUm_ Amnë`m _Zmda H$arV AgVmV. H$drÀ`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmcmAm{U H${dVoÀ`m à{V_o mcm EH$ C§Mr `m à{V_m àmßV H$ê$Z XoVmV.'' (AmZ§XmMm S>moh : am. J. OmYd,n¥îR> H«$_m§H$ 58 Vo 61)


66

3.4 eãXmW© d {Q>nm

l Od : EH$ YmÝ`àH$ma/Odg l ^moanr : ~hþê$nr

l dO« : B§ÐXodVoMo hË`ma l _¢X : T>m|Jr, H$nQ>r

l {XZH$a : gy`© l T>rda : H$moir, _mgo nH$S>Umam

l em_H$U© : KmoS>m l ewH$ : nmonQ>

l amg^ : JmT>d l JO : hÎmr

l n[a_i : gwJ§Y l MmohQ>m : Mm¡H$, ~mOmamMo {R>H$mU

3.5g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, "VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>r' `m KQ>H$mA§VJ©V AmnU VwH$mam_m§gmaImH$dr _amR>rÀ`m àm§VmV {H$Vr _hÎdmMm H$dr Amho ho ñnîQ> Ho$co. VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r AmË_mZw yVrdaAmYmacocr Amho. gVamì`m eVH$mVrc _hmamîQ´>, _mZdr OrdZ d ì`dhma nmhmd`mg VwH$mam_m§MrH${dVm AË §V Cn`moJr nS>Vo. VwH$mam_ ho Añgc H$dr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r nma§n[aH$Am{U ì`dhmamVrc Agcr Var H$drÀ`m H$ënH$VoMr Am{U VËH$mcrZ g§ñH¥$VrMr Vr ÚmoVH$ Agë`mMoAmnë`m cjmV oVo. VwH$mam_m§Mohr EH$ gm{hË`emñÌ Amho, Ë`mMm AmnU AmT>mdm KoVcm. VwH$mam_m§À`mà{V_mg¥îQ>rMo {deof Vnmgco. VwH$mam_ Amnë`m H${dVoMo gmao lo {dÇ>cmg XoVmV. Ë`m§À`m H${dVognaVÎdñne© Amho. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_m§Mr {d{dYVm nmhV AmnU "{dÇ>c, ^ŠVr Am{U gmjmËH$ma'ho g§X ©{dídhr Vnmgco. VgoM _mVm, gn©, Jhÿ, narg, Hw$Ìm, Am§Yim, H$mR>r `m à{V_m§Mr {dnwcVmnm{hcr.

3.6gamdmgmR>r àíZ

n dñVw{ZîR> àíZ

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mVrc à{V_m§Mm Aä`mg am. J. OmYd `m§Zr H$moUË`m nwñVH$mV Ho$cmAmho?

({Zir nhmQ>/{Zio nmUr/AmZ§XmMm S>moh)

2. VwH$mam_ Amnë`m H$mì`{Z{_©VrMo lo H$moUmcm XoVmV?

({dÇ>c/Zm_Xod/kmZoœa)

67

3. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmMm N>§X H$moUVm?

(Xodrda/`_H$/Mm¡H$)

4. VwH$mam_m§À`m Kar AgUmao YZ H$moUVo Amho?

(YmÝ`/eãX/dmŠ`)

CÎmao : 1. AmZ§XmMm S>moh, 2. {dÇ>c, 3. Xodrda, 4. eãX


1. ............. åhUyZ Mmoiy§ Z o \y$cŸ& ImD§$ Z o _yc AmdS>VoŸ&

2. ^moaß`mZ| gm|J nmc{Q>co darŸ& ............. Ü`mZ Yar _Ëñ`m O¡g|Ÿ&

3. M§XZmMo hmV nm` hr M§XZŸ& ............. Zmht hrZ H$moUr A§JŸ&

4. _m`~mn| Oar gnuU ...........Ÿ& Ë`m§Mo g§J| gwIm Z ndo ~miŸ&

CÎmao : 1. n[a_i, 2. ~H$, 3. n[agm, 4. ~moH$m

H$) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {chm.

1. XodÛma hm VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmMm N>§X Amho.

2. VwH$mam_m§Mr ~hþVoH$ H${dVm "`_H$' KoD$Z AdVaVo.

3. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVog naVÎdñne© Amho.

4. VwH$mam_ dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrc g§V ZmhrV.

CÎmao : 1. ~amo~a, 2. ~amo~a, 3. ~amo~a, 4. MyH$

S>) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. H$m§VmaVrMr ^y{_H$m åhUOo H$m`?

2. _mD$cr, ~§Yy hr ZmVr {dÇ>cm~amo~a OmoS>VmZm VwH$mam_ H$moUVo AmUIr A{YH$Mo ZmVoOmoS>VmV?

3. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Mo XmoZ N>§X {chm.

4. VwH$mam_m§À`m à[V_mZg¥îQ>rV H$moUVr JmoîQ> gË` AgVo?

CÎmao : 1. H$m§VmaVrMr y{_H$m åhUOo ñdV…H$S>o ^ŠV åhUyZ nËZrMr y{_H$m KoD$Z na_oœamg, B©œamgnVr _mZUo hmo .

68

2. _mD$cr, ~§Yy `m ZmË`m~amo~aM VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmg Amncr ~hrU _mZVmV.

3. Xodrda d XodÛma ho VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Mo N>§X AmhoV.

4. "Cn_o ' hr JmoîQ> VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mZg¥îQ>rV gË` AgVo.

n cKwÎmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mMo gm{hË`emñÌ _m§S>m.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>rMo {deof gm§Jm.

n XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rMm g{dñVa d gmoXmhaU AmT>mdm ¿`m.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVyZ "{dÇ>c' hr à{V_m H$er Ñ½JmoMa hmoVo Vo {chm.

n {Q>nm {chm.

1. VwH$mam_m§Zr dmnacocr _mVoMr à{V_m.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc àmÊ`m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r.

3.6A{YH$ dmMZ

1. VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r d Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mË_eŠVrMo _yë`_mnZ : S>m°. _mcVrnmQ>rc, ZmJnya {dÚmnrR> àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 1974.

2. _amR>r H${dVm OwZr Am{U Zdr : dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu, nm°ß wca, _w§~B©, 1980. (`mJ«§WmVrc "VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm' hm coI dmMm)

3. AmZ§XmMm S>moh : am. J. OmYd, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c, nwUo, 1976. `m nwñVH$mVrc 1. à{V_m§Mr{H$c{~c, n¥îR> H«$_m§H$ 53 Vo 69. 2. à{V_m§Mm _ycH§$R>, n¥îR> H«$_m§H$ 70 Vo 77 Ago XmoZcoI dmMm.

3.7 CnH«$_

l _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo 1950 _Ü o VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JJmWm àH$m{eV Ho$cocr Amho. hr JmWmJ«§Wmc`mVyZ {_idm. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmVrc à{V_mZg¥îQ>rMr àmUr, dZñnVr, ImÚnXmW©,dñÌàmdaUo, ZmVog§~§YmMr g§~moYZo, {d{dY dñVy Aer dJ©dmar H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.

l "AmZ§XmMo S>mohr AmZ§X Va§J' hr _¥Um{cZr Omoer `m§Mr H$mX§~ar dmMm.

ooo

69

KQ>H$ : 4

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm

4.1 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo ! "VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm' `m KQ>H$mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`m_wio Vwåhmg nwT>rc~m~r gmÜ` H$aVm òVrc.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo gVamì`m eVH$mVrc ^mfoMo Añgc ñdê$ng_OyZ òB©c.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm g_OmdyZ KoVmZm H${dVoVrc ^m{fH$ gm¢X © Am{U H${dVoMr^m{fH$ d¡{eîQ>ço cjmV òVrc.

4.2 àmñVm{dH$

{dÚmWu {_Ìhmo ! `mnyduÀ`m KQ>H$m§_Ü o AmnU "VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>rMm gdmª{JU{dMma g_OmdyZ KoVcm. `m KQ>H$m§V AmnU VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm H$er Amho, Vo g_OmdyZ KoD$.

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrc EH$ _hÎdmMo g§V åhUOo VwH$mam_. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo AmÚ g§V kmZoída`m§Zr AR>amnJS> OmVrY_m©Vrc g§Vm§Zm g_ÎdmÀ`m ^Jì`m P|S>çmImcr EH$Ì AmUyZ dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMmnm`m KmVcm. H$mcàdmhmV Iè`m kmZmnmgyZ d§{MV am{hcoë`m Am{U Ë`m_wio {nMcoë`m OZg_yhm§daAmnë`m agmi dmUrVyZ d¡Mm[aH$ A_¥VmMo qenU H$ê$Z _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o ^mJdV _§{XamMm EH$ EH$ {MamKS>{dcm. Ë`m _§{XamMm H$ig hmoÊ`mMo gX² m½` g§V VwH$mam_m§Zm cm^co. Ë`m_wioM VwH$mam_m§À`m {eî`mg§V ~{hUm~mB© `m§Zr, "kmZXodo a{Mcm nm`m... VwH$m Pmcmgo H$igŸ&' Ago åhQ>coco Amho. Amnë`mH$V¥©ËdmZo dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV H$ig R>acoë`m g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm oWrc KQ>H$mV AmnUmg^m{fH$ A§JmZo {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho.

4.3 {df` {ddoMZ

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm åhUOo Ë`m§Mr à{gÕ "A §JdmUr' hmo . n§{S>V H${dna§naoVrc H$dr_moamon§Vm§Zr "A §JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMr' Agm VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm C{MV Jm¡ad Ho$cocm Amho.VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrMm Jm¡ad Am{U ñdrH$ma hr na§nam AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ wJmVhr I§S>rV PmcocrZmhr. AmO Va Vr _hmamîQ´>dmUrMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zcocr Amho. BVHo$M Zìho Va, "_amR>r

70

gm{hË`mVrc A §JdmUrÀ`m ê$nmZo gmVmg_wÐmncrH$S>o OmUmam n{hcmd{hcm H$drhr g§V VwH$mam_MAmho.' BVH$s H$moUVr eŠVr VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JdmUrV Amho H$s, gH$c _amR>r _Zmcm {VZo BVHo$doS>mdyZ Q>mH$mdo?

g§V kmZoída ho dmaH$ar gm§àXm{`H$ na§naoVrc EH$ loîR> H$dr. na§Vw VwH$mam_m§BVHo$ ^m½` kmZoídam§Zmcm^coco {XgV Zmhr. "kmZoídam§Mr H${dVm _amR>r _ZmÀ`m _ZZmMm, qMVZmMm, MM}Mm {df` Oê$aR>aVo. nU VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm _amR>r _ZmMo öX²JV R>aVo.' dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho,"VwH$mam_m§~Ôc H$m` Agoc Vo Agmo, nU XyaËdmMr, naHo$nUmMr ^mdZm _amR>r _Zmcm ñne©hr H$arVZmhr. Vo _Z VwH$mam_m§~amo~a ZmMm ~mJS>m`cm, hgm`cm Am{U aS>m`cm gX¡d V`ma AgVo. VwH$mam_ hmAmnë`mn¡H$sM EH$ Amho; Vmo nwîH$iXm AmncoM {dMma, {dH$ma ~mocyZ XmIdrV Amho, Amnë`mMgmaImd¡VmJV Amho, g§VmnV Amho, _YyZM àgÝZ hmoV Amho, Oo Amnë`mcm H$mhr Ho$ë`m gmYV Zmhr Vo Ë`mZogmYcoco AgVo. AJXr èñdrnUo gmYcoco AgVo. Var Vo gmYVmZm Ë`mcm Amnë`mgmaIoM AVmoZmVH$îQ> nS>coco AmhoV ho Ë`mcm OmUdVo d åhUyZM VwH$mam_ Ë`mcm OdiMm dmQ>Vmo.'' (dmL²>_`rZ Q>rnmAm{U {Q>ßnUr, n¥. 141-142)

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoZo AmH$fy©Z KoVcoë`m Aem _amR>r _Zmcm BVa ^mfm§Vrc H$moUË`mhr dmL²>_`mVOmoS> Zmhr. gm_mÝ`m§nmgyZ AJXr Agm_mÝ`m§n ªVÀ`m ào_mXamMm Am{U Am¡ËgwŠ`mMm EH$mM doir {df`hmoÊ`mMo ^m½` VwH$mam_m§à_mUoM Ë`m§À`m H${dVocmhr cm^co. Ame`mÀ`m A§JmZo VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm{OVH$s doJir R>aVo {VVH$sM Vr A{^ì`ŠVrÑîQ>çmhr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© R>aVo. `m_wioM VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr^mfm Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrÀ`m AmYmao ^m{fH$ d¡{eîQ>çmgh g_OyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

4.3.1 g§dmXr

""VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVocm g§dmXr åhQ>co Va Vr EH$ JmoS> \$gdUyH$ R>aoc'' Ago am. J. OmYd `m§ZråhQ>co Amho. `mMo EH$ H$maU Ago XoVm òB©c H$s, VwH$mam_m§Mr ~arMer H${dVm AÜ`möV g§dmXmVyZàH$Q> Pmcocr Amho. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`{Z{_©Vr Ama§ H$mimMm {dMma H$aVmZm Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s,{d{eîQ>> n[apñWVrÀ`m MH«$ì whmV Jwa\$Q>coë`m VwH$mam_m§Mr OrdZmdñWm "AmVm Am wî`mMm A§V H$aUoM~mH$s' Aer Pmcocr hmoVr. VwH$mam_m§Zm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmV OodT>o Anè Amco; Ë`mhrnojm Ë`m§MmOrdZmVrc A{YH$ H$mi VËH$m{cZ g_mOmer dma§dma \$ma _moR>m g§Kf© H$aÊ`mV Jocm. `m g§Kfm©VVwH$mam_ AZoH$Xm WH$co. gd© A§Jm§Zr {Zê$nm` Pmë`mda,

"H$m` Imdo AmVm H$moUrH$S>o OmdoŸ& JmdmV amhmd| H$moÊ`m ~ioŸ&

H$moncm nmQ>rc Jm§dMo ho cmoH$Ÿ& AmVm Kmcr ^rH$ H$moU _OŸ&&'

Aer Ë`m§Mr emoMZr` pñWVr Pmcr. darc A §Jmdê$Z {ZîRw>admÚm§H$Sy>Z VwH$mo~m§Mm hmoUmam N>idmXZOaog_moa oVmo.

71

H$mcàdmhmV ~mn _ocm. ^mD$ gmoSy>Z Jocm. ^mdO`, n{hcr nËZr, AmB©, n{hcm _wcJm øm gd©AmßVm§Mm _¥Ë y VwH$mo~m§Zr CKS>çm S>moù`m§Zr nm{hcm. Ë`mVM XwH$mZmMo {Xdmio {ZKmco. XwîH$mi nS>cm.JwaoT>moao Jocr. {XdmUmV IQ>cm hmoD$Z KmV Pmcm. g§gmamMr amIam§Jmoir Pmcr. OJmV gd©Ì An_mZPmcm. Ë`mV JmdMm nmQ>rc, doXm{^_mZr cmoH$, am_oída ^Q>, _§~mOrgmaIo ÛoîQ>o `m§À`m Ìmgm_wioVwH$mam_ Xw…Ir, hV~c Pmco. Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrc d¡\$ë` namH$moQ>rcm Joco. OrdZmV {Z_m©U Pmcocod¡\$ë`, Z¡amí`, namË_Vm, EH$mH$s^md AmXt_wio VwH$mo~m§À`m _ZmV AmË_KmVmMr ^mdZm CËnÝZ Pmcr.

"OZ ho gwImMo {Xë`m KoVë`mMoŸ& A§VH$mirMo Zmhr H$moUrŸ&'

Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQy> cmJco. Ë`m§Mm OZg_yhmer g§dmX hmoB©Zmgm Pmcm. VwH$mo~m A~moc Pmco. Aem H$mimVg§Vm§Zr gm§{JVcocm _mJ© Ë`m§Zm gmoB©ñH$a dmQ>cm. Amnë`m Xw…IX _Z…pñWVrcm H$m~yV AmUÊ`mgmR>rVwH$mo~m§Zr B©ída^ŠVrMm _mJ© AZwgacm. AmnUmg {dÇ>cmMmM EH$_od AmYma Amho, Ago Ë`m§Zm `mpñWVrV dmQ>co Agoc. åhUyZ {dÇ>cmÀ`m gmYZog Ë`m§Zr àma§ Ho$cm.

g§gmamÀ`m VmnmZo nmoicoco VwH$mo~m gmam doi na_oídamMo qMVZ H$aÊ`mV d ^OZH$sV©ZmV ì`VrVH$ê$ cmJco. Xw…ImÀ`m Vrd« AZw yVrda CVmam åhUyZ Vo Zm_g§H$sV©ZmV X§J Pmco. gd© Mam-MamV,amo_mamo_m§V Ë`m§Zm H$éUm AZw dmcm oD$ cmJcr. Varhr g_mOmVrc {ZîRw>admÚm§Mm ggo{_am Ë`m§À`mnmR>r_mJo MmcyM hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm OZg§nH©$ ZH$mogm Pmcm. EH$m§VdmgmMr JaO dmQy> cmJcr. Am{U_J XohÿOdiÀ`m S>m|Jamda OmD$Z Vo na_oídamMo qMVZ H$ê$ cmJco. Amnë`m {MÎmd¥Îmr na_oídamÀ`mMaUr dmhÿZ Vo EH$m§VmMo gwI AZw dy cmJco. `m EH$m§VdmgmV d¥jdëcr, dZMa hrM Ë`m§Mr gmo arPmcr. S>moŠ`mdaMo AmH$me hm _§S>n Va n¥Ïdr ho ~gÊ`mMo AmgZ Pmco. OmS>r^aS>r dmH$i dnmÊ`mgmR>r H$_§S>cy hr XohmÀ`m CnMmamMr gmYZo Pmcr. h[aH$WoÀ`m ^moOZmMo godZ Vo _moR>çm AmdS>rZoH$ê$ cmJco. `m EH$m§VmÀ`m AdñWoV Amnë`mer AmnUM g§dmX H$aÊ`mMo gwI Vo AZw dy cmJco. VarË`m§À`m A§Jr Iao d¡am½` Amco ZìhVo. Ah§H$mamMm g_yi Zme Pmcm ZìhVm.

ñdV…er g§dmX gmYVm gmYVm Vo EH$mMdoir na_oídamerhr g§dmX gmYV hmoVo. na§Vw Hw$R>oM,H$moUË`mhr àíZmMo CÎma Ë`m§Zm {_imco Zmhr. Am{U B©ídamZohr Ë`m§Mm A§{JH$ma Ho$cm Zmhr. CcQ>B©ídaXe©ZmMr Ë`m§Zm {dcjU AmoT> cmJcr. ^m_ZmW, §S>mam S>m|Jamda OmD$Z Ë`m§Zr VngmYZm,qMVZ-_ZZ, Ü`mZ-YmaUm H$ê$Z nm{hcr. doXm§Zr gm§{JVcocm Xod emoYyZ nmhÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr VngmYZmXrgd© gmonñH$ma nma nmS>co. nU Ë`m§À`m _ZmMo øm_wio nwaonya g_mYmZ Pmco Zmhr. Xodm§er g»` R>odyZhrXodmMo Xe©Z AIoan ªV Ë`m§Zm Pmco Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Kmoa {Zamem dmQy> cmJcr. Ë`m§Mr d¥Îmr A§V_w©I~Zcr. VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZmVrc hm gmYH$mdñWoMm H$mi hmoVm. `m gmYH$mdñWocm Jwê$Xod amZS>o am. X.`m§Zr "OrdmËå`mMr KZKmoa A§Y…H$ma_` amÌ' (The Dark Night of The Soul) Ago åhQ>co Amho. VaS>m°. e§. Xm. n|S>go `m§Zr VwH$mo~m§À`m Aem AdñWocm "VwH$mo~mMr AmV© ŠVr' Ago åhQ>co Amho. Xodm§erg§dmX H$aVmZm VwH$mam_m§À`m _ZmMr AmV©Vm Am{U ì`mHw$iVm H$er CËH$Q>nUo ì`ŠV Pmcr Amho nmhm.

72

1. "Vy _O oH$cm dS>rc YmHw$cmŸ& Vy _O Amnwcm gmo am OrdŸ&

VwH$m åhUo Ord VwOnmer AgoŸ& VwO{dU Amog gd© {XemŸ&&

2. {dÇ>cm {dÇ>cmŸ& H§$R> Ami{dVm \w$Q>cmŸ&

VwH$m åhUo ZîQ>mŸ& A~mocÊ`m VwÂ`m MoîQ>mŸ&&

3. XwS>rda XwS>rŸ& Mmco _moH$ir JwOarŸ&

Ü`mZ cmJm| E|go harŸ& VwPo MaUr V¡emnarŸ&&

4. H$Ý`m gmgwè`m§{g Om oŸ& _mJo naVmoZr nmhoŸ&

V¡go Omco _mÂ`m {OdmŸ& Ho$ìhm oQ>gr Ho$edmŸ&&'

Xw…ImÀ`m Aem {dXmaH$ àË``mZo VwH$mo~m§Zm AmË_pñWVrMo qMVZ H$am`cm ^mJ nmS>co. AmË_pñWVrñdmZw dmVyZ Vo VmdyZ gwcmIyZ {ZKmco. g§gma hm {_Ï`m Amho. g§nÎmr hr AemídV Amho. g§nÎmrà_mUoMOrdZhr Zída Amho, ho VwH$mo~m§Zm nQ>co. Am{U _J Ë`m§Mo _Z {dMma H$ê$ cmJco. g§gma ñdrH$mamdm H$sna_mW©? Ago _ZmMo Am§XmocZ gwê$ Pmco. Am{U _ZmV g§Kf© gwê$ Pmcm. Ë`m§À`m _ZmMm H$m|S>_mam hmoD$cmJcm Am{U ñdV…~ÔcM Ë`m§À`m _ZmV AZoH$ e§H$m oD$ cmJë`m.

"H$mg`m JwUXmof nmhÿ Am{UH$m§MoŸ& _O H$m` Ë`m§Mo CUo AgoŸ&

H$m` nmnnwÊ` nmhmo Am{UH$m§MoŸ& _O H$m` Ë`m§Mo CUo AgoŸ&&'

ñdV…Vrc JwUXmof Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ {Xgy cmJco. Vo A{YH$M A§V_w©I Pmco. AmË_pñWVrÀ`m AZw dm_wio_Zjmo H$_r Pmcm. VwH$mam_ Aem eodQ>À`m AdñWon ªV Amë`mZ§Va XrZX`mKZ na_oídamZo VwH$mam_m§ZmXe©Z {Xco. na_oídamÀ`m gmjmËH$mamMm Amcocm AZw d VwH$mam_m§Zr agnyU© dmUrV gm§{JVcm Amho.dmñV{dH$ OZg_yhmMm AmYma Zgë`m_wio na_mW© _mJm©V {H$Vrhr g§H$Q>o Amcr Var EH$_od B©ída^ŠVrMm_mJ©M `mo½` Amho, Ago VwH$mam_m§Zm dmQ>co Agoc. Am{U Vgm _mJ©hr VwH$mam_m§Zr MmoImiÊ`mMo R>a{dco.Ë`mdoir VwH$mam_m§Zm Omo gmjmËH$ma Pmcm Vmo AmË_pñWVrÀ`m AZw dmVyZ Pmcocm AmË_gmjmËH$mahmoVm. na§Vw g§gmaì`mnmZo qH$dm g§H$Q>m§Zr J«mgcoë`m VwH$mam_m§À`m _Zmcm Hw$R>o Var pñWa hmoÊ`mMr JaOhmoVr. EH$m§Vdmgm_wio VwH$mo~m§À`m A§Va§JmV hiyhiy ~Xc hmoV Jocm. Am{U Ah§H$mamMm Ë`mJ Ho$ë`m_wioË`m§Zm gdm©Ë_H$ pñWVrMm AZw d Amcm.

"Ydico OJXmH$maŸ& Am§Yma Vmo {ZagcmŸ&&'

Aem AZw dmVyZ AmË_gmjmËH$mamMr gd© {MÝho Ë`m§À`m A§Jr C_Q>cr d Ë`m§Mm Xoh AmV~mhoa {dÇ>cmZo^ê$Z Jocm. `mMdoir VwH$mam_m§À`m Am wî`mV Jwê$nXoemMr EH$ _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm KS>cr. ~m~mOr M¡VÝ``m gËnwê$fmZo VwH$mo~m§À`m ñdßZmV oD$Z Ë`m§Zm Xe©Z {Xco. d _ñVH$m§da hmV R>odyZ "am_H¥$îUhar' hm _§Ì{Xcm. Jwê$nXoe Pmë`mZ§Va VwH$mam_m§Zm H${dËdñ\y$Vu Pmcr. `mMdoir,

73

"Zm_Xodo Ho$co ñdßZm_mOr OmJoŸ& gd| nm§Sw>a§Jo odmo{Z`mŸ&

gm§{JVco H$m_ H$amdo H${dËdŸ& dmCJo {Z{_Ë` ~mocmo ZH$moŸ&&'-

Aem àH$mao Zm_Xodm§Zr ñdßZmV ÑîQ>m§V XoD$Z VwH$mo~m§Zm H$mì`coIZmMr àoaUm {Xcr. Am{U _J VwH$mam_Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ na_oídam§er, d¡îUdm§er, OZm§er g§dmX gmYy cmJco.

""Ama§ H$mimV A§{V_ AmZ§XmÀ`m àmßVrgmR>r VwH$mam_m§Zr _Zmer g§dmX gmYyZ H${dVoMr C^maUrHo$cr. Am{U Z§Va ñdmZw dmVrc AmË_gmjmËH$mamZ§Va Ë`m§Mr IarIwar H${dVm AmH$mamcm Amcr.Ë`m_wio VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVocm g§dmXr åhUÊ`mnojm "AmË_g§dmXr' Ago åhUUo A{YH$ g§ w{ŠVH$R>aoc.'' VWm{n VwH$mo~m§Mo ~hþVoH$ A §J XodmÀ`m-Ë`m§À`m EH$m§VmV ñd §ñ\y$VuZo àH$Q> Pmcoco AmhoV."VwH$m åhUo hmo _Zmgr g§dmXŸ& Amnwcm{M dmX AmnUmgrŸ&&' - Aem àH$maMr VwH$mam_m§À`m _ZmMr~¡R>H$ Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo A §J ñdJV ghOmoX²Jma AmhoV. na§Vw VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV cm¡{H$H$ OrdZmVrc^mdgË`m§Zm ñWmZ {_imë`m_wio cmoH$m§À`m gwIXw…Im§Zm {Za{Zamù`m ^mdnmVù`m§da ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMoàM§S> gm_Ï © {VÀ`mV {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m_wio VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm H$Yr ÑîQ>m§VmÀ`m, H$Yr Cn_m§À`m VaH$Yr à{V_m§À`m ^mfoVyZ cmoH$m§er g§dmX gmYVmZm {XgVo. am. J. OmYd åhUVmV, ""VwH$mam_ OoìhmOZm§er g§dmX H$aVmo, Voìhm Vmo d¥jdëctÀ`m g§JVrMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z ~mhoa nS>cocm AgVmo. Vmo Ogm{dÇ>cmer g§dmX H$aVmo, VgmM d¡îUdm§er. Vmo ñdV…er g§dmX H$aVmo, VgmM ñdoVa OZm§erhr. VwH$mam_mVOgo ñdJV Amho, Vgo naJVhr Amho. Vmo ñdV…er, ñdV…~Ôc Ogo ~mocVmo, VgoM Vmo BVam§er dBVam§~Ôchr ~mocVmo, åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mo g§dmX Ago ~hþ{dY d ~hþOZm§er hmoV AgVmV.'' (AmZ§XmMmS>moh, n¥. 46) Aem doir ""VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm g§dmXr amhV ZgyZ Vr ~hþg§dmXr R>aVo.'' EH$m na_AWm©Zo g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr g_J« H${dVmM Ë`m§À`m _Zmo_` dmX-g§dmXmMr à{V_m Amho, ho AmnUm§g g_OyZoVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc g§dmX Ago:

1. Z H$ado Y§XmŸ& AmBVm Vm|S>r nS>o cm|XmŸ&

- C{R>Vo Vo Hw${Q>Vo Q>miŸ& AdKm _m§{S>cm H$moëhmiŸ& - ("{OOmB© - VwH$mam_', g§dmX)

2. ~ao Omco Xodm {ZKmco {XdmioŸ& ~ar `m XwîH$mio nrS>m Ho$crŸ&

- ~ao Omco Xodm ~mB©c hr H$H©$emŸ& ~ar ho XwX©em OZm_Ü oŸ&

- ~ao Omco OJr nmdcmo An_mZŸ& ~ao Joco YZ Jwao T>moa|Ÿ& ("VwH$mam_', AmË_g§dmX)

3. Vm[a oco ^ŠV Z H$io VwPm A§VŸ& Wmoa _r n{VV nm§Sw>a§JmŸ&

VwH$m åhUo VwO eaU {ZO^mdoŸ& nmn {ZXm©imdo nm§Sw>a§JmŸ&' (VwH$mam_-na_oída, g§dmX)

4. hrZda ~rOda XmoKr Ë`m JS>UrŸ& AI§S> H$hmUr g§gmamMrŸ&

_mPm n{V ~hþ chmZ {M AmhoŸ& Ioimd`m Om` nmoamgdoŸ&&

74

_mPo Xw…I Oar EoH$erc gB©Ÿ& åhmVmam Vmo ~mB© ImoH$VgoŸ&

Ioio gm§Odar ~mhoar Vmo amhoŸ& dmQ> _r dmo nmho goOodarŸ&& ("hrZda-~rOda', ñÌrg§dmX)

5. n[ag| Jo gwZ~mB©Ÿ& ZH$mo doMy XyY XhrŸ&

{^jwH$ Amë`m KamŸ& gm§J Jocr n§T>anwamŸ&&

gyZ åhUo ~hþV {ZHo$Ÿ& Vwåhr `mÌogr Omdo gwIoŸ&

gmgy~mB© ñd{hV OmoS>mŸ& gd© _mJrc Amem gmoS>mŸ&& ("gmgy-gyZ', g§dmX)

6. gH$ihr _mPr ~moidU H$amŸ& naVmo{Z Kam Omdo VwåhrŸ&&

H$_}Y_} Vwåhm§ Agmdo H$ë`mUŸ& ¿`m _mPo dMZ Amerdm©XŸ&&

Amåhr OmVmo AmVm H¥$nm Agmo ÚmdrŸ& gH$im gm§Jmdr {dZ§Vr _mPrŸ&&

Amåhr OmVmo Am_À`m JmdmŸ& Am_Mm am_am_ ¿`mdmŸ&& ("VwH$mam_-d¡îUd', g§dmX)

4.3.2 AdVaUj_Vm

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoMo EH$ A§J åhUOo Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc "AdVaUj_Vm' ho hmo .dmL²>_`rZ ì`dhmamV qH$dm gmÜ`m ì`dhmamVhr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc "AdVaUm§Mm' {H$Ë oH$Xm dmnahmoVmZm {XgyZ oVmo. VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm g§ñH$mam§À`m gd© nmVù`m§da Amncr AdVaUj_Vm {Q>H$dyZAmho. AJXr gm_mÝ`m§nmgyZ CÀM{dÚm{d y{fVm§Zmhr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc AdVaUj_Vm ^mdcocrAmho. Aem H$mhr H$maUm§_wioM VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVocm _amR>r _mUyg ""ghmdm doX' _mZVmo. VwH$mam_m§À`mH${dVoVrc hr AdVaUj_ dMZo AmO {gÕm§VdmŠ o R>acocr AmhoV. VwH$mam_m§À`m JmWoV Aer {gÕm§VdmŠ o{H$VrVar gmnS>Vrc.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc AdVaUj_ dMZo Ë`m-Ë`m g§X^m©V g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. g§nyU©eara nm{hë`m{edm` Á`mà_mUo Ë`mVrc EImÚm Ad`dmMo gm¢X © d gm_Ï © cjmV oV Zmhr Ë`mà_mUoVwH$mam_m§À`m AdVaUj_VoMo ñdê$n Amho. ""VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm AdVaUm§Zm àg{dVo'' Ago am. J.OmYd åhUVmV. (AmZ§XmMm S>moh, n¥îR> 25) dmñV{dH$ VwH$mam_m§Mr àË oH$ ñ\w$Q> H${dVm åhUOo EH$AdVaUM AgVo. CXm.

"T>oH$a| OodU {Xgo gmMoŸ&

Zmht V[a H$mMo Hw§$WmHw§$WrŸ&&

ho hr ~moc Vo hr ~mocŸ&

H$moaS>o \$moc éMr{dUŸ&&

75

Jìhm{M`m hmoVr narŸ&

\$Ho$ dar ImD$ ZòŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Ago hmVrMo H§$H$UŸ&

V`mgr Xn©U {dëhmiH$Ÿ&&'

`m H${dVoVrc eodQ>Mm MaU AdVaUj_ Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. Iao nm{hco Va hr g§nyU© H${dVmMAdVaU`mo½` Amho. `m H${dVoV "Cn_o ' ho AÜ`möV Amho. Ago AgyZhr Ë`m{df`r Amnë`mcm BVH$sCËgwH$Vm dmQ>V Zmhr. `m H${dVoV VwH$mam_m§À`m AZw yVrMo gmaê$n gmR>{dcoco Amho. Ë`m_wio ""Cn_oAgmo dm Cn_mZ Agmo, Ë`mMo Amnë`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmÀ`m Û§ÛmVrV _mJm©Zo gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Uo, hoMVwH$mam_mÀ`m H${dVoMo H$m © Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m H${dVoV ZmZm{dY gË`ê$no gVV o-Om H$arV AgVmVAm{U åhUyZM Ë`mMr H${dVm gmH$ë`mZo, {d^mJe… d KQ>H$e… AdVaUj_ hmoD$ eH$Vo'' Agm am. J.OmYd `m§Mm {Zdm©im Amho. ("AmZ§XmMm S>moh'_Yrc coI - "VwH$mam_mÀ`m H$mì`mVrc AdVaUj_Vm,n¥îR> 30)

VwH$mam_m§À`m AdVaUmVrc ^mdZm§{H$V {dMma g§ñH$mam§À`m nmVù`m§da dmdaVmo. H$Xm{MV ^mfoVrcAdVaUj_VoMo Vo gmahr R>ê$ eHo$c. CXm.

1. "gwI nmhVm OdmnmS>oŸ& Xw…I nd©VmEdT>oŸ&&

2. Amoco _mVrMm âdgmŸ& H$m ao Y[aer _mZgmŸ&&

3. Amem~Õ OZŸ& H$m` OmUo ZmamÙŸ&&

4. nmhmo J«§W VarŸ& Am wî` Zmhr hmVrŸ&&

5. OZ ho gwImMo, {Xë`m KoVë`mMoŸ& A§V ho H$mirMo Zmhr H$moUrŸ&&'

Aem AdVaUm§Mo àmW{_H$ AmdmhZ ~wÕrcm ZgyZ ^mdZocm AgVo. ^mdZo_wioM hr AdVaUo A{YH$n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoVmV. H$maU nañna{damoYr àd¥ÎmtÀ`m ì`ŠVr d eŠVr `m§Zm Aer AdVaUo AmdmhZH$ê$ eH$VmV. VwH$mam_m§Mr dMZo `m AWm©Zo àgaUerc AmhoV.

VwH$mam_m§À`m AdVaUj_VoV EH$ H$cmË_H$ A§J Amho. Vo A§J åhUOo "AdVaUj_VoV' Amodcocr"Ac§H$m[aH$Vm' ho hmo . hr Ac§H$m[aH$Vm VwH$mam_m§À`m AdVaUm§Zm AmH$f©H$Vm àmßV H$ê$Z XoVo. _mÌVwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV oUmar Ac§H$m[aH$Vm hr gm_mÝ` AWm©Zo oV ZgyZ {Vcm {deof AW© AgVmo hocjmV ¿`mdo cmJVo.

""nam{d`m Zmar _mCcr g_mZŸ&

_m{Z{c`m YZ H$m` doMoŸ&&''

Ago EH$ dMZ Amho. ho dMZ AdVaUj_ Amho; Vo H$go? `mMm {dMma H$aVmZm OmUdVo H$s ho dMZ

76

VwH$mam_ ñdoVam§Zm CÔoeyZ ~mocV AmhoV. VgoM Ë`m dMZmV CX²~moYZ Amho. EH$ àH$maMr dñVw{ZîR>VmAmho. Ë`mV EH$M EH$ {dMma Amho. ho dMZ dmMVmZm VwH$mam_ AmR>dV ZmhrV. Ë`mV Ac§H$m[aH$VmhrOmUdV Zmhr. CcQ> `m dMZmda AmncmM hŠH$ Amho Ago Amnë`mcm ^mgVo. `m gd© ñnîQ>rH$aUmdê$ZcjmV oVo H$s VwH$mam_m§À`m Á`m H${dVoV AdVaUj_Vm AgVo Vr gd© {deofm§Zr wŠV AgVo.""VwH$mam_mMr Or H${dVm ñdoVam§Zm CÔoeyZ {c{hcocr AgVo, OrV CX²~moYZ AgVo, OrV {deof àH$maMrAc§H$m[aH$Vm AgVo, Or EH$ àH$mao dñVw{ZîR> AgVo, {OÀ`mV EH$mM Ame`mMm EH$g§KnUm AmT>iVmo,{OÀ`mV ì`{ŠV{d{eîQ>Vm CaV Zmhr, VrM H${dVm AdVaUj_ CŠVtZm OÝ_ XoVo'' Ago am. J OmYd`m§Zr gy{MV Ho$co Amho. (AmZ§XmMm S>moh, n¥îR> 36) `m AWm©Zo VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc AdVaUj_Vmhr EH$ g§{_l KQ>Zm R>aVo.

EImXr loîR> H${dVm loîR>ËdmÀ`m nmVirda H$er OmVo? `mMo EH$ H$maU åhUOo Vr AdVaUj_AgVo. H$maU AdVaUo hr _mZdr AZw yVrVrc ^mdZoMr _m¡{cH$ gË`ê$no AgVmV. EH$m g_W© ì`ŠVtMrAZoH$ ì`ŠVtZm OmUdUmar d nQ>Umar Vr AmXe© dMZo AgVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoZo Ë`mMm OrdZ{df`H$Ñ{îQ>H$moU Á`m VÎdXe©H$ n[a^mfoV gm§{JVcm Ë`m n[a^mfocmM AmnU Ë`m§Mr AdVaUj_ H${dVmåhUVmo.

4.3.3 Ame`KZVm

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoMm {dMma H$aVmZm Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc Ame`KZVocm àmYmÝ` ÚmdocmJoc. Ë`m§À`m A §JJmWoVrc àË oH$ A §J hm g_¥Õ Ame`mZo ^acocm d ^macocm Amho. H$mì`mVcmAme`hr Agm Amho H$s Vmo EH$mM doir gd© g§~§{YVm§Zm cmJy nS>Vmo.

VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmMr ^mfm ^mdd¥ÎmrZwê$n d Ame`mZwgma H$_mcrMr AmV© d hiwdma Ë`mMà_mUoH$R>moa d XmhH$ ~ZVo. Aem amoIR>moH$ ^mfo_wio VwH$mo~m gm_mÝ`m§Zmhr Amncogo dmQ>VmV.

VwH$mam_m§À`m A^§JdmUrMm àmU åhUOo {VÀ`m_mJrc "à~i AmË_{ZîR>m' hm hmo`. `mAmË_{ZîR>o_wioM VwH$mam_m§À`m dmUrcm H$mì`mË_H$Vm d àË``H$maH$Vm àmßV Pmcocr Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc Ame`KZVog§~§Yr {dMma H$aVmZm Ë`m§À`m AmË_{ZdoXZna H${dVoVrc EH$dMZ ZOaog_moa oVo.

""Zm_Xodo Ho$co ñdßZm_mOr OmJoŸ& gdo nm§Sw>a§Jo oD${Z`mŸ&

gm§{JVco H$m_ H$amdo H${dËdŸ& dmCJo {Z{_Ë` ~mocmo ZH$moŸ&&'

`m dMZmVrc "dmCJo {Z{_Î`' ho eãX A{YH$ cjdoYr dmQ>VmV. VwH$mam_m§Zm ñdßZm§_Ü o Á`m H${dËdmMrAmkm H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr Vo H${dËd geV© hmoVo. hr eV© "dmCJo {Z{_Ë`' Z gm§JÊ`mMr hmoVr.VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV {df`m§Mo d¡nwë` AgyZhr Ë`m H${dVoVrc Ame`mMr OmVHw$ir EH$M am{hcr Amho.

77

hm Ame` Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmZo KS>{dcm Amho. `mdê$Z AmnU Agm VH©$ H$ê$ eH$Vmo H$s, VwH$mam_m§À`mOrdZ g§Kfm©VyZ Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMm Ame` g§nÝZ Pmcm. hm Ame` åhUOo VwH$mam_m§À`m AZw dn[aKmVrc {ZIi gË o hmoV.

H$moUr EH$ ñÌr H$m_dmgZoÀ`m A{^cmfoZo g§V VwH$mam_ `m§À`mH$S>o AmH¥$îQ> Pmcr. Voìhm VwH$mam_m§Zr{Vcm CÎma {Xco,

"nam{d`m Zmar aIw_mB© g_mZŸ& ho Joc| Zo_yZ R>m`rMo {MŸ&&....

VwH$m åhUo VwO nm{hOo «VmaŸ& Var H$m` Za WmoS>o OmcoŸ&&'

EH$m ~mOycm loîR> d¡am½` Va Xwgè`m ~mOycm AZmda H$m_dmgZm `m§À`m g_moamg_moarc gm_Ý`mMoAm»`mZ àË`jXeu H$go a§JV Joco Agoc ho dmMH$m§À`m cjmV oVo.

EH$m àg§Jr H$mhr ^cr _mUgo _moR>çm {Okmgy d¥ÎmrZo VwH$mam_m§ modVr O_cocr AgVmV. VwH$mo~mË`m§À`m e§H$m§Mo `WmeŠVr {ZagZ H$aVmV,

"H$mgdrMo ~mi dmT>o H¥$nmÑîQ>rŸ& XwYm Zmhr oQ>r A§Jg§JŸ&&

Z o XmI{dVm ào_ ~mocVm gm§JVmŸ& AZw d {MÎmm {MÎm OmUoŸ&&

nmoQ>m_Ü o H$moU| gm§{JVco gnm©Ÿ& CnOV cnm åhUD$ZrŸ&&

gm§Jmo ZoUo nar OmUo JmoS> jmaŸ& A§Var {dMma Ë`mgr R>mdmŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo ho Vmo {dMmamdo _ZrŸ& AmUrH$ ^ë`m§Zr nwgy Z oŸ&&

AmVm `mVrc ""AZw d {MÎmm {MÎm OmUo'' `m VwH$mam_m§À`m {gÕm§Vmg§~§Yr ^ë`m _mUgm§Zr BVam§Zm H$mhr{dMmê$ Z o Va Amnë`mM _Zmcm {dMmamdo Ago `mMo CÎma Amho. `m CÎmamOdi AmnU AS>IiVmo.åhUOo Ë`m ^ë`m _mUgm§Mo Zo_Ho$ àíZ H$m` hmoVo? Am{U Vr ^cr _mUgo Var H$moU hmoVr? `m ZmZm{dYàíZm§Zr Amncr ~wÕr Hw§${R>V hmoVo. VgoM VwH$mam_ EH$X_ _ZmZo _ZmcmM {dMmamdo Aem na_ VmpÎdH$^mfoV H$m ~mocy cmJVmV, Vohr H$iV Zmhr.

g§V hmoUmè`m§Zm Iim§Mm N>i ghZ H$amdmM cmJVmo. Á`mÀ`m A§Jr _moR>onU AgVo Ë`mcm `mVZmhrIyn AgVmV. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zrhr Iyn N>i ghZ Ho$cm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`mgma»`m BVa g§VgÁOZm§ZmhrXwîQ>m§Mm Ìmg hmoV Agë`mMo VwH$mo~m nmhmV hmoVo. Aem Iimda VwQy>Z nS>Umam hm _Zñdr g§V Aghmæ`nUo{c{hVmo,

"H$m` Ho$co OiMarŸ& T>rda Ë`m§À`m KmVmdarŸ&&

œmnXmV| dYrŸ& {ZanamY| nmaYrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo IiŸ& g§Vm nr{S>Vr Mm§S>miŸ&&'

78

hm XoImdm aoImQ>VmZm XoImì`mMo àË`jmVco H$moUVoM A§J VwH$mam_ _m§S>V ZmhrV. VgoM g§VgÁOZ Am{UIcnwê$f `m§À`m PJS>çmMo Vnercdma dU©Z H$arV ZmhrV. cmohJmdmg naMH«$mMm doT>m nS>cm Ë`mAmH$m§VmMo dU©Z {dcjU CËH$Q>VoZo VwH$mam_ H$aVmV. nU Ë`m naMH«$mMm B{Vhmg- yJmoc XoUo Ë`m§Zm_hÎdmMo dmQ>V Zmhr. N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm Ë`m§Zr nÌê$n {ZdoXZ gmXa Ho$co nU Ë`mV N>ÌnVterH$em àH$maMm g§~§Y Amcm ho Vo gm§JV ZmhrV. EHy$UM VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmVrc `m g§H$ënZm {Okmgyd¥ÎmrZo d gyú_ ÑîQ>rZo g_OyZ KoVë`m VaM Ë`m§À`m A §JmVrc Ame`KZVm Amnë`m cjmV oB©c.

VwH$mo~m§À`m JmWoVrc A §JmVyZ Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMo {H$VrVar Ame`g§nÝZ ~XcVo a§J nmhmd`mg{_iVmV. ho ~XcVo a§J VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc Ame` g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aVmV. CXm. "H$Ý`mgmgwè`m{g Om oŸ& _mJo naVmoZr nmhoŸ&' (Aer Vi_i), "ZìhVr _mPo ~mocŸ& AdKo H$[aVmo {dÇ>cŸ&'(Agm H¥$VkVm ^md), "H$moncm nmQ>rc JmdMo ho cmoH$Ÿ& AmVm Kmcr ^rH$ H$moU _OŸ&' (AerAJ{VH$Vm), "Amog Pmë`m {Xem _O dmQ>o q^JwidmUoŸ&' (Agm CXmgnUm), ^cohr XoD$ H$mgoMrc§JmoQ>rŸ& ZmR>mimÀ`m _mWm XoD$ H$mR>rŸ&' (Agm {ZYS>onUm), "åhUo {dÇ>c nmfmUŸ& Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mdardhmUm' (hm gmpÎdH$ g§Vmn), "CîQ>çm nÌmdir H$ê${Z`m JmoimŸ& Xm{dcrgo H$im {dÛÎdmMrŸ&' (AgmH$R>moa Cnhmg), "d¥jdëcr Amåhm§ gmo ar dZMaoŸ&' (Agm pñWaMam§er gwg§dmX gmYUmam {MÎmmMmhiwdmanUm), "AUwaoUy m WmoH$S>mŸ& VwH$m AmH$memEdT>mŸ&' (Agm {Xì` gmjmËH$mamMm eãXmVrV AZw d),"chmZnU Xo Jm XodmŸ& _w§Jr gmIaoMm admŸ&' (Agm Z_«Vm^md), "gË`-AgË`mer _Z Ho$co ½dmhrŸ&_m{Z oco Zmhr ~hþ_VŸ&' (Agm _ZmMm I§~ranUm), "`mMgmR>r Ho$cm hmoVm AÅ>>mhmgŸ& eodQ>Mm {Xg JmoS>ìhmdmŸ& AmVm {ZpíMVrZo nmdcmo {dgmdmŸ& Iw§Q>{c`m Ymdm V¥îUo{M`mŸ&&' (Agm OrdZhoVy d AgoOrdZgm\$ë`), "Hw$Umhr OrdmMm Z KS>mo _ËgaŸ&' (Agm gmpÎdH$ g{hîUy ^md), Aem Ag§»`Ame`g§nÝZ ^mdÀN>Q>m VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV AmT>iVmV. `m ^mdÀN>Q>m Ame`KZVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo IynMAW©nyU© AmhoV.

VwH$mam_ Amnë`m A §Jm§VyZ Ooìhm Agm {d{dYm§Jr AmË_m{dîH$ma àH$Q> H$aVmV, Voìhm Ë`m§MrdmUr CXmÎm Am{U CÀM ñVam§da OmVo. VgoM A §JmVrc Ame`g§nÝZVm VwH$mam_, g_mO_Z Am{UA §JmVrc ^mfm `m§Zm ì`mnH$ Am{U gd©ñneu ~Z{dVo, Mmaeo dfmªnydu {c{hcocr VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm{VÀ`mVrc gImoc Ame`KZVo_wio AmË_m{dîH$mamMr d OrdZ_yë`m§Mr d¡{dÜ`nyU© Jwøo Zì`m {dMmamZoAmOhr àñ\w$arV H$aVo. `m _amR>r {M`o ZJar Omoda gË`mgË`mMm H$ch amhrc, Omoda AmË_m{dîH$mamMrZ¡g{J©H$ àoaUm d OrdZ_yë o VJyZ amhVrc, Omoda gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVrc ~mø Û§Ûo Am{U A§VÛªÛo {Q>Hy$ZamhVrc, Vmoda VwH$mam_mÀ`m H${dVoMr AÝdW©H$Vm {Q>Hy$ZM amhrc, `mV e§H$m Zmhr.

4.3.4 à{V_mg¥îQ>r

"H${dVm åhUOo à{V_m' Aer EH$ ì`m»`m Ho$cr OmVo. H$moUË`mhr H$drÀ`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMmAm{dîH$ma Ë`mÀ`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rVyZ hmoV AgVmo. VwH$mam_m§Mr H$mì`g¥îQ>r hr EH$ àH$maMr à{V_mg¥îQ>rM

79

Amho. Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>rMm Aä`mg n¥WH²$nUo Ho$ë`mg IynM CX²~moYH$ R>aoc.

g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr OrdZmMo H$moUVohr joÌ Xwc©{jco Zmhr. Amnco d Amnë`m ^modVmcMo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$OrdZ Ë`m§Zr {deof {Oìhmù`mZo d VëcrZVoZo {MVmaco Amho. Amnë`m ^modVmcÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmerVo nyU©nUo g_ag Pmco. VËH$mcrZ g_mOmV MmcUmè`m {d{dY ì`dgm`m§Mo Ë`m§Zr gyú_nUo {ZarjUHo$co. Am{U Vo OrdZ Ë`m§Zr {VVŠ`mM gyú_nUo d gagnUo Amnë`m A §JmV a§J{dco. {ejU d H$cm`m joÌm§VyZ Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV Amcoë`m à{V_m g§» oZo H$_r AmhoV; nU OrdZmMr AÝ` joÌohr Ë`m§ZrdJicocr ZmhrV. "gm_m{OH$ {ZarjUmMr Mm¡\o$aVm Ë`m§À`m CnXoena H${dVm§VyZ d à{V_mg¥îQ>rVyZ àH$Q>hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV, VwH$mam_m§Mm H$moUVmhr AZw d à{V_m§Zr àH$Q> hmoVmo.

H${dVoMo H${dVonU {VÀ`m à{V_mê$nmV gm_mdcoco AgVo. H$drMr ^mdZm, {dMma, H$ënZm AmXrJmoîQ>r H$ënZml`r AgVmV. g§doXZm{MÌm§À`m AmYmamZo H$drMr AZw yVr àH$Q> hmoV AgVo. `m AWm©ZoàË`oH$ H${dVm åhUOo EH$ à{V_m AgVo.

VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>r{df`r H$mhr JmoîQ>r AmnUmcm n[a{MV AgVmV. nU gd©gm_mÝ` dmMH$m§À`mÑîQ>rZo VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rMm AW© cmdUo H$R>rU AgVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV EH$ Cn_o g¥îQ>rAmho Am{U Xwgar Cn_mZg¥îQ>r Amho. _mÌ Cn_o -Cn_mZg¥îQ>rMr _yi ê$no H${dVoV H$Yrhr AdVaVZmhrV. H${dVoV Ë`m§Zm cjUr` ê$no àmßV hmoVmV. hr ê$no H${dVoV gwßVJwßV ñdê$nmV àH$Q> hmoVmV.à{V_mg¥îQ>rÀ`m Aä`mgmV `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmZo EH$ àH$maMr _Zmoa§OH$Vm oVo. na§Vw Agm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ n[aUm_mË_H$d ~m¡{ÕH$ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. CXm.

1. "gH$i qMVm_Ur earaŸ& Oar Om` Ah§H$ma Amem g_yiŸ&&'

2. "VwH$m åhUo Vy `m H¥$noMm qgYwŸ& VmoS>r ^d~§Yw _mPm XodmŸ&&'

3. "ewÕ ~rOm nmoQ>r& \$io agmi Jmo_Q>rŸ&&

_wIr A_¥VmMr dmUrŸ& Xoh doMmdm H$maUrŸ&&

gdmªJr {Z_©iŸ& {MÎm O¡go J§JmOiŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo OmVrŸ& Vmn Xe©Zo {dlm§VrŸ&&

4. "H$ñVwarMo ê$n A{V hrZdaŸ& _mOr Ago gma _moc V`mŸ&&

Am{UH$ hr V¡gr M§XZmMr PmS>oŸ& n[a_io dmT>o _moc V`mŸ&&'

`m gd© AdVaUm§V {dIwacoë`m à{V_m§Mm EH$ {d{eîQ> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. VgoM Cn_mZm§Mr CJ_joÌohr darcÑîQ>rZo AW©nyU© R>aVmV.

Aem VèhoZo VwH$mam_m§Mo à{V_mg¥îQ>rV à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco ì`{ŠV_Îd ho EH$ {ddoH$erc ì`{ŠV_ÎdAmho. åhUyZM Ë`m g¥îQ>rVrc Ë`m§Mo ì`{ŠV{df`H$ gË` ho {ddoH${ZîR>oMo gË` Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`mà{V_mg¥îQ>rcm Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc {ddoH$mMo A{YîR>mZ Amho. Ë`m§À`m AmË_na d ~moYna H${dVm§Vhr

80

Or Cn_mZg¥îQ>r Amho, {VÀ`mV ^mdZmË_H$ A§Jm~amo~aM {dMmamË_H$ A§JmMmhr Am{dîH$ma AmT>iyZoVmo. hr {dMmamË_H$Vm Cn_mZmÀ`m {ZdS>rV ZgyZ Cn_mZmÀ`m R>odUrV Amho. Iè`m AWm©Zo Cn_mZmMr

{ZdS> hm eãXà`moJ BWo AàñVwV Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m Cn_mZm§Mm AdVma hr EH$ àH$maMr {dMmaAn[ahm ©Vm Amho Am{U Ë`m Cn_mZmMo AmdmhZhr _w»`V… {dMmamcmM Amho. {dMmam§H$Sy>Z {dMmam§H$S>oAgm hm Cn_mZm§Mm àdmg Amho. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoV AZoH$ AW©KZ à{V_m Cn`mo{Ocoë`mAmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m§Mo dñVw_mÌmMo {ZarjU {H$Vr gyú_ hmoVo ho {XgyZ oVo. M§Ð, MH$moa, Hw$_w{XZr, «_a,^ŠV, ^Jd§V, eoVr, eoVH$ar, gmdH$mar, XwH$mZXmar, _m`coH$, {nVmnwÌ, gmgy-gyZ, ^mD$-~hrU,n{Vd«Vm `m§À`m g§~§YrÀ`m à{V_m§Zr Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mcm emo m Amcocr Amho. `m{edm` cm¡{H$H$ ì`dhmamVrcd H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmVrc à{V_m§hr Ë`m§Zr {dnwc à_mUmV `mo{Ocoë`m AmT>iVmV.

VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rV d¡nwë` d d¡{dÜ` Amho. {ZgJ© ho VwH$mam_m§Mo Img AmdS>rMo joÌ.{ZgJm©À`m joÌmVyZ Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV _moR>çm à_mUmda à{V_m Amcoë`m AmhoV. d¥jamOr, new-njr `mgmè`m§Mo JwUY_© Ë`m§Zr emoYH$nUo {Q>nyZ KoVco. Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` à{V_m§dê$Z VwH$mam_m§Zm amOH$maUm§{df`r~arM _m{hVr hmoVr Ago {XgyZ oVo. nm¡am{UH$ {df`mVrc à{V_m§dê$Z nwamUH$Wm§Mo, doX, Cn{ZfXo,am_m`U, _hm^maV `m§Mo gyú_nUo Ë`m§Zr dmMZ-_ZZ Ho$co hmoVo ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. EHy$UM; Amnë`mAZw dgË`m§Zm H$mì`{df` H$aVmZm VwH$mam_m§Zr Or à{V_mg¥îQ>r {Z_m©U Ho$cr Vr IynM AW©nyU© Amho.g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rVrc H$mhr à{V_m Aem:

1. "_mCcrgr gm§Jo H$moUŸ& ào_ dmT>dr VmhmZoŸ&&

MwH${c`m _m oŸ& ~mi hþê$hÿê$ nmhoŸ&&

~mcH$mMo MmcrŸ& _mVmOmUw{Z nmCc KmcrŸ&& - ("_mVoMr' à{V_m)

2. "Mmoamgr Mm§XUo doí ogr goOmaŸ& n[agogr Imna H$m` hmo Ÿ&&

H$mo{S>`mMo hmVrŸ& n[ago hmo gmoZoŸ& An{dÌ åhUmoZŸ& KoD$ Z oŸ&&

H$m` ê$no Ago n[ag Mm§JcmŸ& YmVw Ho$cr _mocm dmT> VoUoŸ&& - ("n[agmMr' à{V_m)

3. "VwH$m åhUo gn© S>mocoŸ& V¡go H$Wo_mOr IwcoŸ&&

gn© wcmoZ Jw§Vcm ZmXmŸ& JméS>r o \$m§Xm KmVcmgoŸ&&

qhS>dw{Z nmoQ> ^ar XmamoXmarŸ& H$m|Sw>{Z noQ>mar Agoa`mŸ&& -("gn©' àmÊ`mMr à{V_m)

4. "ídmZ erK«H$monrŸ& AmnUm KmVH$a nmnrŸ&&

XwO©ZmMo ^` Yamdo Ë`mnarŸ& {ngmico dar Ym§do ídmZŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo _|½`m JmT>dmMo {OUoŸ& Hw$Vè`mMo ImUo cJ~JmŸ&& - ("Hw$Í`mMr' à{V_m)

darc dMZm§dê$Z VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V_mg¥îQ>rVrc d¡{dÜ`mMm ghO CcJS>m hmoVmo. `m à{V_m Amnë`m_Zmda gdmªJmZo n[aUm_ H$arV AgVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a H$drÀ`m ì`{ŠV_Îdmcm, H${dVoÀ`m à{V_o mcmAm{U g_mO_ZmÀ`m qMVZercVocm EH$ doJirM C§Mr àmßV H$ê$Z XoVmV.

81

4.3.5 Aënmjaa_Ur`Ëd

Aënmjaa_Ur`Ëd ho VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoVrc EH$ AmJio-doJio {deofËd Amho. Ë`m§Mr dmUrMQ>H$Xma, AmQ>monera d AmoOñdr Aer Amho. "VwH$mam_mÀ`m dMZmV gw m{fVmVrc A§V~m©ø gwg§JVr,gwì`dñWm d Vmc~ÕVm AmT>iVo', Ago dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zrhr åhQ>co Amho. dmñV{dH$ VwH$mam_m§À`m~hþg§»` A §Jm§Vrc MaUm§Zm AmO Oo gw m{fVm§Mo, åhUtMo qH$dm gw{dMmam§Mo ñdê$n àmßV Pmcoco Amho,`mMo H$maU Ë`mVrc "^m{fH$ gm¢X © Am{U gm_Ï ©'' hoM hmo .

""Aënmjaa_Ur`Ëd ho VwH$mo~m§À`m coIZe¡crMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. gVamì`m eVH$mVrc _amR>rg§ñH¥$Vr Am{U ^mfm `m§Mo Añgc ñdê$n AmnUmg VrV ~Kmd`mg {_iVo.'' Ago c. am. Z{gam~mXH$a`m§Zr åhQ>coco Amho. (àmMrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg, n¥îR> 131)

AJXr H$_rV H$_r eãXm§V g_W© AZw^dm§Mo àH$Q>rH$aU H$aUo hr Ver AdKS> JmoîQ>. nUVwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoV Ë`mMm ghOVoZo Am{dîH$ma KS>{dcm Amho. _mZdr _ZmMo gyú_ {ZarjUH$ê$Z Zo_Š`m eãXm§V Ame` _m§S>Ê`mMo H$m¡eë` VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m A §JmVyZ gmYcoco Amho.`m_wioM Xm. Z. {eIao `m§Zr VwH$mo~m§À`m A §Jm§Zm "öX`mMo Amago' Ago åhQ>co Amho. CXm.

- "gwI nmhVm OdmnmS>oŸ& Xw…I nd©VmEdT>oŸ&&

- _wcmå`mMo ZmUoŸ& VwH$m åhUo Zìho gmoZoŸ&&

- {dVr EdT>ogo nmoQ>Ÿ& Ho$dT>m ~mo mQ> V`mMmŸ&&

- _moco KmVco aS>m`mŸ& Zmhr Amgy Zmhr _m`mŸ&&

- VwH$m åhUo Vmo{M g§VŸ& gmoer OJmMo AmKmVŸ&&

- gmYwg§V oVr KamŸ& Vmo{M {Xdmir-XgamŸ&&

- X`m j_m em§VrŸ& VoWo XodmMr dgVrŸ&&

- {ZíM`mMo ~iŸ& VwH$m åhUo Vo{M \$iŸ&&

- _hmnwao PmS>o OmVrŸ& VoWo cìhmio dmMVrŸ&&

- VwPo Amho VwOnmerŸ& n[a Vy OmJm MwH$cm{gŸ&&

- H$mo{S>`mMo JmoaonUŸ& V¡go Ah§H$mar _ZŸ&&

- ewÕ ~rOmnmoQ>rŸ& \$io agmi Jmo_Q>rŸ&&

- VwH$m åhUo PamŸ& Amho _w{iMm{M IamŸ&&

- Z cJo M§XZm gm§Jmdm n[a_iŸ&'

Aem H$mhr A §JmVyZ Amnco {dMma ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r VwH$mam_m§Zr H$mì`mMm {ŠcîQ>, ~moOS> àH$ma{dMmamV Z KoVm N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm nXm§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm Amho. Ë`m_wio "Aënmjaa_Ur`Ëd' ho VwH$mam_m§À`mH${dVoMo {deofËd R>aco. ho "Aënmjaa_Ur`Ëd' H$mì`mWmªÀ`m ÑîQ>rZohr g_¥Õ Amho.


82

4.3.6 ZmX_`Vm

ZmX_`Vm hm g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoMm H$Um Amho. ^OZ-H$sV©ZmXr _mÜ`_mVyZ OoìhmVwH$mam_m§Mo A §J Jm{`co OmVmV Voìhm Ë`mVrc ZmX_`VoMr AZw yVr A{YH$ àH$fm©Zo àË``mcm oVo.JméS>çmÀ`m nw§JrÀ`m Vmcmda ZmJmZo S>mocV ahmdo Ë`mà_mUo VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrV d¡îUd, a{gH$-lmoË`m§Zm S>mocV R>odÊ`mMo gm_Ï © Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmVrc ZmX_`Vm {d{dYm§Jm§Zr àH$Q> hmoVo. S>m°. gmZn-Vm`S>o gm§JVmV; "H$Yr VrwÕmMm n{dÌm KoVo. H$Yr ^ŠVrMm n{dÌm KoVo. H$Yr Y_© AY_m©À`m à{VnmXZmMm n{dÌm KoVo. H$Yr

gXmMma Am{U ZrVrVÎdm§À`m {Zê$nUmÀ`m ê$nmV àH$Q>Vo. H$Yr ñdV…MrM AmË_narjm nmhÊ`mÀ`mH$gmoQ>rcm cmJVo. H$Yr Vr Xodmer ^m§S>U H$aVo. Va H$Yr Xodmer g»`^md gm§JVo. H$Yr Û¡VmÛ¡VmÀ`mIoimV a_Vo Va H$Yr {da{hUrMo JrV JmVo. H$Yr Vr {dZmoXmZo gm_m{OH$ ì`{ŠV{MÌUmV a_Vo Va H$Yrg¥îQ>rer g§dmX gmYVo. H$Yr Vr gJwUmMo ê$n gmH$ma H$aVo Va H$Yr {ZJw©UmMo JmoS>do JmVo. H$Yr Vr agmVa_Vo Va H$Yr amoH$S>o ~moc ~mocVo. H$Yr Vr ^mdpñWVr ì`ŠV H$aVo Va H$Yr AmË_{ñWVr ì`ŠV H$aVo.H$Yr Vr doXm§Mm AW© ì`ŠV H$aVo Va H$Yr g§Vm§Mr CÎmao ~mocVo. H$Yr ~«÷agmMo JmoS>do JmVo Va H$Yr Vr_mUgmÀ`m XodËdmMo JmoS>do JmVo.'' (VwH$mam_ ì`{ŠVËd Am{U H${dËd, n¥îR> 52) Aem AZoH${dYnañnanyaH$ na§Vw nañna{damoYr dmQ>Umè`m Ame`-{df`m§VyZ ZmX_`Vm Am{dîH¥$V hmoVo.

CXmhaUmW©;- "gwI nmhVm OdmnmS>oŸ& Xw…I nd©VmEdT>oŸ&&

- AUwaoUy m WmoH$S>mŸ& VwH$m AmH$memEdT>mŸ&

- _D$ _oUmhÿZ Amåhr {dîUwXmgŸ& H$R>rU dO«mg oXy EogoŸ&&

- cmoH$m§ Kar JmB© åh¡grŸ& Amåhm§ Kar C§{Xa KwgrŸ&&

- _wIo gm§Jo ~«÷kmZŸ& OZ cmoH$mMr H$m{nVmo _mZŸ&&

- kmZ gm§JVmo OZmgrŸ& Zmhr AZw d AmnUmgrŸ&&

- H$Wm H$[aVmo XodmMrŸ& A§Var Amem ~hþ cmo mMrŸ&&

- Xohr Agmo{Z`m XodŸ& d¥Wm {\$aVmo {ZX}dŸ&&'

{damoYËd ho EH$ gm¢X ©VÎd _mZco OmVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmV _yc yV H$ch hm XmoZ {damoYrVÎdm§Mm H$ch Agë`mZo AZoH$Xm Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrc Û§ÛmË_H$ ^mdm§XmocZo Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mVyZ IimiyZdmhVmZm {XgVmV. `m nmíd© y_rda VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm ZmX Ë`m ^mdm§Mr ñn§XZo ì`ŠV H$aVmZm{XgVmo. Ë`m_wioM doX-Cn{ZfXmVrc _§Ìgm_Ï`m©BVHo$M VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ZmXgm_Ï © gd©JwUg§nÝZAmho.

83

VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mhr A §JmVrc Ñí`mË_H$ ZmX Amnë`m gdmªJmVyZ {ZZmXVmZm OmUdVmo. CXm."hmVr ~mU h[aZm_mMoŸ& dra JO©Vr {dÇ>cmMoŸ&&' "{nQy> ^ŠVrMm S>m§JmoamŸ& H${iH$mimgr XamamŸ&&' "VwH$måhUo H$amŸ& OÒ`H$ma AmZ§XoŸ&&' BË`mXr.

H$mhr A §Jm§VyZ AÑí` nÕVrMo ZmXhr H${dVoV C_Q>coco AmhoV.

CXmhaUmW©;- "AmZ§XmMo S>mohr AmZ§X Va§JŸ& AmZ§X{M A§J AmZ§XmMoŸ&&'

- Amnwco _aU nm{hco å`m S>moimŸ& Vmo Omcm gmohim AZwnå`Ÿ&&'

Agm hm OrdZmVrc H¥$VmW©VoMm AmZ§X Am{U Ë`m AmZ§XmMm JyT> Jw§OUmam ZmX VgoM ñdßZmV ~m~mOrJwê$Zo {Xcocm "am_H¥$îUhar' hm fS>mjar Zm__§Ì wJmcmhr ^mamdyZ Q>mH$Umam Amho. Am wî`â `mZm__§ÌmMo _mhmËå` JmÊ`mV VwH$mam_m§Zr OrdZmMr YÝ`Vm _mZcr. `m Zm__§Ìmer VmXmËå` nmdV nmdVn§T>anwaÀ`m em§V M§Ð^mJoÀ`m dmid§Q>mV, AmfmT>r H$m{V©H$sÀ`m ÔZ H$sV©ZmV _hmamîQ´> Am{U_hmamîQ´>m~mhoarchr AZoH$ dmaH$ar ^ŠV ñdV…Mr Eo{hH$ gwIXw…Io {dgê$Z OmVmV. EH$sH$S>o hr gwIXw…IogVVÀ`m Zm__§ÌmÀ`m Kmof JOamV ~wS>{dcr OmV AgVmV Am{U XwgarH$S>o ho ^ŠV Ë`mM KmofJOamV{dÇ>cào_mÀ`m ^{ŠV_` AmZ§X agmV ÝhmD$Z {ZKV AgVmV. `m Zm_KmofmVrc ^{ŠV_` AmZ§X H«$sS>oModU©Z VwH$mo~m§Zr _moR>çm J{Verc Z¥Ë`-g§JrV_` ^mfoV aoImQ>coco Amho. Ë`mVrc ZmX_`Vm _ZmcmAì`mhV _moh{dV amhVo.

CXmhaUmW©; "Ioi _m§{S> ocm dmid§Q>r KmB©Ÿ& ZmMVr d¡îUd ^mB© aoŸ&&

H«$moY A{^_mZ Ho$cm nmdQ>UrŸ& EH$ EH$m cmJVrc nm`t aoŸ&&

ZmMVr AmZ§XH$ëcmoir& n{dÌ JmUo Zm_mdirŸ&&

JmonrM§XZ CQ>r VwigrÀ`m _mimŸ& hma {_a{dVr Jim§ aoŸ&&

Q>mi _¥X§J KmB© nwînm§Mm défmdŸ& AZwnå` gwI gmohim aoŸ&&

dU© A{^_mZ {dgacr `mVrŸ& EH$ EH$m§ cmoQ>m§JUr OmVr aoŸ&&'

qH$dm

"ho{M XmZ XoJm XodmŸ& VwPm {dga Z ìhmdmŸ&&

JwU JmB©Z AmdS>rŸ& ho{M _mPr gd© OmoS>rŸ&&

Z cJo _w{ŠVYZg§nXmŸ& g§Vg§J XoB© gXmŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo J ©dmgrŸ& gwIo Kmcmdo Amåhm§grŸ&&' 2306Ÿ&&

qH$dm

"~mocmdm {dÇ>c, nhmdm {dÇ>cŸ& H$amdm {dÇ>c Ord^mdŸ&&'

84

4.3.7 AW©KZ eãX

VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrVrc àË oH$ eãX hm AW©KZ ñdê$nmMm Amho. eãXm§Mo ê$n _werVyZKS>{dë`mgmaIo Amho. _mÌ Agm eãX KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r VwH$mam_ d¥Wm IQ>mQ>mon H$arV ZmhrV. {dÇ>c^ŠVràH$Q> H$aVmZm ^{ŠVagmV ÝhmD$Z {ZKUmar ^mdnyU© eãXH$im `moOUmao VwH$mam_ g_mOà~moYZmMry{_H$m dR>{dVmZm ñnîQ>, àm§Oi, naIS>, Am{U amoIR>moH$ eãXm§Mm dmna H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m eãX`moOZoV

Or ghOVm Am{U agdÎmm OmUdVo hoM Ë`m§À`m ^mfoMo d¡{eîQ>ç hmo . _mZdr _ZmMo gyú_ {ZarjU H$ê$ZZo_Š`m, AMyH$ eãXm§V Ame` _m§S>Ê`mMo Ë`m§Mo H$m¡eë` àË oH$ A §JmV {XgyZ oVo.

"g§V VwH$mam_ åhUOo cmoH$m§À`mgmR>r cmoH$m§À`m ^mfoV {c{hUmam cmoH$H$dr hmo .' VwH$mam_ A §J{c{hV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm H${dVm, nÚ Ago H$mhr Zm_m{^YmZ ZìhVo. Ogo gwMoc Vgo Vo {c{hV hmoVo. H$maUVmo Ë`m§À`m AmËå`mMm CX²Jma hmoVm. Xwgao Ago H$s A §JcoIZmMr coIZàoaUm hr {díd§ amMrM H¥$nmAmho Agohr Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _mÂ`m coIZàoaUo_mJMm "~moc{dVm YZr doJim{M' Ago åhUyZË`m§Zr Amnë`m coIZmMo gd© lo (B©ídar ^ŠVrcm) AÑí` eŠVrcm {Xcoco Amho. \$magm AmQ>m{nQ>m ZH$aVm Ë`m§Zm eãX gwMV Joco, Am{U Vo {c{hV am{hco. `m {c{hÊ`mcm H$ënZoMr Pmca ZìhVr. Va VrEH$ dmñVd OrdZmZw dmMr dmñVd OmUrd hmoVr. VwH$mam_ Amnë`m A §JmVrc H$moUVmhr eãXAZw dm{edm` ~mocV ZmhrV. AZw dmMr eŠVr Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrVrc àË oH$ eãXm§V àmUÐì` AmoVyZeãXm§ZmM {Od§V AZw dmMo coUo ~hmc H$aVmZm OmUdVo. Ë`m§Mo eãX AZw dmÀ`m {ZIi Am{U ewÕdmñVdmgh A §JmV AdVaVmV.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoMm {dMma H$aVmZm VwH$mo~m§Zm H$mì`mMm H$moUVm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm dmQ>VhmoVm `mMm {dMma nwT>rc A §JmVyZ ñnîQ> hmoVmo.

"Amåhm§ Kat YZ eãXm§Mr M aËZo,

eãXm§MrM eñÌo `ËZ H$ê$.'

eãX{M Am_wÀ`m OrdmMo OrdZ,

eãX| dmQy>§ YZ OZcmoH$m§

VwH$m åhUo nmhm eãX {M hm Xod,

eãXo {M Jm¡ad nyOm H$ê§$.'

VwH$mam_ åhUVmV, ""eãXm§Mr _yë`dmZ aËZo ho Am_À`m KaMo IaoIwao YZ Amho. Am_Mr eñÌogwÕmeãXM AgyZ Ë`m§À`m ~imda Amåhr H$moUVohr {Xì` H$aÊ`mg V`ma AmhmoV. eãX Am_À`m OrdmMogd©ñd Amho. hoM eãXê$nr YZ Amåhr BVa cmoH$m§Zm dmQy>. qH$~hþZm eãX hmM Am_Mm Xod Am{U Ë`meãXZmam`UmMr nyOmhr Amåhr eãXm§ZrM H$aVmo.' åhUOoM eãX hoM VwH$mo~m§À`m OrdmMo OrdZ, Xod,YZ, nyOmgm{hË` R>aVo. eãXm_mJo ì`ŠVrMo H$V¥©Ëd C o Agco åhUOo Ë`m eãXmcm \$maM _moc àmßVhmoVo. "~moco V¡gm Mmco' Aem ì`ŠVtMo eãX H$go AgVmV `mMo dU©Z darc A §JmV Ho$co Amho. eãXm§Mo

85

_mhmËå` AdU©Zr` Amho. eãXm§V XodmMohr Xe©Z hmoVo. _mÌ g§V VwH$mam_m§à_mUo eãXm§Mm `mo½` OmUH$mahdm. H$~ra gm§JVmV - "eãX ~am~a YZ Zhr, Omo H$moB© OmZ¡ ~moc.'

VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrVrc AW©KZ eãX H$mZmda nS>V AgVmZm {VÀ`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m^md{dMmam§Mm àm_m{UH$nUm nQ>ë`mdmMyZ amhV Zmhr. Aem eãXm§V öX`mcm {^S>Ê`mMr VmH$X Amho.BVa à{V^md§Vmà_mUoM VwH$mam_m§Zmhr eãXm§Mo _hÎd nQ>coco Amho. na§Vw VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc eãXgmYZ åhUyZ oVmV. Vo Ooìhm Amnë`m ^modVmcÀ`m ~hwa§Jr d ~hþT>§Jr OJmMo H$R>moa narjU H$aVmV.Am{U Ë`m OJmMr AZw dgË o eãX~Õ H$aVmV Voìhm Vo Ac§H$mamÀ`m \$maem ^mZJS>rV nS>V ZmhrV.H$Yr J«må` Va H$Yr {edami eãXm§Mr ^mfm dmnê$Z Amncr IS>~S>rV dmUr Vo A §JmVyZ ì`ŠVH$aVmV. Ë`m_wio VwH$mam_m§À`m eãXeŠVrda ^mî` H$aVmZm dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho H$s,"VwH$mam_ H$dr Agcm Am{U Amnco {d{dY ñdê$nmMo ^mdmZw d Vmo eãXÛmam gJwU, gmH$ma H$ê$ eH$VAgcm Var Ë`mÀ`m coIUrV qH$dm dmUrV kmZoídamMr A§J yV H$cmË_H$Vm Zmhr. kmZoídam§À`meãXÀN>Q>m§Mo Am¡{MË` Am{U gm_Ï © H$mhr AmJioM Amho. kmZoídam§Mr H$ënZmeŠVr Or H$ënZm{MÌoqH$dm Á`m à{V_m eãXÛmam Amnë`mg_moa {Z_m©U H$arV AgVo, Ë`m ~mocŠ`m, AË §V gyMH$, ^mdJ ©Am{U {dMmaJ © AgVmV. VwH$mam_mÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Agcr à^mdr H$ënZmeŠVr d {VÀ`mer g§~§ÕAgUmar ZoQ>H$s eãXeŠVr Amcocr Zmhr.' ("dmL²>_`rZ Q>rnm Am{U {Q>ßnUr', n¥. 151)

dmñV{dH$ VwH$mam_m§Mo AmË_ewÕr d g_mOewÕrgmR>r Amgwgcoco _Z Am{U àm§Oi A§V…H$aU hoMË`m§À`m A{^ì`ŠVrMo IaoIwao ^m§S>dc Amho. Amncm ^mdmZw d H¥${Ì_VoMm _wcm_m Z MT>{dVm gmÜ`mgwÜ`meãXm§VM ì`ŠV H$aUo Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. Aem gmÜ`m eãXm§VyZ VwH$mam_ Oo AZw dmMo {MÌ C oH$aVmV Vo gmjmV S>moù`m§nwT>o Vaiy cmJVo. Oo Aì`ŠV AgVo Vo ì`ŠV hmoVo. Aê$nmcm ê$n oVo. ^md_y{V©_§V ~ZVmV. VwH$mam_m§Zr àH$Q> Ho$coë`m AZw dm§Mm {Xì`mZ§X MmIVmZm Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc AW©KZeãXm§Mr nwaonya AmoiI nQ>Vo.

kmZoídam§Mm EH$ gw§Xa ÑîQ>m§V Amho, "M§XZmVo H$m`go{Z MMm©doŸ& A_¥VmVo Ho$D$Vo am§YmdoŸ& JJZmdarD$^dmdoŸ& KS>o Ho$drŸ&&' - M§XZmcm H$emMm con Úmdm åhUOo Ë`mÀ`m erVcoMm ñne© KS>oc? A_¥VmcmH$emZo am§Ymdo åhUOo Ë`mMr AdrQ> JmoS>r MmIVm oB©c? AmH$memcm H$emMm _§S>n Kmcmdm åhUOoË`mÀ`m CÎmw§JVoMr AZw yVr oB©c? ho {OVHo$ AdKS> Amho, {VVHo$M VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm eãXm§V_m§S>UoXoIrc AdKS> Amho. H$maU AmnU Ooìhm Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMm gyú_ nmVirda doY KoVmo VoìhmË`m§À`m A §JmVrc AW©KZ eãXm§À`m g§km A{YH$ CÎmw§JVoZo àH$Q> hmoVmZm {XgVmV. CXm.

1. "dmQw>cr nmhmVm§ {gUco S>moiwcoŸ&

Xm{dgr nmCc| H¢$ dmo S>moimŸ&&

Vy _m` _mCcr H¥$noMr gmCcrŸ&

{dÇ>co nm{hcr dmQ> VwPrŸ&&'

86

hm EH$X_ gmYmgwYm A §J Amho. `mV VwH$mo~m {dÇ>cmÀ`m oQ>rgmR>r AmVwa Pmcoco AmhoV Agm {dMmaAmcocm Amho. na§Vw A §JmVrc gmÜ`m eãXm§Zmhr H$er AW©KZVm àmßV Pmcocr Amho ho eãXm§MoAmH$cZ H$ê$Z KoVë`mg cjmV oVo.

darc A §JmV dmQ>, S>moio, _mCcr, {dÇ>c Ago H$mhr eãX AmhoV. na§Vw `m eãXm§_wio Amnë`mS>moù`m§g_moa EH$ gm{Od§V {MÌ gmH$ma hmoVo. VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmÀ`m oQ>rgmR>r _mJ©àVrjm H$arV AmhoV.nU {dÇ>c H$mhr oQ>V Zmhr. Ë`mMr dmQ> nmhÿZ nmhÿZ VwH$mam_m§À`m S>moù`mcm WH$dm Amcocm Amho.EImÚm JXuV AmB©nmgyZ MwH$coco _yc, hþahÿa cmJë`m_wio Ogo {â{âË`m ZOaoZo AmB©Mm Xmhr{XememoY KoV amhVo VerM VwH$mam_m§Zm {dÇ>c oQ>rMr Vrd« AmoT> cmJcocr Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m _ZmMr AmV©Vm,ì`mHw$iVm, A§Va§JmVrc lÕm^md Aem eãXm§VyZ àH$Q> hmoVmZm {XgV Amho. VgoM `mVrc "{dÇ>c'Am{U "VwH$mam_ `m§À`mVrc Û§Û^md', "^Jd§V' Am{U "^ŠV' `m§À`m nmVirda OmVmo. Voìhm Vmo ^mdgJwU, {ZamH$ma ^Jd§V Am{U gH$i ^ŠVm§Mm hmoVmo. Vmo ^md \$ŠV VwH$mam_m§Mm amhV Zmhr. Vmo ^mdnm§Sw>a§Jmda ào_ H$aUmè`m Ag§»` ^ŠVm§Mm ^md R>aVmo. `m ^mdmV Agr_ {ZîR>m AgVo. chmZ _ycAmB©dmMyZ jUâXoIrc amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. Oa Ë`mcm AmB© {Xgcr Zmhr Va Vo H$mgmdrg hmoVo. BVam§ZrË`mcm {H$Vrhr g_OmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Var Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV AmB©MmM ^md AgVmo. (AmB©MrM AmoT>AgVo) Ë`mcm BVam§Mo H$gcohr ~mocUo AmdS>V Zmhr. Ë`mà_mUo VwH$mam_m§Zm {dÇ>cmdmMyZ Xwgè`mH$emMmM Ü`mg ZìhVm. "nm§Sw>a§J Ü`mZr nm§Sw>a§J _Zr, OmJ¥Vr ñdßZt nm§Sw>a§J' Agm gd© B§{Ð`m§VyZnm§Sw>a§JmMmM ({dÇ>cmMm) ^md nmPaV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio A§V…H$aUmVrc Vrd«« AmV©Vm `m AZw dmVyZ àH$Q>hmoVo. VgoM dmQ>, S>moio, _m`, {dÇ>c `m eãXm§Mr dmQw>cr, S>moiwco, _mCcr, {dÇ>co Aer ê$no H$ê$ZVwH$mam_ ^mdZoMr Vrd«Vm dmT>{dVmV. dmQ> nmhVm nmhVm dmQ>M chmZ (dmQw>cr) hmoVo. nwT>o nwT>o Va gmamXohM dmQ>oV {dê$Z OmVmo. Aemàg§Jr S>moù`m§Zm Amcocm WH$dm {Z Ë`mMr n[aUVr S>moio chmZ hmoÊ`mVhmoVo. "{dÇ>c' `m nw{ëc§Jr Zm_mMo g§~moYZmWu "{dÇ>co' ho ñÌrqcJr ê$nhr AgoM ^mdnmofH$ Amho."_m`-_mCcr'À`m ào_mMr AWm§JVm "{dÇ>co' `m ê$nmVyZ gmW© ì`ŠV Pmcr Amho. "{dÇ>c' åhUOo _m`_mCcr Am{U _m` _mCcr åhUOo H¥$noMr gmCcr `mgmaIo Û`mWu Cn_mZXe©H$ eãX, dmQw>cr, {gUco,S>moiwco, nmCc|, S>moim, _mCcr, gmCcr, {dÇ>co, nm{hcr `m eãXm§Vrc AZwàmgmË_H$Vm Aer AZw dmcmdmQ> H$ê$Z XoUmar nU H$mo_c _mV¥ËdmÀ`m dmËgë`mZo àH$Q> Ho$cocr aMZm `mo½` eãXm§À`m dmnam_wioA{YH$ AW©KZ R>aVo.

2. "Amog Omë`m {Xem _O q^JwidmUoŸ&' - `m A §JmVrc "q^JwidmUo' `m Ho$di EH$m AW©KZeãXmZo VwH$mo~m§À`m AZw yVrcm ì`mnH$ Imocr cm^Vo. _mUgmMo _Z Omon ªV Hw$R>oVar Jw§Vcoco AgVoVmon ªV Ë`mMr OJÊ`mMr C_u à~i AgVo. OrdZmcm H$mhrVar à`moOZ AgVo. nU EH$Xm H$m OrdZmMoà`moOZ g§nco H$s _mJo CaVo Vr ^`mU nmoH$ir. Z g§nUmao [aVonU. hr AdñWm \$maM KmVH$ AgVo. `mAdñWoV Z¡amí`mÀ`m KZKmoa A§Y…H$mamcm gm_moao Omdo cmJVo. VwH$mo~m§Zr hr AdñWm AZw dcr. Á`mÀ`m_mJo cmJyZ g§gma gmoS>cm, ~m`H$mo_wcm§Mr àVmaUm Pmcr, ì`dhmamcm nmaIo Pmco Am{U ñdV…Mo hgo

87

Pmco, Vmo {dÇ>c H$mhr oQ>cm Zmhr. CcQ> OJ Am{U AmË_à{VVr Aem XmoÝhr nmVù`m§da Z¡amí` Amco.OrdZmMr {Ìe§Hy$ AdñWm Pmcr. Am wî`mMr nwT>Mr dmQ> gacr. Ho$di KZXmQ> A§Y…H$ma nwT>o ngacm.Ë`m_wio "q^JwidmUo' `m eãXm§VyZ VwH$mo~m§Mr H$éUmÐ©, {dH$c AdñWm _moR>çm AmV© dmUrV àH$Q> hmoVo.gd© ~mOy§Zr VwQ>coco, EH$mH$r, g¡a ¡a Pmcoco, AmdVm©V gmnS>coco VwH$mo~m Amnë`mnwT>o C o am{hco. ho `meãXmMo d¡{eîQ>ç AmhoM. na§Vw `m eãXmVyZ {ÛYmdñWm, ^modi, «{_îQ>mdñWm, ½cmZr, ^`H§${nVg§ «_mdñWm B. AZoH$ AW©ÀN>Q>m§À`mhr ncrH$S>rc pñWVr ì`ŠV hmoVo. VwH$mam_m§Mr CXmg pñWVr A{YH$J{har hmoV OmVo.

3. "nmoQ>m EH$m gmQ>rŸ& VwH$m åhUo Omco H$îQ>r&

OoW XodmMr Vi_iŸ& VoWo H$memMm {dQ>miŸ&&

Amem~Õ OZŸ& H$m` OmUo Zmam`UŸ&

AdJwUm§Mo hmVrŸ& Amho AdKr \${OVrŸ&&'

darc dMZmVrc nmoQ>, Xod, {dQ>mi, Amem~Õ, Zmam`U, AdJwU, \${OVr `m gd© eãXm§Zm EH$ {d{eîQ>AW© Amho. VwH$mam_m§Zmhr `m dMZmVrc A{^àoV Agcocm EH$ {dd{jV AW© Amho. {edm` Ë`m AWm©cmË`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc àn§M na_mWm©À`m H$chmMr nmíd© y_r Amho ho AmnU OmUcoco AgVo. na§Vwì`{ŠVnaËdo Ë`m eãXm§Mr AW©dc o ~XcV OmVmV. Am{U _J g_J« dMZm§Zm EH$ ZdrZM AW©nyU©Vmcm^Vo. `m dMZmVrc àË oH$ eãXm§V àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm OmUdUmao gË` doJdoJio R>aVo Am{U Ë`m_wioMË`m eãXm§Mr cjUr`Vm àË oH$mÀ`m OrdZmV d {dMmamV {d{^ÝZ R>aVo.

"VwH$mam_m§À`m eãXm§Zm A_¥VmMm AdrQ> ñne© Pmcocm Amho. Vo eãX EH$m {demc, {dewÕ öX`mMoY_© KoD$Z Amcoco AmhoV.' åhUOo BVa coIH$ Mma nmM dmŠ o {chÿZ Omo AW© ñnîQ> H$aVmV VmoM AW©VwH$mam_ Ho$di Mma nmM eãXm§VM gm§JyZ Q>mH$VmV. CXm.

""O¡ _mPo ^ŠV Amco KamŸ& V¡ gd© nd©H$mi Amco ÛmamŸ&

d¡îUdm Vmo {Xdmir XgamŸ& VrW} Kam n¢ oVrŸ&&'-

Aer g§V EH$ZmWm§Mr EH$ Amodr Amho. VwH$mam_ `mM AmodrMm AW©,

""gmYw g§V oVr KamŸ&

Vmo{M {Xdmir XgamŸ&&''

Aem arVrZo EH$m MaUmVM AmUVmV. `mMm n[aUm_ Agm hmoVmo H$s ZmWm§À`m Eogn¡g AmodrMo {deofñ_aU hmoV Zmhr. nU VwH$mo~m§Mm gyÌ~Õ Agm A §JmMm MaU _mÌ A_a hmoVmo.

4. "dmoUì`m gm|H$atŸ& goV ImXco nm§IarŸ&&'

`m A §JmMm gmYm AW© Agm H$s, "eoVmH$S>o cj Z XoVm, Omo eoVmMr Imcr dmHy$Z amIU H$aVmo,

88

Ë`mMo eoV nmIao ImD$Z Q>mH$VmV.' na§Vw VwH$mo~m§Mr eãXaMZm gVV ZdZdo ê$n YmaU H$arV AgVo.eoVmVcm g§X © XoD$Z VwH$mo~m `m A §JmVyZ na_mW©_mJm©Mm CnXoe H$aVmV. `mVrc "dmoUì`m gm|H$ar' `meãXm§VyZ VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV, "Imcr dmHy$Z H$Yrhr eoVmMo ajU hmoV Zmhr, Ë`mgmR>r Zoh_r daM nm{hconm{hOo.' AmVm "Imcr' Am{U "da' åhUOo H$m`? VwH$mo~m ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVmV H$s `m XohmMo gmW©H$H$amd`mMo Agoc Va Imcr g§gmamH$S>o cj XoD$Z MmcUma Zmhr, Ë`mgmR>r da Agcoë`mna_mË_ñdê$nmH$S>oM cj {Xco nm{hOo.' åhUOoM g§gma qH$dm _m`m hr Imcr (AY…) AgyZ na~«÷ hoda (D$Üd©) Amho. Aer H$ënZm VwH$mam_ `m {R>H$mUr _m§S>VmV. gm|H$ar åhUOo Omo "gmo@h§H$mar' AmhoAgm gmYH$. Ago {H$VrVar AW©KZ eãX VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV OmJmoOmJr gmnS>Vrc. Ago eãXVwH$mo~m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mg A{YH$ _hÎdnyU© R>acoco AmhoV. ^mfoV `mo{Ococo eãX JmoS>Am{U {VVHo$M AW©KZ AgyZ H$m|XUmV ~gdmdoV Ë`mà_mUo Vo VoOmZo M_H$VmV d Ë`m§À`m ~¡R>H$sZoM VoA{YH$ emo yZ {XgVmV. "amOh§g Ogm XyY Am{U nmUr doJdoJio H$ê$Z godZ H$aVmo, VgoM VwH$mo~mHo$di eãXm§Mr CVa§S> aMV ZmhrV. àË oH$ eãX Ë`m§À`m AZw dmËå`mÀ`m _werVyZ OÝ_mcm Amcm Amho.{df`cmo r cmH$m§Zr eãXkmZmMm Zme Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio VwH$mo~m§Zr ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam {nQy>Z gd© _mZdOmVrÀ`mH$ë`mUmgmR>r ^ŠVrMo eãX^m§S>ma CKS>co Am{U _wŠV _ZmZo Am{U hmVmZo eãXm§Mr aËZo cmoH$m§À`mCÕmamgmR>r CYicr.' Aem H$mhr H$maUm§_wioM _hmamîQ´>-gmañdVH$ma {d. c. ^mdo `m§Zr, "VwH$mam_mÀ`meãXm§Zm ñ_¥{VH$mamÀ`m eãXm§Mo _hÎd Amco Amho' Ago åhQ>co Vo `WmW©M hmo .

4.3.8 Xmofa{hVVm

VwH$mam_ H${dVoMr aMZm H$aVmZm {H$Vr gOJ hmoVo `mMr H$ënZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m ñdH$mì`narjUmdê$ZcjmV oVo. ñdV…À`m H$mì`mMr Vo ñdV…M g_rjm H$aVmV. Am{U {VÀ`mVrc gagZragVm XmIdyZXoVmV.

VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV- "_r A{Ve` agmi H${dVm Ho$cr Iar. nU Ë`mV a§Jdcocm AZw d IamoIaM_cm Amcm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vr H${dVm _mPr åhQ>ë`mZohr cm^ Zmhr.' ZwgVr eãXm§Mr OwidmOwid Ho$cråhUOo H${dVm AmH$mamcm oV Zmhr. Ago Ë`m§Mo åhUUo Amho.

H${dVm hr CËH$Q>, CËH¥$îQ> AgcrM nm{hOo nU Vr H$moUË`m Xmofm§nmgyZ A{cßV Agmdr `mMohrñnîQ>rH$aU VwH$mam_ XoVmV.

H${dVm hr EImÚmMr gmo R>aUmar Zgmdr. ""EH$m{M o gmoB© H${dËdmMo dm§YoŸ& ~m§{Y{c`m gmYo H$m`VoWoŸ&&'' åhUOo H${dVm EH$Xoer ZH$mo. VgoM {VÀ`mVrc eãXaMZm Q>mH$gmir ZmÊ`mgmaIr gmMo~§XZgmdr. ""Zìho ho H${dËd Q>m§H$gmir ZmU|Ÿ& KoVr ^co OZ ^co cmoH$Ÿ&&''

H${dVm hr {ZË`ZyVZ Agmdr. `m ÑîQ>rZo VwH$mam_m§Mo ho dMZ _mocmMo d AW©nyU© Amho.

g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mimVhr dmL²>_`Mm¡ m©Mr àWm hmoVr. gmcmo Am{U _mcmo ZmdmMo H$dr VwH$mam_m§À`m

89

H${dVm Mmoê$Z Ë`mdoir ñdV…À`m Zmdmda à{gÕ H$arV AgV. Aem H$mì`Mm¡ © H$aUmè`m d H$dr åhUyZ{_adUmè`m§Zm VwH$mam_ ZaH$dmgmMr gOm gm§JVmV.

""CîQ>çm nÌmdir H$ê${Z`m§ JmoimŸ& XmI{dVr H$im H${dËdmMrŸ&&

Eogo Oo nmVH$s¨ Vo ZaH$s¨ nmdVrŸ& Om|dar «_Vr M§Ðgy ©Ÿ&&''

Aícrc H$mì` H$aUmè`m H$dtMm Va VwH$mam_m§Zr {dQ>mi _mZcm Amho.

""H$drœam§Mm Vmo Amåhm§gr {dQ>miŸ&

àgmX dm|Ji {Md{S>VrŸ&&''

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoda J«må`, {edami Ago Xmofmamon R>odUmè`m§Zr darc A §JmVrc {dMma cjmV¿`m`cm hdm. Ho$di Ajam§Mr OwidmOwid H$ê$Z Ho$cocr H¥${Ì_ aMZm VwH$mam_m§Zm XmofnyU© dmQ>Vo.H${dVm coIZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {df`mMo nyU© kmZ Agm`cm hdo. ZwgVr nmoQ>mgmR>r nmoQ>mWu H${dVm Zgmdr.""JmVm| V|{M Zmht R>md|Ÿ& Vm|S> dmgr H$m§hr Úmd|Ÿ&&'' Am{U ""_mPr nmR> H$am H$drŸ& CQ> cmdr XmamoXmaŸ&&'Ago àMmaH$s WmQ>mMo H$mì` VwH$mam_m§Zr VwÀN> coIco Amho. "^mdeyÝ`Vm, AZw dhrZVm, EH$XoernUm,gmMo~§XnUm, dmL²>_`Mm¡ ©, AícrcVm, H¥${Ì_Vm, AkmZrnUm, àMmaH$s WmQ>, `m gd© Xmofm§nmgyZVwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm _wŠV Am{U ñdV§Ì Amho.' Ë`m_wio Xmofa{hVVm ho VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoMo EH$cjU gm§JVm oB©c.

4.3.9 Ac§H$m[aH$Vm

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMo AdcmoH$Z H$aVmZm EH$m {dMmad§VmMm EH$ CX²~moYH$ {dMma cjmV ¿`mdmcmJVmo, Vmo Agm: ""_wÔm_ nm{hë`mIoarO VwH$mam_m§À`m Ac§H$mamMo ApñVËd nwaonya ^mg_mZ hmoVZmhr.'' Ac§H$ma åhUOo à{V_mZ. à{V_mZ hm à{V_oMmM A§e AgVmo. `mnydu AmnU VwH$mam_m§À`mà{V_mg¥îQ>rMm AmoPaVm {dMma Ho$cocmM Amho. na§Vw VwH$mo~m§À`m H${dVocm Ac§H$m[aH$Vm oÊ`m_mJoAmUIr H$moUVr A§Jo Agy eH$VmV `mMmhr {dMma H$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

à{V_mZ ho Cn_mZg¥îQ>rMo Xwgao EH$ cjUr` A§J Amho. H${dVoVrc EImXo {deofU, EImXo ê$nH$,EImXr Cn_m à{V_mZ gmXa H$aVo. qH$dm dmŠàMma, CVmam `m§À`m AmYmao à{V_mZ C o amhVo. åhUyZ `mcjUr` A§JmMm WmoS>mgm doJim {dMma _m§S>mdmgm dmQ>Vmo.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV Cn_m, ê$nH$, ÑîQ>m§VmÀ`m AmYmamZo OmñVrV OmñV à{V_mZo {Z_m©U PmcocrAmhoV. dñVwV… à{V_mZm§À`m ^mfoV ~mocUo hr VwH$mam_m§Mr ghOàd¥Îmr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mr H$mì`g¥îQ>rà{V_mZm§Zr IÀMyZ ^acocr Amho. à{V_mZg¥îQ>r_wio VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfocm Ac§H$m[aH$Vm àmßV PmcocrAmho.

Ac§H$ma ho H$drÀ`m dmUrcm emo Umao Y_© AmhoV. _mÌ Ac§H$mam§Mr gm§JS> VwH$mam_ ^mdZoer

90

KmcVmV. H${dVoVrc Aer Ac§H$m[aH$Vm VwH$mam_ AmoTy>Z-VmUyZ AmUV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr ^mdH${dVmH$Yr Ac§H$mamÀ`m Va H$Yr Ac§H$mam{dZm A{^ì`ŠV hmoVmZm {XgyZ oVo.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV AZwàmg, `_H$ d ícof ho eãXmc§H$ma, Cn_m, ê$nH$, ÑîQ>mÝV, ì`{VaoH$,A{Ve`moŠVr, ì`mOmoŠVr, ñd^mdmoŠVr d AÝ`moŠVr ho AWm©c§H$ma g_n©H$nUo Amcoco AmhoV. VwH$mo~m§À`mA §JdmUrV Vo OmJmoOmJr {XgVmV d Amnë`m _ZmV A §Jm§Mm Ame` Mm§JcmM R>g{dVmV.

amoOÀ`m ì`dhmamVco d AZw dmVco XmIco XoÊ`mMr hmVmoQ>r gmYë`m_wio VwH$mo~m§Mo A §JcmoH$_mZgmn ªV nmoMco. Ac§H$mam§Mr `moOZm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr ^{ŠVagmMm Am{U Zr{V{df`H$ CnXoemMmAm{dîH$ma KS>dcm. Ac§H$m[aH$VoMm Adc§~ hmoD$Zhr VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoV {ŠcîQ>Vm OmUdV Zmhr.Ë`m§Mo coIZ àË`j AZw yVrda AmYmacoco Agë`mZo Vo àm_m{UH$ d Añgc Amho. H$U© OgmH$dMHw§$S>cmgh OÝ_mg Amcm Ë`mà_mUo VwH$mo~m§Mm A §J hm Ë`mVrc Ame`mÀ`m g§nyU© CX²KmQ>ZmcmnmofH$ Aem Ac§H$mamgh àH$Q> hmoVmo. VoWo Ac§H$ma ho Ë`m Ame`mMo OUy Ad`d AgVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`mAc§H$mamV ghOVm Am{U AH¥${Ì_Vm {XgyZ oVo. CXm.

- "_mPr {dÇ>c _mCcrŸ& ào_nmÝhm nmÝhm ocrŸ&&'

- "Vmê§$ cmJco ~§XarŸ& M§Ð^mJo{M`m VratŸ&&'

- "chmZnU XoJm XodmŸ& _w§Jr gmIaoMm admŸ&&''

- "EoamdV aËZ WmoaŸ& Ë`mg A§Hw$emMm _maŸ&&''

- "H§$R>r H¥$îU_Ur& Zmhr Aew Vo dmUrŸ&&'

- "Amoc| _yi oXr IS>H$mMo A§JŸ& Aä`mgmgr gm§J H$m ©{gÕrŸ&&'

- "_D$ _oUmhÿ{Z Amåhr {dîUwXmgŸ& H${R>U dO«mg oXy E|goŸ&&'

à{V_mZm§_Ü o ê$nH$ Am{U ÑîQ>mÝV `m XmoZ à{V_mZm§Mm ^aUm VwH$mo~m§À`m H${dVoV A{YH$ {XgyZoVmo. Ë`mVë`m Ë`mV ÑîQ>m§VmdaM Ë`m§À`m H$ënZm eŠVrMr A{YH$ {^ñV {XgyZ oVo. àmUrg¥îQ>r, {Z{O©d

nXmW©g¥îQ>r, dZñn{Vg¥îQ>r, _Zwî`mÀ`m gm§gm[aH$ AZw dm§Mo {díd BË`mXr {df`m§VyZ VwH$mam_ Amnë`mH${dËdeŠVrMr AmoiI nQ>dyZ XoVmV.

"amOg gwHw$_ma _XZmMm nwVimŸ& a{de{eH$im cmon{c`mŸ&&'

`m MaUmV ì`{VaoH$ Ac§H$mamMr emo m Amho.

"^aUr Amcr _wŠV noR>mŸ& H$am cmQ>m ì`mnmaŸ&&

CYma ¿`mao CYma ¿`maoŸ& AdKo `m ao OmVrMoŸ&&

oWo n§{ŠV oX ZmhrŸ& _moR>| H$mhr chmZŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo cm^ ¿`mdmŸ& _wÔc ^mdm OVZŸ&&'

91

ho dm{UÁ` ì`dgm`mda AmYmacoco CËH¥$îQ> ê$nH$ Amho. Amem~Õ dŠVm Am{U lmoVm `m§À`m{df`r~mocVmZm VwH$mam_, "_mn Am{U JmoUrŸ& VwH$m åhUo [aVr XmoÝhrŸ&&' Ago ê$nH$ dmnaVmV. " wÕmMo ê$nH$'ho VwH$mam_m§Mo AmdS>Vo ê$nH$ Amho. "cmJco ^aVoŸ& ~«÷mZ§XmMo daVoŸ& Pmcm h[aZm_mMm VmamŸ& grS>cmJco \$amamŸ& VwH$m åhUo dmQ>Ÿ& ~adr gmnS>cr ZrQ>Ÿ&' {deofV… ~«÷mZ§XmMo Xe©Z KS>{dVmZm VwH$mam_Aem ê$nH$mMm Aml` KoVmV. _m oÀ`m n{cH$S>o AgUmam AmË_ñdê$n^md hm Xoh~wÕrZo cndyZR>odë`m_wio Xohmg aS>V-Hw$T>V ~gmdo cmJVo. EImÚm {dMmamZw dmMo àH$Q>Z H$aVmZm VwH$mam_, "n¡c KarOmcr MmoarŸ& Xoh H$ar ~m|~Ÿ&& hm~mhm~m H$[agr H$m oŸ& {\$aD${Z Zoæ`m dm oŸ&& gm§Sw>{Z`m ewÕrŸ& {ZOcmgrJocr ~wÕrŸ&&' Ago ê$nH$ dmnaVmV. Vo ZmdrÝ`nyU© AgVo. "n¡c Kar Omcr Mmoar' `m gmÜ`m JÚàm`ê$nH$m§VyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$cocm AmÜ`mpË_H$ AW© _Zmcm _moh{dUmam Amho.

"_mH$S>| _wR>r Y[aco \w$Q>mUoŸ& Jw§Vco Vo ZoUo hmV VoWoŸ&

H$m` Vmo V`mMm coImdm AÝ`m`Ÿ& {hV ZoUo H$m` Amnwc| V|Ÿ&&

ewHo$ Z{iHo$er Jmo{d oco nm`& {dgamo{Z Om` nj XmoÝhrŸ&

VwH$m åhUo EH$ Eogo newOrdŸ& Z Mco Cnmd H$m§hr VoWoŸ&&'

_mH$S> \w$Q>mÊ`m§À`m cmo mZo hmV ~mhoa H$mT>V Zmhr; Ë`m_wio Ë`mcm Xya niVm oV Zmhr. `m _yI©nUmMm\$m`Xm nmaYr KoVmo. nmonQ> AmgŠVr_wio Zir gmoS>V Zmhr; d Xyahr CSy>Z OmV Zmhr. nmaYr Ë`mcmghOmghOr nH$S>Vmo. `m newnú`m§à_mUo `m g§gmamV AZoH$ Ord Ago AmhoV H$s, _yI©nUm d AmgŠVr`m§_wio Vo EImÚm jwÐ JmoîQ>t_wio EImXr \$ma _moR>r {hVH$maH$ JmoîQ> {dgê$Z OmVmV. Agma Aemg§gmamnojm H$mhr EH$ loîR> (na~«÷) Amho, `mMr Ë`m§Zm OmUrdM ZgVo, åhUyZ Vo g§gmamVM nwaogoJwa\$Qy>Z OmVmV. dmñV{dH$ `m nmemVyZ gwQ>Ê`mMo ~i _Zwî`mOdi Amho; _mohm_wio åhUm qH$dmAkmZm_wio åhUm Vmo `m nmemVyZ gwQ>V Zmhr. "AÝ`moŠVr' Ac§H$mamMo ho EH$ gw§Xa CXmhaU Amho.

"ÑîQ>m§V' hm VwH$mam_m§Mm AmdS>Vm Ac§H$ma Amho. `m Ac§H$mamMr Ë`m§Zr gw§Xa g_`mo{MV `moOZmHo$cr AgyZ Ë`m§Mm Ë`mV {deof hmVI§S>m {XgyZ oVmo. Amncm Ame` Vo AZoH$Xm ^mdnyU© ÑîQ>m§VmÀ`m_mÜ`_mVyZ gmH$ma H$aVmV.

VwcgrXmgm§Mr EH$ à{gÕ JmoîQ> Amho. VwcgrXmg nyd©d`mV IynM ñÌrcmocyn hmoVo. EH$Xm Ë`m§MrnËZr WmoS>çm {Xdgm§H$[aVm _mhoar Jocr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H$a_oZmgo Pmco. Xwgè`m amÌr amZmdZm§VyZ,ImMIi½`mVyZ Vo ~m`H$moÀ`m _mhoar Joco. "Zm ^` Zm c‚mm.' Ë`m§Zm nmhÿZ Ë`m§À`m nËZrg IoX Pmcm.Vr åhUmcr, "_mÂ`mda OodT>o ào_ H$arV AmhmV VodT>oM ào_ Oa à y am_M§Ðmda Ho$co Va hm g§gmagmJaVê$Z Omc.' n[aUm_r VwcgrXmg nwT>o à{gÕ am_^ŠV Pmco. `m AmYmao,

"H$m_mVya O¡gm ^` c‚mm gm§S>mo{ZŸ& AmdS>o H$m{_Zr gd© mdoŸ&

VwH$m åhUo V¡gr am{hcr AmdS>rŸ& nm§Sw>a§J WS>r nmddrcŸ&&'

92

Agm ÑîQ>m§V XoVmV. na_oídam~Ôc AmVwaVm H$er Agmdr d {VMo n[aUm_ H$m` hmoVmV, `mMo gw§Xa Xe©Z`m ÑîQ>m§VmÀ`m AmYmao KS>Vo.

{dÇ>cm§er EH$ê$n Pmcoë`m VwH$mam_m§Zr ñdV…cm "n{Vd«Vm' g§~moYyZ Ë`m ZmË`mVrc ÑîQ>m§V {XcocmAmho.

"n{Vd«Vm ZoUo Am{UH$m§Mr ñVwVrŸ& gd© mdo n{V Ü`mZr _ZrŸ&

V¡go _mPo _Z EH${dY OmcoŸ& ZmdS>o {dÇ>co{dU XwOoŸ&&'

n{Vd«Vm hm g§Vm§Mm AmdS>Vm ÑîQ>m§V AgyZ Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mo _Z à{Vq~~rV hmoVoo.

M§XZmMo à{V_mZ VwH$mam_m§Mo A{Ve` AmdS>Vo {XgVo. àË oH$doir EHo$H$ Zdm JwU KoD$Z Vo{Za{Zamù`m g§X ©joÌmV {dhma H$aVo. gdmªJo AË wÎm_ AgUo, ghOnUo gwJ§Yr AgUo, gdmªZm hdohdogodmQ>Uo, J§Y PmH$Vm Z oUo, gwJ§Y AmnmoAmn gd©Ì ngaUo, BVam§Zm gwJ§{YV H$aUo, B. {d{dY JwUm§MrAmoiI VwH$mam_ M§XZmÀ`m à[V_mZmVyZ a{gH$m§Zm H$ê$Z XoVmV.

"M§XZmMo hmV nm` hr M§XZŸ& n[agm Zmhr hrZ H$moUr A§JŸ&

Xrnm Zmhr nmR>r nmoQ>r A§YH$maŸ& gdmªJo gmH$a AdKr JmoS>Ÿ&

VwH$m åhUo V¡gm gÁOZmnmgyZŸ& nmhmVm§ AdJwU {_io {M ZmŸ&&'

`m A §JmV Mma ÑîQ>m§V Amcoco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mÛmao VwH$mam_ gÁOZmMo gdmªJrU _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoVmV.M§XZ "ÑîQ>m§VmZo J§Y, n[ag ÑîQ>m§VmZo ñne©, Xrn ÑîQ>m§VmZo ê$n, Am{U gmIaoÀ`m ÑîQ>m§VmZo ag `mMrOmUrd a{gH$m§g hmoVo. `mdê$Z VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZ `moOZm {H$Vr gyú_ Amho ho g_OyZ oVo. VwH$mam_m§À`mH${dVoVrc H$moUVohr nmM ghm A §J KoVco Var Ë`mV AmnUm§g Aer à{V_mZo AmT>iyZ oVmV. VrVwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfocm gm¢X © àmßV H$ê$Z XoVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m à{V oMm AmdmH$m {H$Vr {demchmoVm d Ë`m§Mr H$ënZmeŠVr H$er gd©ñneu hmoVr ho Ë`m§À`m à{V_mZ g¥îQ>rdê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mgyú_, emoYH$, a{gH$ d MmoI§Xi X¥îQ>rMm gmjmËH$ma hr à{V_mZo KS>{dVmV. VwH$mam_m§Mo CËH$Q>^mdOrdZ A{Ve` gmW©nUo d g_n©H$nUo hr à{V_mZo dmMH$ lmoË`m§g_moa C^r H$aVmV. VwH$mam_m§MrH$mìèŠVr H$er Aìdc XOm©Mr hmoVr d H$dr `m ÑîQ>rZo VwH$mam_m§Mo ñWmZ {H$Vr loîR> XOm©Mo hmoVo, `mMogw§Xa {X½Xe©Z Ë`m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r H$aVo.

4.3.10 gyMH$Vm

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo {c{hUo AË §V gyÌ~Õ Amho. ~mocUo nmQ>râ d AW© {M_yQ>â Agm àH$ma Ë`m§À`mA §JmV H$moR>ohr AmT>iUma Zmhr. Amnë`m A §JmMr aMZm H$aVmZm VwH$mo~m Ë`m§Vrc eãXm§er AË §VEH${ZîR> amhVmV. AJXr WmoS>Š`m eãXm§V {dnwc nU AMyH$ AWmªMo Vo g§gyMZ H$aVmV. ì §½`mWm©VyZ VoAmncm ^md gy{MV H$aVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmVrc gyMH$VoVyZ AmV©Vm, A§V_w©IVm, ^md{ddeVm,^m~S>onUm, H$UIanUm, Cnhmg, CnamoY `m§À`mgmo~V g_mOgÝ_wIVm, naIS>nUm, {ZYS>onUm Am{U

93

gm_m{OH$ Zr{V_yë`m§Mr H$R>moanUo OVZ H$aÊ`mMr OmUrd Vrd«nUo àVrV hmoVo.

dmgZm§À`m nyV©VoMr AmoT> hr _mZdmcm AZmXr H$mcmnmgyZ Amho. _mÌ OrdZmMo ahñ` g_OÊ`mgmR>rdmgZm§Mm Ë`mJ Ho$cm nm{hOo ho gwM{dVmZm VwH$mam_ ñnîQ> H$aVmV, "n[a_i åhÿU Mmoiy Z o \y$cŸ& ImD$Z o _yc AmdS>VoŸ&& _mo{V`mMo nmUr MmIy Z o ñdmXŸ& §Ì oXw{Z ZmX nmhÿ Z oŸ&&

ñdmW© Am{U na_mW© `m~ÔcMm w{ŠVdmX H$aUmar Ag§»` _mUgo AmnUm§g Amnë`m ^modVmcrAmT>iVmV Ë`m§Mr _Zmod¥Îmr VwH$mo~m dmK Am{U H$moëhm `m§À`m g§dmXmVyZ g§gy{MV H$aVmV.

"dmKo CnXo{ecm H$moëhmŸ& gwI| ImD$ Úmdo _cmŸ&&

A§Vr _agr Vo Z MwHo$Ÿ& _O hr _m[aVmogr wHo$Ÿ&&

oê$ åhUo ^cm ^cmŸ& {ZdmS> VwÂ`m Vm|S>o OmcmŸ&&

Xoh V§d OmUmaŸ& KS>oc hm CnH$maŸ&&

oê$ åhUo _ZtŸ& Eog| Omdo g_Omo{ZŸ&&

JmR> nS>cr R>H$m R>H$mŸ& Ë`mMm Y_© ~moco VwH$mŸ&&'

dmK Am{U H$moëhm `m XmoZ R>H$m§À`m g§dmXmVyZ AJXr WmoS>çm eãXm§V _mZdr ñd^mdmMm EH$ n¡cyVwH$mam_ Amnë`mg_moa _m§S>VmV. _mZdr d¥ÎmrMo VwH$mo~m§Mo {ZarjU Mm¡\o$a Agë`mZo g_mOmVrc gwîQ>,XwîQ>, àm_m{UH$, T>m|Jr, ñdmWu, Amn_Vc~r, dmgZmYrZ, àdmhn{VV, Hw$pËgV, H$V©~Jma, H$V©ìèyÝÀgo {H$VrVar Z_wZo Am{U Ë`m§Mo ì`dhma VwH$mam_ H${dVoVyZ gy{MV H$aVmV.

cmoH$ åhUOo XwVm|S>r gmdO. H$gohr dV©Z R>odco Var Q>dmir, qZXmZmcñVr Aem cmoH$m§H$Sy>ZhmoUmaM! Aem XwVm|S>r àd¥ÎmrÀ`m g_mOmda àhma H$ê$Z VwH$mam_ Iè`m ^{ŠV_mJm©Mo gyMZ H$aVmV.VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV;

"Eogm hm cm¡{H$H$ H$Xm amIdoZmŸ& n{VVnmdZm Xodam`mŸ&&

g§gma H$[aVm§ åhUVr hm ngmamŸ& Z H$[aVm Zam qZ{XVmVrŸ&&

g§Vg§J H$[aVm åhUVr hm CnXoerŸ& oam A^m½`mgr kmZ ZmhrŸ&&

YZ Zmht Ë`m{g R>m`rMm H$a§Q>mŸ& g_Wm©{g VmR>m cm{dVmVrŸ&&

~hþ ~mocm| OmVm åhU{V hm dmMmiŸ& Z ~mocVm§ gH$i åhUVr JduŸ&&

o{Q>gr Z d OmVm§ åhUVr hm {ZîRy>aŸ& oVm§ OmVm§ Ka ~wS>{dc|Ÿ&&

c½Z H$ê$ OmVm åhUVr hm _mVcmŸ& Z H$[aVm Omcm Znw§gH$Ÿ&&

{Znw{ÌH$m åhUVr nhm hmo Mm§S>miŸ& nmVH$mMo _yi nmoadS>mŸ&&

cmoH$ O¡gm AmoH$ Y[aVr Yado ZmŸ& A^ŠVm§ {Oao Zm g§Vg§JŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo AmVm§ EoH$md| dMZŸ& ËÒw{Z`m OZ ^{ŠV H$amŸ&&'

94

g_mOmV Aem àd¥Îmr AgVmV. åhUyZ g§JV H$aVmZm VwH$mam_ gËg§JmMm CnXoe H$aVmV. Hw$g§JVr_wio""T>oH$UmMo g§Jo {ham Omo §JcmŸ& Hw$g§Jo Zm{S>cm gmYw O¡gmŸ&&'' Ago hmoD$ eH$Vo. åhUyZ XwO©Z _mUgmÀ`mA_§Ji g§JVrV amhÿ Z o Ago VwH$mo~m gwM{dVmV. VgoM gËg§JVrV OrdZmMr g\$cVm Amho, AgohrXmIdyZ XoVmV.

EH$Xm EH$m H$mZS>r ~mB©Zo _amR>r ^m{fH$ _mUgmer {ddmh Ho$cm. Pmco H$m` H$s, EH$mMo ~mocUoXwgè`mg H$ioZm. VwH$mam_ gyú_ Z_© {dZmoXmYmao ì §½`mWm©VyZ gy{MV H$aVmV,

"H$mZS>rZo Ho$cm _èhmQ>m «VmaŸ& EH$mMo CÎma EH$m Z oŸ&

V¡go _O ZH$mo H$ê§$ H$_imn{VŸ& XoB© `m g§J{V gÁOZm§MrŸ&&'

Aer {dg§JV OmoS> Zgmdr. Zoh_r g§VgÁOZm§Mr gmo~V Agmdr. _Zwî`mÀ`m OrdZmV gËg§J Zgoc.nañnamV {dg§JVr Agoc Va gwImEodOr H$îQ>M nXar nS>VmV Ago VwH$mam_ gy{MV H$aVmV. g_mOmVrc_mZdr d¥Îmr-àd¥Îmrda VwH$mo~m§Zr H$Yr gyMH$VoZo Va H$Yr ñnîQ>nUo Q>rH$m àhma Ho$co `m_wio Ë`m§À`m^mfocm AW©nyU©Vm àmßV Pmcocr Amho.

4.3.11 AZw dgKZVm

AZw dgKZVm ho H$mì`gm¢X © d¥qÕJV H$aUmao, H${dVocm gdm}Îm_ XOm© àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmao gm{hË`_yë`Amho. AZw d ho VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMo àYmZ H|$Ð Agë`m_wio AZw dmdmMyZ H$mì` H$aUo åhUOo Kmoanmn Amho. Ago VwH$mam_ _mZVmV.

"H$ê§$ H${dËd H$m_ Zmht AmVm cmOŸ& _O ^ŠVamO hm§gVrcŸ&&

AZw dm{dU H$moU H$ar nmnŸ& [aVo {M g§H$ën cmO cmdoŸ&&'

Amnco H$mì` AZw dm{Y{îR>V Amho, hm {dMma VwH$mam_ _wÔogyXnUo _m§S>VmV. "aËZmgma»`m AmH$f©H$eãXm§Zr AmnU dmŠ` Jw§\$co', Ago Vo gm§JVmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Mo H$mì`JwUÑîQ>çm narjU H$aVmZmA. Zm. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr VwH$mo~m§À`m H${dVoVrc, (1) ì`ŠV AZw dm_mJrc AmË_{ZîR>m d (2) Ë`mAZw dm§Vrc gImocVm `m XmoZ _w»` H$gmoQ>çm _mZë`m. VgoM AmË_{ZîR>o~amo~a AZw dm§Mr gImocVmhr gmYH$mdñWoVë`m Am{U {gÕmdñWoVë`m A §Jm§V {Od§V ñdê$nmV àË``mg oVo' Agohr ñnîQ> Ho$coAmho. Va "S>m°. n§{S>V AmdirH$a `m§Zm ""VwH$mam_m§À`m AZw dmVrc A§V{dam}Y'' hr Ë`m§À`m ^mfmà wËdmMrIyU Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. (VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm, n¥îR> 33)

åhUOoM VwH$mo~m§Mr H${dVm hr AZw dg§nÝZ Amho. Ë`m§Mo H${dVoV Amcoco AZw d CWi d EH$m§JrZmhrV. Vo gH$g, H$gXma, AmhoV.

"eãXm§À`m dmodmoZr aËZm{M`m _mimŸ& _witM {Oìhmim PadUrŸ&&

AWmªVar Ago AZw dgodZŸ& n[anmH$s _Z gmj oWoŸ&&'

95

Aem ^mdnyU© d gm¢X`m©Ë_H$ eãXaMZoVyZ, A{^ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m AWm©VyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoVrcAZw dgKZVoMr gmj a{gH$m§Zm nQ>V amhVo.

4.3.12 {dZmoX-CnhmgàMwaVm

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc AmUIr EH$ {deof ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©c, Vmo åhUOo Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc"{dZmoX-CnhmgàMwaVm' hm hmo . VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m YmaXma dmUrZo Y_©gmYZoVrc T>m|J, X§ ,AmË_d§MZm, àmn§{MH$, {df`r d cmo r OZ `m§da KUmKmVr àhma Ho$co. "~wS>Vr ho OZŸ& Z XoIdoS>moimŸ&&' `m Om{UdoVyZ Ë`m§Zr XwJw©Ur cmoH$m§da {ZîRw>a hëco MT>dco. "gm{hË` ho ~§S>ImoarÀ`m àd¥ÎmrVyZAdVaVo', `mMo àË §Va VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc H$mhr A §Jm§dê$Z ñnîQ>nUo g_OyZ oVo.

_mZdr Xoh hm Zm{ed§V, j{UH$ AgyZhr g§gmamMr d ì`dhmamMr Z gwQ>cocr AmoT>, AZm{X AZ§VB©ídaVÎd gmoSy>Z {dZmer g§gmar _m oÀ`m A{YH$m{YH$ Amhmar OmUmao _mZdr _Z d Ë`mÀ`m _`m©Xm `m§Mo__© oXr {MÌ VwH$mo~m ""Amdm Mm{ccr n§T>anwam'' `m EH$m A §JmV ghOnUo aoImQ>VmV.

""n[ag| Jo gwZo~mB©Ÿ& ZH$mo doMy§ XyY XhrŸ&&

Amdm Mm{ccr n§T>anwamŸ& doer nmgw{Z Amcr KamŸ&&

EoH|$ JmoîQ>r gmXa ~mioŸ& H$at OVZ \w$Q>Ho$ nmi|Ÿ&&

_mPo hmVtMm H$cdSy>Ÿ& _OdmMw{Z ZH$mo \$moSy>Ÿ&&

didQ> {jatMo qcnZŸ& ZH$mo \$moSy> _OdmMyZŸ&&

CIi _wgi OmV|Ÿ& _mPo _Z Jw§Vco VoWoŸ&&

{^jwH$ Amë`m KamŸ& gm§J Jocr n§T>anwamŸ&&

^jr n[a{_V Amhmê$Ÿ& ZH$mo \$magr damo gmê§$Ÿ&&

gyZ åhUo ""~hþV {ZH|$Ÿ& Vwåhr `mÌo{g Omdo gwI|Ÿ&&

gmgy~mB© ñd{hV OmoS>mŸ& gd© _mJrc Amem gmoS>mŸ&&

gyZ_wIrMo dMZ H$mZtŸ& EoH$mo{Z gmgy {dd§Mr _ZtŸ&&

"gQ>drMo Mmio ImoQ>oŸ& å`m§ Omdog| Bcm dmQ>oŸ&&

AmVm H$mg`m `mÌ| OmD§$? H$m` OmD$Zr VoWo nmhÿ§Ÿ&&

_wco coH$a| KaXmaŸ& _mPo `oW|{M n§T>anyaŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Eog| OZŸ& Jmo{d |co _m oH$ê$ZŸ&&''

`m A §JmV n§T>anyacm OmUmar EH$ gmgy (Amdm) Amnë`m gyZocm g§gmamVrc H$moUË`m JmoîQ>rgm§ mimd`mÀ`m Vo gm§JyZ, OmñV Oody ZH$mog, \$ma IM© H$ê$ ZH$mog Ago gd© H$mhr gm§JVo- d eodQ>rdoernmgyZ nwÝhm Kar oVo. "_wco coH$a| KaXmaŸ& _mPo oW|{M n§T>anyaŸ&' - Ago Vr åhUVo. AmdoÀ`m Aem

96

ì`{ŠV{MÌUm§VyZ VwH$mam_ _m{_©H$VoZo Am{U {dZmoX-CnhmgmVyZ ñÌr_ZmMo Xe©Z KS>{dVmV. jwÐ cm¡{H$H$gwImgmR>r emídV AmZ§X gmoSy>Z XoVmZm Amnë`m AkmZ d XwJw©Um§Mr OmUrd ZgUo ho gmao AmdoÀ`mAmgŠVrVyZ àH$Q> hmoVo. ImoQ>çm _m oV Jmo{dcoë`m AmoT>mi _ZmMo ho OrdZ^mî` n[aUm_H$maH$ AgoAmho.

Xwgam EH$ A §J nmhm. EH$m H$mZS>r ~mB©Zo _amR>r ^m{fH$ _mUgm§er {ddmh Ho$cm. Z§Va nwT>o H$m`Pmco Vo VwH$mam_ _m{_©H$nUo gm§JVmV. "EH$mMo ~mocUo Xwgè`mg H$ioZm. {VZo Amnë`m Zdè`mcm "Bc ~m'(BH$S>o `m) Aer hmH$ _macr. Va Ë`mcm dmQ>co H$s {VZo Amnë`mcm enWM KmVcr. Ë`m_wio Km~ê$ZVmo {VÀ`mnmgyZ Xya niyZ Jocm. "H$mZS>rZo Ho$cm _amR>r «VmaŸ& EH$mMo CÎma EH$m Z oŸ&... {VZo nmMm[acoBc~m åhUmoZŸ& oé nio AmU Omcr AmVmŸ&&' ""gyú_ Z_© {dZmoX'' hm `m A §JmMm {deof åhUVm oB©c.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV Aem AZoH$ àg§Jm§VyZ, {df`mVyZ {dZmoX-CnhmgmMr nIaU Pmcocr {XgyZoVo. CXm. H$H©$em ~m`H$mo, ì`{^Mm[aUr ñÌr, ~m`H$moÀ`m AYrZ Pmcocm Zo iQ>, cmMma Zdam, Á`m§Zm

{daŠV hmoUo O_co Zmhr Ago ñÌrnwê$f, ^moio, _{V_§X, doS>o cmoH$, H${dËd {_a{dUmao, MmoaUmao ZH$crH$dr, ^m|Xy gmYy BË`mXr cmoH$m§Zm VwH$mam_m§Zr {dZmoX-CnhmgmVyZ Q>rHo$Mo Img cú` ~Zdco.

Mm§Jcr YS>YmH$Q> AgyZhr AmOmarnUmMo T>m|J H$aUmar d Zdè`mcm ñdV…À`m Vmcmda ZmMdUmarñÌr Am{U {VÀ`mnwT>o {Z~w©Õ JmT>d Pmcocm {VMm Zdam, `m§Mohr ~mocHo$ {MÌ Ë`m§Zr a§Jdcoco Amho. Ë`mñÌrZo ñdV…À`m nÏ`nmÊ`mMm _mO{dcocm ~{S>dma d{U©VmZm VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$cocr A{Ve`moŠVr Mm§JcrMhmñ`H$maH$ Am{U IwgIwerV Pmcocr àË``mg oVo.

dmK Am{U H$moëhm `m§À`m g§dmXmV _Vc~r dmKmcm YyV© H$moëømZo _m{_©H$ CÎma XoD$Z Ë`mMoMVÎdkmZ Ë`mÀ`mda CcQ>{dco. ñdmW© Am{U na_mW© `m~ÔcMm w{ŠVdmX H$aVmZm oQ>coco "eR>§ à{VemR>ç§'Mm hm Z_wZm Aà{V_ Amho.

VocrUrda ê$gyZ EImÚmZo H$moaS>r ^mH$a Imëcr, Va Ë`m VocrUrMo H$m` Joco? cmoH$m§Zm AmdS>VZmhr åhUyZ EImÚm ~mB©Zo Zdam gmoSy>Z XoUo doS>onUmMo hmoB©c. eoOmaUrÀ`m amJmZo AmnU Ka gmoS>co VaHw$Í`m§Zm amhÊ`mg Mm§Jcr OmJm hmoB©c. T>oH$Um§À`m ÌmgmZo Amnco Ka OmiUo ho _yI©nUmMo H¥$Ë` hmoB©c.H$rV©ZmV ~gcocm EH$ YZJa "XoImo{Z nwam{UH$m§Mr XmT>rŸ&' - nmhÿZ ñdV…À`m _¥V ~moH$S>mÀ`m AmR>dUrZoAly T>mirV AgVmo. na§Vw VoWo ~gcoë`m lmoË`m§Mm d nwam{UH$mMmhr _mÌ Ë`m_wio J¡ag_O hmoVmo.

Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>tMm `moJ KSy>Z Z Amë`mg H$gm a§JmMm ~oa§J hmoVmo, ho Xe©{dÊ`mH$arVm VwH$mam_m§Zr{Xcoco gwJaUrMo CXmhaU, c½ZmÀ`m _§S>nmV VmaVå`eyÝ`nUo ~mocUmam åhmVmam, nmoa H$S>oda AgyZhrË`mcm Yw§S>mirV qhS>Umar «{_îQ> ñÌr, gmgy _ocr åhUyZ danm§Jr aS>Umar gyZ, ~«m÷Umcm n¡gm XoVmZmH$MaUmam na§Vw AÝ` JmoîQ>tda AZmR>m`r IM© H$aUmam _mUyg BË`mXr {d{dY {df`m§Vrc {Xcocr CXmhaUonmhVm VwH$mam_m§Zm g_mO AmH$cZm~amo~a ì`mdhm[aH$ {dg§JVrH$S>o oXH$ ÑîQ>rZo nmhUmar MmUmjÑîQ>rhr cm^cocr hmoVr Ago {XgyZ oVo.

97

VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV - "Omo _Zwî` AlÕ AgVmo. Aem _Zwî`mcm na_mWm©Mm d¥Wm CnXoe H$ê$ Z o.H$maU Vmo dm`m OmVmo d CnXoeH$Ë`m©g ì`W© l_ hmoVmV. "H$mdù`mcm _moË`m§Mr _mi KmVcr Va VrË`mcm emo yZ {XgV Zmhr, qH$dm hÎmrcm H$ñVwarMm con {Xcm AWdm ~Jù`mcm CnXoe Ho$cm Va AemJmoîQ>r ì`W© R>aVmV.

{dZmoXmMm {VIQ> àH$ma åhUOo "{edrJmi H$aUo, Pm|~Umar ^mfm dmnaUo' hm hmo . "Cnhmg' hmVa VwH$mam_m§À`m {dZmoXmMm ñWm`r^md Amho. XwîQ>, {dhrV H$_© Z H$aUmao, B©ídamcm Z ^OUmao, Ë`mMoZmdhr Z KoUmao, g§VmH$S>o nmR> {\$a{dUmao, ì`gZr, ^moJmgŠV Am{U Y_m©À`m ZmdmImcr T>m|J~mOrH$aUmè`m§da VwH$mam_ Amnë`m ^mfoVyZ H$Qy> eãXm§Ûmao àhma H$aVmV. Ë`m H$aVm ~¡c, JmT>d, Sw>¸$a, Hw$ÌmAgo newdmMH$ eãX dmnaVmV. _hma, _m§J, Mm§S>mi Aem Om{VdmMH$ eãXm§Mmhr Cn`moJ H$aVmV.`m{edm` Ë`m§À`m Vm|S>mcm AmJ cmJmo, Vmo ZaH$mV OmB©c, Vmo Sw>H$amMr {dîR>m ImVmo Ago eãXà`moJhrH$aVmV. VwH$mam_m§Zr g_mOmÀ`m AdZVrg§~§Yr dmQ>Umè`m AmË`m§{VH$ {Oìhmù`mVyZ Aer Pm|~Umar^mfm dmnacr Agcr Var Vr gdmªZm _mÝ` hmoÊ`mgmaIr Zmhr. Cfm Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho H$s,"EImÚm dmMH$mMr Ë`m_wio H$a_UyH$ hmoB©chr, na§Vw Á`mcm ^mfm{df`H$ {d{eîQ> A{^ê$MrMr AnojmAgVo Ë`mcm VwH$mam_m§Mm hm A{^{Zdoe AmdS>Uma Zmhr' ho `WmW© dmQ>Vo. (_amR>r {dZmoX, n¥. 70)

Zoh_r g§VgÁOZm§Mr qZXm H$aUmam§da VwH$mo~m§Zr Ho$cocr Q>rH$m åhUOo J«må`, Aícrc, Adm©ÀMeãXm§Mm {~Z{XŠH$V Ho$cocm OUy ^{S>_maM Amho. VgoM g o_Ü o ImoQ>r gmj XoUmè`m n{VVm~Ôc Ë`m§ZrCÀMmacocr emndmUr åhUOo AmË §{VH$ K¥Um {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m ^mfoMm EH$ AmJimdoJim _mgcm hmo .

dmñV{dH$ "VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoVrc {dZmoX hm J«m_rU ñVam§VyZ, J«m_rUm§À`m ~moc^mfoVyZ àH$Q>Pmcocm Amho. AmO J«m_rU ^mJmV Jßnm§Mm nma am{hcocm Zmhr. Am{U nmam§da Jßnm _maUmam OZdJ©hram{hcocm Zmhr. Varhr J«m_rUm§À`m àmg§{JH$ g§dmXmVyZ H$YrH$Yr Or ~moc^mfm Am{dîH¥$V hmoVo Ë`m^mfoV AícrcVm, J«må`Vm AgVoM AgVo. Aem J«m_rUm§À`m g§dmXmMm ñne© H$mhr A§er VwH$mam_m§ZmhrPmcocm Agoc Ë`m_wioM VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV VwaiH$ {R>H$mUr {ZIi hcH$m \w$cH$m {dZmoX Am{U_m{_©H$ Xmofm{dîH$aUhr AmT>iVo.' _mÌ Cfm Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo, "VwH$mam_m§À`m CnhmgmMm\$ma _moR>m ^mJ J«må`VoH$S>o PwH$Umam Agcm Var .......... Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mm AmJ«h YaUmè`m VwH$mo~m§Zr{d{eîQ> hoVy _ZmV Yê$ZM ho eñÌ Cngco Agë`m_wio Ë`mM Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o nm{hco nm{hOo.'(_amR>r {dZmoX, n¥îR> 72)

4.3.13 ^mfme¡cr

H$moUË`mhr H$cmH¥$VrMr H$mhr {deof _yë`o AgVmV. {VÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVrMr H$mhr Img nÕVrAgVo. Ë`mgmR>r ^mfm KmgyZ nwgyZ dmnam`Mr AgVo. `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr {dMmamZo VwH$mam_m§Zm ñne©Ho$cocm {XgV Zmhr. åhUOo AmnU "VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfme¡cr' Ago Ooìhm åhUVmo Voìhm hohr cjmV¿`m`cm hdo H$s, VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m ^mfme¡crMm ñdV§Ì Agm {dMma H$YrM Ho$cm ZìhVm. Ago


98

Ë`m§À`m A §JmVrc EHy$U ^mfodê$Z {XgyZ oVo. "doS>odmHw$S>o JmB©ZŸ& nar VwPm åhU{dZŸ&' - hrM Ë`m§MrAmnë`m A §Jm~ÔcMr d¥Îmr hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo H$mhr A §J BVHo$ {dñH$irV, Eogn¡g, AZm¡{MË`nyU© AmhoVH$s "doS>odmHw$S>o' hoM {deofU Ë`m~m~VrV `mo½` R>aVo. H$mhtZm Va VwH$mam_m§À`m J«må` ^mfoMr {H$igdmQ>Vo. VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfm Ooìhm AmnU H$cmË_H$ÑîQ>çm AZw dVmo Voìhm EH$M JmoîQ> OmUdVo, d VråhUOo "VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfme¡cr hr VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠVËdmMr e¡cr Amho.' gmZn-Vm`S>o åhUVmV,""VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm cmoH$m§À`m ^mfoVyZ gmH$ma Pmcr ho {OVHo$ Iao Amho, {VVHo$M VwH$mam_m§À`mH${dVocm VwH$mo~m§Mr Img ñdV…Mr ^mfm cm^cr hohr Iao Amho.'' (VwH$mam_ : ì`{ŠVËd Am{U H${dËd,n¥îR> 51) åhUOoM, "EH$m AWm©Zo VwH$mo~m§Mr ^mfm hr A{YH$mar nwéfmMr ^mfm Amho.'

'Style is Man' Ago Oo åhUVmV Vo VwH$mam_m§À`m ~m~VrV Ajae… Iao Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mr ^ŠVr,{VÀ`mVrc AmV©Vm, na_oídam§er ^m§S>U, gmjmËH$mamÀ`m doioMm AmZ§X, {ñÌ`m§{df`tMm AmXa, d¡îUdm{df`rMr AmnwcH$s, T>m|½`m§Zm {Xcoë`m {eì`m, Oi\$imQ>, AmXiAmnQ> `m_Ü o Ë`m§Mo doJionU {XgyZoVo. Oo Oo cmoH$ VwH$mo~m§Mr H${dVm dmMVmV Ë`m§Zm Vr ^mfm AmncrM dmQ>Vo. AmncoM _Z, AmncoM

{dMma, Amnë`mM OrdZmVrc H$Sy>JmoS> àg§J VwH$mam_ gm§JV AmhoV Ago Amnë`mcm dmQ>Vo. "kmZoída,EH$ZmW Am{U VwH$mo~m§Mo g_H$mcrZ am_Xmg `m§À`m ^mfo{df`rhr AmnUm§g AmXa dmQ>Vmo. kmZoídam§Mr^mfm nmÊ`mda H$mT>coë`m am§JmoirgmaIr Amho. X¡{Xß`_mZ Amho. Ac§H¥$V Amho. EH$ZmWm§Mr ê$nHo$^moù`m ^m~S>çm§Zm gm{hË`mÀ`m Odi oD$ XoV ZmhrV. am_Xmgm§Mo ~moY nañW Am{U \$Q>H$i dmQ>VmV,nU VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfm gdmªZm AmncrM dmQ>Vo.' VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoMm Am{U H$mì`e¡crMm n[aUm_ ZPmcocm _amR>r _mUyg gmnS>Uo H$R>rU Amho. BVH$s Vr g_mOOrdZmer EH$ê$n Pmcr Amho. d `mEH$ê$nVoMo gm_Ï © VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfme¡crV Amho.

dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu gm§JVmV, "VwH$mam_m§Mr dmUr hr Añgc _amR>_moim Amho. Vr {eîQ>m§Mr ^mfmZmhr... Vr Amnco gd© gm_Ï © cmoH$^mfoVyZ KoVo.' (_amR>r H${dVm OwZr Am{U Zdr, n¥îR> 57-58)cmoH$^mfm hr _wimVM H$mì`mË_ AgVo. {dícofU, MMm©, {M{H$Ëgm, {ZîH$f©, {dYmZ BË`mXtZm g_mOmVrc^mfoV _hÎd AgVo. åhUyZ g_mOmMr hr cmoH$^mfm hiyhiy àH¥$VrZo JÚmMr ^mfm ~ZV OmVo. VwH$mo~m§MoöX` ho _Zwî`OmVrÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r gVV Vi_iV Agë`m_wio (~wS>Vr ho OZ Z XoIdo S>moim) Aemg_mOmMr g_OyV KmcÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {Za{Zamù`m {R>H$mUr doJdoJù`m àH$maMr ^mfm dmnacr Amho.gS>oVmoS>, H$R>moa, \$Q>H$i, J«må`, {edami, _¥Xy, gm¡å` Aem ê$nmZo Vr àH$Q> hmoVo. VwH$mo~m§Mr ^mfm Aer{d{dYm§Jm§Zr àH$Q> hmoV Agcr Var Vr _moR>r CR>mdXma Am{U AË §V n[aUm_H$maH$ Amho. VwH$mo~m§À`m^mfocm Ame`n[a_mU ghO nocÊ`mBVH$s àgaUercVm cm^cocr Amho.

dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu åhUVmV, ""{Ocm AmnU H${dVoMr ^mfm åhUVmo Vr ^mfm _wÔm_ lw{Vgw J~Zcocr, gOdcocr, R>mHy$Z R>moHy$Z ZrQ> Ho$cocr dH«$mo{ŠV wŠV ^mfm AgVo, Aem ^mfoMmM VwH$mam_m§ZmZo_H$m H§$Q>mim Amho. VwH$mam_ IoS>monmS>çm§Vrc cmoH$m§À`m ^mfoer OdirH$ gmYVmV. Am{U H$_rA{YH$

99

VerM ^mfm H${dVoV dmnaVmV.'' (_amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr, n¥îR> 93) åhUOoM cmoH$moÕmamÀ`mAm{U AmpË_H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m Am§V[aH$ AmoT>rVyZ Ë`m§Mr ^mfm AmH$mamcm oVo. Am¡nMm[aH$nUo Vr àH$Q>hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {Vcm gacËd àmßV Pmcoco Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm àmgm{XH$ Amho. qnJo-_mir `m§À`m _Vo, "VwH$mam_m§À`m àmgm{XH$dmUr_Ü o _amR>r ^mfoMo Oo EH$ {dcjU _Zmoha d gmYo ñdê$n AmT>iVo Vo BVaÌ H$moR>ohr AmT>iV Zmhr'(VwH$mam_m§Mo {ZdS>H$ 100 A §J, n¥îR> 35) Va gmZn-Vm`S>o `m§À`m _Vo, VwH$mo~m§À`m dmUrVrc{gÕmdñWoVrc àmgmXrH$Vm kmZoídam§À`m e¡crer gmå` gm§JUmar Amho. kmZoídam§Zr ngm`XmZmV Omo^md ì`ŠV Ho$cm. VmoM ^md VwH$mam_m§À`m _ZmVhr CËnÝZ Pmcm' (VwH$mam_ : ì`{ŠVËd Am{U H${dËd,n¥îR> 29) CXm. gË`dmXr H$ar g§gma gH$iŸ& A{cßV H$_i Oir O¡goŸ&'

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfm cmoH$OrdZmer {ZJS>rV Agë`mZoM VwH$mam_m§Mo A §J åhUOo EH$ àH$mao~moc^mfmM Amho. A §JmVrc VwH$mam__` AgUmè`m `m e¡crV ~mocr^mfoMo {Od§V ê$n Amnë`mcmJdgVo. gmYr gmonr ~mocr^mfm dmnê$Z VwH$mam_ Amnë`m ^mfoVyZ cmoH$m§À`m öX`mer g§dmX gmYVmV.gmZn-Vm`S>o åhUVmV, ""VwH$mo~m§Mr ^mfm EH$X_ öX`mcm {^S>Umar Amho. ñdm^m{dH$ Amho. ghO{ZKUmao ~moc Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMm AmË_m Amho. (VwH$mam_… ì`{ŠVËd Am{U H${dËd, n¥îR> 51-52)"~mocr^mfoV ì`ŠV Pmcocr VwH$mo~mam`m§Mr A §JdmUr hr agmi, AW©nyU©, àmgm{XH$ Am{U gwc^ AerAmho. _moOŠ`m eãXm§V {dídì`mnH$ AZw d ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © `m A §JdmUrcm àmßV PmcoAmho.'

VwH$mo~m§Mr A §JdmUr hm _amR>rVrc cmoH$H$mì`mMm _hmZ AmXe© Amho. _amR>r _mUgmMo Am{U_amR>r gmañdVmMo Vo _hmZ cmoH$YZ Amho. am_M§Ð XoIUo gm§JVmV- "aMZoMr ÐþVJVr, ^mfoMm gmYonUm,gm{hpË`H$ H¥${Ì_Vocm \$mQ>m, Xoe-H$mc, ñd^md, d¥Îmr `mMo gyú_ qMVZ Am{U {MÌU, gmd©O{ZH$^mdZm, ~mocr^mfoMm dmna, OZ_mZgmVrc ~hþê$T> à{V_m, cmoH$mMmamMo Xe©Z Am{U `m gdmªVyZJw§\$cocm lr {dÇ>cmMm ào_^md `m d¡{eîQ>çm§gh VwH$mo~mam`m§Mo cmoH$H$mì` OÝ_mcm Amcoco Amho. (VwH$mPmcmgo H$ig, n¥îR> 196-107)

VwH$mo~m§Mr ^mfme¡cr WmoS>Š`mV Iyn H$mhr gm§JyZ OmVo. Oo gm§JVo Vo AZw dOÝ` AgVo. dm. c.Hw$cH$Uu `m§À`m _Vo, Img ñdV…Mr Aer ~mocÊ`mMr nÕVr Agcocm VwH$mam_ hm H$dr Amho. Ë`m§MrH${dVm ñdV…Mo ì`mH$aU ñdV… {gÕ H$aVo.' (_amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr, n¥. 102) Vrñdm^m{dH$nUo àH$Q> hmoVo. Vr {_V^mfr Amho. eãXm§Mr Ho$di Q>a\$co Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wioVr gw m{fV ñdê$nmMr ~Zcocr Amho. CXm. gmYwg§V oVr KamŸ& Vmo{M {Xdmir XgamŸ&', "VwH$m åhUo g§VŸ&gmoer OJmMo AmKmVŸ&', "ewÕ ~rOmnmoQ>r \$io agmi Jmo_Q>rŸ&' Aer EH$ Zìho Va Ajae… eoH$S>moCXmhaUo VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV {XgVrc.

gmÜ`m gmoß`m gac aMZoVyZ àH$Q> Pmcocr Amnë`m H${dVoMr ^mfm dH«$mo{ŠV wŠV Zmhr AgoM OUy

100

VwH$mam_m§Zm gwMdm`Mo Amho. CXm.

- H§$R>r H¥$îU_UrŸ& Zmhr Aew Vo dmUrŸ&

- H$m` {XZH$amŸ& Ho$cm H$m|~S>çmZo IamŸ&

- eãXm§ Zmhr Yra& Á`mMr ~wÕr Zmhr pñWaŸ&

ho MaU dmMVmZm Ë`mVrc gwc^Vm cjmV oVo.

Ago Agco Var VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfocm AmUIr EH$ doJim nXa Amho. Ë`m§Mr ^mfm amoIR>moH$ Amho.Vr CËH$Q> Am{U AmdoenyU© Amho. {VÀ`mV Ëdof Am{U {VIQ>nUm Amho. {Vcm cmOaonUm, ~wOaonUmng§V Zmhr. "_D$ _oUmhÿZ Amåhr {dîUwXmg' Ago åhUVmZm "H${R>U dO«mg oXy Eogo' Aerhr nañna{damoYr^mfm{^ì`ŠVr VwH$mam_ H$aVmV. CXm. "^co Var XoD$ H$mgoMr c§JmoQ>rŸ& ZmR>mimMo H$mR>r Kmcy _mWmŸ&'qH$dm "VwH$m åhUo `m§À`m amJoŸ& \o${S>co gmodio, Xo{Ico OJŸ&'- Agcm amoIR>moH$nUm Am_À`m {^S>ñVg§ñH¥$Vrcm XMH$md`mcm cmdVmo. na§Vw {Z…g§J VwH$mam_m§Zm Ë`mMo H$mhr dmQ>V Zmhr. qdMy qnS>rdaMmAgcm Var Ë`mcm nm`VmUM hdo Aer Ë`m§Mr d¥Îmr Amho. eãX ho VwH$mam_m§Mo eñÌ hmoVo. Ë`m_wioH$moUË`mhr àH$maMo XS>nU _Zmda Z R>odVm Ë`m§À`m H${dVoZo gË`mMo Am{U {Z{ ©S>VoMo CX²Jma {Jadco.åhUyZM doiàg§Jr Ë`m§Mr H${dVm {dÐmoh Am{U ~§S>ImoarMr ^mfm ~mocVo. VwH$mam_m§Mr {dÐmohr ^mfm VaJJZ oXr Amho. "doXm§Mm Vmo AW© Amåhm§grM R>mdmŸ& oam§Zr dmhmdm ^ma _mWmŸ&' qH$dm "Amåhr {dÇ>cmModraŸ& \$moSy> H${iH$mimMo earaŸ&' Aem nÕVrZo nT>rH$ n§{S>Vm§Zm Am{U H$mimcm Vo AmìhmZ XoVmV. "VwH$måhUo Joco Jwê$Ëd JwImS>rŸ& nyd©Omgr YmS>r ZaH$dmgmŸ&' - Aer Y§XodmB©H$ JwéOr~Ôc CJ«nUo Amncrà{V{H«$`m Zm|XdVmV. Ë`m_wio ^mfoMm _wcm`_nUm dm nm°{ce VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV AmT>iUma Zmhr.Varhr, "Amnwë`m _mhoam OmB©Z _r AmVmŸ& {Zamon hm g§Vm hmVr AmcmŸ&' - qH$dm "COimd`m AmcmodmQ>mŸ&' Ago åhUUmao H$drhr VwH$mam_M AmhoV.

VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoMm AZc§H¥$VVm hm EH$ {deof Amho. Ë`m§À`m e¡crV Ac§H$aU Zmhr. eãXnm§{S>Ë`hrZmhr. VwH$mam_m§Mr AZc§H¥$V e¡cr dZc{VHo$à_mUo _moH$mQ> {dH$gcocr {XgVo. Añgc AZw yVrMmagaerVnUm hoM {VMo gm_Ï © hmo . Am{U Varhr VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfm Ac§H$m[aH$VoZo _§{S>V Amho. {d{dYà{V_m-à{V_mZm§À`m AmYmamZo {Vcm Ac§H$m[aH$Vm àmßV Pmcocr Amho. Cn_m, ÑîQ>m§V, énH$, `m§Mmdmna Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV A{YH$ Amho. Va H$Yr Ë`m§Mr H${dVm à{V_m§À`m ^mfoVyZ cmoH$m§er ~mocV amhVo.A\$mQ> _ZmÀ`m VwH$mam_m§Zr A\$mQ> {ZarjU Ho$co d Vo {ZarjU hdo Voìhm Ë`m§À`m Or odê$Z àH$Q> Pmco.""A§VarMo Ymdo ñd^mdo ~mhoarŸ&' hr Ë`m§Mr ^mdH$mì`mMr J§JmoÌr Amho. Am{U `mM_wio VwH$mam_m§À`m^mfme¡crcm Ac§H$aUmVrc ghOVm cm^Vo. gm¢X © cm^Vo d {dídì`mnH$ AZw dËd àmßV hmoVo. CXm."Hw§$H$dmMr R>odmR>odrŸ& ~moS>H$mXodr H$emcmŸ&', "nam{d`m Zmar _mCcrg_mZŸ&, "VrWu Ym|S>m nmUrŸ& XodamoH$S>m gÁOZrŸ&', "nmoQ>r OÝ_Vr amoJŸ& Var H$m åhUmMo AmßVdJ©Ÿ&', `mgmaIr ÑîQ>m§VmMr ^mfm, VgoM"gdmªJo gmH$a AdKr JmoS>Ÿ&', "Mmoamgr Mm§XUo doí og goOmaŸ& n[agogr Imna H$m` hmo Ÿ&', "OimdoJir

101

_mgmoirŸ& V¡gm VwH$m Vi_irŸ&', "MwH${c`m _m o& ~mi hþê$hþê$ nmhoŸ&' - `mgmaIr Cn_m Am{Uà{V_m§Mr ^mfm VwH$mo~m§À`m H$mì`mVrc cmoH$OrdZmMo à{Vq~~ Xe©{dVo.

VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoVrc eãXm§Mo gm_Ï © hmhr EH$ {deof JwU Amho. eãXm§Mo gyú_ Üd{Zgm_Ï ©Ë`m§À`m H${dVocm cm^co Amho. CXm. nVrV, n{VVnmdZ, n{Vd«Vm, AmqcJZ, qZ~cmoU, EH$mÝV,_mCcr, {dÇ>co, n[a_i, a§Oco, gm|H$ar B. eãXm§Mo gyú_ Ü`{Zgm_Ï ©hr cjmV KoÊ`mgmaIo Amho.{edm` "doXm§Mo nmR>H$ go{dVrc _ÚŸ& Z XoIVr oX {df`r ^m§S>Ÿ& VwH$m åhUo Vm|S>Ÿ& H$mi| H$am Imcr_w§S>Ÿ&'- `mgma»`m dMZmVrc "{df`r ^m§S>' d "Imcr _w§S>' `mgmaIo EH$mH$s, Ag§c½Z dmQ>Umao eãXhr{dcjU AW©J © AmhoV.

VwH$mam_m§À`m ^mfoVrc "aMZmgmnoj' hm EH$ n¡cy gm§JVm oB©c. Ë`m§Mr g§nyU© H${dVm chmZ d _moR>mA §J Aem aMZoVyZ V`ma Pmcocr Amho. Ë`mVyZhr "EH$mIS>r gmaIo Vo aMZm à`moJ H$aVmV. nwîH$iXmVwH$mam_ Amnë`m A §Jm§Mm àma§ {H«$`mnXmZo H$aVmV. CXm. "dmOVrc VwaoŸ& oU| AmZ§Xo JOaoŸ&',"dgdmd| KaŸ& Xod| ~a| {Za§VaŸ&', "Z g§S>r AdJwUŸ& d_} _mZrVgo erUŸ&', "nmdo Eogm ZmeŸ& Ad{K`m{Xcm ÌmgŸ&'- `mgma»`m gac aMZoVrc d¡{eîQ>ç VwH$mam_m§À`m ~mocrMo EH$ cjUr` d¡{eîQ>ç R>aVo.

"gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ C o {dQ>odarŸ& H$a H$Q>mdar R>ody{Z`mŸ&', "amOg gwHw$_ma _XZmMm nwVimŸ& a{de{eH$imcmon{c`mŸ&' `mgma»`m aMZm ^mfoV ZmX_`Vm {Z_m©U H$aVmV. "gË`dmXr H$ar g§gma gH$iŸ& A{cßVH$_i Oir O¡goŸ&', "gmYwg§V oVr KamŸ& Vmo{M {Xdmir XgamŸ&' `mgmaIr àmgm{XH$ aMZm, "AmZ§XmMoS>mohr AmZ§X Va§JŸ& AmZ§X{M A§J AmZ§XmMoŸ&' VgoM "Z o ZoÌm OiŸ& Zmhr A§Var H$idiŸ& Vmo hoMmdQ>rMo ~mocŸ& OZ a§OdUo \$mocŸ&&' (A§Ë`-`_H$aMZmŸ) qH$dm ""amOg gwHw$_ma _XZmMm nwVim...VwH$m åhUo Ordm Yra ZmhrŸ&&'' `m A §JmÀ`m AmH¥$Vr~§YmVrc XmoZ-XmoZ MaUm§V im-im, Q>r-Q>r, co-co, im-im, dm-dm Ago Oo nwîn`_H$ gmYcoco AhoV. Ë`mZo aMZmgm¢X`m©V ^a nS>cocr Amho. VgoMZmXmZwdVu aMZo_wio ^mfocm "Jo Vm' àmßV Pmcocr Amho.

VwH$mam_m§Mr Aer gd©JwUg§nÝZ, EHy$UM cmoH$m{^_wI Pmcocr H${dVm åhUyZM loîR> XOm©Mr R>aVo.cmoH$m{^_wIVo_wio Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ CX²Jmam§Zm _amR>rV åhUtMm XOm© àmßV Pmcocm Amho. CXm. "nm`rMrdhmU nm`r ~arŸ&', "T>oH$UmÀ`m ~mOo gwImMr H$ënZmŸ&', "_w§Jr hmoD$Z gmH$a Imdr', "chmZnU XoJmXodmŸ& Z Mco H$moUmMmhr XmdmŸ&', "_hmnwao PmS>o OmVrŸ& VoWo cìhmio dmMVrŸ&' Aem åhUrdOm aMZoVyZàn§M, na_mW©, H$mì`, VÎdkmZ gd© H$mhr àH$Q> Pmcoco Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m ~hþVoH$ aMZm Ho$diAmË_m{dîH$mamH$[aVm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Am{U Ë`m Aja dmL²>_` R>aë`m. H$Yr gai, H$Yr gS>oVmoS>, H$Yr\$Q>H$i Va {H$Ë oH$ doim Adm©À`hr Ago Ë`m§À`m AmË_m{dîH$mamMo ^m{fH$ ñdê$n {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m§À`mdmUrVrc oXH$Vm, ~wÕrMo ñdmV§Í` d A§VarMm àË`` `m VrZ JwUm§_wio VwH$mo~m§Mo H$mì` loîR> R>aco Amho.

102

4.4 eãXmW© Am{U {Q>nm

l g§àXm` - n§W, _mJ©, g§K, g§ñWm.

l AZwgaU - ñdrH$ma.

l namË_Vm - nam dmMoÀ`m ncrH$S>rc AmË_m, {ed, AË wÀM AmË_m.

l A§V_w©I - A§V{Z©îR>, AmË_{ZîR>, AmË_qMVZna ÑîQ>r.

l OJXmH$ma - {dídmMm AmH$ma.

l gmYH$mdñWm - EImXr JmoîQ> gmÜ` H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm H$mi.

l {_Ï`m - ImoQ>o, Agma, Zída.

l gmjmËH$ma - àË`jVm, àË`j kmZ, AZw d, ~«÷mËå ¡Š`, M_ËH$ma.

l Ydico - àH$m{eV Pmco.

l ñdoVa - ñdV…{edm`, BVa.

l H$moëhmi - JcH$m, H$mocmhc, aUH$ëcmoi.

l JS>Ur - ñÌr, _¡ÌrU, gIr.

l gmoH$ar - Omo gmo@h§H$mar Amho Agm gmYH$.

l dmoUì`m - Imcr dmHy$Z.

l J§JmoÌr - J§JoMo {h_mc`mVrc ñWmZ.

l cm|Xm - qnS>, Kmg, Jmoim.

l AÜ`möV - nXaMo KmVcoco J¥{hV, _yimV ZgVm AW©~moY hmoÊ`mH$[aVm Kmcmdm cmJcocmeãX.

l àgaUerc - {dñVm[aV.

l {_V^mfr - _moOHo$ eãX ~mocUmam.

l à{V_m - gmÑí`, _yVu, ZŠH$c.

l à{V_mZ - Ac§H$ma, coIH$/H$dtÀ`m H$ënZmg¥îQ>rV dmdaUmao nmÌ.

l ~hþg§dmXr - AZoH$m§er {hVJwO H$aUmar.

l {ZXm©imdo - Zme H$aUo, _moS>Uo.

l àg{dVo - OÝ_ XoVo, CËnÝZ hmoVo.

l n[a_i - gwJ§Y, ^{ŠVJ§Y.

l Aì`mhV - gVV MmcUmao, AI§S>, gXmo{XV.

103

l EH$mIS>r - dU©_mcoVrc EH$ EH$ Aja àËòH$ MaUmÀ`m Ama§^r KoD$Z aMcoco H$mì`.VwH$mo~m§Zr 36 MaUm§À`m EH$m àXrK© A §JmV H$, I, J nmgyZ gwédmV H$ê$Z Aer aMZmgmYcocr Amho. CXm. naCnH$mamŸ& doMm e{ŠV qZXm dmamŸ&&, \$i ^moJ BÀN>mŸ& Xod Amho V`mV¡gmŸ&&, ~adm Eogm N>§XŸ& dmMo JmoqdX JmoqdXŸ&&, ^{dî`mMo _mWmŸ& ÔZ Z Úmdo gd©WmŸ&&_mJ cmJcm Z g§S>rŸ& Aigo _mVr KmVcr Vm|S>tŸ&&

l H$mZS>rZo Ho$cm... - _amR>r d H$mZS>r ^mfoMm AÝd`. {dZmoX-CnhmgmÀ`m A§JmZo g§gyMZ.VwH$mam_m§Mm _amR>rà_mUo XIZr ^mfoerhr g§~§Y Agë`mMm gy{MV H$aUmam A §J.

4.5 g_mamon

g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoMm AmnU Omo gImoc nmVirda _mJmodm KoVcm, Ë`mdê$Z cjmVoVo H$s, da Cëco{Icoë`m ^m{fH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§{edm` BVa AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm

{dZQ>cocr Amho. VwH$mam_m§Zr AZoH$ CÎm_moÎm_ J«§WmMo AÜ``Z, ldU Ho$co hmoVo. eãXm§Mo _moc Ë`m§Zrnwaonya AmoiIco hmoVo. ÑîQ>m§Vm§Mr Cn`mo{JVm Ë`m§Zm kmV hmoVr. VgoM H$mì`mMm g_mO_Zmda hmoUmamn[aUm_ Ë`m§Zr OmoIcm hmoVm. Ë`m_wioM H$mì` ho Ë`m§À`m EHy$U coIZmMo d¡{eîQ>ç ~ZyZ am{hco. Ë`m§À`m^mfocm gm{Od§VnUm, agaerVnUm oÊ`mg AgoM H$mhr JwU H$maUr yV R>aco AgmdoV. Varhr "{df_VoMm{YŠH$ma H$aVmZm, ¹${MV àg§Jr nmI§S>r ~wOwJmªMm g_mMma KoVmZm Ë`m§Zr IoS>di, J«må`, Hw$U~mD$^mfoMm dmna Ho$cocm Amho', Agm Amamon Ë`m§À`m ^mfoda hmoV AgVmo. na§Vw VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc^mfo~m~V VWmH${WV {dX²dmZm§Zr ñdV… H$ê$Z KoVcocm J¡ag_O dmQ>Vmo.

dmñV{dH$, "BVHo$ àmgm{XH$, öX`ñneu Am{U __©ôXH$ H${dËd H$aUmao VwH$mo~m Aícrc,IoS>di ^mfm dmnaVrc `m~Ôc {dídmgmh©Vm dmQ>V Zmhr. {edm` VwH$mo~m§À`m A §JmV AZoH$ nmR> oXAmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wio VwH$mo~m§À`m Añgc A §Jm§Mr Am{U Ë`m§À`m JmWoV KwgS>coë`m A §Jm§Mr gË`mgË`VmnmaIyZ KoUo {OH$s[aMo R>aVo.' ""`m~m~VrV VWmH${WV "Añgc' JmWm {~cHw$cM ~o ademMm Amho.AñgcmV Or ^mfm AmT>iVo Vr VwH$mo~m§Mr Zìho, Vr ZŠH$c H$aUmamMr Amho !'' ho A. Zm. Xoenm§S>o `m§Mo{dYmZ åhUyZM AW©nyU© R>aVo. (àm. _. dm. B{Vhmg, ^mJ nmMdm, n¥îR> 118)

VwH$mo~m§À`m H$mimV AmOÀ`mgma»`m Mma q^VrÀ`m emim qH$dm {dÚmnrR>m§À`m Q>mocoO§J B_maVrZgVrchr nU "KamoKar gm§JVr kmZ', "KamoKat ~hþ Omco H${d' `m A §JmYmao VwH$mo~m§Zr Mma q^VrÀ`m~mhoa amhÿZ Amncm ì`mg§J dmT>dcm. `mVyZM Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoV g_mO{hV¡fr {d{eîQ> g§ñH$maKSy>Z Amcm.'

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc ^mfoMo d¡{eîQ>ç àm. dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr IynM aoIrd eãXm§V ñnîQ>Ho$co Amho, Vo åhUVmV, ""hr dmUr åhUOo VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠVËdmMm {d_wŠV Am{dîH$ma Amho.VwH$mam_mMr A{^ì`ŠVr hr Zoh_rM {XcIwcmg AgVo; {VÀ`mV EH$ àH$maMm ~oYw§X {d_wŠVnUm

104

(abandon) AgVmo; IwaQ>onUm {Vcm R>mD$H$ Zmhr; ^aKmognUm ho {VMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. It is a full-

throated expression. {VÀ`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmao ^mdmZw d hohr agagcoco AgVmV. Ë`m§V EH$ àH$maMrgOrdVm d gm_Ï © AgVo.'' (dmL²>_`rZ Q>rnm Am{U {Q>ßnUr, n¥îR> 153)

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm Amho Vr Aer. Ë`m§À`m Aem amoIR>moH$ nU gmÜ`mgwÜ`m ^mfoMr_mo{hZr AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ wJmVhr OZgm_mÝ`m§À`m _Zmda AÚmnhr {Ma§VZ Amho. Am{U Vr VerMamhrchr `mV {Vi_mÌ e§H$m Zmhr.


n dñVw{ZîR> àíZ


1. _amR>r gm{hË`mVrc A §JdmUrÀ`m ê$nmZo gmVmg_wÐmncrH$S>o OmUmam n{hcm-d{hcm H$drH$moU Amho?

(kmZoída / Zm_Xod / VwH$mam_)

2. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m ^mJdV _§{XamMm nm`m hmoÊ`mMo ^m½` H$moUmcm cm^co?

(Zm_Xodm§Zm / VwH$mam_m§Zm / kmZoídam§Zm)

3. VwH$mam_m§Mr dmUr H$er Amho?

(_amR>_moir / {eîQ>m§Mr / n§{S>Vr)

4. "AZw d VwH$mo~m§Mm' `m nwñVH$mMo g§nmXH$ H$moU?

(S>m°. {H$emoa gmZn / S>m°. ho. {Z. BZm_Xma / S>m°. n§{S>V AmdirH$a)

5. ñdßZm_Ü o ÑîQ>mÝV XoD$Z VwH$mam_m§Zm H$mì`coIZmMr àoaUm H$moUr {Xcr?

(am_mZo / nw§S>{cH$mZo / Zm_XodmZo)

CÎmao : 1) VwH$mam_ 2) kmZoídam§Zm 3) _amR>_moim 4) VwH$mam_ 5) Zm_XodmZo

~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {chm.

1. g§V ~{hUm~mB© hr VwH$mam_m§Mr ~hrU hmo .

2. VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm ~hþg§dmXr Amho.

3. "à~i AmË_{ZîR>m' hm VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrMm àmU Amho.

105

4. VwH$mam_m§À`m Jwé§Mo Zmd "~m~mOr M¡VÝ`' ho hmo .

5. Ama§ rÀ`m H$mimV am_oída ^Å>, _§~mOr ho VwH$mo~m§Mo K{ZîR> {_Ì hmoVo.

CÎmao : 1)Ÿ MyH$ 2) ~amo~a 3) ~amo~a 4) ~amo~a 5) MyH$


1. gmYwg§V `oVr KamŸ& Vmo{M ............ XgamŸ&&'

2. "gmjmËH$mar g§V VwH$mam_' hm J«§W .................. `m§Zr {c{hcm.

3. VwH$mam_m§À`m eãXm§Zm ............ eãXm§Mo _hÎd Amco Amho.

4. Xm. Z. {eIao `m§Zr VwH$mo~m§À`m A §Jm§Zm ............... Ago åhQ>co Amho.

5. "~ao Omco Xodm {ZKmco {Xdmio', `m A §JmVyZ VwH$mam_ ........... `m àH$maMm g§dmXgmYVmV.

CÎmao : 1) {Xdmir 2) S>m°. e§. Xm. n|S>go 3) ñ_¥{VH$mamÀ`m 4) öX`mMo Amago 5) AmË_g§dmX


"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

1) gmo`ao A) n¥Ïdr

2) _§S>n ~) h[aH$Wm

3) XohCnMmamMr gmYZo H$) dm`y

4) ^moOZ S>) AmH$me

5) ~gÊ`mMo AmgZ B) d¥jdëcr, dZMao

C) dmH$i, H$_§S>cy

CÎmao : 1) - B, 2) - S>, 3) - C, 4) - ~, 5) - A


1. "kmZXodo a{Mcm nm`m.... VwH$m Pmcmgo H$ig' Ago H$moUr åhQ>co Amho?

2. Jwê$Xod am. X. amZS>o `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m gmYH$mdñWoÀ`m H$mimMo dU©Z H$go Ho$coco Amho?

3. A §JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMr' Agm VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm C{MV Jm¡ad H$moUr Ho$cm Amho?

4. "H$m` Imdo AmVm H$moUrH$S>o OmdoŸ& JmdmV amhmdo H$moÊ`m ~io.... `m A §JmVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`mH$moUË`m pñWVrMr ^mdZm gy{MV hmoVo?

106

5. Amnë`m Xw…IX AmË_pñWVrcm H$m~yV AmUÊ`mgmR>r VwH$mo~m§Zr H$moUVm _mJ© AZwgacm?

CÎmao: 1. g§V ~{hUm~mB© `m§Zr.

2. "OrdmËå`mMr KZKmoa A§Y…H$ma_` amÌ' Ago Ho$coco Amho.

3. n§{S>V H$dr _moamon§Vm§Zr

4. g_mOmH$Sy>Z hmoV AgUmè`m VwH$mam_m§À`m N>idmXmMr ^mdZm gy{MV hmoVo.

5. g§Vm§Zr gm§{JVcocm B©ída^ŠVrMm _mJ© AZwgacm.

n cKwÎmar àíZ

1. "VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm g§dmXr Amho', ñnîQ> H$am.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc Ame`KQ>ZoMm {dñVma H$am.

3. "VwH$mam_m§À`m eãXm§Zm ñ_¥{VH$mamÀ`m eãXm§Mo _hÎd Amco Amho' `m {dYmZmMm nam_e© ¿`m.

n XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. gVamì`m eVH$mVrc ^mfoMo ñdê$n VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoÀ`m A§JmZo ñnîQ> H$am.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMr ^mfm H$er Amho, gmoXmhaU ñnîQ> H$am.

3. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc _hÎdmÀ`m ^m{fH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr gm§Jmonm§J MMm© H$am.

n {Q>nm

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc "{dZmoX-Cnhmg'.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc "AdVaUj_Vm',

3. VwH$mam_m§Mr ^mfme¡cr.

4.7A{YH$ dmMZ

1. dmL²>_`rZ Q>rnm Am{U {Q>ßnUr : dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu, nm°ß`wca àH$meZ, _w§~B©, {VgarAmd¥Îmr, 1970.

2. AmZ§XmMm S>moh : am. J. OmYd, àmknmR>emcm _§S>i, dmB©, Amd¥Îmr n{hcr, 1976.

3. _amR>r H${dVm OwZr Am{U Zdr : dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu, nm°ß`wca àH$meZ, _w§~B©, n{hcrAmd¥Îmr, 1980.

4. àmMrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg, ^mJ-nmMdm : A. Zm. Xoenm§S>o, ìhrZg àH$meZ,nwUo.

107

5. VwH$mam_m§Mo {ZdS>H$ 100 A §J : g§nm. S>m°. lr. _. qnJo, {à. JO_c _mir, ìhrZgàH$meZ, nwUo, Amd¥Îmr Mm¡Wr, 1994.

6. AZw d VwH$mo~m§Mm : g§nm. S>m°. ho. {d. BZm_Xma, ñZohc àH$meZ, nwUo, àW_ Amd¥Îmr,1995.

7. àmMrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg : c. am. Z{gam~mXH$a, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya,ghmdr gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr, 1997.

8. gmjmËH$mar g§V VwH$mam_ : S>m°. e§. Xm. n|S>go, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ, nwUo, {ÛVr`md¥Îmr,1998.

9. VwH$mam_ : ì`{ŠVËd Am{U H${dËd : S>m°. {H$emoa gmZn, àm. _ZmoO Vm`S>o, cmoH$dmL²>_`J¥h, _w§~B©, ghmdr Amd¥Îmr, 2006.

10. VwH$m Pmcmgo H$ig : S>m°. am_M§Ð XoIUo, g§ñH¥$Vr àH$meZ, nwUo, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, 2009.

11. VwH$mam_ : ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o (_amR>r AZwdmX : M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>rc), gmHo$V àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX,nmMdr Amd¥Îmr, 2010.

12. VwH$mam_mMr H${dVm : S>m°. n§{S>V AmdirH$a, "à{VîR>mZ, _amR>dmS>m g{hË` n[afX,Am¡a§Jm~mX, OmZodmar 1977.

4.7 CnH«$_

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMm {d{dY {dMmad§Vm§Zr ^m{fH$ A§JmZo Ho$cocm {dMma g_OyZ ¿`m.

2. ~m~m _hmamO gmVmaH$a `m§Mo àdMZ EoH$m.

3. "VwH$m AmH$memEdT>m' hr Jmo. Zr. Xm§S>oH$a `m§Mr H$mX§~ar dmMm.

4. {dîUy gy m© dmK `m§Mo "VwH$m A §J A §J' ho ZmQ>H$ dmMm. nmhm.

ooo

108

KQ>H$ : 5

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc gm_m{OH$Vm

5.1 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo ! "VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc gm_m{OH$Vm' `m KQ>H$mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va VwåhmgnwT>rc ~m~r gmÜ` H$aVm `oVrc.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrVyZ hmoUmao g_mOXe©Z Vwåhmg H$ioc.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Xm§{^H$ cmoH$m§da Ho$coë`m hëë`mMo ñdê$n H$ioc.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm H$iVrc. Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocm g§VJm¡ad Vw_À`m cjmV oB©c.

l VwH$mam_m§Zr àmn§{MH$m§Zm Ho$cocm CnXoe Vwåhmg g_Ooc.

l VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$coco g_mO à~moYZ Vwåhmg C_Joc.

5.2 àmñVm{dH$

""VwH$mam_ ho _hmamîQ´>mVrc ^mJdV Y_m©Mo EH$ à^mdr àdŠVo hmoVo. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo Vo EH${ZîR>md§V {dMmamJ«Ur hmoVo. ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m Y_©lÕocm VÎdqMVZmMr Am{U {MÎmewÕrMr OmoS> XoD$Z_Ü` wJrZ OrdZmVrc OS>Ëd Zm{hgo H$aUo hr _amR>r g§Vm§À`m MidirMr àoaUm hmoVr. VwH$mam_m§MoOr{dVH$m`©hr `m àoaUoVyZM A§Hw$aco Am{U AmH$mamg Amco..... VwH$mam_m§Zr Y_©ajUmBVH$mMnmfm§S>I§S>Umdahr ^a {Xcm Amho.'' Agm J§. ~m. gaXma `m§Mm A{^àm` Amho. (VwH$mam_Xe©Z AWm©VA §JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMr-àñVmdZm n¥îR> 15) VwH$mam_ d¡îUd, gmYw, g‚mZ `m§Mm Jm¡ad H$aVmV.`mCcQ> g_mOmV Xmofm§Mr, emofUm§Mr, EoVImD$nUmMr ~rOo noaUmè`m g_mOH§$Q>H$m§da Ë`m§Zr eãXm§MoAmgwS> \$Q>H$maco AmhoV. g_mOñdmñÏ` {~KS>{dUmè`m àË oH$ ~m~rda VwH$mo~m§Mr ~marH$ ZOa Amho._J{VWë`m Hw$àd¥ÎmtZm Vmù`mda AmUÊ`mgmR>r Vo eãXm§Mo eñÌ CJmaVmZm {XgVmV. BWo Ë`m§À`mì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc g_mO_ZñH$Vm Amnë`m cjmV oVo.

g_mOmg_moa gwdV©ZmMo AmXe© R>odÊ`mgmR>r VwH$mam_ g§Vm§Mm Jm¡ad H$aVmZm {XgVmV. "OmV Am{UXmof `m§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm g§Vm§Zr _cm Amnë`m nm`m§Odi Aml` {Xcm.' Ago Vo åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`mA §JdmUrVrc Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm§_YyZ Ë`m§Zr g_mOà~moYZ KS>{dco Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m Xmofm§da Zo_Ho$ ~moQ> R>odyZlmoË`m§Zm Vo gX²dV©ZmMm g§Xoe Amnë`m H${dVo_YyZ {ZË` Zo_mZo XoV AgVmV.

VËH$mcrZ g_mOmV ~mø H$_©H$m§S \¡$cmdco hmoVo. ""Zdg-gm`mg, A§Jmao-Ywnmao, OmXyQ>moUm,M_ËH$ma `m§Zr na_mW© {dMma cwßV hmoV hmoVm. Ago cmoH$ _ÚnmZ H$arV. KmoQ>m-^m§J `m§Mo godZ H$arV.

109

Ë`m§À`m Vm|S>mV JwS>JwS>rMr Zir hmoVr. Vm|S>mV doXm§VmMo nmR>m§Va Va _ZmV {df`mMo qMVZ Ago ho gm|JmS>ogmYH$ ZaH$mgM OmVrc, Ago VwH$mo~m§Zr Ë`m§À`m{df`r CX²Jma H$mT>co AmhoV.'' Ago qnJo d _miråhUVmV. (VwH$mam_m§Mo {ZdS>H$ 100 A §J - g§nmXH$ qnJo-_mir- àñVmdZm-n¥îR> Vrg) Aem VèhoZoVwH$mam_ ^m|Xy gmYy§da VwQy>Z nS>VmV VgoM Vo A§YlÕm d jwÐ X¡dVo `m§Mmhr Ianyg g_mMma KoVmZm{XgVmV.

g§gma Z gmoS>Vm na_mW© H$aVm oVmo. amZmdZmV OmD$Z VnmMaU H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. gV²àd¥Îm ìhmAm{U gwImMm g§gma H$am- VmoM na_mW© Amho. Ago VwH$mam_ AmJ«hmZo gm§JVmV. àmn§{MH$ cmoH$m§ZmVwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`m A §JdmUrVyZ CnXoe Ho$cm Amho. ì`ŠVr g§ñH$maerc Pmcr Va g_mOhr g§ñH$mag§nÝZhmoB©c. Agm Ë`m_mJo Ë`m§Mm Ñ{îQ>H$moU hmoVm.

gmjmËH$mar g§V VwH$mam_ (S>m°. e§. Xm. n|S>go), VwH$mam_Xe©Z AWm©V A §JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMr(g§nm. g§. ~m. gaXma), gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_ (S>m°. A{Zc Jdir), VwH$mam_Xe©Z (S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao),g§V VwH$mam_m§Mm OrdZ{dMma ({Z_©cHw$_ma \$S>Hw$co) øm AZoH$ J«§Wm§VyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrcgm_m{OH$Vm øm n¡cyMm {dMma _m§S>Ê`mV Amcm Amho. AmnUhr BWo VwH$mam_m§Mr g_mO_ZñH$Vm, Ë`m§ZrXm§{^H$m§da Ho$cocr Q>rH$m, A§YlÕm Am{U jwÐ X¡dVo `m§darc Q>rH$m, Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocm g§VJm¡ad, Ë`m§À`mH${dVoVrc Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm, Ë`m§Zr àmn§{MH$m§Zm Ho$cocm CnXoe øm {d{dY n¡cy§Mm {dMma H$ê$.

5.3 {df` {ddoMZ

kmZXod, Zm_Xod, EH$ZmW Am{U VwH$mam_ ho g§V Ho$di ñdV…À`m Ü`mZ YmaUoV Am{U Aä`mg-coIZmV Jwa\$Qy>Z am{hco ZmhrV. Á`m g_mOmMo AmnU KQ>H$ AmhmoV Ë`m g_mOmMmhr Ë`m§Zr {dMmaHo$cm. Amnë`m ^modVrÀ`m g_mOmVrc gX²JwUm§Mm Ë`m§Zr Jm¡ad Ho$cm Va XwJw©Um§Mm {Y¸$ma Ho$cm.cmoH$m§À`m ZrVrMo nVZ Pmcoco Ë`m§Zm nmhdco Zmhr. ~wS>Umè`m cmoH$m§Mr Aghmæ`Vm nmhÿZ Ë`m§À`m _ZmVH$mcdmH$mcd Pmcr. cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr ào_i _ZmZo CnXoe Ho$cm. VwH$mam_ _mÌ {VKm§nojmhr AmH«$_H$AmhoV. H$maU VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm Vmo ñdm^m{dH$ n¡cy Amho. ê$T> g§Ho$V, Xm§{^H$nUm Am{UA§YlÕm `m§À`mda eãXm§Mo àhma H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m {dÜd§gZmZo Ë`m§Zr g_mOmMr _Zmo y_r àW_ Zm§JacrAm{U _J {VÀ`mV ^{ŠV^md Am{U ZrVrMo ~r noaco. øm ^{ŠV^mdmÀ`m AmYmamdaM VwH$mam_m§Zm gd©g_mO EH$m nmVirda AmUm`Mm hmoVm. åhUyZ g_mZVoMo _yë` Ë`m§Zr nwañH$maco hmoVo.

5.3.1 g_mO_ZñH$Vm

OrdZm_Ü o Oo Oo AZw d Amco Ë`m§ Ë`m§ AZw dm§Zm VwH$mam_ YrQ>nUo gm_moao Joco. Ë`mVyZM Ë`m§Moì`{ŠV_Îd KS>V Joco Amho. "~am Hw$U~r Ho$cmoŸ& Zmhr V[a X§ o{M AgVmo _ocmoŸ&' Aer _ZmMr VQ>ñWVmË`m§À`mV Amcr H$maU Vo XmhH$ AZw d Vo nMdV Joco. gmh{OH$M "gd© yV{hVaV kmZr ào_i ^ŠV'Aem g§VnXdrcm Vo nmoMco. g§V y{_H$m àmßV Pmë`mda ì`{ŠVJV _mZgÝ_mZ, Ah§H$ma, cmo , _Ëga

110

ho gd© Xya niyZ OmVmV. Vmo _Zwî` _J A§V~m©ø n{dÌ ~ZVmo. Aem _mUgmcm g_mOmMo amoIR>moH$_yë`_mnZ H$aVm oVo. ho H$arV AgVmZm VwH$mam_ Zr{V{ejH$mMr y{_H$m ~OmdVmZm {XgVmV. AmnUH$moUË`m JmoîQ>r H$aUma AmhmoV ho Ë`m§Zr A §Jm§_YyZ ñnîQ>nUo _m§S>co Amho. Vo åhUVmV-

"Y_© ajmd`mgmR>rŸ& H$aUo AmQ>r Amåhm§gr

dmMm ~mocmo doXZrVrŸ& H$ê§$ g§Vr Ho$co VoŸ&&'

Y_m©Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr ho H$îQ> KoV AmhmoV. doXmVrc ZrVr Amåhr gm§Jy. g§Vm§À`mdV©Zmà_mUo Amåhr dmJy.

"Y_m©Mo nmiUŸ& H$aUo nmfm§S> I§S>U

ho {M Amåhm§ H$aUo H$m_Ÿ& ~rO dmT>dmdo Zm_Ÿ&&'

Amåhr Y_©nmcZmMm AmJ«h YarV AmhmoV. ZmpñVH$ _VmMo Amåhr I§S>Z H$aVmo- {dÇ>cmÀ`mZm_mMr JmoS>r dmT>dyZ Ë`mMm AhmoamÌ àgma H$aUo hoM Am_Mo H$m_ Amho.

Amåhr d¡Hw§$R>dmgrŸ& Amcmo `m {M H$maUmgrŸ&

~mo{cco Oo F$frŸ& gmM ^md| dVm© mŸ&

PmSw>§ g§Vm§Mo _maJŸ& AmS>amZo ^aco OJŸ&

CpÀN>îQ>mMm ^mJŸ& eof Caco Vo gody§Ÿ&

...... {nQy>§ ^ŠVrMm S>m§JmoamŸ& H${iH$mimgr XamamŸ&

VwH$m åhUo H$amŸ& O`O`H$ma AmZ§XoŸ&&

Amåhr d¡Hw§$R>rMo OZ BhcmoH$mV `mM H$maUmgmR>r Amcmo AmhmoV. F$ftZr gm§{JVcocm _mJ©M AmåhrAmMaUmV AmUrV AmhmoV. g§Vm§Mm {dMma_mJ© ñdÀN> H$ê$ Am{U ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam {nQy>. cmoH$m§ZmZr{VY_© gm§JÊ`mV VwH$mo~m§Zm ag Amho. Vo åhUVmV-

Amåhm§ ho H$m¡VwH$ OJm Úmdr ZrVŸ& H$amdo \${OV MwH$Vr VoŸ&

OJmcm gXmMaUmMm _mJ© XmI{dUmè`m VwH$mam_m§À`m H$m`m©Mr Xwgar ~mOyhr {VVH$sM _hÎdmMrAmho. MwH$Umè`m cmoH$m§Mr \${OVr H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m BWo ñnîQ> Pmcr Amho.

"COimd`m Amcmo dmQ>mŸ& Iam ImoQ>m {ZdmS>Ÿ&&'

Iao H$m` Am{U ImoQ>o H$m` `m§Mm {ZdmS>m H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Amåhr H$ê$. cmoH$m§Mm gXmMaUmMm _mJ©cmoQy>Z PmSy>Z Amåhr gm\$ H$aUma AmhmoV, hm Ë`m§Mm CX²Kmof Amho. g§V gÁOZm§Mr Wmoadr JmUmao VwH$mam_g_mOH§$Q>H$mda _mÌ YmaXma eñÌ CJmaVmZm {XgVmV. Vo åhUVmV -

111

nanrS>H$ Vmo Amåhm§ XmdoXmaŸ& {dœt {dœ§ a åhUD${ZŸ&&

X§Sy> Ë`mJy§ ~i| ZmdcmoHy$ S>moimŸ& amIy Vmo Mm§S>mim Eogm Xw[aŸ&&

""g_mOmVrc gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Zm N>iUmam Jw§S> hm Am_Mm eÌy Amho. gd© OJmMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r{dœ§ a g_W© Amho. åhUyZ Aem XwîQ>m§Mr Amåhr J` H$aUma Zmhr. Aem _mUgmcm X§S> H$ê$. Ë`mMmË`mJ H$ê$. Ë`mcm nmhUmahr Zmhr. Mm§S>mimà_mUo Ë`mcm Xya R>ody.'' hr VwH$mam_m§Mr KmofUm Amho. AmnUH$moU AmhmoV hohr Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVco Amho.

""H$nQ> H$mhr EH$Ÿ& ZoU| wcdm`mMo cmoH$Ÿ&&

Vw_Mo H$[aVmo H$sV©ZŸ& JmVmo CÎm_ Vo JwUŸ&&

XmD§$ ZoU| OS>r~wQ>rŸ& M_ËH$ma CR>mCR>rŸ&&

Zmhr {eî`emImŸ& gm§Jmo A`m{MV cmoH$m§Ÿ&&

Zìho _R>n{VŸ& Zmhr Mmhþam§Mr d¥{ÎmŸ&&

Zmhr XodmM©ZŸ& Ago _m§{S>co XwH$mZŸ&&

Zmhr doVmi àgÝZŸ& H$mhr gm§Jmo ImUIwUŸ&&

Amåhr EImXo H$nQ> H$ê$Z cmoH$m§Zm \$er nmS>rV Zmhr, wcdrV Zmhr. Amåhr BœamMo H$sV©Z H$aVmo.Ë`mMo JwUJmZ H$aVmo. Amåhr {eî`m§Mm g_wh Ho$cm Zmhr. _R> ~m§YyZ Amåhr _R>nVr Pmcmo Zmhr. \w$H$Q>MrO_rZ Amåhr cwQ>Uma Zmhr. Xod-XodVm§Mr nyOm H$aÊ`mMo XwH$mZ Amåhr H$YrM WmQ>Uma Zmhr. AmåhmcmEImXm doVmi àgÝZ Pmcocm Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m ImUmIwUm Amåhr gm§JV Zmhr. n§{S>Vm§gmaIo Amåhr ì`W©dmX KmcrV Zmhr. Amåhr Jù`mV _mim KmcyZ {_adrV Zmhr. Am_À`m ^modVr J~mù`m cmoH$m§Mo Q>moiHo$Zmhr. On-Vn H$aÊ`mMo gm|J H$aUmè`m _R>m{YemgmaIo Amåhr {ZpíMV Zmhr. `mCcQ> "^{ŠV^mdAmåhr ~m§{Ycmgo JmR>rŸ& gmXm{dVmo hmQ>r ¿`m ao H$moUrŸ&& Ago VwH$mam_ hmH$mê$Z gm§JVmV. ^{ŠV^mdmMoJmR>moS>o Am_À`m nmR>rda Amho, `mVrc ^{ŠV^md ¿`m Aer gmX Amåhr cmoH$m§Zm XoV AmhmoV, AgmË`m§Mm AmJ«h Amho. H$irH$mimcm Xamam dmQ>oc Agm ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam Amåhr {nQ>Uma AmhmoV, Ago VoAmË_gm_Ï © ì`ŠV H$aVmV. ""Y_m©cm Ooìhm ½cmZr oVo Ë`mdoir Amåhr n¥ÏdrVcmda AdVmaU YmaUH$aVmo. Voìhm Amåhr gÁOZm§Mo ajU H$aVmo Am{U XwO©Zm§Mo nm[anË` H$aVmo.'' Ago lrH¥$îU JrVo_Ü ogm§JVmV. g§V ho na_oœamMo XyV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio B©œar H$m ©M g§Vm§Zm H$am`Mo AgVo, Aer VwH$mam_m§Mr{dMmaYmam Amho. åhUyZM Vo gm§JVmV -

"Y_m©Mo nmiUŸ& H$aUo nmfm§S> I§S>UŸ&

ho {M Amåhm§ H$aU| H$m_Ÿ& ~rO dmT>dmdo Zm_Ÿ&&'

gX²Y_m©Mo nmcZ H$ê$Z H$a{dUo øm gH$mamË_H$ H$m_m~amo~aM Ë`m§Zm ZmpñVH$Vm _moSy>Z H$mT>m`MrhmoVr. B©eZm_mMm àgma ho gX²Y_m©Mo gmYZ hmo . Ë`mgmR>r B©e Zm_ñ_aUmMm AmJ«h Vo YaVmZm {XgVmV.

112

{dîUwXmg åhUyZ AmnU H$go AmhmoV, ho Ë`m§Zr {Z © nUo ñnîQ> gm§{JVco Amho. Amåhr _oUmhÿZ _D$AmhmoV nU H$R>rU Aem dO«mcm oXÊ`mMr VmH$X Am_À`m R>m`r Amho. Amåhr _ê$Z {Od§V AmhmoV VaPmonyZhr OmJo AmhmoV. "Omo Omo Oo Oo _mJo Vo Vo XoD§$Ÿ&' àg§Jr H$_aoMr c§JmoQ>r XoD$ nU ZmR>mimÀ`mS>moŠ`mda H$mR>r _maÊ`mg Amåhr _mJo nwT>o nmhUma Zmhr. AmB©d{S>cm§nojmhr Amåhr ào_i AmhmoV. nUdoi nS>cr Va eÌynojm OmñV KmVnmV Amåhr H$ê$, Aer Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m Amho.

g_mOm_Ü o gV²àd¥Îmr dmT>rg cmJë`m nm{hOoV. Ë`mgmR>r ^ŠVrMm àgma Pmcm nm{hOo. Ë`mVyZMZr{VY_m©Mo AmMaU hmoB©c. gË`, Aqhgm, em§VVm, g_Vm, namonH$ma, ào_, ghH$m ©, g{hîUwVm,X`miynUm Aem H$ë`mUH$mar _yë`m§Mm AmJ«h Vo YaVmV. `mCcQ> qhgm, AgË`, {df_Vm, Ûof, ñdmW©,_Ëga, cmo , H$nQ>, X§ , A§YlÕm `m§Mm Vo H$S>mSy>Z {Y…¸$ma H$aVmV. g_mOmVrc dmB©Q> àd¥Îmr g_mOnmoIaVmV, g_mOmMo gËd {JiyZ Q>mH$VmV. EImXm {_R>mMm IS>m XwYmMm KS>m ZmgyZ Q>mH$Vmo, ho Ë`m§Zm_m{hV hmoVo. åhUyZ Aem XwîQ> _mUgmda Vo OmoaH$g hëcm H$aVmZm {XgVmV. ì`ŠVr JwUdmZ Va g_mOJwUdmZ hohr Ë`m§Zm _m{hV hmoVo. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo Vo g§ñH¥$Vr ajH$ d g§dY©H$ hmoVo. AWm©VM Ë`m§À`mì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc g_mO_ZñH$Vm øm n¡cy_wioM Vo eŠ` Pmco.

5.3.2 cmoH$Y_©

VwH$mam_H$mcrZ cmoH$Y_© J{cVJmÌ Pmcm hmoVm. VËH$mcrZ g_mOmMo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ dgm§ñH¥${VH$ AY…nVZ Pmco hmoVo. B.g. 1599 _Ü o g§V EH$ZmW {ZYZ nmdco. Va B.g. 1608 _Ü oVwH$mam_m§Mm OÝ_ Pmcm. ZmWm§Zr g_mO OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMo H$m © Ho$co. VwH$mo~m§Zr _mÌ g_mO OmJ¥VH$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mda AmgwS>mMo \$Q>Ho$ AmoT>co. VËH$mcrZ g_mOmV Xw…I Am{U Xm[aÚ« `m§Mm Z§JmZmM gwê$hmoVm. _wgc_mZr amOdQ> gwê$ hmoVr. _hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$Vr YmoŠ`mV Amcr hmoVr. qhXy g_mO Jwcm_{JarÀ`mN>m oImcr dmdaV hmoVm. g_mOmV AkmZ Am{U {df_Vm doJmZo dmT>V hmoVr. ~«m÷U dJm©Mo Z¡{VH$AY…nVZ Pmco hmoVo. dUm©l_Y_m©_wio ~hþOZ g_mO Am{U ewÐ kmZmnmgyZ-{ejUmnmgyZ Xya Joco hmoVo.gd© dU© H$V©ì`À wV Pmco hmoVo. g_mOmV AñdñWVm Am{U Aì`dñWm dmT>cr hmoVr. jwÐ XodVm§À`mnyOZmV cmoH$ ì`J« Pmco hmoVo. namH«$_r gaXma _wñcr_ amOdQ>rV ñdV…cm MmH$ar H$aÊ`mV YÝ` _mZrVhmoVo. XodVm§Zm àmÊ`m§Mo ~ir {Xco OmV. _Ú-_m§g godZ Ho$co OmB© Am{U VmoM Y_© _mZcm OmB©.

VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m A §JdmUr_YyZ VËH$mcrZ g_mOmMo `WmVÏ` Xe©Z KS>{dco Amho. AÜ``ZAm{U AÜ`mnZ hm AmMmaY_© ~«m÷Um§Zr gmoSy>Z {Xcm hmoVm. Vo «îQ> Pmco hmoVo, ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_åhUVmV;

""{IñVrMm CXr_ ~«m÷U H$c wJrŸ& _hmadmS>t _m§Jt qhS>VgoŸ&

dodgm` H$[aVm nd©V _m§JmgrŸ& Vo n¡ {dQ>mimgr Z _m{ZVrŸ&&''

øm H${c wJmV ~«m÷U gmdH$mar H$ê$ cmJco. Ë`mgmR>r Vo _hmadmS>m d _m§JdmS>m BWo qhS>VmV. nd©Vm

113

_m§Jmer Vo ì`dgm` H$aVmV. Aemdoir Vo {dQ>mi _mZrV ZmhrV. ì`dgm`mV g_mZVm Am{U Ym{_©H$H¥$Ë`m§V Añn¥í`Vm Aer Ë`m§Mr XwVm|S>r dmJUwH$ AgVo.

" yVm§À`m _Ëga|Ÿ& ~«÷kmZ Zoc| Mmoa|Ÿ& {eH$ë`m gm§Jo Jmoï>rŸ&

oX H«$moY dmho nmoQ>rŸ& qZXmñVwVr ñVdZtŸ& VwH$m åhUo doMr dmUrŸ&&'

Omo àm{U_mÌm§Mm _Ëga H$aVmo Ë`mMo ~«÷kmZ \w$H$Q> Amho. Agm _Zwî` Ho$di n{T>H$ n§{S>V AgVmo.Vmo ~«÷kmZ gm§JVmo nU _ZmV _mUgm_mUgmV oX^md d amJ ~miJVmo. Vmo BVam§Mr qZXmñVwVr H$aÊ`mVMAmncr dmUr {eUdVmo. ""~«÷{dÚoMo n ©dgmZ _mUgmVrc _yc yV EH$Vm H$imdr d Ë`mMo n ©dgmZ_mZdr g_VoV ìhmdo hmM kmZ~m-VwH$mam_m§Mm hoVy Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo AÛ¡V VÎdkmZ Am{U ^ŠVr `m§Mmg_mOmer H$mhr g§~§Y Zmhr, Ago åhUUo ~amo~a Zmhr.'' Ago e§. Xm. n|S>go `m§Mo _V Amho. ("gmjmËH$marg§V VwH$mam_'- n¥îR> 127) A^ŠV ~«m÷U Oimo Ë`mMo Vm|S>Ÿ& H$m` Ë`mgr am§S> àgdcrŸ& d¡îUd Mm§ maYÝ` Ë`mMr _mVmŸ& ewÕ C^`Vm Hw$i `mVrŸ&&' øm H$R>moa eãXm§V VwH$mam_ A^ŠV ~«m÷Um§Mm {YŠH$maH$aVmV. d¡îUd Agoc Am{U Vmo Mm§ ma OmVr_Ü o OÝ_cm Agoc Va Ë`mMo Hw$i Am{U OmV YÝ` hmo .

_mUgmMo _moR>onU Ë`mÀ`m OmVrdê$Z R>aV Zmhr, Va JwUm§dê$Z R>aVo, Ago VwH$mam_m§Mo _V hmoVo."Amgwar ñd^md {ZX© A§VaŸ& _mZgr {ZîRw>a A{VdmXrŸ& `m{V Hw$i oWo Ago Aà_mUŸ& JwUmMo H$maUAgo A§JrŸ&&' amjgr ñd^mdmMm Am{U {ZX© A§V…H$aUmMm _mUyg CÀM Hw$imVrc d CÀM OmVrVrcAgcm åhUyZ _moR>m R>aV Zmhr. oWo OmVr Aà_mU Amho. Amnë`m A§Jr X`m-j_m-em§Vr ho gX²JwUAgUmam _Zwî`M Iam _moR>m Amho, _J Vmo H$moUË`mhr OmVrMm Agmo. nanrS>m d nañÌrJ_Z H$aÊ`mV OmoVËna AgVmo, qZXm-MhmS>r_Ü oM Omo ~wS>mcocm AgVmo, namonH$ma d nwÊ` `m§Mo Á`mcm dmdS>o AgVoAgm _Zwî` "VwH$m åhUo {dQ>mimMrM Vmo _yVuŸ& X`m j_m em§Vr ZmVio Ë`mŸ&' ñn¥í` OmVrVrc Aer_mUgoM Iar Añn¥í` d _y{V©_§V {dQ>mi AgVmV. `mCcQ> Añn¥í` OmVrV OÝ_mcm Amcocr _mUgo~«m÷Umnojmhr loîR> Agy eH$VmV.

~«m÷U Vmo `mVr A§Ë`O AgVm§Ÿ& _mZmdm VÎdVm {Zü ogrŸ&

am_H¥$îU Zm_| CÀMmar gai|Ÿ& AmR>dr gmdi| ê$n _ZrŸ&

em§{V j_m X`m Ac§H$ma A§JrŸ& A §J àg§Jr Y¡ ©d§VŸ&

VwH$m åhUo Joë`m fS>D$_u A§JoŸ& gm§Sw>{Z`m, _J ~«÷{M VmoŸ&

Omo am_H¥$îU Zm_mMm CÀMma H$aVmo, _ZmV B©ída_yVuMo Ü`mZ H$aVmo, X`m, j_m, em§Vr `m JwUm§ZrOmo Ac§H¥$V Amho, g§H$Q>H$mir Omo Y¡ ©erc amhVmo, H$m_H«$moYmXr fS²>[any Á`mcm gmoSy>Z Joco AmhoV, Agm_Zwî` OmVrZo AË §O Agcm Var VmoM Iam ~«m÷U hmo . ^{ŠV_mJm©V na_oœaàmßVrMm d ^ŠVrMmA{YH$ma Mm§S>mimZmhr Agë`m_wio d _wimV _mUgm_mUgmV oX^md Zgë`m_wio Añn¥í`mcm {edë`mdaamJmdUmam Iam ~«m÷UM Zìho, H$maU gd©ì`mßV ~«÷mMo kmZ Ë`mcm Pmcoco ZgVo.


114

_hmam{g {edoŸ& H$mono ~«m÷U Vmo ZìhoŸ&

ZmVio Mm§S>miŸ& Ë`mÀ`m A§Var {dQ>miŸ&&

Mm§S>mimcm {edë`mda {dQ>mi hmoVmo Ago Omo _mZVmo Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVM {dQ>mi AgVmo. CÀM dU© Am{UH${ZîR> dU© `m§Mr _yi EH$ÎdmMr y{_H$m H$m`_M Mmcy Amho. hr _yc yV EH$Ëd ^mdZm Ü`mZr KoVcrH$s gm_m{OH$ oX^mdm_wio CËnÝZ Pmcocr {df_Vm Q>ioc Am{U gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` ZîQ> hmoVrc.

"Á`m{g AmdS>r h[aZm_mMrŸ& Vmo{M EH$ ~hþ ew{MŸ& OnVmo h[aZm_ ~rOŸ& Vmo{M dUm©_mOr {ÛOŸ&VwH$m åhUo dU© Y_©Ÿ& AdKo Amho g_~«÷Ÿ&&' h[aZm_mMr AmdS> AgUmamM ewÕ AgVmo, n{dÌ AgVmo.h[aZm_mMo gVV ñ_aU H$aUmamM ~«m÷U hmo . gd© dUmªV ~«÷M g_ËdmZo ^aco Amho. {dîUw ŠVH$moUË`mhr OmVrMm Agcm Var VwH$mam_ Ë`mcm loîR> _mZVmV. h[a^ŠVr hoM H$moUmMohr Hw$i qH$dm OmVrewÕ R>a{dÊ`mMo J_H$ Amho. A^ŠV ~«m÷Umnojm d¡îUd Mm§ ma Ë`m§Zm _moR>m dmQ>Vmo. ""dUmªZm Am{UOmVtZm OÝ_mZo oUmao loîR>-H${ZîR>nU d Ë`mda AmYmacocr {df_Vm d Añn¥í`Vm VwH$mam_m§Zm _mÝ`ZìhVr. Vo _yc yV EH$VoMo d g_VoMo nwañH$V} hmoVo. ew{MVm, em§Vr, X`m, j_m B. gX²JwUm§Zr _Zwî`mcmloîR>Ëd oVo, OÝ_mZo Zmhr Ago Vo _mZrV d Vgo ñnîQ> gm§JV.'' Agm e§. Xm. n|S>go `m§Mm A{^àm` Amho.(gmjmËH$mar g§V VwH$mam_ - n¥îR> 129 - H$m±{Q>Z|Q>c-nwUo-Xwgar Amd¥Îmr)

gm_m{OH$ Mm¡H$Q> _moS>Ê`mMm VwH$mam_ {dMma H$arV ZìhVo. Va Ë`m Mm¡H$Q>rV {eacoco Xmof Amnë`mH$S>H$ Q>rHo$Zo H$mT>Ê`mMm Ë`m§Mm à`ËZ hmoVm. eHw$Z gm§JUmao Am{U F${Õ{gÕtÀ`m _mJo cmJÊ`mggm§JUmao VgoM yV ^{dî` gm§JUmao ho cmoH$ VwH$mo~m§Zm S>moù`m§g_moa ZH$mo AgV.

VwH$mo~m§Zm ~mB©c~wÕrMo {df`mgŠV cmoH$ _wirM AmdS>V ZgV. Vo "~mBcoMo Xmg' Am{U "{nÌmgCXmg' AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr ñÌr Ë`m§Zm Hw$Í`mà_mUo dmJ{dVo. AmncrM godm H$am`cm cmdVo. Ë`mcm"JmT>dney' ~ZdyZ Ë`mMo Am wî` \w$H$Q> Kmc{dVo.

~mBco AYrZ hmo Á`mM| {OUoŸ& V`mÀ`m AdcmoH$Zo n{S>Oo ÛmS>Ÿ&

H$mg`m Vo O§V {OVmVr g§gmarŸ& _mH$S>mÀ`m n[a JmamoS>çmÀ`mŸ&

~mBcoÀ`m _Zm oB©c Vo Ia|Ÿ& A^mJr Vo nwao ~mB©coMoŸ&

VwH$m åhUo _|½`m JmT>dmMo {OUoŸ& Hw$Vè`mMo ImUo cJ~JŸ&&

Á`mZo Amnco {OUo ~mBcoÀ`m AmYrZ Ho$co Amho, Ë`mMo Vm|S> nmhÿ Z o. JméS>çmÀ`m _mH$S>mà_mUo~m`H$moH$Sy>Z Ioi{dco OmUmao Ago jwÐ O§Vw g§gmamV H$emcm OJVmV H$moUmg R>mD$H$? `m§Zm ñdV…Mo _VZgVo. ~mB©coÀ`m _ZmV oB©c VoM `m§Zm Iao dmQ>Vo. ho XwX£dr O§Vy ~mB©coÀ`m nyU© Amhmar Jococo AgVmV.Ë`m§Mo {OUo ho _|½`m JmT>dmMo {OUo AgVo. Hw$Í`mgmaIo dMmdMm ImD$Z Vo H$goVar OJV AgVmV.H$m_mgŠV nwê$f Va doí oÀ`m Amhmar Jococo AgVmV. gmYwÀ`m Xe©Zmcm Vo cmOVmV nU doí oÀ`m Kar\w$co KoD$Z OmVmV. doí`m, Xmgr, _wair `m hcŠ`m {ñÌ`m Ë`m§Zm ewÕ dmQ>VmV. "VwH$m åhUo AmVm cmO

115

Yar ~wÀ`mŸ& Q>mMam§À`m Hw$À`m _mam doJtŸ&' ñdV…À`m ~mB©coÀ`m Amhmar Jocoë`m _wIm©nojmhr ho cmoH$A{YH$ {Zc©ÁO AgVmV. Aem cmoH$m§Zm nm`m§À`m Q>moH$Xma Q>mMm§Zr _maco nm{hOo, Ago BWo VwH$mam_åhUVmV.

Vwåhm§§ gm§JVmo H$c wJm \$iŸ& nwT>o hmoB©c ~«÷KmoiŸ&&1&&

Amåhm§ åhUVrc H§$Q>H$Ÿ& Eogm nm{S>Vr X§S>H$Ÿ&&Y¥&&

{ñÌ`m nyOw{Z gao XoVrŸ& ^cVo {ñÌ ogr ^cVo OmVrŸ&&2&&

loîR> dU© doX{dÛm§gŸ& A§JrH$mar _Ú_m§gŸŸ&

Mmar dU© AR>am `mVrŸ& H$di H$[aVr EH$ n§ŠVrŸ&&

g_mOmÀ`m AY…nVZmMo ho {MÌ Amho. g_mOpñWVrMm ~«÷KmoQ>mim BWo d{U©cm Amho. n[apñWVr IynMnmcQ>oc. g§Vm§Zm cmoH$ g_mOH§$Q>H$ g_OVrc. `mCcQ> Jw§S>cmoH$m§Zm XodËd cm oc. ñÌr_mohm_wio {VMrnyOm Ho$cr OmB©c. H$moUË`mhr ñÌr~amo~a H$moUVmhr nwéf OmB©c. ~«m÷U Am{U doXkmZr OZ doX{dÚoMmË`mJ H$ê$Z _Ú Am{U _m§g `m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aVrc. Mma dU©-AR>am OmVt_Yrc cmoH$ EH$Ì ~gyZ^moOZ KoVrc. hr g_mOpñWVr AWm©VM {dnarV Amho.

~mB©cdoS>o cmoH$ Va AmS>dmQ>oZoM OmVmV. "Xodm{M`m dñÌm ñdßZthr ZmR>dr& {ñÌ ogr nmR>dr C§MgmS>rŸ&' ho cmoH$ Xodmcm dñÌ dmhÊ`mMm ñdßZmVhr {dMma H$arV ZmhrV. nU nËZrcm _mÌ C§Mr gmS>rIaoXr H$aVmV. øm cmoH$m§Zm g§Vm§Mr oQ> KoVmZm Mmoar dmQ>Vo. "Cam cmdr Ca Ami§{JVm H$m§VmŸ& g§Vm§groQ>Vm§ A§J MmoarŸ&' nËZrcm KÅ> AmqcJZ XoUmam _mUyg g§Vm§Zm oQ>VmZm A§J MmoaVmo. A{VWrH$S>o Vmo nmR>

{\$a{dVmo. ì`mømMm _mÌ gËH$ma H$aVmo. Jm`Ìr _§Ì {dHy$Z nmoQ> OmiUmao `_cmoH$s OmVmV. "H$Ý`oMm OoZa H$[aVr {dH$amŸ& Vo OmVr AKmoam ZaH$nmVmŸ& Zm_ JmD${Z`m Ðì` Oo _mJVrŸ& ZoUmo V`m§ J{V H¡$grhmo`Ÿ&' _wcrMr {dH«$s H$aUmam ~mn Am{U Zm_ñ_aU H$ê$Z n¡go _mJUmam ^ŠV ZaH$mVM OmVmV."amCimgr OmVm§ Ìmg _mZr _moR>mŸ& ~¡gVmo Mm¡hmQ>m§ AmXaoerŸ&' _§{XamV OmÊ`mMm H§$Q>mim nU MìhmQ>çmda~gÊ`mV AmZ§X. ñZmZg§Ü`m Zmhr, am_Zm_mMm CÀMma Zmhr Va JwS>JwS>r AmoT>Ê`mV ì`J«-Aer VËH$mcrZ_mUgo VwH$mam_m§À`m Q>rHo$Mr YZr Pmcr. Vmo _mUyg Xodm~«m÷Umg eaU OmV Zmhr Va "XmgrMo MaU d§Xr^mdoŸ&' YZmMm _moh, ñÌrMm _moh, ì`gZm§Mm _moh øm n{VV g_mOpñWVrMo VwH$mam_m§Zm Ano{jV ZgcoconU VËH$mcrZ g_mOmV S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmao dmñVd VwH$mam_ BWo _m§S>VmV. Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrc cmoH$Y_© hmgwg§ñH¥$V Am{U gwOmU Amho. VoWo g_Vm, Ë`mJ, namonH$ma, ñZoh-ào_ `m§Mm gwH$mi Amho. dmñVdmV _mÌË`m§Mm XwîH$mi Amho. "{df`gwImMm c§nQ>Ÿ& XmgrJ_Zr A{VYrQ>Ÿ& V`m Vo{M dmQ>Ÿ& AYmoJVr Omd`mŸ&&'H$m_dmgZoV ~wS>mcoco c§nQ> cmoH$ Xmgrer aV hmoVmV. nU Vr Ë`m§Mr AYmoJVrMr dmQ> Amho. ~mB©cdoS>çm_mUgmcm g_mOmV _mZ Zmhr Am{U nacmoH$mV ñWmZ Zmhr. Agm _Zwî` _mÌmJ_Zr AgVmo, AerVwH$mam_ Ë`mMr qZXm H$aVmV. g_mOmÀ`m øm AYmoJVrZo VwH$mam_ ì`{WV hmoVmV. "Ðì` AgVm Y_© ZH$ar', "H$WmH$mir {ZÐm cmJoŸ& H$m_t œmZmnar OmJoŸ&.... VwH$m åhUo OmUŸ& Za JmT>dmhþZr hrZŸ&&' g§nÎmr

116

AgyZhr AS>ë`m Jar~mcm _XV H$aUmam, {H$V©Zmdoir {ZÐm H$aUmam, {df`dmgZoV Hw$Í`mà_mUo dV©ZH$aUmam _mUyg JmT>dmnojm hrZ AgVmo, Aer Ë`mMr {Z ©ËgZm BWo Ho$cr Amho. Aer _mUgo g_mOmVË`m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmV nm{hcr hmoVr åhUyZM Ë`m§Mm {ZfoY Vo H$S>H$ eãXm§V H$aVmV.

Xoh Am{U g§gma `m§À`m _mohmV Jwa\$Q>coë`m OZm§Zm Xod^ŠVr H$aÊ`mMm gëcm VwH$mam_ XoVmZm{XgVmV. "XodmMo ÔZ H$m ao Z H$[agrŸ& AI§S> hì`mgr nrS>VmogrŸ&.... XodmMm {dœmg H$m§ ao Zmhr V¡gmŸ&nwÌñZoho O¡gm Jw§VcmgrŸ&& H$mao Zmhr V¡gr XodmMr ho JmoS>rŸ& ZmJdwZr gmoS>r nËZr V¡grŸ&& .... VwH$m åhUoH$m§ ao KmVco dm`mŸ& AdKo Am wî` Om` ^{ŠV{dUŸ&&' nwÌ-nËZr-àn§M `m§Mm hì`mg H$aUmao cmoH$na_oœamnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo Am wî` dm`m OmV Amho, Agm H$miOrMm gya BWo C_Q>cmAmho. àn§M gmJamV Imoc ~wS>mcoco cmoH$M KwQ>_iVmV.

XwJw©Ur-AY_ _mUgm§Mm VwH$mam_ {YŠH$ma H$aVmV. XwîQ> _mUgmcm {H$Vrhr g_Omdco Var VmoAmnë`m dmQ>oZoM OmVmo. "qZ~m{M`m PmS>m gmH$aoMo AmioŸ& Amncr Vr \$io Z g§S>r MŸ&&' H$Sw>qc~mÀ`mPmS>mcm gmIa KmVcr Var Ë`mMr \$io H$Sy>M cmJVmV. Vgo XwîQ>mMo _Z ho Zoh_rM An{dÌ AgVo. dmB©Q>_mUgm§À`m g§JVrZo ^cr _mUgo {~KS>VmV. "T>oH$UmMo g§Jo {ham Omo §JcmŸ& Hw$g§Jo ZmS>cm V¡gmgmYwŸ&&... {dfmZo nŠdmÞo JmoS> H$Sy> PmcrŸ& Hw$g§JmZo Ho$cr V¡gr narŸ&&'' T>oH$UmZo {ham, {dfmZo {_îQ>mÝZHw$MH$m_r hmoVo. åhUyZ gÁOZ _mUgmZo Hw$g§J H$Yr H$ê$ Z o. g_mOmV Hw$g§JVrMo Xwîn[aUm_ VwH$mo~m§Zm{XgV hmoVo åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr Agm gëcm {Xcm Amho.

Amig, ânya Pmon, `WoÀN> AÝZ `m§À`m godZmZo OrdZmMm Zme KS>Vmo. Omo cmo r Amho, OmoA{VWrMm AmXa H$arV Zmhr Agm _mUyg åhUOo EH$ àH$maMm erUM hmo . H$mhr _mUgo ~mømËH$mar^ŠVr H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mmhr VwH$mam_ {ZfoYM H$aVmV. Vri Om{ico Vm§XwiŸ& H$m_ H«$moYo V¡go {M IiŸ&&1&&...Vn H$é{Z VrWm©Q>ZŸ& dmT>{dcm A{^_mZŸ&&3&& dm§{Q>co Vo YZŸ& Ho$cr Ah§Vm OVZŸ&&4&& VwH$m åhUoMwH$co d_©Ÿ& Ho$cm AdKm{M AY_©Ÿ&&5&& Vri Vm§Xwi OmiVmV nU _ZmV H$m_ H«$moYmMo R>mUo AgVo.VrW© mÌm H$aVmV nU Ë`mMm VmR>m ~miJVmV. Ðì`XmZ H$aVmV nU Jd© dmhVmV. BWo Y_m©Mo d_© Zmhr,Amho Vmo AdKm AY_©M ! EH$ doi ho cmoH$ ~ao nU H$mhr cmoH$ ^ŠVrÀ`m {déÕ dV©Z H$aVmV. "XodmMoM[aÌ ZmR>do gd©WmŸ& {dZmoXmW© H$Wm JmoS> dmQ>oŸ&&

hmVmd[a hmV hmgmo{Z Am\$irŸ& dmO{dVm Q>mir cmO dmQ>oŸ&

VwH$m åhUo Ww§H$m Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>md[aŸ& OmVr `_nwar ^moJmd`mŸ&&'

Á`mcm H$sV©Z ZH$mo dmQ>Vo, Omo {dZmoX Am{U Q>dmiH$s H$arV amhVmo. H$sV©ZmV-ÔZmV Q>mirdmO{dÊ`mg cmOVmo, Aem _mUgmÀ`m Vm|S>mda Ww§H$mdo, Ago VwH$mo~m åhUVmV. Aem XwO©Zm§À`m g§JVrVJoë`mZo AmnUhr XwO©Z hmoVmo, Agohr Vo åhUVmV. "~gVm§ Mmoamnmer V¡gr hmo ~wÕrŸ& XoIVm§ {M qMYr_Z YmdoŸ& ì`{^Mmè`mnmgr ~¡gVm jUârŸ& XoIVm§ {M Zmar _Z YmdoŸ&&' MmoamOdi ~gë`mda _mUgmMo_Z VgoM ~ZVo. qMYrMrhr Ë`mcm hmd gwQ>Vo. ì`{^Mmar _mUgmÀ`m g§JVrZo _mUgmcm ñÌrMm _moh

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hmoVmo. hr XwO©Z _mUgo gd©M dUmªV AgVmV. daÀ`m dUmªV Vr ZgVmV Am{U ImcÀ`m dUm©VM VrAgVmV, Ago Zmhr. Vo åhUVmV- "Amgwar ñd^md {ZX© A§VaŸ& _mZgr {ZîRw>a A{VdmXrŸ& `m{V Hw$ioWo Ago Aà_mUŸ& JwUmMo H$maU A§Jr AgoŸ&&' amjgr ñd^mdmMr hr _mUgo H$R>moa _ZmMr Am{U

~mîH$i ~S>~S> H$aUmar AgVmV. Vr g_mOmÀ`m gd© Wam§V AgVmV. øm AY_ cmoH$m§Zm Ë`mM VèhoZodmJ{dco nm{hOo. dmH$S>çm ~m^ircm dmH$S>m Zo_ H$mT>mdm cmJVmo. "nm`m Omcm Zmê$Ÿ& VoWo ~m§YcmH$mnyê$Ÿ& VoWo {~~ì`mMo H$m_Ÿ& AY_m{g Vmo AY_Ÿ&&... Xoìhmè`md[a qdMy AmcmŸ& XodnyOm ZmdS>oË`mcmŸ& VoWo n¡OmamMo H$m_Ÿ& AY_m{g Vmo AY_Ÿ&&' nm`mcm Zmê$ Pmë`mda VoWo H$mnya ~m§YyZ MmcVZmhr. {VWo ~m§Ycm nmhOo {~ã~mŸ& Xoìhmè`mdarc qdMdmcm Mncm§ZrM R>moH$mdo cmJVo. H$mQ>çmZo H$mQ>mH$mT>Ê`mgmaIo ho Amho.

Aer _mUgo nmnr Am{U Mm§S>mi AgVmV. "A_§Ji dmUrŸ& Z o EoH$mo Vo H$mZtŸ&&1&& Omo ho Xyfrh[aMr H$WmŸ& Ë`m{g j`amoJì`WmŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&& `m{V dU© loîR>Ÿ& n[a Vmo Mm§S>mi nm{nîR>Ÿ& VwH$m åhUo nmnŸ& _m`ZmdS>o Á`m ~mnŸ&&' An{dÌ dmUr, H$sV©ZmMm qZXH$ Agm ~«m÷U Agcm Var Vmo Mm§S>miM hmo . Á`mcmAmB©d{S>c AmdS>V ZmhrV Vmohr nmnrM hmo . Omo naqZXm H$aVmo, Omo B©eZm_ KoV Zmhr Vmohr Icàd¥ÎmrMhmo . g_mOmVrc XwîQ> àd¥Îmtda VwH$mo~m§Zr H$R>moa eãXm§Mo Kmd KmVco AmhoV. Ë`mVyZM VËH$mcrZg_mOmMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. XwO©Z ñÌrMmhr {ZfoY BWo Amcm Amho. "gmgwgmR>r aS>o gyZŸ& ^md A§VarMm{^ÝZŸ&' Aer _m{_©H$ {ZarjUo VwH$mo~m§À`m H${dVoV R>m`r R>m`r {dIwacr AmhoV. "gm{dÌrMo {dQ>§~UŸ&am§S>nU H$[aVgoŸ& H$m` Omimdo Vo ZmdŸ& AdKo dmd Ago VoŸ&&' Zmd gmoZw~mB© hmVr H$WcmMm dmim Agoho Amho. Zmd gm{dÌr nU dV©ZmV {N>ZmcnUm & _J Ë`m ZmdmMm H$m` Cn`moJ?

g_mO ZmJdcm Jocm hmoVm. _wñcr_ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m-amOdQ>rÀ`m à^mdmZo g_mO g¡a ¡a Pmcm hmoVm.~«m÷U XJm© nwOrV hmoVo. j{Ì` eyÐ ~Zco. Vcdma Q>mHy$Z Ë`m§Zr Zm§Ja hmVr KoVcm. cT>m`m, XwîH$miAm{U cwQ>_ma `m§Zr gm_mÝ` _mUyg Ooarcm Amcm. eoVH$ar CX²ÜdñV Pmcm. ì`mnma g§ncm. g_mOmVXm[aÚ« Am{U AkmZ `m§Mo W¡_mZ gwê$ hmoVo. ñdmW©, hodoXmdo, {df`dmgZm, Ûof, H$ch, AZrVr AemAdJwUm§Mm {MIc gd©Ì ngacm hmoVm. Hw$Qw>§~mV ^m§S>Uo hmoVr. Xwamdm hmoVm. nwÌ {nË`mH$Sy>Z godm KoV.gmgw-gyZm§Mo ZmVo ÛofnyU© Pmco hmoVo. "nwÌ Vo {nV`mnmerŸ& godm KoVr godH$mEogrŸ& gwZm§{M`m XmgrŸ&gmgdm Pmë`m Am§XÊ`mŸ& ^m`m© «VmaogrŸ& a§H$ V¡gr _m{ZVrŸ&&' gwZm Xmgr Pmë`m hmoË`m. ~m`H$moZdè`mcm Xm[aÚ«mMr AmR>dU XoD$Z N>iV hmoVr. ~wdm, ~¡amJr VmB©V-Xmoao-J§S>o XoD$Z cmoH$m§Zm wc{dVhmoVo. H$WmH$sV©ZH$ma, nwamUH$ma `m§Mo "AdKo nmoQ>mgmR>r gm|J' hmoVo. XodmÀ`m Zmdmda Vo cmoH$m§Mr cyQ>H$arV hmoVo. ^m|Xw gmYw, {^joH$ar, ZmWn§Wr, Xmdc _{cH$, OmoJr Aem AZoH$m§Zr na_mW© ~wS>{dcm hmoVm.Vo _§ÌV§Ì, VmB©V-J§S>o-Xmoao XoD$Z cmoH$m§_Ü o AYlÕm _mO{dV hmoVo. H$mhr cmoH$ A§JmV yVo AmUyZg_mOmcm ^{dî` gm§JÊ`mMm IQ>mQ>mon H$arV AgV. øm T>m|Jr ~¡am½`m§Zr g_mO nmoIê$Z Q>mH$cm hmoVm.Ë`m§Zm Iam Y_©, Iam Xod g_OVM ZìhVm.

118

g§gma gJim Zmgcm hmoVm. Xodmcm {nVm§~a Zmhr nU nËZrcm C§Mr gmS>r Amho. ñ_emZmV WS>Jo~m§Yco OmVo nU XmamV Vwier d¥§XmdZ ZgVo. OdiMr g§nÎmr Mmoa cwQy>Z ZoVmo nU XmZY_© Ho$cm OmVZmhr. nËZrMo cmS> Ho$co OmVmV Am{U AmB© d{S>cm§Zm cmW {Xcr OmVo. Agm gJim ì`dhma CcQ>m dñdmWu Amho. jwÐ X¡dVm§Mm gwigwimQ> Pmcm hmoVm. g_mO Xw §JyZ Jocm hmoVm. H$_©H$m§S>, A§Jmam-Ywnmam,Zdg gm`mg øm O§OmimV gmnSy>Z _mUgo A§YlÕ Pmcr hmoVr. VmoM Y_©, VmoM na_mW© Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o.Iè`m Y_m©nmgyZ, Iè`m ^ŠVrnmgyZ gm_mÝ` _mUyg IynM Xya Jocm hmoVm. _mUgo _mZ{gH$ Jwcm_{JarV{IVnV nS>cr hmoVr. VoO, ñdm{^_mZ, Xoe^ŠVr, Apñ_Vm cmon nmdcr hmoVr.

EH§$Xa g_mO hrZ, XrZ, ñdmWu d AS>mUr Pmcm hmoVm. Aem AkmZmÀ`m A§Y…H$mamV VwH$mam_m§Zmna_mW© {dMmam§Mm {Xdm noQ>dm`Mm hmoVm. dmB©Q> Mmcr[aVtZm OmiÊ`mgmR>r H$Yr VwH$mo~m§Zr hmVmV_emchr KoVcr. hr _emc hmoVr ñdm{^_mZr {dMmam§Mr - ZdY_© OmJaUmMr ! "EH$ EH$m gmø H$ê$Ÿ&AdKo Yê$ gwn§W', Am{U "Amåhm ho H$m¡VwH$ OJm Úmdr ZrVŸ& H$amdo \${OV MwH$Vr VoŸ&' - ho Ë`m§Mo gyÌhmoVo !

5.3.3 X§ ñ\$moQ>

g_mOmVrc Xm[aÚ«mZo Am{U AkmZmZo VwH$mo~m ì`{WV hmoV nU g_mOmVrc T>m|JmZo Am{U X§ mZo VonoQy>Z CR>V. ho T>m|Jr gmYw g_mOmcm ñdmWm©nmoQ>r OmUyZ~wOyZ doR>rcm YaVmV. g_mOmÀ`m Zr{VY_m©Mo nmUr_wÔm_ JTy>i H$aVmV. ñdV…Mo nmoQ> OmiÊ`mgmR>r Am{U ImoQ>m _mZ_amV~ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r g_mOmcmnm`mImcr {MaS>Umao ho cmoH$ g_mOmMo eÌy AmhoV, ho VwH$mo~m§Zm _m{hV hmoVo. åhUyZ Aem T>m|Jr, Xm§{^H$gmYw ~¡am½`m§Mm ~waIm Q>amQ>am \$mSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m © VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ Ho$coAmho.

g_mOmVrc Xm§{^H$Vocm H$S>H$Sy>Z {damoY H$aUmao VwH$mam_ {Z^uS> Q>rH$mH$ma hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr T>m|JrcmoH$m§da H$R>moa Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. OZVocm ZmS>Umè`m VWmH${WV g§Vm§Mm ~waIm H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z Ë`m§Mo Iaoñdê$n Ë`m§Zr CKS> Ho$co Amho. Vo åhUVmV -

ZH$m X§VH$Wm oWo gm§Jmo H$moUrŸ& H$moaS>o Vo _mZr ~moc H$moUŸ&

AZw d oWo ìhmdm {eîQ>mMmaŸ& Z McVr Mma Amåhm§nwT>oŸ&

{ZdS>r doJio jra Am{U nmUrŸ& amOh§g XmoÝhr doJimcrŸ&

VwH$m åhUo oWo nm{hOo OmVrMoŸ& oam J~mimMo H$m` H$m_Ÿ&&

_mÂ`mOdi H$nmocH$pënV H$Wm gm§Jy ZH$m. AZw da{hV ~moc Iao H$moU _mZrc? AZw d hmM{eîQ>mMmamMm X§S>H$ ìhmdm. Am_À`mnwT>o AZw dmMm AmYma Zgcoco BVa Cnm` MmcUma ZmhrV. EH${ÌVAgcoco XyY Am{U nmUr amOh§g doJio H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mà_mUo ~«÷ d _m`m `m§Vrc oX C_JÊ`mgmR>rIam gmjmËH$mar g§V hdm. {VWo Eoè`mJ¡è`mMo H$m_ Zmhr.

119

OJmV eãXkmZ {_a{dUmao OmñV. eãXm§er PQ>mnQ> H$ê$Z _yi kmZ {_iV Zmhr. ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>rVwH$mam_ åhUVmV -

{eH$ë`m ~mocmMo gm§JVrc dmXŸ& AZw d oX Zmhr H$moUmŸ&&

n§{S>V ho kmZr H$[aVrc H$WmŸ& Z {_iVr AWm© {ZOgwImŸ&&

nT>{dcoë`m nmonQ>mà_mUo ~mocyZ {dV§S>dmX H$aUmao n{T>H$ n§{S>V ^anya AmhoV. AZw dm§_wio oUmaogyú_ kmZ EH$mcmhr ZgVo. Ago ^m|Xy n§{S>V H$WmH$sV©Zo Iyn H$aVrc. nU ~«÷mMo gwI Ë`m§Zm {_iVZmhr. cmM KoD$Z ImoQ>r gmj XoUmè`m c~mS> gmjrXmam§gmaIo ho cmoH$ AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm ~«÷ åhUOo H$m`ho _m{hV ZgVo. nU nmoQ> OmiÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMo eãX~§~mi {Zê$nU H$aVmV. BWo Iao kmZ ZgVmZm{ZénU-àdMZo H$aUmè`m nmoQ>^ê$ haXmgm§Zm VwH$mam_ ~moMH$maVmZm {XgVmV. Ago H$moaS>o H$sV©ZH$maOJmcm H$moUVm ~moY XoUma? J§Y cmdyZ d¡îUd hmoVm oV Zmhr, ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-

EH$m ~moQ>mMr {ZemUrŸ& n[anmH$ Zmhr _Zr

V[a Vo g§nm{Xco gm|JŸ& H$maUmdmMy{Z`m ì §JŸ&

d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ& OJ {dîUw ZoUo d_©Ÿ&

H$nmimda ~moQ>mZo J§YmMr {ZemUr cmdyZ Xm§{^H$ _mUgo d¡îUd åhUyZ {_a{dVmV. Ë`m§Mo _ZAZw dmÀ`m ~m~VrV An[anŠd AgVo. Ë`m§Mo J§Y cmdUo ho T>m|J AgVo. gd© OJ {dîUw_` Amho, hod¡îUd Y_m©Mo _w»` ahñ` Ë`mcm _m{hV ZgVo. `m T>m|Jm_wio Ë`mÀ`m hmVyZ \$ma _moR>o nmn KS>Vo.A§Va§Jmnojm ~{ha§Jmda Omoa XoUmao gm|JmS>o ho nmnr AgyZ Y_m©Mo eÌy AmhoV. ho gm|Jr T>m|Jr cmoH$ AkOZm§Zm \$g{dVmV.

H$mhr cmoH$ ^Jdr H$\$Zr, OQ>m Am{U y{ddamV dmg `m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z gmYw ~ZÊ`mMm à`ËZH$aVmV. Ë`m§Mo X§ CKS>o nmS>Ê`mgmR>r VwH$mo~m åhUVmV-

^Jd| Var ídmZ ghO dof Ë`mMmŸ& VoWo AZw dmMm H$m` n§WŸ&&

dmT>dwZr OQ>m {\$ao Xmhr {Xem,Ÿ& Var O§~wdofm ghO{ñWVrŸ&&

H$moamo{Z`m§ ^y_r H$[aVr _Yr dmgŸ& Var C§Xamg H$m` dmUrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Eogo H$mg`m H$amd|,Ÿ& Xohmgr X§S>mdo dmCJo {MŸ&&

H$mhr OU ^Jdr dñÌo ZogyZ {\$aVmV. nU Ë`m§Zm XodmMm AZw d _wirM ZgVmo. Hw$Í`mMm Z¡g{J©H$dofhr ^JdmM AgVmo. H$mhrOU OQ>m dmT>dyZ {\$aVmV. H$moëhm Va Ho$gmiM AgVmo. H$mhr cmoH$O{_ZrV {dda H$ê$Z AmV amhVmV. _J {~imVrc C§XramMo gmYwËd H$m` dUm©do? ~mø JmoîQ>tdê$ZgmYwËd R>aV Zmhr. {dZmH$maU earamcm Ìmg H$emgmR>r Úm`Mm? Ago VwH$mam_ eodQ>r {dMmaVmV."A§Var nmnm§À`m H$moS>r, dar ~moS>r S>moB© XmT>r !' S>moHo$ Am{U XmT>r VwiVwirV H$aUmao cmoH$ A§Va§JmVyZnmnr AgVmV. A§V…H$aUmV àm_m{UH$ Vi_i ZgVmZm amZmdZmV OmD$Z XohX§S>Z H$aUo VwH$mam_m§Zm

120

_mÝ` ZìhVo.

JwS>JwS>r, _Ú, ^m§J, V§~mIy hr _mojmMr gmYZo åhUyZ A§{JH$maUmè`m gmYw _§S>itZm \$Q>H$maVmZmVwH$mam_ åhUVmV -

gmYH$ Pmco H$irŸ& JwéJwS>rMr cm§~ ZirŸ& nMr nS>o _ÚnmZŸ& ^m§J wH$m© ho gmYZŸ&&

A oXmMo nmR>m§VaŸ& A{V{df`t n{S>âŸ& Moë`m§Mm gwH$miŸ& qnS> X§S> §JnmiŸ&&

godm _mZYZŸ& ~a| BÀN>oZ| g§nÝZŸ& gm|JmÀ`m ZaH$mS>rŸ& VwH$m ~moS>mo{Z`m gmoS>rŸ&

JwS>JwS>rMr cm§~ Zir Vm|S>mV Yê$Z _moj gmYw nmhUmao gmYH$ ~aoM AmhoV. _ÚnmZ, ^m§J, V§~mIyhr Ë`m§À`m _mojmMr gmYZo Pmcr AmhoV. AÛ¡VmMr dMZo Ë`m§Zm nmR> AgVmV. ñdV… _mÌ {df`dmgZoV_½Z AgVmV. Aem gmYw§À`m ^modVr AmS>Xm§S> XohmMo ânya {eî` AgVmV. Amnë`m {eî`m§H$Sy>ZAmnë`mcm godm-_mZ d YZ {_imdo hr Ë`m§Mr AmgŠVr AgVo. Aem gm|Jo T>m|Jo H$aUmè`m gmYw§MrS>moMH$s VwH$mam_ ~moSy>Z H$mT>VmZm {XgVmV. AÜ`mË_mÀ`m joÌmV g§Vm§Mr dof yfm H$ê$Z cwÀMo c\§$Jo OQ>mg§Ý`mgr dmdaV AgVmV Am{U ^moigQ> ^ŠVm§À`m g§nÎmrMo d Am wî`mMo emofU H$arV AgVmV. `mJmoîQ>rMr VwH$mam_m§Zm _Zñdr MrS> hmoVr, åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr Xm§{^H$Voda d XwO©ZVoda H$R>moa àhma Ho$coAmhoV. ^ŠVrÀ`m joÌmV ^ŠVmÀ`m n{dÌ _ZmMm {dMma àmYmÝ`mZo Ho$cm OmVmo. nU H$_©H$m§S>mMmA{VaoH$ H$aUmao cmoH$hr Ë`mdoir hmoVo. Vmo A{VaoH$ VwH$mam_m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVm. Vo åhUVmV-

H$m` ~m H$[agr gmodio AmodioŸ& _Z Zmhr {Z_©i dmCJo {MŸ&&

H$m` ~m H$[agr nwñVH$m§Mr _moQ>Ÿ& Kmo{H$Vm öX`ñ\$moQ> hmVm Z òŸ&&

H$m` ~m H$[agr Q>mi Am{U _¥X§JŸ& OoWo nm§Sw>a§J a§Jcm ZmhrŸ&

H$m` ~m H$[agr kmZm{M`m JmoîQ>rŸ& H$aUr Zmhr nmoQ>r ~mocÊ`mMrŸ&&

H$m` ~m H$[agr X§^ cm¡{H$H$mVoŸ& {hV Zmhr _mVo VwH$m åhUoŸ&&

A§Jmda gmodio dñÌ Am{U _ZmV {df` dmgZm-Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$m`? nwñVH$m§Mr _moQ> ~m§YyZ VyH$m` H$aUma? Q>mi-_¥X§J dmOdyZ H$m` hmoUma? {VWo nm§Sw>a§J AgUma Zmhr. AÜ`mË_mMr nmoH$i MMm©H$ê$Z H$m` Cn`moJ? Omon ªV VwÂ`m H¥$VrV ewÕVm Zmhr, Omon ªV VwÂ`m dmgZm {dH$mam§Zm AmhmoQ>r cmJVZmhr. Omon ªV àm_m{UH$ ^ŠVrZo d ewÕ _ZmZo Vy Ë`mcm gmX KmcrV Zmhrg Vmon ªV Vmo na_mË_m VwcmoQ>Uma Zmhr. hmo_ hdZ, OnOmß`, nwOm-AMm© `m§Mr na_oídaàmßVrgmR>r JaO Zmhr. ewÕ Am{U

lÕmerc ^ŠV_Z hr B©ída^ŠVrMr JaO AgVo. VwH$mam_m§Zr BWo H$_©H$m§S>mda hëcm MT>{dcm Amho.H$_©H$m§S>mÀ`m A{VaoH$mZo VwPo {hV hmoUma Zmhr, Ago BWo ñnîQ>nUo ~Omdco Amho. Xm§{^H$m§Mm ~waIm BWoVwH$mam_ CMH$Qy>Z Q>mH$VmZm {XgVmV.

121

ImoQ>r ZmUr OJmÀ`m ~mOmamV MmcV ZmhrV VgoM T>m|Jr gmYw AÜ`mË_mÀ`m joÌmV MmcV ZmhrV."Vm§{~`mMo ZmUo Z Mco Iè`m _mocoŸ& Oar qhS>{dco XoemoXoerŸ&& ....... {h[a`mgmaIm {Xgo {eaJmoimŸ&nmaIr Vo S>moim§ Z nmhmVrŸ&& .... VwH$m åhUo H$m` ZQ>mo{Z`m ì`W©Ÿ& Amnwco ho {MÎm AmnUm ½dmhrŸ&&'Vm§ã`mMo ZmUo XoemXoem§VyZ {\$adco Var Vo MmcV Zmhr. {eaJmoim {hè`mgmaIm {XgVmo nU nmaIr _mUyg{eaJmoim S>moù`mZo nmhmVhr Zmhr. Ë`mà_mUo ~mhoê$Z ZQ>Uo ì`W© Amho. H$maU Amnco _Z Ë`mgmR>rgmjr yV AgVo. àm_m{UH$ ^ŠVr d Z¡{VH$Vm hrM Iar AgVo. nmoQ>^ê$ H$sV©ZH$mamdahr VwH$mo~m§ZreãXm§Mo eñÌ Yaco Amho. Vo åhUVmV-

Amem~Õ dŠVm,Ÿ& ^` lmo{V`mÀ`m {MÎmmŸ&

JmVmo Vo {M Zmhr R>mdo,Ÿ& Vm|S> dmgr H$mhr Úmdo

Omco cmo mMo _m§OaŸ& ^rH$ _mJo XmamoXma

_mn Am{U JmoUrŸ& VwH$m åhUo [aVt XmoÝhr

Ðì`mMr Anojm Yê$Z H$sV©Z H$aUmam H$sV©ZH$ma Agcm H$s "hm H$mhr Var _mJocM' Aer ^rVrEoH$Umè`mÀ`m {MÎmmV {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo Jm`Z Ë`mcm Am{U lmoË`mcm H$iV Zmhr. cmoH$m§ZrAmnUmg H$mhr Úmdo `mgmR>rM Vo "Vm|S> dmgUo' AgVo. Agm dŠVm åhUOo KamoKar qhSy>Z nmoQ>mMr IiJrâUmao cmo r _m§OaM. [aH$må`m _mnmZo JmoUr H$Yr âoc? Vgo dŠVm Am{U lmoVm ÔZmÀ`m ~m~VrVeyÝ`M amhVmV.

AkmZm_wio cmoH$ ^cË`m {Xeocm cmJVmV. AÜ`mË_mV ~Kmdo {VH$S>o AkmZM Amho. ^ŠVr, nyOm,H$_© Am{U kmZ øm JmoîQ>r AkmZmV ~wSy>ZM cmoH$ H$aVmV. _J øm JmoîQ>r gmW© H$em hmoVrc? ^ŠVrÀ`mjoÌmVrc AS>mUrnUmda VwH$mam_ Q>rHo$Mr PmoS> CR>dVmZm {XgVmV.

AkmZmMr ^ŠVr BpÀN>Vr g§nÎmrŸ& V`m{M o _Vr ~moY H¡$MmŸ&&

AkmZmMr nyOm H$m{_H$ ^mdZmŸ& V`m{M`m Ü`mZm Xod H¡$MmŸ&&

AkmZmMo H$_© \$ir R>odr _Z,Ÿ& {ZîH$m_ gmYZ V`m H¡$MoŸ&&

AkmZmMo kmZ {df`mdar Ü`mZŸ& ~«÷ gZmVZ V`m H¡$MoŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Oimo Eo{g`mMo Vm|S>,Ÿ& AkmZmMo ~§S> dmT>{dVrŸ&&

n¡emÀ`m cmo mZo Ho$cocr ^ŠVr hr AkmZmMr ^ŠVr hmo . `m ^ŠVr_wio ~wÕrcm AmË_~moY H$gmhmoUma? cmo mZo nyOm H$aUo AkmZmMo Amho. Aem§À`m Ü`mZr Xod H$gm oUma? \$cmeoZo Ho$coco H$_©AkmZmMo AgVo. Ë`mZo {ZîH$m_ H$_© moJ H$gm gmYUma? {df`mda cj R>odyZ Iè`m ~«÷kmZmMr àmßVrhmoV Zmhr. Aem VèhoZo ZdgmgmR>r ^ŠVr, cm^mgmR>r nyOm, \$cmem wŠV H$_© Am{U {df`m§Mo kmZ `mAkmZmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m JmoîQ>rMm Oo S>§H$m {nQ>VmV, Ë`m§Mo Vm|S> Oimo ! Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV.T>m|JmdaMm hm Ë`m§Mm VrúU d naIS> hëcm Amho.

122

g§Vm§Mr {MÝho A§Jmda YmaU H$ê$Z OJmV {_a{dUmè`m T>m|Jr OZm§Zm VwH$mam_ IS>o ~moc gwZmdVmV-

g§V{MÝho coC{Z A§JrŸ& yfU {_a{dVr OJrŸ&

n{S>co Xw…ImMo gmJarŸ& dhmdco Vo ^dnwarŸ&&

H$m_H«$moYcmo^ {MÎmtŸ& d[ad[a Xm{dVr {daŠVrŸ&&

Amemnmer ~m§Ymo{Z {MÎmŸ& åhUVr Omcmo Amåhr _wŠVŸ&&

Ë`m§Mo cmJco g§JVrŸ& Omcr Ë`mgr Vo {M JVrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo eãXkmZ|Ÿ& OJ Zm{S> oco VoU|Ÿ&&

H$nmimda J§Y, Jù`mV Vwier_mi, Zm_ñ_aU, nmR>m§Va, Cndmg, XodXe©Z Ago CnMma H$aUmaocmoH$ g§V åhUyZ {_a{dVmV. Iao åhUOo ho cmoH$ Xw…ImÀ`m ^dgmJamV ~wS>V Mmcco AmhoV. _ZmV H$m_,H«$moY, cmo , _X, _moh d _Ëga ho fS²>[any R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gco AmhoV. ho cmoH$ {daŠVrMm XoImdm H$aVmV.Ë`m§Mo _Z Amem§À`m nmemV Jw§Vcoco AgVo. nU "Amåhr _wŠV Pmcmo' Aer ~VmdUr Vo H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mg§JVrV amhUmao cmoH$ VgoM dmJVmV. Amnë`m eãX~§~mi dmUrZo ho cmoH$ OJmcm ZmS>VmV, N>iVmV,nwñVH$s nm§{S>Ë` H$m` H$m_mMo?

H$mhr cmoH$ "S>moB© dmT>dy{Z Ho$e& yV| Am{UVr A§JmgŸ&&' VgoM "_oidy{Z ZaZmarŸ& eHw$Z gm§JVrZmZmnar'. Aem cmoH$m§~Ôc VwH$mo~m ñnîQ>nUo åhUVmV- "VwH$m åhUo _¢XŸ& Zmhr Ë`mnmgr JmoqdXŸ&&'_mUgmÀ`m ^m|XynUmMm VwH$mo~m OiOirV eãXm§V {ZfoY H$aVmZm åhUVmV - "Eogo H¡$go Omco ^m|XyŸ& H$_©H$amo{Z åhUVr gmYwŸ&& A§Jm cmdy{Z`m amIŸ& S>moio PmHw$Zr H$[aVr nmnŸ&& Xmdw{Z d¡am½`mMr H$imŸ& ^moJr{df`mMm gmohimŸ&& VwH$m åhUo gm§Jmo {H$VrŸ& Oimo V`m§Mr g§JVrŸ&&' ho ^m|Xy cmoH$ A§Jmcm amI \$mgVmVd gmYwnUmMm Amd AmUVmV. S>moio PmHy$Z Vo nmn H$aVmV. Mohè`mda {daŠVrMm WmQ> KoD$Z Vo {df`^moJ^moJVmV. Aem cmoH$m§Mr g§JVr Oimo Ago VwH$mo~m åhUVmV Vo gmpÎdH$ g§VmnmZo !

"H$mo{S>`mMo JmoaonUŸ& V¡go Ah§H$mar _Z' Agm A{^àm` VwH$mo~m XoVmV. H$mo{S>`mMo H$moS> H$YrM ZîQ>hmoV Zmhr, Vgo Ah§H$mar _Z H$YrM ~XcV Zmhr. XwO©Z ñÌrMm {ZfoYhr Vo H$aVmV. "gmYwg§V KamAmë`mŸ& hmoVr nmR>_moè`mŸ&' Kar gmYw d g§V Amco H$s Aem XwO©Z {ñÌ`m Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmR> {\$a{dVmV.gmgwMm _¥Ë w Pmë`mda "gmgwgmR>r aS>o gyZŸ& ^md A§VarMm {^ÝZŸ&' Aer ^mdZm AgUmè`m ñÌr~ÔcVwH$mo~m§Zm H$éUm dmQ>V Zmhr. Amnë`m ñd^mdmV H$mhr ImoQ> Amho ho EImÚm ñÌrcm H$go OmUdVo Va"n{Vd«VoMr H$sVu dmIm{UVm§Ÿ& qgXirÀ`m _mWm§ {VS>rH$ CR>oŸ&&' n{Vd«Vm ñÌrMr ñVwVr Ho$cr OmVo Voìhm{N>Zmc ñÌrMo S>moHo$ CR>Vo.

AZmMmar Am{U T>m|Jr Jwéda Ë`m§Zr hëcm MT>{dcm Amho. Vo åhUVmV,

"OimoOimo Vo Jwê$nUŸ& Oimo Oimo Vo MoconUŸ&

Jwê$ Amcm doerÛmarŸ& {eî` niVmo qIS>marŸ&&'

123

dfm©gZ dgwc H$aÊ`mgmR>r doerV Amcoë`m Jwê$cm nmhÿZ {eî` AmS>dmQ>ocm niyZ OmVmV. Ë`m XmoKm§MmhrVwH$mo~m BWo {YŠH$ma H$aVmV.

VwH$mam_m§Zr AZmMmar d T>m|Jr gmYwËd H$aUmè`m§Zm AZoH$ XwfUo {Xcr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mVrc CUonUmda~moQ> R>odco Amho.

g§Ý`mgr : "hmoC{Z g§Ý`mgr ^Jdr cwJS>rŸ& dmgZm Z gmoS>r {df`mMr'

Jmogmdr : "cm§~dw{Z OQ>m H$[aVm {d y{V conZŸ& A{^_mZ _moQ>m H$[aVmVr'

H$mZ\$mQ>o : "H$mZ \$mSw>{Z`m _wÐm Vo Km{cVrŸ& ZmW åhU{dVr OJm_mOr'

O§J_ : "hmoCZr O§J_ {d yVr cm{dVrŸ& e§I dmO{dVr KamoKarŸ&'

_c§J : "H$m¡S>rH$m¡S>rgmR>r \$mo{S>VmVr {eaŸ& H$mTw>{Z é{Ya _c§J VoŸ&''

"Eogo ZmZmdof KoD$Z qhS>VrŸ& nmoQ>mgmR>r KoVr à{VJ«hŸ&'

Agm `m gdmªda VwH$mo~m§Mm A{^àm` Amho. H$_©H$m§S>, Zdggm`mg, A§YlÕm dmT>rcm cmdUmao hoVWmH${WV gmYw g_mOmcm doR>rg YaVmV. ho ImoQ>o gmYw g_mOmMr hmZr H$aVmV. g_mOmcm MwH$sÀ`m_mJm©da ZoD$Z R>odVmV. ^{ŠV_mJm©Vrc {_Ï`m CnMmam§da VwH$mam_m§Zr H$R>moa àhma Ho$cm Am{U OZVocm{MÎmewÕrMm _§Ì {Xcm.

AY_-XwO©Z-g_mOH§$Q>H$ cmoH$m§Zm {H$Vrhr ~XcÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Var Ë`m§À`mV ~Xc hmoVZmhr, ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mo~m åhUVmV-

JmT>d e¥§Jm[aco H$moS>oŸ& H$mhr Ho$ë`m Zìho KmoS>oŸ&&1&&

Ë`mMo w§H$Uo Z amhoŸ& ñd^mdmgr H$arc H$m oŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&

œmZ {e{~H$o ~¡g{dcoŸ& w§H$Vm§ Z amho CJc|Ÿ&&2&&

VwH$m åhUo ñd^mdH$_©Ÿ& H$mhr Ho$ë`m Z gwQ>o Y_©Ÿ&&3&&

JmT>d {H$Vrhr gOdco Var Ë`mMm KmoS>m hmoV Zmhr. Vo qIH$miUmaM. Hw$Í`mcm nmcIrV ~g{dcoVar Vo w§H$UmaM ! Á`mMm Ë`mMm Vmo ñd^mdM AgVmo.

H$mhr ~«m÷U \$ŠV OmVrMoM AgVmV. Vmo g§Ü`mñZmZ d XodnyOm H$arV Zmhr. Vmo g§VXe©Z KoVZmhr. Vmo "{ZË` doí oMm g_mJ_' H$aVmo. Vmo H$gcm ~«m÷U? nm{Vd«Ë`mMm Amd AmUUmè`m Hw$H$_u{ñÌ`m§dahr VwH$mo~m VwQy>Z nS>co AmhoV.

n{Vd«Vm Eogr OJm_Ü o _mVŸ& ^moJr nmM gmV A§Ymar VoŸ&&1&& «Vmamgr coIr œmZmMo g_mZŸ&nanwéfr OmU g§ ««_ VmoŸ&&2&& VwH$m åhUo {VÀ`m Xmofm Zmhr nmaŸ& ^moJrc AKmoa Hw§$^nmH$Ÿ&& nm{Vd«Ë`mMmXoImdm H$arV H$mhr {ñÌ`m Zdè`mcm Hw$Í`mà_mUo dmJdVmV. AZoH$ nwéfm§H$Sy>Z H$m_em§Vr H$ê$Z KoVmV.

124

Aem XmofnyU© {ñÌ`m nwT>rc OÝ_mV Hw§$^nmH$ ZaH$mV OmVmV.

_mUgmZo Mm[aÍ` Am{U _Z ewÕ R>odyZ na_oœamMr ^ŠVr H$amdr. gmar _mUgo na_oœamMr coH$aoAmhoV, ho cjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§À`mer ào_mZo dmJmdo. Ago VwH$mam_ gm§JVM am{hco. nU H$mhr _mUgoA^m{dH$ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m _ZmV na_oœa{df`H$ lÕm^md AgVM Zmhr. Aem øm éj-H$moaS>çm_mUgm§Zmhr VwH$mo~m \$Q>H$maVmZm {XgVmV. H$mdù`mÀ`m Jù`mV _wŠVm\$imMr _mi KmVcr, hÎmrdaH$ñVwarMm con {Xcm, ~Jù`mnwT>o Mm§Jco ~moc Cƒmaco Va Ë`mMm Ë`m§Zm H$m` Cn`moJ? "VwH$m åhUo V¡goA^m{dH$ OZŸ& Ë`mgr dm`m grU H$ê$ Z oŸ&&'

OnmMo {Z{_Îm H$ê$Z JmT> Pmon KoUmè`m§Mr "Eogr Vr ^OZ| A_§Ji dmUrŸ& gm|J g§nmXUr~hþéß`mMrŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&& godo{dgr Ho$co cmo m{M o AmgoŸ& V`m H$moR>o Ago Cacm XodŸ&& XwH$m åhUo _mZX§ O`m{MÎmrŸ& V`mMr \${OVr H$ê$ AmåhrŸ&&' cmo mÀ`m AmeoZo XodmMr godm H$aUmao ho ^ŠV Xm§{^H$ AmhoV.Ë`m§Mr Amåhr \${OVr H$ê$ Ago Vo R>UH$mdyZ gm§JVmV.

VwH$mam_m§Zr g_mOmVrc X§ mda H$R>moa hëcm Ho$cm Amho. «îQ> OrdZmda Vo Kmd KmcVmV. n{dÌOrdZmMm AmJ«h YarV Ë`m§Zr Xm§{^H$VoMm ~waIm \$mS>cm Amho. BWo Ë`m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd H$UIa dcT>dæ`m dramMo dmQ>Vo. XwîQ> àd¥ÎmrÀ`m cmoH$m§er Vo Am wî`^a PJS>V Amco. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {dMmagaUrVamoIR>moH$nUm Amcm Amho. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mr dmUr __©J«mhr d YmaXma ~Zcr Amho. Vr dmMH$m§À`m _ZmMmR>md KoVo. VwH$mam_m§Zr g_mOmVrc XwîQ>, T>m|Jr, g§YrgmYw Am{U n{T>H$ n§{S>V `m§À`mda eñÌ Yaco Amho.AkmZmMr ^ŠVr H$aUmè`m§Mm Vo g_mMma KoVmZm {XgVmV. A§YlÕm nga{dUmè`m cmoH$m§Zm Vo g_mOmMoeÌy _mZVmV. cmo r dŠVm hmhr Ë`m§À`m Q>rHo$Mm {df` Pmcm Amho.

""Ë`mZo gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmcmhr Amnë`m Q>rHo$VyZ dJico Zmhr. AË §V H$Qw>VoZo Ë`m§À`m Xmofm§daàhma Ho$co. coH$am§Zm _maUmao AmB©~mn, hþ§S>çmgmR>r _wcr {dH$Umao, Iam~ H${dVm {c{hUmao, ZdgmZonwÌàmßVr H$aUmao, OmoJr, Á`mo{Vfr, V§~mIw {nUmao, qhgH$ - gdmªZm Ë`mZo PS>PSy>Z {eì`m {Xë`mAmhoV. _wimVM hm g_mO X[aÐr Am{U A^mdJ«ñV, Am{U Ë`mV `m g_mOmda naOrdr ~m§S>Jwim§MmgwH$mi, Aem {IñVr gmdH$ma, ^m|Xy g§V d Jwê$, g§Ý`mgr, ~¡amJr, ZmWn§Wr, _c§J, O§J_, \$H$sa B.Mm Ë`mZo H$S>H$ eãXm§V {Y…ŠH$ma Ho$cm, H$maU Ë`mMo öX` ho gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmH$[aVm Zoh_rMH$ê$UoÀ`m ^mamZo dmH$coco Ago. Ë`mMo H$Zdmiy öX` AË §V H$Qw> Cnhmg Agcoë`m A §Jm§_YyZhrOmUdVo. VwH$mam_mBVH$m gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m Odi Jococm, Ë`m§À`m amoOÀ`m Xw…Imer g_ag hmoUmamg§VH$dr Xwgam Zmhr.'' Ago ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o åhUVmV. (VwH$mam_ - n¥îR> 86)

5.3.4 g§VJm¡ad

VwH$mam_m§Zm gmYH$ Xeo_Ü o g§Vm§À`m ghdmgmMr CËH$Q> AmoT> hmoVr. "\w$cmg§Jo _mVrg dmg cmJo'Aer g§Vm§Mr _hVr hmoVr, Vr VwH$mam_m§Zm _m{hV hmoVr. g§V ghdmg AmnUmg cm^mdm Aer BÀN>mhr

125

Vo na_oídamH$S>o ì`ŠV H$aVmV. g§Vm§À`m ghdmgmV ì`ŠVrMo AmMma {dMma ewÕ hmoVmV, g_mOmon`moJrhmoVmV, Agm Ë`m§Mm AZw d hmoVm. na_oídamH$S>o Vo XmZ _mJVmV-

ho{M XmZ Xo Jm XodmŸ& VwPm {dga Z ìhmdmŸ&

JwU JmB©Z AmdS>rŸ& ho{M _mPr gd© OmoS>rŸ&

Z cJo _w{ŠV Am{U g§nXmŸ& g§V g§J XoB© gXmŸ&&

Ë`m§Zm _wŠVr ZH$mo, g§nÎmr ZH$mo. Ë`m§Zm nm{hOo Amho Vmo g§Vm§Mm ghdmg! na_mWm©_Ü o g§Vg§JVr A_mocR>aVo. g§V ho na_oídamer g_ag Pmcoco AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm ghdmg ^ŠVmcm gXmMmar ~Z{dVmo. åhUyZAmnco OrdZH$m © gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV - "dmMm ~mocmo doXZrVrŸ& H$ê$ g§Vr Ho$co VoŸ&&' g§Vm§ZrOo H$ê$Z XmI{dco VoM AmMaUmV AmUy, Aer Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m Amho. VgoM "gm§Sy> g§Vm§Mo _maJ, AmS>amZo^aco OJ,' øm {ZdoXZmV Vo åhUVmV - nydu g§Vm§Zr XmI{dcoco {hVmMo _mJ© AkmZm_wio AÑí` PmcoAmhoV. Vo gm\$ H$ê$Z XmIdy H$maU AmO OJ AmS>amZmZo ^aco Amho. gmYwg§Vm§Zr Á`m na_mW© _mJm©MogodZ Ho$co Amho, Ë`mMmM Cacocm CpÀN>îQ> ^mJ Amåhr godZ H$ê$ d ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam {nQy> !

_oUmhÿZ _D$-dO«mhÿZ H$R>rU

{dîUwXmg, g§V, gÁOZ, gmYw ho gm_mÝ`V… g_mZmWu eãX VwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`m A §JdmUrV`mo{Oco AmhoV. Amåhr {dîUwXmg H$go AmhmoV, ho VoM gm§JVmV-

_D$ _oUmhÿZ Amåhr {dîUwXmgŸ& H$R>rU dO«mg oXy§ EogoŸ&&

_oco {OV Agmo, {ZOmo{Z`m§ OmJoŸ& Omo Omo Oo Oo _mJo Vo Vo XoD§$Ÿ&&

^co V[a XoD$ H$mgoMr c§JmoQ>rŸ& ZmR>çmim {M JmR>r XoD§$ _mWmŸ&&

_m`m~mnmhÿZ ~hþ _m`md§VŸ& H$ê$ KmVnmV eÌyhÿ{ZŸ&&

A_¥V Vo H$m` JmoS> Amåhm§nwT>oŸ& {df Vo ~mnwS>o H$Sy> {H$VrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Amåhr AdKo{M JmoS>Ÿ& Á`mMo nwao H$moS> Ë`mMo narŸ&&

Amåhr {dîUwXmg _oUmnojm _D$ AmhmoV VgoM dO«mg oXÊ`mMr VmH$X Am_À`mV Amho. {dH$ma-dmgZm `m§À`m~m~VrV Amåhr _¥V AmhmoV, Va AmË_kmZÑîQ>çm Amåhr {Od§V AmhmoV. g§gmamÀ`m~m~VrV Amåhr Pmoncocmo Agcmo Var na_mWm©À`m ~m~VrV Amåhr OmJo AmhmoV. Á`mcm Oo hdo VoXoÊ`mMr CXmaVm Am_À`mH$S>o Amho. gÁOZmcm Amåhr H$_aoMr c§JmoQ>r XoD$ Va XwîQ>mÀ`m S>moŠ`mV H$mR>r_mê$. Amåhr AmB©d{S>cm§nojm ào_i AmhmoV nU doi Amë`mda eÌynojmhr _moR>m KmVnmV H$ê$. Am_À`mdmJUwH$snwT>o A_¥VmMr JmoS>r {\$H$s Amho. Var àg§Jr {dfmZo cmOmdo BVH$s KmVH$ Am_Mr dmJUwH$AgVo. Iao nmhVm Amåhr nyU©V… JmoS>M AmhmoV. Á`mMr Or BÀN>m Agoc Vr Amåhr nyU© H$ê$.{dîUwXmgm§Mr _Zo AVŠ © AgVmV.

126

{dîUw_` OJ d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©

CÀMZrMVoÀ`m «m_H$ H$ënZm§VyZ {Z{_©V oXm oXmMo «_ A_§Jc AmhoV. øm OJmVrc gd©M dñVy{dîUw_` AmhoV, g_mZ AmhoV Ago _mZUo hmM Iam d¡îUd Y_© Amho - hm A{^àm` ì`ŠV H$arVVwH$mam_ åhUVmV-

{dîUw_` OJ d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ& oXm oX «_ A_§JiŸ& ABH$m Or Vwåhr ^ŠV ^mJdVŸ&

H$amc Vo {hV gË` H$amŸ& H$moUmhr OrdmMm Z KS>mo _ËgaŸ& d_© gd}ídanyOZmMoŸ&

VwH$m åhUo EH$m XohmMo Ad`dŸ& gwI Xw…I Ord ^moJ nmdoŸ&&

ho ^ŠVm§Zmo, Vwåhmg Oo H$aUo Agoc Vo emídV H$ë`mUmMo H$am. H$moUË`mhr àm{U_mÌmMm Ûof H$ê$ZH$m. `mV na_oídanyOZmMo __© gmR>{dco Amho. hmVnm` B. EH$mM XohmMo Ad`d Agë`mZo Ë`m§ZmhmoUmè`m gwIXw…Im§Mm AZw d {OdmËå`mcm oVmoM.

OJ d B©ída EH$ Amho. gmar _mUgo na_oœamMr coH$ao AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm Ûof Hw$Urhr H$ê$ Z o.g_VoMo ho VÎd d¡îUd {ZË` {Z`_mZo A§{JH$maVmV.

Xwgè`m A §JmV Vo åhUVmV-

{dîUwXmg Amåhr Z ä`m| H${iH$mim,Ÿ&

wcmo _¥JOim Z KS>o V|Ÿ&&

Amåhr {dîUwXmg H${iH$mimcm XoIrc ^rV Zmhr. _J Amåhr g§gmamÀ`m _¥JOimV \$gy hr JmoîQ> gd©W¡dAeŠ` hmo .

{dîUwXmg ~«÷kmZmcmhr Xya gmaVmV. g§V Ë`m~m~VrV CXmg AgVmV åhUyZ Vo ~«÷kmZ g§Vm§À`mAml`mcmM OmUo ng§V H$aVo.

d¡îUdmMo gd© ào_ na_oœamda

Iè`m d¡îUdmMr cjUo gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ EH$m A §JmV åhUVmV-

d¡îUd Vmo O`m,Ÿ& AdKr Xodmdar _m`m,Ÿ& Zmhr Am{UH$ à_mUŸ& VZ YZ V¥U OZ.Ÿ&&

nS>Vm OS> ^marŸ& Zo_m Z Q>io {ZYm©arŸ& VwH$m åhUo `mVr,Ÿ& hmo H$m V`mMr ^cVr.Ÿ&&

Á`mMo gd© ào_ Xodmda H|${ÐV Pmco Amho, Á`mcm Xodm{edm` AÝ` H$moUVrhr JmoîQ> gma yV dmQ>VZmhr. Á`mcm Xoh, g§nÎmr d OZ `m§Mm _moh Z nS>Vm Vr Ë`mcm JdVmg_ jwëcH$ dmQ>VmV, Omo AmnÎmrAmcr AgVmZmhr B©ídamonmgZo_Ü o H$Yr I§S> nSy> XoV Zmhr. VmoM Iam d¡îUd hmo . _J Ë`mMr OmVH$moUVr H$m AgoZm ! Xod hmM Ë`m§g Ü`mg AgVmo, œmg AgVmo.

127

Xod VoWo{M OmUmdm

VwH$mam_m§À`m øm {d»`mV A §JmV gmYwcm àË`j na_oœaM _mZco Amho.

Oo H$m a§Oco Jm§Oco,Ÿ& Ë`m{g åhUo Omo AmnwcoŸ&&

Vmo{M gmYw AmoiImdmŸ& Xod VoWo{M OmUmdmŸ&&

_¥Xw g~mø ZdZrV,Ÿ& V¡go gÁOZmMo {MÎmŸ&&

Á`m{g Amn§{JVm Zmhr,Ÿ& Ë`m{g Yar Omo öX`tŸ&&

X`m H$aUo Oo nwÌmgr,Ÿ& Vo{M Xmgm Am{U XmgrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo gm§Jw {H$VrŸ& Vmo{M ^Jd§VmMr _yVuŸ&&

a§Oë`m Jm§Oë`m§Zm Omo ào_mZo Amnco åhUVmo, Vmo gmYw hmo , VmoM Xod hmo . g‚mZmMo {MÎmcmoÊ`mà_mUo A§V~m©ø _D$ AgVo. {ZamYmam§Zm Omo ào_mZo öX`t YaVmo Am{U godH$m{XH$m§da Omo _wcm§à_mUoX`m XmI{dVmo, Ë`mÀ`m{df`r H$m` gm§Jmdo? Vmo ^Jd§VmMr àË`j à{V_mM Amho.

g§V Zoh_rM OJV² H$ë`mUmMm {dMma H$aVmV. namonH$ma hm Ë`m§Mm dgm AgVmo.

OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUm g§Vm§À`m {d yVrŸ& Xoh H$îQ>{dVr CnH$ma|Ÿ&&

yVm§Mr X`m ho ^m§S>dc g§VmŸ& Amnwcr __Vm Zmhr XohrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo gwI nam{d`m gwI|Ÿ& A_¥V ho _wI| òdVgoŸ&&

^ŠVr_mJm©Zo B©ídaàmßVr Pmë`mZ§Vahr g§V ñdV…À`m Xohm{df`r {Z_©_ hmoVmV. Vmo Xoh g§V Xwgè`m§À`mCnH$mamgmR>r {PO{dVmV. àm{U_mÌm§{df`r Ë`m§À`m _ZmV X`m~wÕr AgVo. Ë`m_wio BVam§À`m gwImZo VogwIr hmoVmV Am{U BVam§Zr Vgo dmJmdo åhUyZ A_¥V_` CnXoe H$aVmV. g§V ho g_mOmMo Z_« godH$AmhoV, hr oWo y{_H$m Amho. yVX`m, namonH$ma, AZmgŠVr, JmoS> dmUr, {Z_m}hrnUm Am{U gdmª{df`r__ËdmMr ^mdZm ho gX²JwU g§Vm§À`m A§Jr dgV AgVmV.

EoaUrda R>odyZ KUmMo Kmd KmVco Var Omo \w$Q>V Zmhr, VmoM Iam {ham hmo . Ë`mà_mUo "VwH$m åhUoVmo{M g§VŸ& gmogr OJmMo AmKmVŸ&&' OJmV H$mhr cmoH$ g§Vm§Mr qZXm H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm Ìmghr XoVmV. nUho gmao AkmZm_wio Vo H$aVmV Ago g_OyZ g§Vm§Zr Vo ghZ Ho$co nm{hOo. cmoH$m§Mr Xw…Iohr Ë`m§Zr Amncr_mZcr nm{hOoV. `mVM Ë`m§Mo g§VnU gm_mdco Amho.

^modVrÀ`m _mUgm§À`m BÀN>m§Mr nyVu H$aUmao Vo g§V ! ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-gH$iqMVm_Ur earaŸ& Oar Om` Ah§H$ma Amem g_yiŸ& qZXm qhgm Zmhr H$nQ> Xoh~wÕrŸ& {Z_©i ñ\${Q>H$O¡gmŸ&& Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc Ah§H$ma Am{U Amem _wimgH$Q> {ZKyZ Jococr AgVmV. Vo H$moUmMrqZXm AJa qhgm H$arV ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m _ZmV BVam§{df`r H$nQ>~wÕr ZgVo. Ë`m§Mo _Z ñ\${Q>H$mà_mUo{Z_©i AgVo. gd© VrWmªZmhr Vo VrW© yV AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mOdi Iyn cmoH$ oVmV Am{U g_mYmZ

128

nmdVmV. Ë`m§À`m Xe©ZmZo ^ŠVm§Zm _moj {_iVmo. Ë`m§Mo _Z Zoh_rM ewÕ AgVo. Vo {ZË`Zo_mZo na_oœamMoJwUJmZ H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m§Zr Amnco VZ _Z Am{U YZ B©œamn©U Ho$coco AgVo. Ë`m§Zm H$emMrhr AmemZgVo. Ago g§V n[agmhÿZ doJio AgVmV.

h[a V¡go harMo Xmg :

Ogm har VgmM Ë`mMm ^ŠV AgVmo.

h[a V¡go harMo XmgŸ& Zmhr V`m ^` _moh qMVm AmgŸ&

hmoC{Z amhmVr CXmgŸ& ~iH$Q> H$mg ^ŠVrMrŸ&&

Ë`mcm ^`, _moh, qMVm d Amem ZgVmV. ^ŠVrMr ~iH$Q> H$mg Yê$Z ~mH$sÀ`m JmoîQ>t{df`r VoCXmgrZ AgVmV. na_oœamÀ`m nm`mer crZ hmoD$Z OZm§Mm Vo Ë`mJ H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm _mZnmZmMr AnojmZgVo. YZ ho Ë`m§Zm _mVrg_mZ AgVo. Vo Zoh_r B©eZm_mMo ñ_aU H$aVmV. H$m_ H«$moYmda Vo gÎmmJmO{dVmV. H$mimcm ZmJ{dUmao ho h[aXmg gdmª{df`r crZ AgVmV. g§gma Vmo V`m§Mm XmgŸ& _moj VonmhmVgo dmgŸ& [a{Õ{gÕr J_Vr ÌmgŸ& Z {edVr `mg d¡îUdOZŸ&&'' OÝ_ Am{U _¥Ë y Ë`m§Zm ñdßZmgmaIoAgVmV. "VwH$m åhUo AI§{S>V gwI|Ÿ& dmUr dXo _wI| ào_m A_¥VmMrŸ&&' Aem h[aXmgm§À`m _wImVyZA_¥V_` ào_dmUr gVV àH$Q> hmoV AgVo. VwH$m åhUo Ë`m§Zr Ho$crŸ& d¡Hw§$R> _o{XZrŸ&& Aem ^ŠVm§_wioMn¥ÏdrMm ñdJ© ~ZVmo. Ë`m§À`m ^mfUmZo OÝ_mMo Xw…I Zm{hgo hmoVo. åhUyZ "VwH$m åhUo Odit Z nmMm[aVmOmd|Ÿ& g§VMaUt ^mdo [aKmd`mŸ&&'' g§nyU© {díd åhUOo Xod hm Ë`m§Mm AZw d AgVmo. Ë`m§À`m Xe©ZmZonmn ZîQ> hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm H$m_ H«$moY ZgVmV. gd© àm{U_mÌm§Zm Vo g_ËdmZo nmhVmV. Ë`m§À`mOdi Û¡VmÛ¡VmModmX I§{S>V hmoVmV. Ë`m§À`m n{cH$S>o Vo AgVmV. ào_gwImMo amer Agcoco ho g§V Am¡fYmcmhr nmnR>odrV ZmhrV. B©eZm_mÀ`m O`KmofmZo ho {díd Vo ^ê$Z Am{U ^mê$Z Q>mH$VmV.

g§Vm§Mo AdVma H$m ©

VwH$mo~m§Zr nwT>rc A §JmV g§Vm§Mo AdVmaH$m © gm§{JVco Amho. Vo Ë`m§Zmhr cmJy Amho.

Vwåhr g§V _m`~mn H¥$nmd§VŸ& H$m` _r n{VV H$sVu dmUy§Ÿ&

AdVma Vwåhm§ Yam`m H$maUŸ& CÕamdo OZ OS>OrdŸ&

dmT>{dco gwI ^{ŠV^md Y_©Ÿ& Hw$imMma Zm_ {dR>mo~mMoŸ&

VwH$m åhUo JwU M§XZmMo A§JrŸ& V¡go Vwåhr OJt g§VOZŸ&&

""OS> Ordm§Mm CÕma H$amdm. OJmV Y_©, ^{ŠV^md, Hw$imMma Am{U {dÇ>cmMo Zm_ dmT>dmdoåhUyZ g§V AdVaVmV d Ë`mgmR>r M§XZmà_mUo {POyZ BVam§Zm gwdmg XoVmV. Oo H$moUmMmhr _Ëga H$arVZmhrV, yVm§Mo nmcZ hrM Á`m§Mr XodnyOm Amho, Oo Amnë`mdaM égVmV-\w$JVmV d BVa gdmªZm h[a_mZVmV. "VwH$m åhUo g§VnU `m{M ZmdoŸ& O[a Ord hmo gH$im§MmŸ&' `m§ZmM g§V åhUVmV.'' Ago

129

S>m°. e§. Xm. n|S>go åhUVmV. (gmjmËH$mar g§V VwH$mam_ - n¥îR> 111)

_wIt A_¥VmMr dmUrŸ& Xoh doMmdm H$maUrŸ&

gdmªJr {Z_©i,Ÿ& {MÎm O¡go J§JmOiŸ& VwH$m åhUo OmVrŸ& Vmn, Xe©Z| {dlm§VrŸ&&

gÁOZm§À`m g§JVrMo _hÎd _moR>o Amho. JmoS> ~mocUo, namonH$mamgmRr Xoh `moOUo, {MÎm ewÕ amIUoho g§VM-g‚mZM H$ê$ eH$VmV. Aem n{dÌ _mUgmÀ`m Xe©ZmZo {Ì{dY Vmn Zm{hgo hmoD$Z _Zmcm em§Vr{_iVo. "M§XZmMo hmVnm`hr M§XZŸ& n[agm Zmhr hrZ H$moUr A§JŸ&... VwH$m åhUo V¡gm gÁOZmnmgyZŸ&nmhVm§ AdJwU {_io{M ZmŸ&&' AmH$me Ogo gd©Ì nyU©nUo ì`mncoco Amho, VX²dV g§V gÁOZ g§nyU©V…JwUm§ZrM ^acoco AgVmV. h[aXmgm§Mr oQ> Pmcr H$s nmn, Vmn d X¡Ý` Zm{hgo hmoVo.

kmZr gËnwéf

~rOmVyZ d¥j d d¥jmVyZ ~rO {Z_m©U hmoVo, Vgo g§V d na_mË_m `m§À`mVrc ZmVo AgVo. nmUr dË`mdarc Va§J ho XmoÝhr EH$M. Vgo g§V B©œamMo A§JM ! h[a^ŠVmcm àmaãY, {H«$`_mU Am{U g§{MV`m§Vrc EH$hr H$_© Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m AmV-~mhoa XodM ì`mnyZ am{hcocm AgVmo. åhUyZ Vmo Xodê$nM AgVmo.Ë`mcm gËd-aO-V_ `m§n¡H$s H$moUË`mhr JwUmMr ~mYm hmoV Zmhr. Vmo ImVmo. ~mocVmo. H$m_ H$aVmo. `mgd© {H«$`m§VyZ harMr àoaUmM AgVo. Ago ho XodnU d ^ŠVnU AcJ Zmhr.

VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m nwT>rc A §JmV AmXe© kmZr gËnwê$fmMo {MÌU Ho$co Amho.

~«÷ag JmoS>r V`m§gr \$mdcrŸ& dmgZm {Z_mcr gH$i Á`m§MrŸ&

Zmhr Ë`m {dQ>mi AI§S> gmodirŸ& Cnm{YdoJir Om{UdoÀ`mŸ&&

_Z ho {Züc Omc| EHo$ R>m`rŸ& V`m§ CUo H$m§B© {ZOgwImŸ&

Vr{M nwÊ`d§Vo naCnH$marŸ& à~mo{YVr Zmar Za cmoH$m§Ÿ&

VwH$m åhUo Ë`m§Mo nm`t nm`nmogŸ& hmoD${Z`m§ dmg H$[aZ VoW|Ÿ&&

~«÷kmZàmßVrZ§Va namonH$mamV OrdZ ì`VrV H$aUmè`m d OZ à~moYZ H$aUmè`m AmXe© kmZrgV²nwéfmMo {MÌU VwH$mo~m§Zr BWo Ho$co Amho. Á`m§Mr dmgZm g_wi ZîQ> Pmcr Ë`m§ZmM ~«÷agmñdmXcm^Vmo, em§Vr cm^Vo. Ë`m§Zm {dQ>mi Zmhr. Vo AI§S> gmodioM AgVmV. Ah§H$ma_ycH$ OmUrdoMr CnmYrË`m§Zm amhV Zmhr. _Z AmË_ñdê$nmV {Züc Pmco, àkm pñWa Pmcr åhUOo Ë`m§À`m AmË_mZ§XmV CUrdamhV Zmhr. Ago nwÊ`dmZ gV² nwéf namonH$mamnwaVo CaVmV. Vo ñÌr-nwéf Agm oX^md Z H$aVm gd©cmoH$m§Mo à~moYZ H$ê$Z AmË_gwImMm _mJ© Ë`m§Zm XmI{dVmV. Aem gËnwéfm§À`m nm`rMm nm`nmoghmoD$Zhr _r Ë`m§À`mOdi dmg H$arZ, Ago VwH$mam_ Z_«VoZo åhUVmV. BWo g§Vm§Mm d g§Vg§JVrMm _{h_mJm{`cm Amho. Aem g§Vm§Zm _wŠVrMr Anojm ZgVo. Ë`m§À`m _ZmV JmoqdXM AgVmo. Ë`m§Zm hdr AgVoVr na_oœamMr OÝ_moOÝ_r godm !


130

g§VmÀ`m nm`r VwH$mo~m§Mm {dœmg hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m_wio Amnë`mcm gd© àH$maMo gwI {_iVo, AgmË`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. "g§VMaUaO cmJVm§ ghOŸ& dmgZoMo ~rO OimoZ Om`Ÿ&&' g§VMaUm§Mr YwiH$nmir cmJë`mda ^ŠVmÀ`m _ZmVrc dmgZm OiyZ OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m ghdmgmZo am_Zm_mMr JmoS>r _ZmVCnOVo Am{U gwI dmT>rg cmJVo. Ë`m§À`m dMZm§Zr Am wî`mVrc Xw…ImMm {ZMam hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m oQ>rZog§gmamMm _moh gwQy>Z OmVmo. "ghO ~mocUo {hV CnXoeŸ& H$é{Z gm`mg {eH${dVrŸ&' g§Vm§Mo ghO ~mocUohm CnXoeM AgVmo. Vo H$îQ> KoD$Z àm{U_mÌm§Zm {eH${dV AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m Xe©ZmZo nmn, Vmn Am{U X¡Ý`ZîQ> hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m AmqcJZmZo H$m`m {Xì` hmoVo. g§VH¥$noMo Xrn gmYH$mcm {Zînmn H$aVmV.

_mÂ`mgma»`m dmgamMo _Z Jm` hmoD$Z g§V gm§ miVmV. Ë`m§À`m oQ>rZo "A_wn OmoS>ë`m gwIm{M`mamer' åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr oQ> ìhmdr, Ago VwH$mo~m§Zm dmQ>Vo. "AmdS>o Á`m h[a A§Vamnmgy{ZŸ& Eo{g`m§Mo _ZtAmV© _mPoŸ&&' Ë`m§À`m oQ>rgmR>r Amncm Ord H$mgmdrg hmoVmo. Amnco S>moio Ë`m§À`mH$S>o cmJco AmhoV.Ë`m§Zm _Zmo mdo AmqcJZ {Xë`mZ§Va Amncm OÝ_ g\$c hmoB©c. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m oQ>rMm {Xdg hm gw{XZAmho d gmohim Amho. nyd©nwÊ`mMr OmoS> Agoc VaM g§Vg§JmH$S>o _ZmMm AmoT>m {Z_m©U hmoVmo. _mÂ`mJwUXmofm§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm g§Vm§Zr _cm nm`mer Aml` {Xcm, Aer H¥$VkVoMr ^mdZm VwH$mam_m§À`m_ZmV Amho.

5.3.5 Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm

VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m {d{dY A §Jm§_YyZ Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm {M{ÌV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mVrc H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~H$WmVËH$mcrZ Hw$Qw>§~OrdZmMo {MÌU H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm dmMë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mrgm§gm[aH$Vm A{YH$ OdiyZ nmhVm oVo. H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm§_YyZ VËH$mcrZ g_mO OrdZmdahr àH$menS>Vmo. øm Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm§_YyZ Hw$R>o gyMH$Vm Amho Va Hw$R>o ñnîQ> {ZdoXZ Amho.

1) _mhoaÀ`m lr_§Vr_Ü o dmT>cocr EH$ g§gmar ñÌr Amnë`m nVrH$S>o ñdV…À`m Vã oVr~ÔcVH«$ma H$aVmZm åhUVo.- "gwIo dmoi§~ Xmdr JmohmŸ& _mPo Xw…I ZoUm nmhmŸ&&'

""_cm H$_r AÝZ MmcV Zmhr. EH$ nm`cr Jhy _cm \$ŠV VrZM {Xdg OmVmV. _mJrc AmR>dS>çmVVwåhr gmS>oXhm eoa gmIa AmUcr hmoVr. Vr Oo_Vo_ Mma ghm {Xdg nwacr. _cm Zoh_r nmoQ>mMr qMVm !XyY-^mV, gmIa, Vyn ho _mPo nÏ` Amho. ho nXmW© Imëë`mZ§Va _cm Xwnmar Pmon oVo. H$Yr H$Yr _mPoH$nmi R>UH$Vo. H$mhr Ho$ë`m Pmon oV Zmhr. Aem doir _wco~mio Odi ZH$moer dmQ>VmV. ho _mPo Xw…IVwåhmg H$go ~ao H$iV Zmhr?'' Zdam ~mB©cdoS>m AgVmo. Vmo {VMo Xw…I EoHy$Z ""hmo , hmo '' åhUVmo.nËZrMr hr VH«$ma EoH$Umam Zdam JmT>d Amho, Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV. "Joco dmar Vwåhr Am{Ucr gmH$aŸ&gmVXr Jocr gmS>oXhm eoaŸ&' BVH$s gmIa {VZo åhUyZ nwadyZ dmnacr, Ago Vr Ë`mcm gm§JVo Amho.

g§gma H$gm H$ê$ Z`o, Ë`mMo ho CÎm_ {MÌU Amho. ~m`H$mo EofAmam_mV Va nVr H$îQ>mV, AerBWcr g§gmamMr pñWVr Amho. nU nËZrM VH«$ma H$aVo Amho. nVrÀ`m Am{W©H$VoMo ho emofU Amho. BWcr

131

nËZr EoVImD$ Am{U CYinÅ>r H$aUmar Amho. Aer I{M©H$ ñÌr g§gma gmdê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$mQ>H$gaH$ê$Z g§gma H$aUmar hr ñÌr Zmhr. g§gmamV `m ñÌrcm \$ŠV Amncm ñdmW© H$iVmo. {Vcm Zdè`mMrH$miOr Zmhr. {VÀ`m gwImMr gmYZo nwa{dUmao §Ì EdT>oM Ë`mMo {VÀ`m coIr _hÎd Amho. l_mMrQ>mimQ>mi Am{U n¡emMr CYi_mYi hm Ë`m nËZrMm g§gmamcm hmZrH$maH$ Agm ñd^md Amho. KaMrñÌr ñdmWu d Amn_Vc~r, I{M©H$ d AmË_H|$Ðr Agoc Va g§gma IwOm d Iw§Q>cocmM amhVmo. g§gmarñÌrMo ho AmË_{ZdoXZ cm¡{H$H$ gwImMr {dnarV arV gm§JVo. Eo{hH$m_Ü o ~wS>mcocr hr _mUgo nmacm¡{H$H$mMm{dMma H$gm H$aUma? hm BWcm VwH$mo~m§Mm àíZ Amho. ho Hw$Qw>§~{MÌ IynM gyMH$ Amho.

2) H$mhr H$mhr doim g§gmar OrdZmV nVr nËZr_Ü o {dg§JVr {Z_m©U hmoVo. EH$ ~¡c nyd}H$S>o VaXwgam ~¡c npíM_oH$S>o g§gmamMr JmS>r AmoT>Vmo. Aem {dOmoS> R>m`r àJVr hmoB©cM H$er? hm {dMma_m§S>VmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-

H$mZS>rZo Ho$cm _èhmQ>m «Vma,Ÿ& EH$mMo CÎma EH$m Z oŸ&

V¡go _O ZH$mo H$ê$ H$_imn{VŸ& XoB© `m g§JVr gÁOZmMrŸ&

{VZo nmMm[aco Bc ~m åhUmoZŸ& oê$ nio AmU Omcr AmVmŸ&

VwH$m åhUo oa oam O| {dpÀN>ÝZŸ& VoWo dmT>o grU gwIm nmoQ>rŸ&&

""EH$m Ho$di H$mZS>r ^mfm AdJV AgUmè`m ~mB©Zo _amR>r ^m{fH$ _mUgmer c½Z Ho$co. Ë`m_wioEH$mMo ~mocUo Xwgè`mcm H$ioZm. Aer {dg§JV OmoS> _cm XoD$ ZH$mo. _cm gÁOZm§Mm ghdmg Xo. EH$XmH$m` Pmco. ~m`H$moZo Zdè`mcm "Bc ~m' (BH$S>o `m) Aer hmH$ _macr. Zdè`mcm dmQ>co {VZo Ë`mcmenWM KmVcr. åhUyZ Vmo niyZ Jocm. nañnam§V {dg§JV Aer OmoS> Agë`mg gwI {_iÊ`mEodOrH$îQ>M nXar nS>VmV.''

BWo {dOmoS> nVr-nËZrÀ`m Hw$Q>w§~mMm XmIcm {Xcm Jocm Amho. nU Ë`m WmoS>Š`m AdH$memVhrVwH$mam_ EH$m Ag§VwcrV Hw$Qw>§~mMo {MÌU H$aVmV. g§gmar OrdZmVrc hm AZw d gd©gm_mÝ`M Amho. nVrnËZrÀ`m AmMma {dMmam§Mr {Xem EH$M Agoc Va n«JVr hmoVo, gwI {_iVo. XmoKm§Mr Vm|S>o {déÕ {Xem§ZmAgVrc Va VoWo AmnmngmV IoMmIoMr d hmUm_marMm àg§J CX² dyZ H$m ©Zme AQ>i hmoVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrcgd© gXñ` EH$mM AmMma {dMmamZo ^macoco AgVrc Va Vo Hw$Qw>§~ àJVrMm nwT>Mm Q>ßnm JmR>Vo. Ago `mHw$Qw>§~{MÌmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr gm§{JVco Amho.

3) H$mercm VrW© mÌm H$ê$Z XodXe©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ nwê$f {ZKmcm Amho. Ë`mMo _Z _mÌ Ka-g§gma `m§_Ü oM ~wS>mco Amho. Vmo nËZrcm gm§JVmo.

""OmVmo dmamUgrŸ& {Zadr JmB© KmoS>o åh¡grŸ&&1&& Jocmo oVmo Zmhr EogmŸ& gË` _mZmdm ^a§dgmŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&ZH$m H$mTy> _mPr nodoŸ& Vwåhr daim yg ImdoŸ&&2&& {^H$m[a`mMo nmR>rŸ& Vwåhr KoC{Z cmJm H$mR>rŸ&&3&&gm§Jm Oodm`m ~«m÷UŸ& Var H$mnm _mPr _mZŸ&&4&& dmoH${c`m dmoH$mŸ& å`m§ I{M©cm Zmhr éH$mŸ&&5&& Vwåhr

132

Imdo VmH$nmUrŸ& OVZ H$am VyncmoUrŸ&&6&& Zmhr _mPo _ZtŸ& nmoao am§S>m ZmJdUrŸ&&7&& VwH$m åhUo ZrQ>Ÿ&hmoVo V¡go ~moco ñnîQ>Ÿ&&8&&''

""_r dmamUercm {ZKmcmo Amho. JmoR>çmVrc JmB©-åh¡er d KmoS>o `m§Mm ZrQ> gm§ mi H$am. _r {VWoOmD$Z cJoM naVUma Amho, ho cjmV ¿`m. nodm_Ü o gmR>dyZ R>odcoco Q>nmoao YmÝ` Vwåhr H$mTy> ZH$m.H$Ur-H$m|S>çmda Vwåhr JwOamU H$am. {^H$mar Amcm Va Ë`mcm _maPmoS> H$am. _mÂ`m AZwnpñWVrV~«m÷Um§Zm OodÊ`mgmR>r Am_§ÌU XoD$ ZH$m. _r H$dS>rMmhr IM© H$ocm Zmhr. VmH$ ß`m Am{U Vyn cmoUrgmR>dyZ R>odm. Vwåhm ~m`H$monmoam§Zm Ìmg Úmdm Ago _mÂ`m _ZmV Zmhr. \$ŠV gyMZm XoÊ`mgmR>r VwåhmcmñnîQ>nUo ~moccmo EdT>oM !''

øm `mÌoH$éMo VZ XodmH$S>o _Z _mÌ KamH$S>o Amho. Xod^ŠVr åhUOo lÕm ! ^ŠVmZo na_oœamcm VZ-_Z {Xco nm{hOo. BWcm _mUyg Xod^ŠVrMm XoImdm H$aVmo. Ë`mMo gJio _Z Ka Am{U g§gma `m§À`mVJw§Vco Amho. YmÝ` IMy© ZH$m. {^H$ Kmcy ZH$m. VmH$ ß`m. Vyn R>odm. øm gyMZm§_Ü o g§gmamVrc hmd{XgVo. ñdmW© {XgVmo. ZmVodmB©H$-Hw$Qw>§{~` `m§À`mnojm dñVw_mÌm§Mm _moh Ë`mMm OmñV Amho. Ka-g§gmamVOmo Jù`mBVH$m ~wS>Vmo, Vmo _mUyg na_mW© H$m` Am{U H$gm gmYUma? oWrc _mUyg AmgŠVrÀ`m{MIcmV nyU©V… éVcm Amho. cmo r d ñdmWu _mUgmMo-Hw$Qw>§~à_wImÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mMo ho {MÌ AmgŠVrÀ`m{MIcmV ~a~Qy>Z Joco Amho.

4) AerM EH$ gmgy~mB© n§T>anwacm {dÇ>cmÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r {ZKmcr Amho. JmdÀ`m doern ªVJococr Vr gmgy Kar naV oVo Am{U gyZocm gyMZm XoVmZm åhUVo -

n[ago Jo gwZ~mB©, ZH$mo doMy XyY XhrŸ&.... EoH$s JmoîQ> gmXa ~mio,

H$ar OVZ \w$Q>Ho$ nmi|.Ÿ& _mPo hmVrMm H$cdSy>, _OdmMyZ ZH$mo \$moSy>§Ÿ&

""gyZ~mB©, EoH$ ! XyY Xhr {nD$ ImD$ ZH$mog. _mPo \w$Q>Ho$ nmio OnyZ R>od. qcnU KmcyZ R>odcoë`mJmodè`m§Mm T>rJ Am{U Ira H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m eod`m§Mo nmÌ _r oÊ`mnydu \$moSy> ZH$mog. "CIi,_wgi, OmVo, _mPo _Z Jw§Vco VoWoŸ& {^jwH$ Amë`m Kam§. gm§J Jocr n§T>anwamŸ&' _moOHo$M Im. CJrM \$maIM© H$ê$ ZH$mog !'' `mda gyZ åhUmcr "gyZ åhUo ~hþV {ZHo$, Vwåhr `mÌogr Omdo gwIoŸ& gmgw~mB©, ñd{hVOmoS>m, gd© _mJrc Amem gmoS>m' ""gmgw~mB©, Vwåhr Ka-g§gmamMr Amem gmoSy>Z Iao {hV gmYm. Vwåhr`mÌocm AmZ§XmZo Om ! _r gmao cjnyd©H$ H$aVo.'' gwZoMo ho ~mocUo EoHy$Z gmgy _ZmV åhUVo - "gdVrMoMmio ImoQ>o, å`m§ Omdogo Bcm dmQ>o.Ÿ& AmVm H$mg`m `mÌo OmD$, H$m` OmC{Z VoWo nmhÿŸ& _wco coH$ao KaXma_mPo oWo {M n§T>anyaŸ&' ""hr gyZ gdVrgmaIr Amho. Vr ImoQ>o ~mocVo. _mÂ`m OmÊ`mdaM Vr Q>ncr Amho.Aem pñWVrV _r H$emcm n§T>anyacm OmD$? _wco~mio Am{U ho ^acoco Ka hoM _mPo n§T>anya !''

hr EdT>r Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm gm§JyZ VwH$mam_ åhUVmV - "VwH$m åhUo Eogo OZ, Jmo{d`c| _m |H$ê$Z' "AemVèhoZo cmoH$ g§gmamÀ`m _mohmV gmnS>co AmhoV.'

133

`m Hw$Qw>§~mV gmgy à_wI Amho. n§T>anyacm OmÊ`mgmR>r {ZKmcocr Vr doerVyZ naV oD$Z gwZocm gyMZmXoVo. Jmodè`m§Mm T>rJ, eod`mMo nmÌ, CIi, _wgi OmVo `m gm§gm[aH$ dñVyV {VMo _Z Jw§Vco Amho.gmgycm AmZ§XmZo {Zamon XoUmè`m gyZoMm {Vcm g§e` oVmo Am{U gmgy Amncr n§T>anyadmar aÔ H$aVo. _rAm{U _mPo g§gma `m dVw©imV {\$aUmar hr gmgy àm{V{Z{YH$ Amho. gyZoZo IM© H$ê$ Z o. nmoQ>^a OoD$ Z o.{^jm Kmcy Z o, Ago {Vcm dmQ>Vo. g§gmamÀ`m gmJamV JQ>§Jù`m ImUmar hr gmgy g§gma gmoSy>Z na_mW©H$gm H$aUma? ~hþVm§e _mUgo AerM g§gmamÀ`m nmemV Jwa\$Q>VmV. Ë`m_wio na_mË_m-na_mW© øm n{dÌd gwIX ~m~r Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ Xya OmVmV. àn§MmVrc øm AmgŠVrnyU© ì`dhmamda VwH$mam_ CnhmgmË_H$Q>rH$m H$aVmZm {XgVmV.

5) VwH$mam_ Am{U {OOmB© `m§À`mVrc ào_H$ch `mM VèhoMm hmoVm. `m~m~VrV e§. Xm. n|S>goåhUVmV, ""VwH$mo~m Am{U Ë`m§Mr nËZr {OOmB© ho Xm§nË` åhUOo {damoYr ào_mMo EH$ CËH¥$îQ> CXmhaUAmho. Ë`m§Mo nañnam§da A{Ve` ào_ hmoVo. nU XmoKm§À`m OrdZÑîQ>rÀ`m {^ÝZVo_wio Ë`m§À`mV ~møV…AI§S> g§Kf© Mmccocm {Xgo. gmdH$mar lr_§V KamÊ`mVyZ Amcoë`m Ë`m§À`m nËZrÀ`m gm§gm[aH$ AnojmAJXr doJù`m hmoË`m. nU VwH$mo~m§À`m d¡am½`m_wio {VMr Kmoa {Zamem Pmcr hmoVr.'' {OOmB©À`m _ZmVrcKmc_oc VwH$mam_M ñdV… nwT>rc A^§JmV àH$Q> H$aVmZm åhUVmV -

_O{M ^modVm Ho$cm oU| OmoJŸ& H$m` `mMm ^moJ A§VacmŸ&&

Mmcmo{Z`m Kam gd© gwIo oVrŸ& _mPr Vmo \${OVr MwHo$ {M ZmŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&

H$moUmMr ~mB©c hmoD${Z`m§ dmoTy>§Ÿ& g§dgmar H$mTy> AmnXm {H$VrŸ&&2Ÿ&&

""_mÂ`m ^modVrM `mZo `moJ Ho$cm. g§gma^moJmg hm A§Vacm. KamV gwIo AmhoV. nU _mPr _mÌ\${OVr hmoVo. _cm g§gmamV g§H$Q>oM g§H$Q>o AmhoV. _wcm§Zm ImÊ`mgmR>r H$m` XoD$? Vr _aVrc Va ~aohmoB©c. Vo KamVrc H$moUVrM JmoîQ> gm§ miyZ R>odrV ZmhrV. Ka gJio YwdyZ cmoH$m§Zm {Xco Amho. KagmadÊ`mgmR>r eoUgwÕm Zmhr.'' Ago _mPo hmc hmoV AmhoV. Ë`mda "VwH$m åhUo am§S> Z H$[aVm§ {dMmaŸ&dmhþ{Z`m ^ma Hw§$Wo _mWm§Ÿ&&' VwH$mo~m åhUVmV - ""Vr gX²{dMma H$arVM Zmhr. g§gmamMm ~marH$ gm[aH$^ma S>moŠ`mda dmhÿZ dmhÿZ Vr {eUcr Amho.'' g§gmagmJamV ~wS>Umar {OOmB© Am{U g§gmamH$S>o nmR>{\$a{dUmao VwH$mam_ Aer Ë`m§À`m g§gmamV AmoT>mVmU Amho. \$mQ>Š`m g§gmam_wio d¡VmJcocr ñÌr BWoAmho. Zdè`mMo g§gmamV cj Zgë`mZo {VÀ`m AS>MUr dmT>ë`m AmhoV. åhUyZ _wco _ocr Va ~ao hmoB©c,Agm Q>moH$mMm {dMma Vr H$aVo Amho. Zdè`mMr _XV Va ZmhrM CcQ> Vmo Ka YwdyZ cmoH$m§Zm YmÝ` d dñVyXoVmo. Ë`m_wio Vr Ë`mÀ`mda IynM amJmdcr Amho. Amncm Zdam nyd©OÝ_rMm XmdoXma {Vcm dmQ>Vmo.

6) VwH$mam_ ^JdX² ŠV ~Zë`mZo BVam§Mrhr Vo qMVm H$arV. Kar Agcoco AÝZ YmÝ`, dó, dñVyho JaOy§Zm XoD$Z Q>mH$sV. {OOmB©À`m _mhoahÿZ Amcoco AÝZYmÝ` Vo cJoMM dmQy>Z Q>mH$V. _J {OOmB©_wcmcm åhUo-

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""AmVm nmoam H$m` ImgrŸ& Jmohmo Omcm XodcgrŸ&&1&&

S>moMHo$ qV~r KmVë`m _mimŸ& CX`mMm gm§S>r MmimŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&

Amnë`m nmoQ>m Ho$cr WmaŸ& Am_Mm Zmhr ognmaŸ&&2&&

hmVr Q>mi Vm|S> dmgrŸ& Jm` XoD$it XodmnmgrŸ&&3&&

AmVm Amåhr H$ê$ H$m`Ÿ& Z dgo Kar amUm Om`Ÿ&&4&&

VwH$m åhUo AmVm§ YrarŸ& AmPw{Z Zmhr Omco VarŸ&&5&&

""_wcm ! AmVm Vy H$m` ImUma? _mPm Zdam Va Xod^ŠV Pmcm`. Ë`mZo Jù`mV _mi KmVcr Amho.Ë`mZo H$m_Y§Xm-ì`mnma gJimM gmoSy>Z {Xcm Amho. Amnë`m nmoQ>mcm Ë`mZo {dlm§Vr {Xcr Amho. AmåhrVa Ë`mÀ`m {IOJUVrVhr Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV Q>mi AmhoV. Vmo XodimV ^OZ H$arV AgVmo. AmåhrAmVm H$am`Mo Var H$m`? Vmo KamV Wm§~VM Zmhr. gmaIm dZmV OmVmo.'' `mda VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-""WmoS>m Yra Ya ! AOyZ H$mhrM Pmcoco Zmhr !''

BWohr g§gma \$mQ>H$m Pmë`mZo Zdè`mcm XwfUo XoUmar ñÌr Amho. ^OZ d On-Vn `m§À`m _mJocmJcoë`m nVrMo H$m_Y§ÚmV A{O~mV cj Zmhr. Hw$Qw>§~mMm {dMma Z H$aUmam nVr AmVm Xod^ŠV PmcmAmho. åhUyZ hr ñÌr hV~c Pmcr Amho. Xod^ŠVrV ~wS>mcocm nVr Am{U g§gmamV ~wS>mcocr Ë`mMr nËZr`m§Mo ho {dOmoS> Hw$Qw>§~ Amho. Ë`m_wio nËZrcm {H$Vr `mVZm hmoVmV, `mMo BWo {MÌU Amho. ho Hw$Qw>§~{MÌXw §Jco Amho. `mVrc nVr nËZrÀ`m {Xem EH$_oH$m§À`m {déÕ AmhoV. nU BWo ho cjmV KoVco nm{hOoH$s nVr Xw~im, Aj_, Ag_W© Amho åhUyZ Vmo g§gmamH$S>o Xwc©j H$aVmo, Ago Zmhr. Va Vo Ë`mMo d«VAmho. "^ŠVr Vmo H$R>rU ewimdarc nmoir' ho Ë`mcm _m{hV Amho. åhUyZ {ZdS>o Vmo ~ir {daim eya' `mÝ`m`mZo VwH$mo~m Xod^ŠVr {ZdS>Umao Xw{_©i dra AmhoV, ho BWo cjmV KoVco nm{hOo. Ë`mZr g§gmamH$S>oOmUyZ~wOyZM nmR> {\$a{dcr Amho.

7) VwH$mam_m§À`m g§gmamV AZoH$ AmnÎmr Amë`m, Anm` Pmco nU VwH$mam_m§Zm Vo Anm` ^ŠVrMo-na_mWm©Mo Cnm` dmQ>co. Amncm cm¡{H$H$ g§gma H$gm {N>ÝZ{dpÀN>ÝZ Pmcm Vo Ë`m§Zr AË §V _moH$ionUmZogm§{JVco Amho. g§gmamMr H$er dmVmhmV Pmcr, Vo Ë`m§Zr "~ao Pmco' Ago gm§{JVco Amho. Vo åhUVmV-

~ao Pmco Xodm {ZKmco {XdmioŸ& ~ar `m XwîH$mi| nrS>m Ho$crŸ&&

AZwVmno VwPo am{hco qMVZŸ& Omcm hm d_Z g§dgmaŸ&&

~ao Pmco Xodm ~mB©c H$H©$emŸ& ~ar ho XwX©em OZm_Ü oŸ&&

~ao Pmco OJt nmdcmo An_mZŸ& ~ao Joco YZ T>moao JwaoŸ&&

~ao Omco Zmhr Y[acr cmoH$cmOŸ& ~am Amcmo VwO eaU XodmŸ&&

~ao Pmco VwPo Ho$co XodmB©cŸ& coH$a| ~mB©c Cno{jcrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo ~ao d«V EH$mXerŸ& Ho$c| Cndmgr OmJaUŸ&&

135

Kar Agcoë`m XwH$mZmMo {Xdmio {ZKmco. XwîH$mimZo N>i Ho$cm. ho ~aoM Pmco. AZwVmnm_wioB©œaqMVZ Wm§~co Amho. g§gma ZH$mogm Pmcm Amho. ~m`H$mo H$OmJ oQ>cr. cmoH$m§_Ü o XwX©em Pmcr,An_mZ Pmcm. Jwao-T>moao-YZ ho gmaoM Joco. cmoH$cmO Yacr Zmhr. øm gd©M JmoîQ>r Mm§Jë`m Pmë`m.~m`H$mo d _wco `m§Mr Cnojm Ho$cr, hohr ~aoM Pmco. Ë`m_wioM _r {dÇ>c^ŠVrH$S>o dicmo. Cndmg dOmJaU `m§À`m_wio EH$mXerMo d«V Mm§Jco Pmco. g§gmamV Amcoë`m øm AmnÎmtZr VwH$mam_ Jm§Jê$Z JocoZmhrV. CcQ> øm AmnÎmr BîQ>mnÎmr R>aë`m. g§gmamMr hoigm§S> Pmcr. g§gma \$mQ>H$m VwQ>H$m Pmcm.Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Mo _Z {dÇ>cmH$S>o doJmZo Ponmdco. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho Hw$Qw>§~{MÌ oJmicoco Amho. XwX©em hm `mHw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMm àmU Amho. hr hcmIrMr pñWVr hm nmacm¡{H$H$ OrdZmMm àmUdm y Amho.

8) øm VËH$mcrZ Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm dmñVd AmhoV. Ë`mV gwImnojm Xw…IM OmñV Amho. VwH$mam_àmn§{MH$m§Zm CnXoe H$aVmZm "EH$ EH$m gmø H$ê$Ÿ& AdKo Yê$ gwn§W' Ago gm§JVmV. gm§gm[aH$ _mUgmgCnXoe H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV-

OmoS>mo{Z`m YZ CÎm_ doìhmaoŸ& CXmg {dMmao doM H$arŸ&&

MmoI ì`dhma H$am Am{U n¡gm {_idm. _moh Z R>odVm Vmo IM© H$am. Agm J¥hñW CÎm_ JVrcm OmB©c.

naCnH$mar ZoU| naqZXm,Ÿ& na{ó`m gXm ~{hUr _m`mŸ&

yVX`m JmB© ney§Mo nmcZ,Ÿ& VmÝhoë`m OrdZ dZm_mOrŸ&&

Xwgè`m§da CnH$ma H$am. naqZXm H$ê$ ZH$m. na{ñÌ`m§Zm ~hrU _mZm. àm{U_mÌm§da X`m H$am. Jm`,eoir, _|T>r `m§Mo nmcZ H$am. VhmZcoë`m dmQ>gê$Mr nmÊ`mMr JaO amZmV ^mJdm. em§V ahm. H$moUmerdmB©Q> dmJy ZH$m. Ago dV©Z Ho$ë`mda dmS>d{S>cm§Mr H$sVu dmT>oc. J¥hñWml_mMo Iao \$i `mMAmMmamVyZ {_iVo. ~«÷nXàmßVrgmR>r Amdí`H$ d¡am½`mMo gm_Ï © hoM Amho.

VwH$mam_m§Zr àmn§{MH$m§Zm Ho$coë`m CnXoemVrc ho Hw$Qw>§~{MÌ Amho. hr Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm VËH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ì`dñWo_Ü o Am{U AmOhr AmXe© R>amdr AerM Amho. em§VVmnyU© ghOrdZmMm hm dñVwnmR> Amho.

oWrc Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm d¡{dÜ`mZo ZQ>coë`m AmhoV. VËH$mcrZ g_mOOrdZmMo Ë`mV CR>mdXma à{Vq~~nS>co Amho. EofAmam_r ñÌrMo Hw$Qw>§~ nVrÀ`m H$O©~mOmarnUmcm Am_§ÌU XoVo. H$mZS>r ñÌr Am{U _amR>r^m{fH$ Zdam `m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mV arVrEodOr {dn[aVVmM A{YH$ oVo. VrW© mÌocm OmUmam nwéf AJa ñÌr_ZmZo Ka-g§gmamV AS>H$cocr AgVo. Ë`m§Mo Xoh VodT>oM `mÌog OmVmV. Ë`m§Zm na_mW© Hw$R>cm Am{UH$emMm? g§gmagmJamV JQ>§Jù`m ImUmar {OOmB© Am{U g§gmamH$S>o nmR> {\$a{dUmao VwH$mam_ `m§Mmcm¡{H$H$ g§gma \$mQ>H$mM hmoVm. Ë`mVM VwH$mam_ AmZ§X _mZrV hmoVo. AmXe© J¥hñWOrdZmMo {MÌUhr BWoAmco Amho. EH§$XarV BWë`m ~hþVm§e Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm VmUVUmdmV a§Jë`m AmhoV.

136

5.3.6 A§YlÕm d jyÐ X¡dVo `m§darc Q>rH$m

{dÇ>c^ŠVrgh AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ OmJ¥Vr ho VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMo _w»` C{ÔîQ> Amho.Ë`m§Zr g_mOmVrc {dH¥$Vr, Xm§{^H$Vm, A§YlÕm, ^m|Xw{Jar `m§da OmoaXma AmKmV Ho$co.

VwH$mo~m§À`m H$mimV ImcÀ`m ñVamVrc cmoH$ XJS>mcm e|Xya \$mgyZ Ë`m§Zm Xod _mZrV. AemdoS>çmdmH$S>çm X¡dVm§Mr d yVmIoVm§Mr cmoH$ nyOm H$arV. J[a~r_wio cm¡{H$H$ gwImcm d§{MV PmcocrOZVm _mZ{gH$ Jwcm_{Jar_Ü o AS>H$cr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Vr AJ{VH$ d _yT> Pmcr hmoVr. jwÐ d qhgH$Xod ânya Pmco hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm _m§gmMm Z¡doÚ cmJV Ago. Aem hrZ X¡dVm§Mm {YŠH$ma H$aVmZm VwH$mam_åhUVmV-

g|Xar hr Xodr X¡dV|, H$moU Vr nyOr ^wVoIoVo

Amnwë`m nmoQ>m§ Or aS>Vo, _mJVr {eVo AdXmZ

e|Xya \$mgyZ Pmcocr hr X¡dVo Amnë`m nmoQ>mgmR>r aS>VmV, AÝZ _mJVmV. _J Vr Xwgè`m§Zm H$m`XoUma? Vr Aën~wÕr, AYra d Xw~ir AgVmV. XmgrZo nmhþUMma H$am`Mm Agoc Va AmYr {VZoYÝ`mMr _ZYaUr Ho$cr nm{hOo. _J YÝ`mMr H¥$nm Pmë`mda {Vcm Mm§Jco gm{hË` {_ioc d _JnmhþÊ`m§Mm nmhþUMma hmoB©c. Ë`m Xmgrà_mUo hr X¡dVo [aH$m_r d Xw~ir AgVmV. S>~Š`mVrc nmUr VoH$m`? AmoR> {ÔV Zmhr. _J g_mYmZ hmoUo XyaM ! "{dcnZ| ~wO{dVr Vm|S>, ^ma Imoc dmhmVr CX§S>,Ÿ&H$a{dVr AmnU`m§ X§S>, Eo{g`mgr ^m§S> åhUo Xod Vmo.' - hr X¡dVo e|XamÀ`m conmZo Amnco Vm|S> _mIyZKoVmV. Amnë`m A§Jmda H$nS>çmMr _moR>r Imoi dmhVmV. Am{U AmnUM eñÌmKmV H$ê$Z Vr Imoi\$mSy>Z Q>mH$VmV. Aem `m X¡dVm§Zm Xod H$go åhUmdo? Vgm Am_Mm ZmamÙ Zmhr. Vmo OJì`mnH$ OZmX©ZAmho. BWo VwH$mam_ cmoH$m§À`m A§YlÕoda Kmd KmcVmZm {XgVmV. hr X¡dVo "e|Xar' AmhoV, Ago Ë`m§Zm{hU{dVmV. hr X¡dVo Amnco nmoQ> âÊ`mgmR>r ^ŠVm§H$S>o `mMZm H$aVmV _J ^ŠVm§Zm Vr H$m` XoUma?XodXodñH$sÀ`m _mOcoë`m VUmda VwH$mam_m§Zr hëcm MT>{dcm Amho VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc hr gm_m{OH$Vm_moR>r d _hÎdmMr Amho.

H$mhr Xodm§Mo ^JV A§JmV Xod AmUyZ cmoH$m§Zm cw~mS>V, Vo nmhÿZ VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-

"A§Jr KoD${Z`m dma| X`m XoVrŸ& V`m ^ŠVm hmVr MmoQ> AmhoŸ&&

Xoìhmam ~¡gmo{Z hmc{dVr énoŸ& Eogr nmnr nmno qcnVmVrŸ&&

EH$s~oH$s Ý`mò hmoVgo à{MVŸ& VoUo cmoH$ g_ñV ^wcVmVrŸ&&

V`mMo ñdmYrZ X¡dVo AgVrŸ& Var H$m _aVr Ë`m§Mr nmoaoŸ&&

""A§JmV jwÐ X¡dVm§Mo dmao AmUVmV, Xoìhmè`mV ~gyZ gyn hc{dVmV - ho ^JV cmoH$m§Zm H$moUVmAmerdm©X XoUma? `moJm`moJmZo KS>coë`m JmoîQ>r Aem jyÐ X¡dVm§ZrM KS>{dë`m Ago cmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo Am{U

137

Vo wcVmV. Aem VèhoZo cmoH$m§Zm \$g{dUmao Am{U X¡dV ñdmYrZ R>odÊ`mBVHo$ g_W© AgVo Va Ë`m§Mr_wco _ocr AgVr?''

"Zdgo H$Ý`mnwÌ hmoVrŸ& Var H$m H$aUo cmJo nVrŸ&&' ZdgmZo _wcJm Am{U _wcJr hmoV Agoc Va _JñÌrMo c½Z H$ê$Z {Vcm nVr H$m Ho$cm OmVmo?- Ago Vo {dMmaVmV.

{eIm gyÌ VwPm Jw§Vcm O_mZŸ& V§dd[a Vy OmU lw{VXmgŸ&&

""Omon ªV Vy e|S>r Am{U OmZdo `mV Jw§VV amherc Vmon ªV Vy lwVtMm Xmg hmoerc. Ë`m§À`mg§~§YrÀ`m JmoîQ>r Vy MwH${dë`mg Va Vy ZaH$mV Omerc. Aao ho ehmUnU gmoSy>Z Xo. "{eIm gyÌ `mMmVmoS>r Vy g§~§YŸ& _J VwO ~mYm Zmhr ZmhrŸ&&' e|S>r Am{U OmZdo `m§Mm g§§~§Y Vy VmoSy>Z Q>mH$ Am{U ewÕAmMaUmMr H$mg Ya. "ewÕ AmMaUm MwH$mo ZH$moŸ&' hm VwH$mam_m§Zr {Xcocm gëcm amoIR>moH$ d ñnîQ>Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m ^modVrÀ`m g_mOmV jwÐ X¡dVm§Mm gwigwimQ> Pmcm hmoVm. Ë`m jwÐ X¡dVm§_Ü o Ë`m§Zrlr JOmZZmcmhr gmoS>coco Zmhr. Vo åhUVmV -

""Zìho OmoImB© OmImB©Ÿ& _m`amUr _ogm~mB©Ÿ&&1Ÿ&& ~{i`m _mPm n§T>[aamdŸ& Omo `m Xodm§MmhrXodŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&& a§S>r M§S>r eŠVrŸ& _Ú_m§g ^{jVrŸ&&2Ÿ&& ~{had I§S>oamdŸ& amoQ>rgwQ>rgmR>r XodŸ&&3&& JUmo~m{dH«$miŸ& cmSw> _moXH$m§Mm H$miŸ&&4Ÿ&& _w§Om åh¡gmgya|Ÿ& ho Vmo H$moU coIr nmoa|Ÿ&&5Ÿ&& doVmio \o$VmioŸ& OimoË`m§Mo Vm|S> H$mioŸ&&6Ÿ&& VwH$m åhUo {MÎmtŸ& Yam aIw_mB©Mm nVrŸ&&7Ÿ&&''

OmImB© OmoImB©, _ogm~mB©, a§S>r, M§S>r, ¡amo~m, I§S>mo~m, JUmo~m, _w§Om, åhgmo~m, doVmi hr e|XarX¡dVo AmhoV. a§S>r M§S>tZm _Ú Am{U _m§§g cmJVo. øm gdmªV {dÇ>c hm loîR> Amho. Vmo Xodm§Mm Xod Amho.Ë`m§Zr gd© J«må` X¡dVm§Mr hOoar KoVcr Amho. Ë`mH$mir g_mOmV XodmÀ`m ZmdmZo newnú`m§Mm ~ir {XcmOmV Ago. jwÐ XodVm§À`m nwT>o Zdg ~mocco OmV AgV. Ë`mVyZM A§Y…lÕm dmT>rg cmJcr hmoVr.

Am{UH$m§À`m H$m{nVr _mZmŸ& {ZîRy>anUm nma ZmhrŸ&&1Ÿ&&

H$[aVr ~oQ>o CgUdmarŸ& `_nwar ^moJmd`mŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&

g|XamMo X¡dV Ho$coŸ& Zdg ~moco V`mgrŸ&&2Ÿ&&

VwH$m åhUo ZmM{V nmoa|Ÿ& Imo{S>Vm§ oao A§J XwIoŸ&&3Ÿ&&

AmnU e|Xya _mIyZ XJS>mcm Xod g_OyZ, Ë`mcm Zdg ~mocyZ, `m ZdgmgmR>r {Od§V {Zînmn~H$è`mMr _mZ H$mnUmè`m§À`m {ZîRy>anUmcm gr_mM Zmhr. Aem H$aUrZo H$Yr Xod {_ioc? H$mhr _mUgo~mø dofmZo g§V ~ZVmV. Ë`m§À`mdahr hëcm H$aVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-

S>oB© dmT>dy{Z Ho$eŸ& yVo Am{UVr A§JmgŸ&&1Ÿ&&

Var Vo ZìhVr g§VOZŸ& VoWo Zmhr AmË_IwUŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&

138

_oidy{Z Za-ZmarŸ& eHw$Z gm§JVr ZmZmnarŸ&&2Ÿ&&

VwH$m åhUo _¢XŸ& Zmhr Ë`mnmgr JmoqdXŸ&&3Ÿ&&

g_mOmVrc AkmZmMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoD$Z A§YlÕm-^m|Xw{Jar dmT>{dUmao XodF$fr, _m§{ÌH$ `m§MmË`m§Zr Mm§JcmM nam_e© KoVcm Amho. S>moŠ`mda Ho$g dmT>dyZ A§JmV yV AmUVmV. Kw_VmV. nU Vo H$gcog§V? {VWo AmË_IwUM Zmhr. ñÌr-nwéfm§Zm Vo eHy$Z gm§JVmV. ho cmoH$ H$gco gmYw? Ë`m§À`mOdiJmoqdXmMm dmg H$gm Agoc?

VwH$mam_m§Zr gmodio Amodio, H$_©H$m§S>, {dQ>mi, ñn¥í`mñn¥í` øm AdJwUm§da hëcm MT>{dcm Amho.\$mQ>Š`m-AS>mUr cmoH$m§Mm Xod Am{U Xoìhmam \$Q>H$miM AgVmo. VwH$mam_ åhUVmV -

\$Q>H$mi Xoìhmam \$Q>H$mi A§JmamŸ& \$Q>H$mi {dMmam Mmc{dcoŸ&&1Ÿ&&

\$Q>H$mi Vmo Xod \$Q>H$mi Vmo ^ŠVŸ& H$a{dVmo KmV Am{UH$m OrdmŸ&&2Ÿ&&

VwH$m åhUo AdKo \$Q>H$mi h| OZŸ& AZw {d o IyU OmUVrcŸ&&3Ÿ&&

øm VWmH${WV gmYw§Mm Xod, Xoìhmam, A§Jmam, {eî` ho gmaoM AewÕ Am{U JTy>i. øm An{dÌì`dhmamcm ^ŠVr H$go åhUVm oB©c. øm gmYw§Mo {eî` Am{U ^JV ho XoIrc \$Q>H$miM AgVmV.Vm_gr d¥ÎmrÀ`m øm _mUgm§Zr ñdV…À`m nmoQ>mgmR>r ^ŠVrMm XoImdm _m§S>cm Amho. XodËdmMr hr{dQ>§~ZmM Amho. BWo AgVo {dH¥$Vr. àH¥$VrMm BWo nÎmmM ZgVmo. jwÐ Xod Am{U Ë`m§Mo jwÐ ^ŠV `mXmohm|Mmhr VwH$mo~m BWo {Y…ŠH$ma H$aVmZm {XgVmV. H$m_mgŠVrZo wccoco Xm§{^H$ ñdmWm©gmR>r AgoXoImì`mMo Xod {Z_m©U H$ê$Z OZVocm ZmXr cmdVmV. na_oœamÀ`m Zmdmda A§YlÕocmM IVnmUrKmcVmV. VwH$mam_ Ë`m§Mm BWo g_mMma KoVmV. na_oœa hm ^mdmMm wHo$cm AgVmo. Oo ewÕ ^mdmZoB©œamMr ^ŠVr H$aVmV VoM d_© OmUyZ Vo Aem Xm§{^H$Vocm Wmam XoV ZmhrV, VoM ^ŠV YÝ` hmoV, AgoVwH$mam_ åhUVmV.

^ŠVrMm AmMma åhUOo `k, `mJ, On, Vn, AZwîR>mZ d VrWm©Q>Z Zìho. ewÕ ^md åhUOo ^ŠVr.nU cmoH$m§Zm ho H$iV Zmhr. ~mø XoImdm åhUOo ^ŠVr Zìho, ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV -

Vri Om{ico Vm§XwiŸ& H$m_ H«$moY V¡go {M IiŸ&

H$m§ ao {gUcmgr dmCJmŸ& Z ^OVm§ nm§Sw>a§JmŸ&&

_mZX§ mgmR>rŸ& Ho$cr Ajam§Mr AmQ>rŸ&&

Vn H$é{Z VrWm©Q>ZŸ& dmT>{dcm A{^_mZŸ&&

dm§{Q>co V| YZŸ& Ho$cr Ah§Vm OVZŸ& VwH$m åhUo MwH$co d_©Ÿ& Ho$cm AdKm{M AY_©Ÿ&&

Vm§Xwi Am{U Vri hmo_mV OmiVmV nU H$m_ H«$moY _ZmV {Od§V amhVmV. g_mOmV _mZ {_imdmåhUyZ nmoWr dmMVmV. Vn H$aVmV, VrWm©Q>Z H$aVmV, XmZY_© H$aVmV nU ho gmao AmnU Ho$co Agm

139

Ah§H$ma _ZmV ~miJVmV. Y_© H$am`cm OmVmV Am{U AY_m©MoM AmMaU H$aVmV. ^ŠVrMo d_© ZH$ië`mZo A§YlÕm§Mo AmMaU ho cmoH$ AkmZmZo H$aVmV.

g§V{MÝho coC{Z A§JrŸ& yfU {_a{dVr OJrŸ&&

n{S>co Xw…ImMo gmJarŸ& dhmdco Vo ^dnwarŸ&&

_mUgo g§Vm§Mr Am wfUo A§Jmda KmcVmV nU åhUyZ Vr g§V hmoV ZmhrV. Vr àn§MmÀ`m Xw…ImVAS>H$cocr AgVmV. g§gmamV dmhdV OmVmV. øm g§V{MÝhm§À`m XoImì`mZo AkOZ wcVmV Am{U\$gVmV. ho ImoQ>o g§V AmhoV, ho Ë`m§Zm H$iV Zmhr.

5.3.7 gm§gm[aH$m§Zm CnXoe

g_mOmV Oo Xmof hmoVo Vo Kmc{dÊ`mgmR>r VwH$mam_ Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm AmdmhZ H$arVhmoVo. Xmofr _mUgm§da eãXm§Mo eñÌ CMcVmZm Vo H$Yr H$Maco ZmhrV. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr cmoH$m§Zm gmdYHo$co. A§YlÕoÀ`m Amhmar OmUmè`m _mUgmcm Ë`m§Zr amoH$co. Ë`mV ~wS>mcoë`m _mUgm§Zm Ë`m§Zr ~mhoaH$mT>co. _mUgm§Zr OJmVrc Hw$àd¥ÎmtnmgyZ Xya amhmdo Am{U Amnco _Z ewÕ R>odmdo Agm nwÝhm nwÝhmCnXoe VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$cm Amho. gX²{dMma Am{U gXmMma `m§À`mda ^a XoUmao VwH$mam_ ho "Z¡{VH$VmdmXrgX²J¥hñW' hmoVo, Ago ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o åhUVmV. "Á`mMo A§V…H$aU ewÕŸ& Ë`mcm H$aUo Z cJo ~moY' AgoVwH$mam_m§Mo _V Amho. ho OJ åhUOo "àdmgmVrc EH$ _wŠH$m_' Aer Ë`m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr.

""_mUgm§Zr dmgZm§da {dO` {_idmdm, Ah§H$mamMm d qhgoMm {Y…ŠH$ma H$amdm, Ë`mJd¥ÎmrMoñdmJV H$amdo Am{U XwîQ> eŠVtnmgyZ ñdV…Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gX²JwUm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$amdm. _mUgmZogVV CÚmoJr amhmdo, `m g§X^m©V Ë`mZo {Xcoco CXmhaU ~Km - "{_amgrMo åhÿU eoVŸ& Zmhr XoV {nH$C oŸ&&' {ñÌ`m§À`m Am{U n¡em§À`m Hw$à^mdm§nmgyZ nwéfm§Zr ñdV…cm Xya R>odmdo, Aer Ë`m§Mr {eH$dUhmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ AmMmag§{hVoV ZrVr Am{U H¥$Vr, ^ŠVr Am{U H$_©, Eo{hH$Vm Am{U na_mW©,Mm[aÍ` Am{U lÕm, gd© Ordm§{df`r H$éUm Am{U gXmMma hr gd© nañnam§er KÅ>nUo OmoS>cocr AmhoV.dfm©Zwdf} MmcV Amcoë`m X¡ddmXr AmË_g§VwîQ>VoÀ`m gd`r ~XcÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Ym{_©H$ _yë`m§Mm Cn`moJHo$cm.'' Ago ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Mo _V Amho. (VwH$mam_ n¥îR 81-82)

VwH$mo~m§Zr cmoH$m§Zm g§gmamV H$go dmJmdo `mgmR>r gw§Xa CnXoe Ho$cm Amho. Vo åhUVmV-

OmoS>mo{Z`m YZ CÎm_ doìhaoŸ& CXmg {dMma| doM H$arŸ&

......... naCnH$mar ZoUo naqZXmŸ& na{ñÌ`m gXm ~{hUr _m`mŸ&

yVX`m JmB© ney§Mo nmcZ,Ÿ& VmÝhoë`m OrdZ dZm_mOrŸ&

em§{Vê$no Zìho H$moUmMm dmB©Q>Ÿ& dmT>dr _hÎd d{S>cm§MoŸ&

VwH$m åhUo ho{M Aml_mMo \$iŸ& na_nX ~i d¡am½`mMoŸ&&

140

gMmoQ>rMm ì`dhma H$ê$Z YZ {_idmdo Am{U CXmg d¥ÎmrZo Vo IM© H$amdo. J¡aàH$mam§Zr Iyn n¡goJmoim H$aUo, Ë`mÀ`m Omoamda {dcmgr OrdZ OJUo, n¡emÀ`m Omoamda CÝ_ÎmnUo dmJyZ Xwgè`m§Mm N>iH$aUo `m JmoîQ>tZm VwH$mam_m§Mm {damoY hmoVm. gMmoQ>rZo n¡gm {_idm Am{U \$cmem{dahrV d¥ÎmrZo IM© H$am- Ago Ë`m§Zr Omoa XoD$Z gm§{JVco Amho. Xwgè`m§da CnH$ma H$amdm, Xwgè`mMr qZXm H$ê$ Z o. na{ñÌ`m§ZmAmB© ~{hUrà_mUo _mZm. àm{U_mÌm§{df`r X`m ~miJm. dZmVrc VhmZcoë`m dmQ>gê$gmR>r nmÊ`mMr gmoH$amdr. Hw$UmMohr dmB©Q> qMVy Zò, H$ê$ Zò. em§V d¥Îmr YmaU H$amdr. Hw$UmMm _Ëga H$ê$ Zò.Amnë`mnojm dS>rc Agcoë`m§Mm AmXa H$amdm. `m A §JmV VwH$mo~m§Zr g§gmamVrc AmXe© nwéf H$gmAgmdm, Vo gm§{JVco Amho. "EH$EH$m gmø H$ê$Ÿ& AdKo Yê$ gwn§W' øm dMZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr EH$_oH$m§ZrghH$m © H$amdo, Ago gm§{JVco Amho. naqZXm H$aÊ`mZo ì`ŠVt_Yrc g§~§Y VUmdmMo hmoVmV d {_ÌVoMrhmZr hmoVo. na{ñÌ`m§Zm AmB©~{hU _mZë`mZo ñÌrdJm©Mm AmXa Ho$cm OmVmo Am{U g_mOm_Ü o g»`ËdmMod gm_§Oñ`mMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ago Pmco Zmhr Va dmgZm{dH$mam§Mm hëcH$ëcmoi hmoD$Z g_mOnewnmVirda OmB©c, hm YmoH$m AmoiIyZ "na{ñÌ`m gXm ~{hUr _m`m' Agm _m¡{cH$ CnXoe Ë`m§Zr Ho$cmAmho. J¥hñWml_mMo Iao \$i `mM AmMmamVyZ {_iVo, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Amho. g§gma Adí` H$amdm nUAhmoamÌ Ë`mVM ~wSy>Z OmD$ Z o, Ago Vo åhUV.

Am wî` doMw{Z Hw$Qw>§~ nmo{gcoŸ& H$m` {hV Ho$co gm§J ~mnmŸ&

\w$H$mMm MmH$a Omcmgr H$m~mS>rŸ& Zmhr gwI KS>r ^moJmd`mŸ&

Xwc© _ZwîÒÝ_ H$îQ>| nmdcmgrŸ& {Xcm Hw$Qw>§~mgr H$m_^moJŸ&

VwH$m åhUo Eogo Am wî` Zm{gc|Ÿ& nmn Vo gm§§{Mco nVZmgrŸ&&

Xwc© _Zwî` OÝ_ {_iyZ Vmo Ho$di XohmÀ`m Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m godoV doMUo åhUOo Vmo \w$H$Q>Kmc{dUo hmo . åhUyZ Amig gmoSy>Z B©ídaàmßVrÀ`m gmYZm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm nm{hOo. Aä`mgmcmAgmÜ` Ago H$mhrM Zmhr. VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV -

Amoco _yi oXr IS>H$mMo A§JŸ& Aä`mgmgr gm§J H$m ©{gÕrŸ&&1Ÿ&&

Zìho Eogo H$mhr Zmhr AdKS>Ÿ& Zmhr H$B©dmS> VmoM d[aŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&

Xmoao {Mam H$mno n{S>cm H$mMUrŸ& Aä`mgo godZr {df nS>oŸ&&2Ÿ&&

VwH$m åhUo H¡$Mm ~¡gÊ`mgr R>mdŸ& OR>at ~mim dmd EH$mEH$sŸ&&3Ÿ&&

Amoco _yi OgOgo Omoa YaVo VgVgo Vo IS>H$ \$moSy>Z Imcr OmVo. Aä`mgm_wioM H$moUVohr H$m ©nyU©Ëdmg OmVo. hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr Aer H$R>rU JmoîQ> `m OJmV Zmhr. Omoda à`ËZ ZmhrV VmodaM EImXrJmoîQ> H$R>rU dmQ>Vo. Xmoa gVV Kmgë`mZo H$mMUr nSy>Z XJS>gwÕm H$mncm OmVmo. gd`rZo {dfXoIrcnMZr nS>Vo. AmB©À`m J^m©e`mV ~mi amhÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agcocr OmJm EH$mEH$s V`ma hmoV Zmhr.{Xgm_mgmZo Ë`m ~mim~amo~a AmB©Mo J^m©e`hr hiyhiy dmT>V OmVo.

141

{ZpíMV Aä`mg Am{U gVV à`ËZ `m§À`m Omoamda Ü o gmÜ` hmoVo. à`ËZmMr namH$mîR>m Ho$ë`mgÜ o JmR>co OmVo. g§H$ënmMr {gÕr H$V¥©ËdmMm S>m|Ja C^m Ho$ë`mdmMyZ hmoV Zmhr. _mÌ EImXr JmoîQ>AeŠ` Amho, ho åhUUo `mo½` Zmhr. "AgmÜ` Vo gmÜ` H$[aVm§ gm`mgŸ& H$maU Aä`mg VwH$m åhUoŸ&'Á`mcm OrdZmMr ~mJ \w$cdm`Mr Amho Ë`mZo à`ËZ hmM na_oœa _mZyZ Ë`mMr nyOm Ho$cr nm{hOo.à`ËZnyd©H$ n[al_ Ho$co AgVm AgmÜ` dmQ>Umar JmoîQ>hr gmÜ` hmoVo. `mMo H$maU Aä`mg hoM Amho.Aä`mg åhUOo EImXr JmoîQ> nwÝhm nwÝhm H$aUo hmo .

Amier cmoH$m§Mm VwH$mo~m§Zm {VQ>H$mam hmoVm. Vo åhUVmV -

Ami{g`mMo A§Va Hw$S>|Ÿ& O¡go _T>| {ZîH$m_Ÿ&

VwH$m åhUo Eoem hmVrŸ& _O lrnVr dmMdmŸ&&

àoVmcm Oer H$mhrM BÀN>m ZgVo, Ë`mà_mUo Amier _mUgmcm àJVrMr BÀN>m ZgVo. Agoc Ë`m_yT> pñWVrVM Vmo amhVmo. Aem cmoH$m§Mr g§JVr VwH$mo~m§Zm ZH$mo hmoVr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr AmigmMm {VañH$maAm{U à`ËZnyd©H$ Aä`mgmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV àmn§{MH$m§Zr Zoh_r H$îQ> H$amdoV d BpÀN>VÜò` gmÜ` H$amdo, Agm gëcm VwH$mo~m XoVmV.

"O¡go V¡go amho XodmMo ho XoU|Ÿ& `ËZ H$[aVm§ VoU| H$m` Zìho?'

Ogo OÝ_mcm Amcmo VgoM amhUo åhUOo XodmZo _wimV Oo {Xco VgoM amhUo Amho. nU à`ËZ ânyaHo$ë`mda H$m` hmoUma Zmhr? Amig hm Aä`mgmMm eÌy Amho, ho cjmV R>odco nm{hOo.

OrdZmV gË`mcm \$ma _hÎd Amho. {dœmMo AJa g_mOmMo ì`dhma gË`mZo Pmco VaM Vo {dYm`H$ê$n YmaU H$aVmV. `mgmR>r VwH$mam_ "AgË` dMZ hmoVm§ gd© OmoS>rŸ& Oar c½ZKS>r naCnH$maŸ& OmB©cnVZm `m{g g§Xoh ZmhrŸ&&' c½ZmgmaIm namonH$ma hmoV Agcm Var AgË`dMZ H$ê$ Z o, Ago gm§JVmV.AgË` ~mocUmam _Zwî` nmnr R>aVmo. "^moJ ¿`mdo XodmŸ& Ë`mJ ^moJtM ~admŸ&' Ago Vo Ë`mJm~ÔcåhUVmV. ^moJ Xodmcm g_n©U Ho$ë`mg ^moJmVyZM Ë`mJ KS>Vmo. H$maU hm Xoh AmnUmg nm§Sw>a§JmZo {XcmAmho, Aer Ë`m§Mr ^mdZm Amho. CnXoe gdmªZm H$amdm. EImÚm {d{eîQ> {eî`mcm CnXoe H$aUo A`mo½Àmho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. "_oKd¥îQ>rZo H$amdm CnXoeŸ& n[a Jwê$Zo Z H$amdm {eî`Ÿ&& dm§Q>m cm o Ë`mgHo$ë`m AY©H$_m©MmŸ&' _oKmMm dfm©d Ogm gd©Ì gmaImM hmoVmo, Ë`mà_mUo CnXoe gd©Ì gmaImM H$amdm.EImXmM {eî` {ZdSy>Z Ë`mcm CnXoe Ho$ë`mg {eî`mÀ`m nmnmMm AYm© dmQ>m Jwê$cm ñdrH$mamdm cmJVmo.åhUyZ _oKmÀ`m ñd^mdmZo CnXoe H$amdm, Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV. H$moUVrhr JmoîQ> ewÕ H$s AewÕ ho{VÀ`m H$gmda R>admdo. "ewÕ H$gy{Z nmhmdoŸ& d[a a§Jm Z wcmdoŸ&&' Aer Vo gyMZm XoVmV.

Omo {df` _ZmV KmoiV amhVmo Ë`mÀ`merM Amnco _V EH$ê$n hmoVo, hm ^{ŠV_mJm©Vrc {gÕm§VVwH$mam_ Agm gm§JVmV -

142

Á`mMo O`m Ü`mZŸ& Vmo{M hmo Ë`mMo _ZŸ&

åhUD${Z AdKo gmamŸ& nm§Sw>a§J ÑT> YamŸ&&

na_VÎdmcm eaU OmUo hoM _hÎdmMo. Ë`mVM _ZmMr em§Vr Amho. Amnë`m ^modVrMo cmoH$ Iao nmhVmAmnco ZgVmV.

"OZ ho gwImMo {Xë`m KoVë`mMoŸ& A§V ho H$mirMo H$moUr ZmhrŸ&

Omë`m hrZ e{ŠV ZmH$S>moio JiVrŸ& gm§S>mo{Z niVr am§S>mnmoaoŸ&&'

Aer Amncr Am{U Amnë`m earamMr AdñWm AgVo, ho cjmV KoD$Z _mUgmZo Amnë`m OrdZmVna_oœamcm Odi H$amdo. VwH$mam_ Amnë`m A §JmVyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m AmMmaY_m©Mo N>moQ>o N>moQ>o {Z`_ g_n©H$XmIco XoD$Z gm§JVmV.

"j_meñÌ O`m Zam{M`m hmVrŸ& XwîQ> V`màVr H$m` H$arŸ&

V¥U Zmhr VoWo n{S>cm Xmdm{½ZŸ& Om` Vmo {dPmo{Z Amng`mŸ&&'

{OWo JdVM Zmhr {VWo _moR>m dUdm cmJcm Var H$mhr Cn`moJ Zmhr Ë`mà_mUo Á`mÀ`mH$S>o j_m ZmdmMog_W© eñÌ Amho Ë`mcm XwîQ> H$mhrM H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

gwI nmhVm§ OdmnmS>|Ÿ& Xw…I nd©VmEdT>oŸ&&

Yar Yar AmR>dUŸ& _mZt g§Vm§Mo dMZŸ&&

Zoco amÌrZo Vo AY}Ÿ& ~minU Oam ì`mY|Ÿ&

VwH$m åhUo nwT>mŸ& KmUm Ow§Vr Ogr _yT>mŸ&&

Agm Amncm OrdZì`dhma Amho. gwI Iyn H$_r Amho Am{U Xw…I _mÌ nd©VmEdT>o Amho. Amnco AY}Am wî` PmonoV Va H$mhr Am wî` ~mcnUmV, H$mhr Am wî` d¥ÕnUmV Va H$mhr H$mi AmOmanUmV OmVmo.åhUyZ _mUgmZo g§VdMZmZo gmdY ìhmdo.

"_moH$io _Z agmi dmUr' AgUmam gd©JwUg§nÝZ AgVmo. "nwÊ` naCnH$ma, nmn Vo nanrS>mŸ&' "gË`Vmo {M Y_©, AgË` Vo H$_©Ÿ&' "g§Vm§Mm g§J Vmo{M ñdJ©dmgŸ&' Aem ì`m»`m§_YyZ VwH$mam_ OrdZmMo __©CcJSy>Z XmIdVmV.

{Zdm©hmnwaVo AÝZ AmÀN>mXZŸ& Aml_mgr ñWmZ H$m|nr JwhmŸ&

H$moR>ohr {MÎmmgr Zgmdo ~§YZŸ& öX`r Zmam`U gmR>dmdmŸ&&

CXa{Zdm©hmnwaVo AÝZ Am{U Amgè`mgmR>r PmonS>r EdT>çm JmoîQ>r nwaoV. nU öX`mV _mÌ Zmam`U hdmM.Ac§H$ma Am wfUo, O_rZ, B_maVr åhUOo gwI Zìho. AmpË_H$ g_mYmZ ho gdm©V _moR>o Amho. _mZdrOrdZmV na_oœa^ŠVr H$aÊ`mVM _moR>o gwI gm_mdco Amho. AÝZ-dñÌ-{Zdmam `m ~m~tÀ`m JaOm

143

dmT>VM AgVmV. Ë`m JaOm§Mr nyVu åhUOo OrdZ Zìho. VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-

"g§gmam Am{c`m EH$ gwI AmhoŸ& AmR>dmdo nm` {dR>mo~mMoŸ&

oU| hmo gd© g§gma gwImMmŸ& Z cJo Xw…ImMm coe H$mhrŸ&&'

_Zwî` OÝ_ cm^ë`m_wio na_mËå`mÀ`m ^ŠVrMo Anma gwI {_iVo. Ë`m_wio _mUgmMo gJio OrdZMgwI_` hmoD$Z OmVo. Ë`mV Xw…ImMm A§ehr amhV Zmhr.

"_Z H$am ao àgÝZŸ& gd© {gÕrMo H$maU' ho gm_mÝ` _mUgmcm gm§Jm`cm VwH$mo~m {dgacoco ZmhrV.àgÝZ _ZmZo nmoQ>mMm CÚmoJ H$amdm. ^ŠVr H$amdr. \w$H$Q>Mo H$Yr ImD$ Z o. {^jm _mJUo gd©W¡d Ë`mÁ`Amho. "{^jmnmÌ Adc§~UoŸ& Oimo {OUo cm{OadmUoŸ&&' gm_mÝ` _mUgmcm Ë`mMo OrdZ OJVmZmoUmè`m AS>MUr gm§JyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr Ë`mcm gmdY Ho$co. Ë`m§Zr ì`{ŠVJV Zr{V_Îmocm àmYmÝ` {Xco. On-

Vn H$aÊ`mgmR>r earamcm Šcoe XoUo Ë`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVo. _mojmgmR>r hr JmoîQ> Amdí`H$ Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§MoñnîQ> _V Amho. `mÌoH$ê$da "OmD${Z`m VrWm©Ÿ& H$m` Vwdm§ Ho$coŸ&& M_© àjm{icoŸ& dar darŸ&&' AerIa_arV Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mg Vo H$MaV ZmhrV. ^anya g§nÎmr {_idÊ`mÀ`m _mJo cmJyZ cmoH$m§da AÝ`m` dAË`mMma H$aUmè`m YZXm§S>½`m§Zm CÔoeyZ Vo gm§JVmV -

"YZ _oidy{Z H$moQ>rŸ& gd| Z o ao c§JmoQ>rŸ&

nmZ| Imerc CX§S>Ÿ& A§Vr Omgr gwH$ë`m Vm|S>|Ÿ&&'

_¥Ë yZ§Va Amnë`m hmVr H$mhrM amhV Zmhr. gd© g§gma d Ë`mVrc ngmam BWoM R>odyZ nacmoH$r àdmgmcm{ZKmdo cmJVo. Mm¡Xm Mm¡H$S>çm§Mo Am wî` OJUmè`m amdUmcmhr _¥Ë wZ§Va "gm§JmVo H$dS>r Jocr Zmhr'Aer pñWVr Amho. Ë`m_wio _mUgmZo Z_«nUo B©œa^ŠVr H$amdr.

_mUgmMo OrdZ n{dÌ Agco nm{hOo. nmnmcm Ë`mV Wmam AgVm H$m_m Z o. "Zmhr {Z_©i OrdZŸ&H$m` H$arc gm~UŸ& V¡gr {MÎmewÕr ZmhrŸ& VoWo ~moY H$arc H$mB©Ÿ&&' nmUrM ñdÀN> Zgoc Va gm~U H$m`H$aUma? VerM {MÎmmV ewÕVm Zgoc Va ~moY Cn wŠV R>aUma Zmhr. Amem-V¥îUm Am{U _m`m hrAn_mZmMr ~rOo AmhoV. AmnU ~mocVmo VgoM dmJmdo. "~moco V¡gm MmcoŸ& Ë`mMr d§Xmdr nmD$coŸ&&' OmogË`mcm _mZVmo Vmo gÁOZ Am{U Omo BVam§Zm Ìmg XoVmo Vmo XwO©Z g_Omdm. ^mdm{edm` Ho$cocr nyOm ì`W©hmo . "Am{c`m ^moJmgr Agmdo gmXa' Amcoë`m n[apñWVrer YramZo gm_Zm H$amdm.

namonH$ma hoM nwÊ` Am{U nanrS>m åhUOoM nmn Amho, ho cjmV KoD$Z g§gmar _mUgmZo dmJmdo.gË`mZo g§gma H$aUmam _Zwî` Ë`mÀ`m AmgŠVrnmgyZ Xya AgVmo. Omo namonH$ma H$aVmo d Á`mÀ`m R>m`ryVX`m Amho, Vmo _mUyg AmË_ñdê$nmÀ`m {XeoZo àdmg H$arV AgVmo. hrZnUo OrdZ OJy Z o. g§gma

H$am`Mm Agoc Va Vmo qh_VrZo H$amdm. AmgŠVr gmoSy>Z g§gma H$am åhUOo ^ŠVrMm na_mZ§X {_ioc.g§gma gwImMm Am{U {ZXm}f hmoÊ`mgmR>r ^ŠVrMr-B©ída^ŠVrMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. gwI Am{U Xw…I hoÛ§Û g§gmamV gmaIo AZw dmcm oV AgVo. g§gmamV AmnÎmr oUo ñdm^m{dH$ d ghO Amho. Ë`m_wiolrharMo qMVZ H$aÊ`mH$S>o _mUgmÀ`m _ZmMm H$c hmoVmo. B©œa _ZmV, KamXmamV, g§gmamV gd©Ì Amho.

144

Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r amZmdZmV OmD$Z On-Vn-hmo_-hdZ H$am`cm ZH$mo. Ë`mÀ`m H¥$noZo g§gma gwImMm hmoVmo.B©œa hm gwI_`-AmZ§X_` Amho. Ë`mÀ`m qMVZmZo gd© g§gma gwIê$n hmoVmo. Xw…ImMo Zmdhr amhV Zmhr.

VwH$mo~m§Zm ~mBc~wÕrMo {df`mgŠV cmoH$ _wirM AmdS>V ZgV. Ë`m cmoH$m§Mr ñÌr Ë`m§Zm Hw$Í`mà_mUodmJ{dVo. VwH$mo~m§Zr g§VgÁOZm§Mr ñVwVr Ho$cr Amho. Oo H$m a§Oco Jm§OcoŸ& Ë`mgr åhUo Omo AmnwcoŸ& Vmo{MgmYw AmoiImdmŸ& Xod VoWo{M OmUmdmŸ&&

_¥Xy g~mø ZdZrVŸ& V¡go gÁOZmMo {MÎmŸ&

Á`mgr Amn§{JVm ZmhrŸ& Ë`mgr Yar Omo öX`tŸ&

X`m H$aUo Oo nwÌmgrŸ& Vo{M Xmgm Am{U XmgrŸ&

VwH$m åhUo gm§Jy {H$VrŸ& Vo{M ^Jd§VmMr _yVuŸ&

a§Oë`m Jm§Oë`m§Zm Omo ào_mZo Amnco åhUVmo, Vmo gmYy hmo . {VWoM Xod AgVmo. Ë`mMo {MÎm cmoÊ`mà_mUoA§V~m©ø _D$ AgVo. {ZamYmam§Zm Omo ào_mZo öX`r YaVmo Am{U godH$m§da Omo nwÌmà_mUo ào_ H$aVmo, VmogÁOZ ^Jd§VmMr _yVuM hmo . XrZX{cVm§Mo Alw nwgUo, {ZamYmam§Zm AmYma XoUo, godH$ Am{U nwÌ ømXmoKm§da g_ËdmZo ào_ H$aUo hr gÁOZ _mUgmMr cjUo AmhoV. ho gÁOZmMo JwU AmhoV.

WmoS>Š`mV ""B©ídamMo Zm_ñ_aU, Zm_g§H$sV©Z, qMVZ B. gmYZm§Zr Ë`mMr ^ŠVr H$arV Joco Am{UgË`mcm Z gmoS>Vm, g§gma Am{U ì`dhma, Ë`mV AmgŠV Z hmoVm Ho$cm Va ^ŠVmMo Eo{hH$ d nma_m{W©H$OrdZhr g\$c hmoVo, Agm ^mJdV Y_m©Mm {gÕm§V Amho.'' Ago e§. Xm. n|S>go åhUVmV. (gmjmËH$marg§V VwH$mam_ n¥îR> 125)

hm ^mJdV Y_m©Mm {gÕm§ÝV Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ Am{U AmMaUmVyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr gmVË`mZo Am{UAmJ«hmZo _m§S>cm. Ë`m§Zr g§gmar _mUgmcm VmR> _mZoZo C o Ho$co. VwH$mam_m§Zr g§gmar _mUgmcm gwg§ñH¥$V~ZÊ`mgmR>r AmJ«h Yacm.

5.4eãXmW© d {Q>nm

l AmQ>r - à`ËZ.

l CpÀN>îQ> - CîQ>o.

l ZmdcmoHy$ - Z + AdcmoHy$ - nmhUma Zmhr.

l ~mBc~wÕrMo cmoH$ - nËZrÀ`m AmkoVrc nVr.

l nanrS>H$ - Xwgè`m§Zm Ìmg XoUmam.

l Mma - Cnm`.

l H$ir - H${c`wJmV,

145

l JmoUr - nmoVo,

l O§~w - H$moëhm

l ZmS>Uo - Ìmg XoUo, N>i H$aUo.

l H$moS>r`m - H$moS> Agcocm _Zwî`.

l {e~rHo$ - nmcIrV

l Hw§$^nmH$ - ZaH$mMo Zmd.

l g§nXm - g§nÎmr.

l ZdZrV - cmoUr.

l Amn§{JVm - AmYma.

l _o{XZr - n¥Ïdr.

5.5 g_mamon

"Y_m©Mo nmiUŸ& H$aUo nmfm§S> I§S>UŸ& ho{M Amåhm H$aUo H$m_Ÿ& ~rO dmT>dmdo Zm_Ÿ&' hm VwH$mam_m§MmOr{dV hoVy hmoVm. Y_©nmcZmMm AmJ«h Yê$Z Amåhr ZmpñVH$ _VmMo I§S>Z H$aUma AmhmoV, hr Ë`m§Mrà{Vkm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrc gV²àd¥ÎmtMm Ë`m§Zr Jm¡ad Ho$cm Va Hw$àd¥Îmrda hëcm MT>{dcm. `mVMË`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc g_mO_ZñH$Vm cjmV oVo. VËH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr Jm|YimMr dAñVmì`ñV Pmcr hmoVr. ~«m÷U dJm©Mo AY…nVZ Pmco hmoVo. cmoH$ jwÐ XodVm§À`m ZmXr cmJco hmoVo.g_mOmV ^m|Xy gmYw§Mm gwigwimQ> Pmcm hmoVm. Aem n[apñWVrV VwH$mam_m§Zr gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo à~moYZHo$co. _mUgmMr loîR>Vm Ë`mÀ`m OmVr-Hw$i-dU© `mda Adc§~yZ ZgVo Va Vr Ë`mÀ`m gX²JwUm§daAdc§~yZ AgVo, Ago Ë`m§Zr C§M AmdmOmV ñnîQ>nUo gm§{JVco. {MÎmmMr ewÕVm Am{U _mUgmMrZr{V_Îmm _mUgmcm _moR>onU XoVo. "Amgwar ñd^md Am{U {ZX© A§Va' Agcocm ~«m÷U åhUyZM H${ZîR>hmo . ^ŠVrMm A{YH$ma gdmªZm Amho. d¡í`-ewÐ ho ewÕ _ZmZo ^ŠVr H$ê$Z loîR> R>ê$ eH$VmV, hm{dídmg Ë`m§Zr ñdV…À`m H$V¥©ËdmZo cmoH$m§Zm {Xcm. {df_Vm-Añn¥í`Vm Ë`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVr. Ë`mdaË`m§Zr eãXm§Mo eñÌ Yaco Amho. g_mOmVrc Xm§{^H$Voda Am{U T>m|JrnUmda Ë`m§Zr H$R>moa hëco Ho$coAmhoV. g§Vm§Mm Jm¡ad Am{U Xm§{^H$m§da Kmd ho Ë`m§Mo ~«rX hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVo_YyZ Hw$Qw>§~H$Wmgm§JyZ Hw$àd¥ÎmtMo dñÌhaU Ho$co Amho. _mUgmMm ñdmW© Ë`mcm ney ~ZdVmo, ho gm§Jm`cm Vo {dgaVZmhrV. g_mOmVrc A§Y…lÕm Am{U jwÐ X¡dVm `m§À`mda Ë`m§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. àmn§{MH$m§Zm CnXoeH$ê$Z gm_mÝ` g§gmar _mUgmcm gmpÎdH$Vm Am{U ewÕVm XoÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. "gmYrahmUr Am{U CÀM {dMmagaUr' `m VÎdmMm AmJ«h Yê$Z gm_mÝ` _mUgmcm gV²àd¥Îm H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§ZrgmVË`mZo à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amncr coIUr {PO{dcr.


146


n dñVw{ZîR> àíZ


1. VwH$mam_ H$moUmMm Jm¡ad H$aVmV?

(d¡îUdm§Mm / Xm§{^H$m§Mm / A^ŠV ~«m÷Um§Mm)

2. VwH$mam_ H$moUmMm {Y…ŠH$ma H$aVmV?

(gmYw§Mm / T>m|Jr gmYw§Mm / gm_mÝ` _mUgmMm)

3. VwH$mam_ H$emMo I§S>U H$aVmV?

(nmfm§S>mMo / gÁOZËdm§M / ^ŠVrVÎdmMo)

4. VwH$mam_ H$emMm S>m§Jmoam {nQ>VmV?

(AgmYw§Mm / ^ŠVrMm / Jar~rMm)

5. VwH$mam_m§Mm eÌy H$moU?

(^m|Xy gmYy / nanrS>H$ / d¡îUd)

CÎmao : 1. d¡îUdm§Mm 2. gmYw§Mm 3. nmfm§S>mMm 4. ^ŠVrMm 5. nanrS>H$


1. "Amåhr _R>nVr Zmhr, Am_Mr {eîèmIm Zmhr', Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV.

2. {dîUwXmg _oUmhÿZ _D$ Am{U dO«mnojm H$R>rU ZgVmV.

3. VËH$mcrZ ~«m÷U Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`mV Añn¥í`Vm _mZrV ZgV.

4. A§Jr X`m j_m em§Vr ho JwU AgVrc d Vmo A§ËÒ Agoc Varhr Vmo ~«m÷UM, AgoVwH$mam_m§Mo _V hmoVo.

5. VwH$mam_m§Zr ~mømËH$mar ^ŠVr H$aUmè`m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$cm Amho.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a 2) MyH$ 3) MyH$ 4) ~amo~a 5) MyH$

H$) Jmicoë`m OmJm âm

1. Amåhr .................Ÿ& Amcmo `m {M H$maUmgrŸ&

2. Y_m©Mo ................Ÿ& H$aUo nmfm§S> I§S>UŸ&

147

3. nanrS>H$ Vmo Amåhm§ ..............Ÿ& {dœt {dœ§ a åhUD${ZŸ&

4. H$nQ> H$mhr EH$Ÿ& ZoU| .............. cmoH$Ÿ&&

5. _hmam{g {edoŸ& H$mono .................. Vmo ZìhoŸ&&

CÎmao : 1) d¡Hw$§R>dmgr 2) nmcZ 3) XmdoXma 4) ^wc{dc| 5) ~«m÷U

S>) OmoS>çm Owidm.

A ~

1. ~mBcdoS>m A) {eH$ë`m ~mocmMo gm§JVrc dmXŸ&

2. Hw$g§JVr ~) JwéJwS>rMr cm§~ ZirŸ&

3. n{T>H$ n§{S>V H$) Amem~Õ dŠVmŸ& ^` lmo{V`mÀ`m {MÎmm

4. T>m|Jr gmYw S>) T>oH$UmMo g§Jo {ham Omo §JcmŸ&

5. nmoQ>^ê$ H$sV©ZH$ma B) Xodm{M`m dñÌm ñdßZthr ZmR>drŸ&

\$) _m`~mnmhÿZ ~hþ _m`md§V

CÎmao : 1) B 2) S> 3) A 4) ~ 5) H$


1. YZ H$go {_idmdo, Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV?

2. YZ H$go IM© H$amdo, Ago VwH$mam_ åhUVmV?

3. VwH$mam_m§Zr XodmH$S>o H$moUVo XmZ _m{JVco Amho?

4. d¡îUdm§Mm Y_© H$moUVm?

5. n§T>arg {ZKmcoë`m gmgwcm gyZ H$m` gm§JVo?

CÎmao:1. CÎm_ ì`dhma H$ê$Z gMmoQ>rZo YZ {_idmdo.

2. _moh Z R>odVm CXmg d¥ÎmrZo YZ IM© H$amdo.

3. XodmMm {dga nSy> Z o, ho XmZ VwH$mam_ _mJVmV.

4. gd© OJ {dîUw_` Amho, _mUgm_mUgm§V oX H$aUo A_§Jc Amho - hm d¡îUdY_© Amho.

5. "Vwåhr `mÌocm AmZ§XmZo Om, _mJrc Amem gmoSy>Z ñd{hV OmoS>m' Ago gwZoZo gmgycm gm§{JVco.

148

n cKwÎmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_m§Zr g§VJm¡ad H$gm Ho$cm Amho, Vo gmoXmhaU ñnîQ> H$am.

2. VwH$mam_m§Zr g_mOmVrc Xm§{^H$VoMm ~waIm H$gm \$mS>cm Amho? ñnîQ> H$am.

3. VwH$mam_m§Mr g_mO_ZñH$Vm {ddê$Z gm§Jm.

4. VwH$mam_H$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr H$er hmoVr? Vo ñnîQ> H$am.

n XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVo_YyZ g§VJm¡ad H$gm Ho$cm Amho Vo gm§JyZ Ë`m§Zr àmn§{MH$m§ZmHo$coë`m CnXoemMm g{dñVa nam_e© ¿`m.

2. VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m A §JdmUr_YyZ Xm§{^H$Voda, A§Y…lÕm§da d jwÐ XodVm§da MT>{dcoë`mhëë`mMo ñdê$n {ddê$Z gm§Jm.

3. VwH$mam_m§Mr g_mO_ZñH$Vm ñnîQ> H$ê$Z VËH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm doY ¿`m.

n {Q>nm {chm.

1. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoVrc Hw$Qw>§~H$Wm

2. VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$cocm d¡îUdm§Mm Jm¡ad

3. VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$cocm T>m|Jr gmYw§Mm {ZfoY

5.7 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. g§VH${d VwH$mam_ : EH$ qMVZ : S>m°. {Z_©cHw$_ma \$S>Hw$co

2. nmM g§VH${d : e§. Jmo Vwinwio

3. gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_ : S>m°. A{Zc Jdir

4. VwH$mam_ : ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o

5. VwH$mam_Xe©Z : S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao

5.8 CnH«$_

1. Xohÿ Am{U Ami§Xr `m VrW©joÌr OmD$Z VoWrc VwH$mam_ d kmZoœa `m§À`m OrdZmVrc H$m ©H$V¥©ËdmMoXe©Z àË`j KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am. gXa VrW©joÌm§Mo Aä`mgy ÑîQ>rZo {ZarjU H$am.

2. e§H$a Aä`§H$a `m§Mr "n§MnXr' hr Üd{Z_w{ÐH$m EoH$m. A{OV H$S>H$S>o `m§Mr "N>§X {dÇ>cmMm' hrÜd{Z_w{ÐH$m EoH$m.

3. VwH$mam_m§Mr gw m{fVna dMZo g§J«hrV H$am.

ooo

149

KQ>H$ : 6

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr qMVZercVm

6.1 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg AmnU nwT>rc C{XîQ>o g_moa R>odyZ H$aUma AmhmoV.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo VÎdkmZ g_OmdyZ KoUo.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m CnXoemMo d g_mOà~moYZmMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUo.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrVyZ àH$Q> Pmcoë`m gdm©Zw yVr^md, ~§Yw md, AqhgmdmX `m§Moñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aUo.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrVyZ àH$Q> Pmcoë`m cmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§Mo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUod g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrMo d cmoH$gm{hË`mMo ZmVo ñnîQ> H$aUo.

6.2 àmñVm{dH$

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMm H$ig R>acoco g§V VwH$mam_ ho _amR>r gmñdVmVrc EH$ CÎmw§J ì`{ŠV_Îd Amho.Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrcm "n§M_doX' Ago g§~moYyZ _hmamîQ´>r` OZVoZo Vr Amnë`m H§$R>r YmaU Ho$cr Amho.Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV d¡pídH$ _mZdVmdmX Amho. OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUmMo CX²Jma AmhoV. g_Vocm àmYmÝ` Amho.VwH$mam_ ho cmoH$_mZgmer g§dmX gmYUmao H$dr hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr dmUr cmoH$dmUr Amho. "~wS>Vr ho OZ ZXoIdo S>moim§Ÿ& oVmo H$idim åhUmo{Z`m' `m ^mdZoVyZ hr A §JdmUr OÝ_mcm Amcr. åhUyZ Vo Amnë`mA §Jm§VyZ g_mOmVrc X§ mda, T>m|Jmda H$S>mSy>Z hëcm H$aVmV. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mr g_mOgwYmaUoMr Vi_i{XgyZ oVo. VwH$mo~m§Zm ì`ŠVrgwYmaUm, g_mOgwYmaUm Am{U Y_©gwYmaUm A{^àoV Amho. VwH$mo~m§Zrna_oídamÀ`m gJwU-{ZJw©U ñdê$nmMo Ho$coco dU©Z; Û¡V-AÛ¡V, _m`m, ~«÷ `m{df`rMo qMVZ; Y_©,g§Vg_mJ_, {dÇ>c-n§T>ar `m{df`rMo qMVZ, Ë`m§Mr qMVZercVm àH$Q> H$aVo. {dÚmWu {_Ìhmo, àñVwVKQ>H$m§V AmnUmg `m ~m~tMm {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho.

6.3 {df` {ddoMZ

6.3.1 AÛ¡VdmX

na_oídamMm gmjmËH$ma AWdm AÛ¡VmMm AZw d, _m`m-B©ída, Ord-OJV-na_mË_m, OÝ_-_¥Ë y, g_mYr BË`mXr {df`rMo {ddoMZ H$aUmao VwH$mo~m§Mo A §J Ë`m§Mo VÎdkmZ ñnîQ> H$aVmV. VwH$mo~m§MoVÎdkmZ åhUOo ^mJdVY_m©Mo Am{U n`m© mZo dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo VÎdkmZ hmo . g§V VwH$mam_ ghO ~mocy

150

cmJco, Var Ë`m§À`m dmUrVyZ doXm§V ghO àH$Q> hmoVmo. `m g§X^m©V Vo åhUVmV, "doXm§Mm Vmo AW©AmåhmgrM R>mdmŸ& oam§Zr dmhmdm ^ma _mWmŸ'

VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmMo na_^ŠV Agco Var, {dÇ>c åhUOo gd©ì`mnH$, gdm©Ë_H$, g{ÀMXmZ§X Agona~«÷M Amho. `mMo Ë`m§Zm nyU© kmZ Amho. Ë`m§À`m ^ŠVrcm AÛ¡V VÎdkmZmMo A{YîR>mZ Amho. åhUyZVo åhUVmV -

OoWo VoWo XoIo VwPrM nmD$coŸ& {Ì wdZ g§Mco {dÇ>cm JmŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo AUw VwO{dU ZmhrŸ& Z^mhþ{Z nmhr dmT> AmhoŸ&&

{dídmVrc AUwaoUwVhr {dÇ>c ì`mnyZ am{hcm Amho. Am{U Vmo AmH$memnojmhr _moR>m Amho. "CacmVmo AdKm har' Aer Ë`m§Mr AZw yVr Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m ÑîQrZo OJVmV H$moUVmhr oXm oX Zmhr.AmnUmH$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr OrdmMm _Ëga hmoD$ Z o, ho na_oídamÀ`m ^ŠVrMo d_© VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV `mMoH$maU hoM hmo . `mÑîQ>rZo VwH$mo~m§Mm nwT>rc A §J nmhm-

{dídr {díd§ aŸ& ~moco doXm§VmMo gmaŸ&&

OJr OJXreŸ& emñÌo dXVr gmdH$meŸ&&

ì`m{nco ho Zmam`UoŸ& Eogo JO©Vr nwamUoŸ&&

OZr OZmX©ZŸ& g§V ~mocVr dMZŸ&&

gy`m©{M`m narŸ& VwH$m cmoH$s H«$sS>m H$arŸ&&

Amnco _yi ñdê$n AÛ¡V AgoM Amho. `m _yi ñdê$nmV "_r Am{U _mPo' `m d¥Îmr CËnÝZ Pmë`mH$s, Û¡Vmcm àma§ hmoVmo. åhUyZ `m d¥Îmr Zmhrem H$amì`m cmJVmV. Ë`mgmR>r "_r ~«÷ Amho' hr OmUrd{Z_m©U ìhmdr cmJVo; d OJhr ~«÷ê$n Amho, Agm gmjmËH$ma ìhmdm cmJVmo. Aem AdñWoV kmVm-ko -kmZ hr {ÌnwQ>r {eëcH$ amhmV Zmhr. AÛ`, em§V, {Z{d©f`, AmZ§X_`, kmZñdê$n, {ZJw©U,{ZamH$ma na~«÷ VodT>o {eëcH$ amhVo. VwH$mo~m§Zm Aem àH$maMm Pmcocm gmjmËH$maM Ë`m§À`m VÎdkmZmMo/qMVZercVoMo _yi ~rO Amho. hr AmË_mZw yVr VwH$mo~m§Zr nwT>rc eãXm§V àH$Q> Ho$cr Amho.

Ydico OJXmH$maŸ& Am§Yma Vmo {ZagcmŸ&&1&&

cnmo OmVm§ Zmhr R>mdŸ& àJQ> nmho ngmamŸ&&2&&

I[a`mMm {Xdg AmcmŸ& dmT>r ~mocm Z nwaoŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Ordo gmR>rŸ& n{S>cr {_R>r YwaogrŸ&&4&&

`m na~«÷mcm ê$n, aoIm, Zm_ Zmhr. Vmo Acú`, Aì`ŠV, Anma Agm Amho. AZ§V, AJmY Amho.Vmo gJwU H$s {ZJw©U, gmH$ma H$s {ZamH$ma ho doXlwVtZmhr H$icoco Zmhr. doXhr VoWo _m¡ZmdVmV. _mÌ^ŠVrZo Vmo Amncmgm H$aVm oVmo. ^ŠVmMm Ogm ^md Agoc, Ë`mà_mUo Vmo ñdoÀN>oZo ê$n YmaU H$aVmo.

151

VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

Aì`ŠVm Acjm Anmam AZ§VmŸ& {ZJw©U gpÀMXm Zmam`UmŸ&&

ê$n Zm_ Koer Amnë`m ñdBÀN>mŸ& hmogr ^md V¡gm Ë`mH$maUoŸ&&

qH$dm

gJwU H$s gmH$ma {ZJw©U H$s {ZamH$maŸ& Z H$io hm nma doXm§lwVrŸ&&

Vmo Amåhr ^mdo Ho$cmgr chmZŸ& R>ody{Z`m Zmdo nmMm[aVmoŸ&&

{dÇ>c ho na~«÷mMo àVrH$ Amho. {dÇ>cM gd©Ì ^ê$Z am{hcm Amho. "VwH$m åhUo EH$ {dÇ>cMrIamŸ& oa Vmo ngmam dmD$JmMr' hmM VwH$mo~m§Mm doXm§V Amho. "h[aì`mnH$ gd©JVŸ& hm Vd _w»`Ëdo doXm§V'Aer Ë`m§Mr lÕm Amho. hm {dÇ>cM {dídmÀ`m AmV Amho Am{U ~mhoahr Amho. AZ§V ~«÷m§S>o Ë`mÀ`mCXamV gmR>dcocr AmhoV.

"AZ§V ~«÷m§S>o CXarŸ& har hm ~mcH$ Z§XmKarŸ&' qH$dm

{dÇ>c {dñVmacm OZrŸ& gßVhr nmVmio ^ê$ZrŸ&&

{dÇ>c ì`mnH$ {Ì wdZrŸ& {dÇ>c_Zr_mZgrŸ&&'

OrdmË_m hm na_mËå`mMoM ê$n Amho. OrdmMr CnmYr A{dÚm AgyZ, Vr Zmhrer hmoVmM Ordna_mËå`mV {dcrZ hmoVmo. Ord _wimVM A_a Amho. Ë`mcm _aU Zmhr. H$maU _aU hm XohmMm Y_© Amho.na_oídamnojm OJV² ZmdmMr doJir dñVyM Zmhr. Ordhr na~«÷mdmMyZ doJim Zmhr. Agm doXm§VmMm _yi{gÕm§V Amho. Ë`mMm ~moY "Ah§ ~«÷mpñ_' d "VÎd_{g' `m _hmdmŠ`m§Zr hmoVmo. hr AmË_mZw yVr VwH$mo~mnwT>rc eãXm§V ì`ŠV H$aVmV.

Z Omcm àn§M Amho na~«÷Ÿ& Ah§ gmoh§ ~«÷ AmH$icoŸ&&

VÎd_{g {dÚm ~«÷mZ§X gm§JŸ& Vo{M Pmcm A§Jo VwH$m AmVmŸ&&

Aem arVrZo Xod-^ŠV, Ord-{ed, Û¡V-AÛ¡V, gJwU-{ZJw©U `m§Mo EoŠ` VwH$mo~m§Zr gm§{JVcoAmho.

na~«÷mnojm {^ÝZËdmZo Am{U {d{dYVoZo {XgUmao OJ Iao Zmhr. Vo Am^mgmË_H$ Amho. ho VwH$mo~m§ZraÁOy-gn©, _¥JOi, gmoZo-Ac§H$ma Aem ÑîQ>m§Vm§VyZ ñnîQ> Ho$co Amho.

a‚mw Yê${Z`m hmVrŸ& oS>gm{dcr ZoUVrŸ&

H$imo oVm {MÎmrŸ& Xmoar XmoKm gm[aIrŸ&&

Vwåhm Amåhm _Ü o harŸ& Omcr hmoVr V¡gr narŸ&

_¥JOimÀ`m nwarŸ& R>md nmhmo Vamd`mŸ&&

152

gar {MVmH$ ^modarŸ& Ac§H$mam{M`m narŸ&

Zm_o Omco XwarŸ& EH$ gmoZo Am{Q>VmŸ&&

EH$m XwYmnmgyZ Xhr, cmoUr, Vyn Ago AZoH$ àH$ma {Z_m©U hmoVmV. gmoÝ`mMo AZoH$ Ac§H$ma Ho$coVar eodQ>r Vo gmoZoM AgVo. _mVrMo AZoH$ KQ> Ho$co Var Ë`m gdmª_Ü o _mVrM AgVo. Ë`mà_mUo {d{dYê$nmZo {XgUmao ho OJ EH$ na~«÷M Amho. EH$M AZoH$ Pmco Var Ë`mÀ`m AZoH$ËdmV EH$nUmM AgVmo.hm na_mË_m Amnco _yiMo EH$Ëd {~KSy> Z XoVm AZoH$ énm§Zr ZQ>Vmo. hrM Ë`mMr AJå` crcm hmo .

n` X{Y K¥V Am{U ZdZrVŸ& V¡go Ñí`OmV EH$nUoŸ&&

H$ZH$mMo nmhr Ac§H$ma Ho$coŸ& H$ZH$Ëdm Amco EH$nUoŸ&&

_¥{ÎmHo$Mo KQ> Omco ZmZmnarŸ& _¥{ÎmH$m AdKmar EH$nUoŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo EH$ EH$ Vo AZoH$Ÿ& AZoH$Ëdr EH$ EH$nUmŸ&&

AemàH$mao VwH$mam_m§Zr na~«÷mMo "EH$nU' {gÕ H$ê$Z, ~«÷ Am{U OJV² `m§À`mVrc {damoYZmhrgm Ho$cm.

_m ocm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd Zmhr, Ago gd©M g§Vm§Mo _V Amho. VwH$mam_hr Ë`mcm AndmX ZmhrV.na_mËå`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr {dnarVËdmZo àH$Q> hmoÊ`mMr Or eŠVr {Vcm _m`m åhUVmV. Vr na~«÷mhÿZ doJirZmhr. eara Am{U N>m`m Oer doJir ZgVmV, Ë`mà_mUo ~«÷mnojm _m`m doJir Zmhr. earamMr N>m`mdoJir H$mT>Vm oV Zmhr, Am{U VmoS>Vmhr oV Zmhr. _mÌ cmoQ>§JU KmVco H$s, Vr Zmhrer hmoVo. Ë`mà_mUona_oídamcm cmoQ>m§JU KmVco AgVm åhUOo eaU Joco AgVm. _m`m ZXrVyZ Vê$Z OmVm oVo. VwH$mo~måhUVmV;

_m`m Vo{M ~«÷ ~«÷ Vo{M _m`mŸ& A§J Am{U N>m`m V`mnarŸ&&

Vmo{S>Vm Z VwQ>o g[aVm {ZamirŸ& cmoQ>m§JUmVir hmanVoŸ&&

A§{V_ gË`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Ordmcm, OJVmcm, Xohmcm d Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m H$m`m©cm doJioApñVËd Zmhr. na_mËå`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo OJV² {Z_m©UM Pmco Zmhr, Agm AnmVdmX VwH$mam_m§Zr nwT>rcA §JmVyZ gm§{JVcm Amho.

c{Q>H$m àn§M dm§PoMr g§VVrŸ& VÎdkm ho «m§{V ~m§Yy ZoUoŸ&&1&&

gy ©q~~r H$m` A§Yma [aKocŸ& _¥JOio qV~oc Z^ H$mB©Ÿ&&2&&

V¡gm Ñí`m^mg ZmR>io{M S>moimŸ&& àH$megmohim ^moJrVgoŸ&&3&&

^moJ ^mo½` ^moŠVm ZmR>io {M H$mhrŸ& M¡VÝ` {ZJ«hr nyU© H$m_Ÿ&&4&&

VwH$m ~«÷mZ§Xr Amho VwH$~«÷Ÿ& àn§MmMo ~§S> Z XoIo S>moimŸ&&5&&

153

g§V VwH$mam_ Aem na_moÀM AdñWo_Ü o {Z_½Z Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m S>moù`m§Zm àn§M {XgV Zmhr.Amnë`m S>moù`m§Zm ÑíÒmV H$mhrM AmT>iV Zhr, Ago Ë`m§Zm åhUmd`mMo Amho. Aem EH$ËdmÀ`mAZw yVrV ÐîQ>m-Ñí`-Xe©Z, ^moJ-^mo½`-^moŠVm hr {ÌnwQ>r Zmhrer hmoVo. Agm "{ZH$amMm AmË_^md'VwH$mo~m§Zr oWo gm§{JVcm Amho.

{dídmcm na_oídamhÿZ doJio ApñVËd Zmhr. Vo Am^mgmË_H$ Amho. VgoM ~ÕmdñWm d _mojmdñWmhrH$mën{ZH$ Amho. Ë`m gmnoj AmhoV. H$ënZm Q>mHy$Z XoVmM ~§YM _moj hmoVmo. Xod Amho VgmM Amho. Vmo~Õhr ZìhVm Am{U _wŠVhr Zmhr. VwH$mam_ åhUVmV;

~§YZ{M Zmhr R>mdoŸ& _wŠV H$mg`m åhUmdoŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo gmhoŸ& Xod Amho V¡gm AmhoŸ&&

g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Amncr AÛ¡VmZw yVr AmUIrhr ~è`mM A §Jm§VyZ àH$Q> Ho$cr Amho. "ZmamÙmAmåhm§ Zmht doJirH$' qH$dm "AdKr EH$mMrM drUŸ& VoWo H¢$Mo {^ÝZm{^ÝZŸ& doXnwéf ZmamÙŸ& VoUo Ho$cm{ZdmS>mŸ&&'

gy ©{H$aUo gy m©nmgyZ doJir {ZdS>Vm oV ZmhrV. gmIa Am{U {VMr JmoS>r EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJirH$aVm oV Zmhr. _rR> nmÊ`mV {_gico, Va nmÊ`mnmgyZ doJio amhmV Zmhr. A½ZrMm H$mnamer g§~§YAmë`mda H$mnya åhUyZ H$mhr {eëcH$ amhV Zmhr. Ë`mà_mUo Xod Am{U ^ŠV `m§Mo EoŠ` AgVo. Ord-~«÷mMo EoŠ` Ago Amho, Ago VwH$mo~m dma§dma gm§JVmV.

6.3.2 gdm©Zw yVrg_^md

"Oo Oo oQ>o yVŸ& Vo Vo _m{ZOo ^Jd§VŸ& hm ^{ŠV`moJw {ZpíMVŸ& OmU _mPmŸ&&' hr kmZXodm§Mr^{ŠVg§H$ënZm gd©M _amR>r g§Vm§Zr {eamoYm © _mZcr Amho. Ë`m_wio gd© OJVmÀ`m ê$nmZo Am{Uàm{U_mÌmÀ`m ê$nmZo EH$ na_VÎdM ZQ>coco Amho, Aer g§Vm§Mr YmaUm Amho. ho na_VÎd Am{U AmnUEH$ê$nM Agë`m_wio gd© OJVmV d gd© àm{U_mÌmV AmnUM ^ê$Z am{hcmo AmhmoV, Aer gdm©Zw yVrg§V àH$Q> H$aVmV. hm gdm©Zw yVr^md g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrV AË §V CÀM nmVirdê$Z àH$Q>Pmcocm {XgVmo. Imcrc A §J ho Ë`mMo CËH¥$îQ> CXmhaU Amho.

{dîUw_` OJ d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ& oXm oX «_ A_§JiŸ&&1&&

AmBH$m Or Vwåhr ^ŠV ^mJdVŸ& H$amc Vo {hV gË` H$amŸ&&2&&

H$moUmhr {OdmMm Z KS>mo _ËgaŸ& d_© gd}ída nyOZmMoŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo EH$m XohmMo Ad`dŸ& gwI Xw…I Ord ^moJ nmdoŸ&&4&&

OJ {dîUw_` Amho. åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr OrdmMm _Ëga Z H$aUo, hoM Ë`m gd}ídamÀ`m nyOZmMo d_©Agë`mMo VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV. Iam kmZr^ŠV "ho {díd{M _mPo Ka' `m AdñWocm nmohMcocm AgVmo. Vmo

154

gd© àm{U_mÌm§Zm g_mZ coIVmo. CÀM-ZrM, loîR>-H${ZîR>, gwIXw…I, qZXmñVwVr, _mZmn_mZ AgmH$moUVmhr oX Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ZgVmo. Aer gdm©Zw yVr VwH$mo~m§Zr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr àH$Q> Ho$cr Amho.Ë`m§Mo AmË_gmjmËH$mam{df`rMo H$mhr A §J `m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMo dmQ>VmV. CXmhaUmW©;

AUwaUr`m§ WmoH$S>mŸ& VwH$m AmH$memEdT>mŸ&&1&&

{Jiw{Z gm§{S>co H${idaŸ& ^d «_mMm AmH$maŸ&&2&&

gm§{S>cr {ÌnwQ>rŸ& Xrn COicm KQ>tŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo AmVmŸ& Cacmo CnH$mamnwaVmŸ&&4Ÿ&&

AmË_mM gd©Ì, ^ê$Z am{hcm Amho, hm AZw d VwH$mo~m§Zr nwT>rc A §Jm§VyZ ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho-

aŠV ídoV H¥$îU nrV à^m {^ÝZŸ& {MÝ_` A§OZ gwXco S>moim§Ÿ&&1&&

VoUo A§OZJwUo {Xì`ÑîQ>r OmcrŸ& H$ënZm {Zdmcr Û¡VmÛ¡VŸ&&2&&

XoeH$mcdñVw oX _mdicmŸ& AmË_m {Zdm©icm {dídmH$maŸ&&3&&

Z Omcm àn§M Amho na~«÷Ÿ& Ah§gmoh§ ~«÷ AmH$icoŸ&&4&&

VÎd_{g {dÚm ~«÷mZ§X gm§JŸ& Vo{M Omcm A§Jo VwH$m åhUoŸ&&5&&

"gdm©Ë_^md' ho VwH$mam_mÀ`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMo Img d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. A{Zc JdiråhUVmV, ""gmh{OH$M AÜ`mË_ d g_mOOrdZ `m XmoÝhr ÑîQ>rZo VwH$mam_ gdm©Ë_dmXr R>aVmV. AW©eyÝ`,EH$mH$s, {ZaW©H$, {Z…g§X ©, AmË_{dÝ_wI A{cßVVm, namË_Vm Aem Om{Udm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmVAmT>iV ZmhrV.'' (S>m°. Jdir A{Zc, "gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_', {haÊ`Ho$er àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya,2002, n¥îR> 114, 115) Amncr ñdmW©naVm KmcdyZ BVam§À`m Xw…ImH$S>o AmË_r`VoZo nmhUo, Amncmg§Hw${MV ^md gmoSy>Z gdm©Ë_^md gmÜ` H$aUo, hr AmÜ`mË_mVrc EH$ _hÎdmMr AdñWm Amho. na_oídaAm{U _Zwî` `m§À`mVrc oX Zmhrgm H$ê$Z, _mUgm-_mUgm§Vrc oXhr Zmhrgm H$aUo, Am{U EdT>oMZìho Va gd© àm{U_mÌm§Vcm oX Zmhrgm hmoD$Z, "AdKr yVo gmå`m Amcr' Aer ÑîQ>r {Z_m©U hmoUoåhUOo gdm©Zw yVr^md hmo . hr AZw yVr VwH$mo~m AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ì`ŠV H$aVmV. "X`m H$aUo Oo nwÌmgrŸ&Vo{M Xmgm Am{U XmgrŸ&& VwH$m åhUo gm§Jmo {H$VrŸ& Vmo{M ^Jd§VmMr _yVuŸ&&' Aem CX²JmamVyZ VwH$mam_m§À`mgdm©Ë_^mdmMrM àMrVr oVo. "VwH$m åhUo Oo Oo oQ>oŸ& Vo Vo dmQ>o _r Eogo' hr Ë`m§Mr g_J« OrdZmH$S>onmhÊ`mMr ÑîQ>r hmoVr.

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr OrdZÑîQ>r AË §V ì`mnH$ hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo AÜ`mË_ ñdV…nwaVo g§Hw${MV ZìhVo.Ë`m§À`m "ñd' _Ü o g§nyU© {dídmMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUmVM ñdV…Mo H$ë`mU Amho, AgoË`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. åhUyZ g§Vm§Mr cjUo gm§JVmZm Vo åhUVmV-

155

OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUm g§Vm§À`m {d yVrŸ& XohH$îQ>{dVr namonH$maoŸ&&

yVm§Mr X`m ho ^m§S>dc g§VmŸ& Amnwcr __Vm Zmhr XohrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo gwI nam{d`m gwIoŸ& A_¥V ho _wIo òdVgoŸ&&

g§Vm§À`m {R>H$mUr ñdV…À`m Xohm{df`r __Ëd ZgVo Vo BVam§À`m IwImZo gwIr hmoVmV. H$maUË`m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo Amnë`mhÿZ {^ÝZ Ago H$moUr ZgVoM. g§V Ah§H$maa{hV, Aemnmea{hV, H$moUmMrhr qZXmAWdm qhgm Z H$aUmao Am{U ñ\${Q>H$mà_mUo {Z_©i AgVmV. H$maU Ë`m§Mr AmÜ`mpË_H$ AZw yVrgdm©Ë_ AgVo. Ë`mV A{Ic {dídmMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo.

6.3.3 ~§Yw md

gd© OJmV na_oída ^acm Amho, åhUyZ H$moUmMmhr Ûof H$ê$ Z o. gdmªer ~§Yw md Agmdm. hoMË`m gd}ídamÀ`m nyOZmMo d_© Amho. hm ^mJdV Y_m©Mm {dMma VwH$mo~m§Zr AmË_gmV Ho$cm hmoVm. åhUyZchmZ-_moR>m, CÀM-ZrM, Mm§Jcm-dmB©Q>, nwÊ`dmZ-nmnr Agcm oX VwH$mo~m§À`m {R>H$mUr ZìhVm.g§nyU© OJ EH$mMmM {dñVma Agë`mZo g_mZ ~§YwËdmMr OmUrd Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr hmoVr. hm {dMma gdmªZrAmMaUmV AmUm`cm hdm. åhUOo AmnAmngmVrc hodoXmdo AmnmoAmnM ZîQ> hmoVrc. Xod, Y_©, OmV,n§W, dU© `m§À`m Zmdmda g_mOm_Ü o Xwhr {Z_m©U H$aUo, g§Vm§Zm Am{U AWm©VM VwH$mo~m§Zm _mÝ` Zmhr.g_mOmMo EH$g§YËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amncr dmUr IM© Ho$cr. ^mJdVY_m©Mr hr VÎdàUmcrg_mOOmJ¥VrÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMr Amho.

g_mOm_Ü o ~§Yw md {Z_m©U ìhmd`mMm Agoc Va, namonH$ma H$aUo, BVam§Zm nrS>m Z H$aUo, `m_mJmªMm Adc§~ H$amdm cmJoc. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr nmnnwÊ`mMr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> Ho$cr. "nwÊ` Vo naCnH$maŸ&nmn Vo nanrS>m' ho gXmMmamMo gyÌ gm§{JVco. ^ŠVr åhUOo gXmMma. gË` åhUOoM Y_©. Y_©, ZrVr Am{U^ŠVr `m VrZ JmoîQ>r EH$ÌM AgVmV. ^Jd§VmMm ^ŠV Zr{V_mZ, gXmMmar AgVmo. kmZXodm§Zr VaB©œamÀ`m H«$sS>o_Ü o ZrVr OJcocr AgVo, "O`m§{M o crco_mOr ZrVrŸ& {O`mcr {XgoŸ&&' Ago åhQ>coAmho. ""{Zñn¥hVm, {Zcm} Vm, gmYwVm, AmË_g§ _Z, {Za{^_mZVm, gË`{à`Vm `m gd© gX²JwUm§Mmg_wÀM` ^ŠVrV AgVmo. Aem ^ŠVrÀ`m AmMaUmZo ^ŠVmMo öX` {demc hmoVo. Ë`mMo A§Va§J g_¥ÕhmoVo. Vmo {dídmË_H$ y{_Ho$da Amê$T> hmoVmo.'' (Aä §H$a e§H$a dmgwXod, "g§V VwH$mam_' Am{XË`à{VîR>mZ, nwUo, 2008, n¥îR> 57) Ë`m_wio ^ŠVmÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmnmoAmnM {díd~§YwËdmMr ^mdZm{Z_m©U hmoVo.

nañnam§_Ü o ~§Yw md {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmMaU H$go Agmdo, `mMo _moR>o _m{_©H$ Am{U gw§Xa{ddoMZ VwH$mo~m§Zr nwT>rc A §JmV Ho$co Amho. Ë`mdê$Z dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m AmMmaàUmcrMrhr H$ënZm`oD$ eH$Vo. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

156

OmoS>mo{Z`m YZ CÎm_ doìhmaoŸ& CXmg {dMmao doM H$arŸ&&1&&

CÎm_{M JVr Vmo EH$ nmdocŸ& CÎm_ ^moJrc Ord ImUrŸ&&2&&

naCnH$mar ZoUo naqZXmŸ& na{ñÌ`m gXm ~{hUr _m`mŸ&&3&&

yVX`m JmB©ney§Mo nmcZŸ& VmÝhoë`m OrdZ dZm_mOrŸ&&4&&

em§{Vê$no Zìho H$moUmMm dmB©Q>Ÿ& dmT>dr _hÎd d{S>cm§MoŸ&&5&&

VwH$m åhUo ho{M Aml_mMo \$iŸ& na_nX ~i d¡am½`mMoŸ&&6&&

AmXe© J¥¥hñWml_ H$gm Agmdm d Ë`mV ~§Yw md H$gm Onmdm ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mo~m åhUVmV H$s,"CÎm_ ì`dhmamZo Ðì` {_idyZ CXmg d¥ÎmrZo IM© H$amdo. Ago H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm CÎm_ JVr {_iVo. OmonamonH$mar Amho, Omo H$Yrhr naqZXm H$arV Zmhr, na{ñÌ`m Á`mcm AmB©-~{hUrà_mUo dmQ>VmV, Omo gd©àm{U_mÌm§da X`m H$aVmo, JmB©ney§Mo nmcZ H$aVmo. VhmZcoë`m cmoH$m§Zm nmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aVmo. em§VamhÿZ, Amnë`m H¥$VrZo H$moUmMohr dmB©Q> hmoUma Zmhr, BH$S>o cj XoVmo. d{S>cm§Mo (loîR>m§Mo) _hÎddmT>{dVmo. Agm ì`dhma H$aUmam _mUyg YÝ` Amho. hoM J¥hñWml_mMo \$i Amho. Aem d¡am½`ercAmMaUmZoM ~§Yw md {Z_m©U hmoVmo. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr {Z…ñdmW©d¥ÎmrZo AmMaU H$aÊ`mda ^a {Xcm Amho.

cm¡{H$H$ Am{U nmacm¡{H$H$ joÌm§V _Zwî`mMo H$ë`mU qMVUmè`m ^mJdVY_m©Mm àgma g§Vm§ZrOmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$cm. ^mJdVY_m©V g_Vm, gd©ì`mnH$Vm, _mZdVmdmX, ~§Yw md `m§Zm àmYmÝ` Amho. oWo_mUgm§_mUgm§Vrc oXmcm Wmam Zmhr. `m g§àXm`mMo AmamÜ` X¡dV Oo {dÇ>c Vohr ›H$ma ñdê$n Amho.{dídì`mnH$ Amho. Ë`mMo {R>H$mUr CÀM-ZrM Agm oX^md Zmhr. Vmo gdmªZm g_mZ coIVmo. {dÇ>cmMog_MaU `mMoM àVrH$ Amho. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMr hr A{YîR>mÌr XodVmM g_VoMo gd©ì`mnH$VoMo àVrH$Amho. Ë`m_wio `m g§àXm`mV AÛ¡Vmda AmYmacocr gm_m{OH$ g_Vm, _mZdVmdmX, ~§Yw md `m§Zm _hÎdàmßV Pmco.

g§V OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r OÝ_mcm oVmV. namonH$ma H$aÊ`mVM Ë`m§Zm AmZ§X dmQ>Vmo. yV_mÌm§daX`m H$aUo hoM Ë`m§Mo ^m§S>dc AgVo. Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m Xohm~Ôc A{O~mV __Vm ZgVo. Xwgè`mcm gwIXoÊ`mVM Ë`m§Mo gwI gm_mdcoco AgVo. Ago gmYwnwéfm§Mo H$m © Am{U cjU VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV. `mVyZË`m§À`m A§V…H$aUmVrc ~§YwËdmMr ^mdZmM àH$Q> hmoVo.

g§Vm§Mr ^ŠVr hr Ho$di nma_m{W©H$ ñdê$nmMr Zmhr. {Vcm cm¡{H$H$ ì`dhmamMohr A§J Amho.g§Vm§Mm {dÇ>c {dídì`mnH$ Agë`m_wio àm{U_mÌm§gr Amnco dmJUo g_VoMo, ào_mMo AgUo ho `m ^ŠVrMo_hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. _mUgm§_mUgm§Vrc ì`dhma ào_mMm d àm_m{UH$nUmMm H$aUmar Vr EH$ \$ma_moR>r gm_m{OH$ Midi hmoVr. " yVm§ nañnao nS>mo _¡Ì OrdmMo' ho `m MidirMo _yi A{YîR>mZ Amho.hr ^ŠVrM _wimV ~§Yw mdmda AmYmacocr Amho.

ho gd© OJ `m ì`mnH$ {dîUyZo n[anyU© Amho. Ë`m_wio OJmV oXm oX _mZUo `mo½` Zmhr. OÝ_mÀ`m,

157

g§nÎmrÀ`m, gÎmoÀ`m AWdm {dÛÎmoÀ`m H$maUm§Zr d[aîR> Am{U H${ZîR> Agm oXm oX H$aUo hm A_§JiAgm «_ Amho. `m {df_Vo_wioM _mZdr OrdZmVrc gd© Xw…Io {Z_m©U Pmcr AmhoV. hr {df_Vm H¥${Ì_Am{U åhUyZM ImoQ>r Amho. Vr _mUgmZo ñdmWu hoVyZo {Z_m©U Ho$cr Amho. _mZdm-_mZdmVrc H¥${Ì_ oXZîQ> ìhmdm, Am{U _yc yV EH$VoÀ`m, g_VoÀ`m d gX`VoÀ`m nm`mda _mZdr-OrdZmV ~§Yw mdmModmVmdaU {Z_m©U ìhmdo hm ^mJdVY_m©Vrc ^{ŠV`moJmMm à_wI CÔoe Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`mA §JdmUrVyZ Ë`mMm CXmoCXmo Ho$cm Amho.

VwH$mo~m§À`m A §JdmUrV _mZdVoMm CX²Kmof Amho. _mUgmcm _mUygnUmMr OmU H$ê$Z XoD$ZË`mcm XodËdmH$S>o ZoÊ`mMo H$m © `m A §JdmUrZo Ho$co. VwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`m CXmhaUmZo ho XmIdyZ {Xco._mUgmZo AJmoXa _mUyg ìhmdo cmJVo. _JM Ë`mcm XodËd àmßV hmoVo. Omo "_mUygM' Pmcm Zmhr, Vmo XodH$gm hmoB©c? åhUyZ VwH$mo~m _mZì`mcm àmYmÝ` XoD$Z Amncm CnXoe H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m CnXoemV_mZdVmdmXmcm, CÀMVa Aem _mZdr OrdZ_yë`m§Zm AWm©V {díd~§YwËdmcm àmYmÝ` {_imcoco {XgVo.

6.3.4 AqhgmdmX

gd©M g§Vm§Zr AqhgoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cocm Amho. g§Vm§Mr AqhgoMr g§H$ënZm ì`mnH$ Am{U gImocAmho. jwÐ XodVm§À`m àgÝZVogmR>r àmÊ`m§Mo ~ir XoUo hr qhgm AmhoM. nU Ë`mM~amo~a H$moUË`mhr_mUgmÀ`m A§V…H$aUmcm dmB©Q> dmQ>oc Ago dmJUo, ~mocUo hr gwÕm qhgmM Amho. åhUyZ H$moUË`mhràH$mao nanrS>m Z H$aUo hr g§nyU© Aqhgm hmo . hrM g§Vm§Zm A{^àoV Agcocr Aqhgm Amho. åhUyZ {ZX©A§V…H$aUmÀ`m Am{U Amgwar ñd^mdmÀ`m _Zwî`mMm VwH$mo~m§Zr {YŠH$ma Ho$cocm {XgVmo.

"Amgwar ñd^md {ZX© A§VaŸ& _mZgr {ZîRw>a A{VdmXrŸ&&

`m{V Hw$i oWo Ago Aà_mUŸ& JwUmMo H$maU Ago A§JrŸ&&'

A§Jm_Ü o X`m, j_m, em§Vr, Aqhgm AgUmam _Zwî`M Iam _moR>m Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr newnjm§Mo~ir {Xë`m OmUmè`m jwÐ X¡dVm§Mm {ZfoY Ho$cm. XJS>mcm e|Xya \$mgyZ, Ë`mcm Xod g_OyZ Aem X¡dVm§Mrd yVm§IoVm§Mr nyOm H$aUo A`mo½` Amho. ñdV…À`m nmoQ>mgmR>r aS>Umar hr X¡dVo BVam§Zm H$m` XoUma? hrjwÐ X¡dVo Amgwar d¥ÎmrZo ^macocr AgyZ, ^ŠVm§Zm Ìmg XoUmar d XaamoO ZdZdrZ BÀN>m H$aUmar AgVmV.Vr _wimVM AV¥ßV AgVmV. Aer X¡dVo ^ŠVm§Zm H$m` V¥ßV H$aUmaŸ? åhUyZ Aem aŠV_m§gmMm Z¡doÚ_mJUmè`m X¡dVm§Mm VwH$mo~m H$S>H$ eãXm§V {ZfoY H$aVmV. `m g§X^m©Vrc VwH$mo~m§Mm nwT>rc A §J_hÎdmMm Amho.

g|Xar ho Xodr X¡dVoŸ& H$moU Vr nwOr ^wVoHo$VoŸ&

Amnwë`m nmoQ>m Or aS>VoŸ& _mJVr {eVo AdXmZŸ&&1&&

Amnwco BÀN>o Am{UH$ nrS>rŸ& H$m` Vo XoB©c ~amS>rŸ&

H$imo hr Amcr V`mMr OmoS>rŸ& Aën amoH$S>r ~wÕr AYamŸ&&2&&

158

XmgrMm nmhþZa CadVoŸ& YUr XoB©c Amnwë`m hmVoŸ&

H$éUm^mfU C{MVoŸ& ho Vmo [aVo g§VV e{ŠVhrZŸ&&3&&

H$m` Vo {WëcarMo nmUrŸ& AmoR> Z {Ôo Z {\$Q>o YUrŸ&

grU Var AmXr AmdgmUrŸ& emo o nwaíMaUr {Xco \$iŸ&&4&&

{dcnZo ~wO{dVr Vm|S>Ÿ& ^ma Imoc dmhmVr CX§S>Ÿ&

H$a{dVr AmnU`m X§S>Ÿ& Eo{g`mg ^m§S> åhUo Xod VmoŸ&&5&&

V¡gm Zìho ZmamÙŸ& OJì`mnH$ OZmX©ZŸ&

VwH$m åhUo Ë`mMo H$am qMVZŸ& d§Xy MaU oVr gH$ioŸ&&6&&

Aem X¡dVm§Zm Xod åhUÊ`mg VwH$mo~m V`ma ZmhrV. Aem X¡dVm§Zm Xod åhUUmam c~mS> Agcmnm{hOo, Vgm Am_Mm ZmamÙ Zmhr. Vmo OJì`mnH$ OZmX©Z Amho. Ë`mMo ñ_aU Ho$ë`mg BVa X¡dVoAmnmoAmnM eaU oVrc. Ago gm§JyZ EH$m {dÇ>cmdmMyZ Xwgè`m X¡dVm§Zm Ôy Z o Ago Ë`m§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$coAmho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mimV jwÐ d qhgmMmar Xodm§Mm gwigwimQ> Pmcm hmoVm. cmoH$ Xm[aÐçm_wio,n[apñWVr_wio _yT> ~Zco hmoVo. _mZ{gH$ Jwcm_{Jar_wio AJ{VH$ Pmco hmoVo d jwÐ X¡dVm§Zm ÔV hmoVo.Aem cmoH$m§Zm Y_m©Mo Iao ñdê$n gm§JUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. VwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`m A §JdmUrÛmao ho H$m © Ho$co.g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m `m gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Mo {ddoMZ H$aVmZm àm. J§. ~m. gaXma åhUVmV, ""Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m{VIQ> d __© oXr eãXm§Zr g_mOmVrc A{ZîQ>> àd¥Îmtda {ZûS>nUo hË`ma Cngco. ......... åhUyZVwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m A §Jm§VyZ g_mOH§$Q>H$m§Mr `Wmo{MV g§ mdZm H$ê$Z {Ma§VZ Zr{V_yë`m§Mr OmonmgZmHo$cr, Am{U kmZoídaà{UV ^mJdVY_m©À`m Xodmc`mda H$ig MT>{dcm.'' (J§. ~m. gaXma, "g§VdmL²>_`mMr gm_m{OH$ \$clwVr', _. gm. n[afX, àH$meZ, nwUo, 1962, n¥. 122-124)

wHo$coë`mcm AÝZnmUr Z XoVm, qnS>XmZ H$aUo hr ewÕ \$gdUyH$ Amho, Ago VwH$mo~m§Zm dmQ>Vo.H$maU H$moUË`mhr àH$mao _Zwî`mÀ`m OrdmËå`mcm Ìmg hmoD$ Z o, Ago dmJUo åhUOoM Iar Aqhgm hmo .

VwH$mo~m§Mm CnXoe ñdmZw dmVyZ ñ\w$acocm, ñd §à_m{UV Amho. hm CnXoe Ogm gÁOZmgmR>r VgmXwO©Zm§gmR>rhr Amho, Ogm gmYH$m§gmR>r Vgm àmn§{MH$m§gmR>rhr Amho. CnXoe H$aVmZm gÁOZm§nojmXwO©Zm§H$S>o A{YH$ cj nwadmdo cmJVo. åhUyZ nanrS>m H$aUmè`m§Zm emgZ H$amdo, Ë`m§Mm Ë`mJ H$amdmAgo Vo gm§JVmV. "_mPo g§Vmnco _ZŸ& nanrS>m Am`H$moZ' Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. "{dídr {díd§ a' AgVmZmEH$mZo Xwgè`mcm nrS>m XoUo AÝ`m`H$maH$ Amho. Vr EH$ àH$maMr qhgmM Amho. åhUyZ Ago cmoH$VwH$mo~m§Zm eÌyg_mZ dmQ>VmV. g_mOmVrc AZmMma d AdJwU nmhÿZ VwH$mo~m H$mgmdrg hmoVmV. VoåhUVmV;

159

nanrS>H$ Vmo Amåhm§ XmdoXmaŸ& {dídr {díd§ a åhUdy{ZŸ&&1&&

X§Sy> Ë`mJy ~io ZmdcmoHy$ S>moim§Ÿ& amIy§ Vmo Mm§S>mim Eogm XwarŸ&&2&&

AZmMma H$m§hr Z gmho AdJwUŸ& ~hþ hmo _Z H$mgmdrgŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo _mPr EH${dY godmŸ& {d_wI Vo Xodm dmir {MÎmoŸ&&4&&

""Aqhgmd¥Îmr {MÎmmV pñWa Pmcr Agoc Va Ë`m d¥ÎmrMo ñn§X g^modmaÀ`m dmVmdaUmV ngaVAgVmV. Vo à^mdr Agë`m_wio ^modVmcr Agcoë`m àmÊ`m§À`m _ZmV AmË_gÑí` ñn§X {Z_m©U H$ê$eH$VmV. Amnë`m àmMrZ dmL²>_`mV, F$ftÀ`m Aml_mV Jm`r dmKmcm MmQ>rV Agë`mMr CXmhaUoAmhoV. Ë`mMo H$maU F$ftÀ`m A§V…H$aUmV Aqhgm d¥Îmr nyU©ËdmZo ~mUcr Agë`mZo gd© Aml_mVrcdmVmdaUmV ho Va§J ngaV AgVmV. CXmgrZ _Zwî` H$mhr Z ~mocVm g^modVmcr CXm{gZVm ngadVmo.Va CËgmhr d àgÝZ d¥ÎmrMm _Zwî` g^modVmcr AmZ§X {Z_m©U H$aVmo.'' "lr VwH$mam_Xe©Z' g§nm. AaqdXXmoS>o, gwXe©Z àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 2005 `m nwñVH$mVrc ~mo~S>o amOHw§$da nm§. `m§Mm "g§Xoh d¡Hw§$R>J_Z' hmcoI, n¥. 119) åhUyZ g§V VwH$mam_ åhUVmV;

{MÎm ewÕ Var eÌy {_Ì hmoVrŸ& ì`mK« hr Z ImVr gn© V`mŸ&&1&&

{df Vo A_¥V AmKmV Vo {hVŸ& AH$V©ì` ZrV hmo Ë`mgrŸ&&2&&

Xw…I Vo XoB©c gd© gwI \$iŸ& hmoVrc erVc A½Zr ÁdmimŸ&&3&&

AmdS>oc Ordm Ordm{M o narŸ& gH$im A§Var EH$ ^mdŸ&&4&&

VwH$m åhUo H¥$nm Ho$cr Zmam`UoŸ& OmUrOo Vo oUo AZw doŸ&&5&&

Aqhgm d¥Îmr {MÎmmV pñWa Pmë`mZo ({MÎm ewÕ Pmë`mZo) eÌyhr {_Ì hmoVmV. {dfhr A_¥V hmoVo.Xw…Ihr gwImV \$cÐwn hmoVo. Am{U àm{U_mÌm§~Ôc Ordm^mdmMr _¡Ìr {Z_m©U hmoVo. åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§gmaIo_hmZ g§V OrdZmV Aqhgmd¥Îmrcm AË §V _hÎd XoVmV.

6.3.5 BhdmX

gd©M _amR>r g§V cm¡{H$H$ Am{U nmacm¡{H$H$ Aem XmoÝhr nmVù`m§da dmdaVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m§ZrOrdZmV Acm¡{H$H$ AZw yVr~amo~a cm¡{H$H$ y{_H$mhr _hÎdmMr _mZcr. Á`m g_mOm_Ü o AmnU amhVmo,Oo OrdZ AmnU OJVmo, Vohr _hÎdmMo Amho. ho dmñVd OrdZ gw§Xa H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm nm{hOo.åhUyZM g§Vm§Mr CnXoedmUr OÝ_mcm Amcr Amho. "O`m§Mo Eo{hH$ YS> ZmhrŸ& V`m§Mo naÌ nwggr H$mB©'Ago gm§JyZ kmZXodm§Zr naÌmBVHo$M Eo{hH$Vocmhr _hÎd {Xco. H$_©àYmZ ^{ŠV`moJmMr dmQ> Yacr d gd©g_mOmcm `mM ^{ŠV_mJm©Mm CnXoe Ho$cm. kmZXodm§Zr gm§{JVcocr cmoH$g§J«hmMr g§H$ënZm gd©M g§Vm§Zr{eamoYm © _mZcr Amho. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A§V…H$aUmVhr cmoH$g§J«hmMr CËH$§R>m hmoVr. "~wS>Vo ho OZ ZXoIdo S>moim§', "X ogmR>r Ho$cm Cnm{Yngmam', "VwH$m åhUo ZmdŸ& OZmgmR>r CXH$s R>md', "COimd`mAmcmo dmQ>mŸ& Iam ImoQ>m {ZdmS>' BË`mXr CX²Jma `mMrM gmj XoVmV. VwH$mam_m§Mm ^{ŠV`moJ H$_©àYmZ

160

Amho, Ë`mV g§Ý`mgdmXmcm Wmam Zmhr. `m g§X^m©V _§. ~m. gaXma åhUVmV, ""VwH$mam_m§Zm Amnë`mAm wî`mV nmdcmonmdcr PJS>m H$amdm cmJë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mV erVc ñdßZ_`VoMm _mJ_yghrZmhr. CcQ> dmñVdVoÀ`m IS>H$mi àXoemVyZM doS>rdmH$S>r diUo KoV Ë`m§Mm H$mì`{ZP©a dmQ> H$mT>VmZmÑîQ>rg nS>Vmo. Ë`m§À`m dmL²>_`mVrc H$mhr ^mJ Ë`m§À`m öX`_§WZmMm {ZXe©H$ Amho Am{U H$mhr ^mJË`m§À`m AdVr^modVr amoOÀ`m amoO {XgUmè`m gm_m{OH$ Ñí`m§À`m à{H«$ oVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocm Amho.Ë`m_wio ""A§VarMo Ymdo ñd^mdo ~mhoar'' AerM Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§Mr YmQ>Ur Amho. Ë`m§À`m {dMmagaUrVgH$gnUm Amho d dmUrV amoIR>moH$nUm Amho. eoVr, ì`mnma, H$mamJrar, wÕ `m§gma»`m {d{dY joÌm§VrcË`m§Mo _m{_©H$ ÑîQ>m§V AZw dmÀ`m CËH$Q>VoZo ñ\w$acoco AmhoV. H$ënZm{dcmgmZo ZQ>coco ZmhrV. (gaXmaJ§. ~m. "g§VdmL²>_`mMr gm_m{OH$ \$clwVr', lr{dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo, 1982, n¥îR> 106) g§VVwH$mam_m§Mr dmUr nmacm¡{H$H$mnojm cm¡{H$H$m_ÜòM A{YH$ a_VmZm {XgVo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm `m OJVmVrcàm{U_mÌm§À`m CÕmamMr Vi_i cmJyZ am{hcr Amho. Amnë`m AdVmaH$m`m©Mo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVmZm VoåhUVmV-

Amåhr d¡Hw§$R>dmgrŸ& Amcmo `m{M H$maUmgrŸ&

~mo{cco Oo F${fŸ& gmM ^mdo dV© mŸ&&1&&

PmSy>§ g§Vm§Mo _maJŸ& AmS>amZr âco OJŸ&

CpÀN>îQ>mMm ^mJŸ& eof Cacm Vmo gody§Ÿ&&2&&

AW} cmoncr nwamUoŸ& Zme Ho$cm eãXkmZoŸ&

{df`cmo r _ZoŸ& gmYZ| ~wS>{dcrŸ&&3&&

{nQy>§ ^ŠVrMm S>m§JmoamŸ& H${iH$mimgr XamamŸ&

VwH$m åhUo H$amŸ& OÒ`H$ma AmZ§XoŸ&&8&&

\$ma dfmªnydu Omo {dMma F$fr_wZtZr gm§{JVcm hmoVm, VmoM {dMma Iè`m ñdê$nmV cmoH$m§Zm gm§Jmdmd Ë`mà_mUo dmJÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zm AmdmhZ H$amdo, åhUyZ Amåhr n¥Ïdrda OÝ_ KoVcm Amho. gmYwg§Vm§Mo _mJ©PmSy>Z Vo ñdÀN> H$amdoV Am{U AmS>dmQ>oZo OmUmè`m§Zm `mo½` _mJ© XmIdmdm, {df`cmo r cmoH$m§ZrAmË_H$ë`mUmMr gd© gmYZo cwßV Ho$cr AmhoV. Aer gJir n[apñWVr Amho. Vr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr^ŠVr_mJm©Mm OÒ`H$ma H$ê$Z nwañH$ma H$ê$. Ago VwH$mo~m òWo Amnco Or{dVH$m`© ñnîQ> H$aVmV.Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`m ^{ŠV_mJm©cm cm¡{H$H$mMo A{YîR>mZ Amho, ho ñnîQ> hmoVo.

Amnë`m ~m§Ydm§Zm Y_©VÎd d AmMmaY_© `m§Mo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ gm§JUo ho H$m_ VwH$mam_m§Zr {OÔrZoHo$co. Y_m©{df`rÀ`m An-g_OwVr d ^moigQ>nUm `m§À`m{déÕ cmoH$m§Zm gmdY H$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo _hÎdmMoH$m © Amho. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImcr AY_© Mmccm Agoc, d ^moù`m-^m~S>çm ~m§Ydm§Mr \$gdUyH$ hmoVAgoc, Va Ë`mda VwH$mo~m§Zr H$S>mSy>Z àhma Ho$co AmhoV. hr Ë`m§Mr cm¡{H$H$ y{_H$m AË §V _hÎdmMrAmho. `m ÑîQ>rZo nwT>rc XmoZ A §J _hÎdmMo dmQ>VmV-

161

Y_© ajmd`m gmR>rŸ& H$aUo AmQ>r Amåhm{gŸ&&1&&

dmMm ~mocmo doXZrVrŸ& H$ê$ g§Vr Ho$co VoŸ&&2&&

Z ~mUVm pñWVr A§JrŸ& H$_© Ë`mJr c§S> VmoŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo AY_ Ë`mgrŸ& ^{ŠV Xyfr harMrŸ&&4&&

qH$dm

Y_m©Mo nmiUŸ& H$aUo nmfm§S> I§S>UŸ&&1&&

ho{M Amåhm§ H$aUo H$m_Ÿ& ~rO dmT>dmdo Zm_Ÿ&&2&&

VrúU CÎmaoŸ& hmVr KoD$Z ~mU {\$aoŸ&&3&&

Zmhr ^rS> ^maŸ& VwH$m åhUo gmZm WmoaŸ&&4&&

OJmcm ZrVr {eH$dmdr. Oo AZrVrZo AmMaU H$aVrc Ë`m§Mr \${OVr H$amdr. `mVM VwH$mo~m§ZmAmZ§X dmQ>Vmo. VoM Amnco H$V©ì` Amho Ago Vo gm§JVmV. `m ^{ŠV_mJm©V A{dÚm, AkmZ `m§Zm WmamZgVmo. oWo Iam CnXoe Ho$cm OmVmo. ho H$aVmZm OJ amJmdco Var VwH$mo~m§Zm Ë`mMr ndm© Zmhr."ZmR>mimÀ`m _mWm hmUy H$mR>r' qH$dm "H$m` ìhmdo H$mono OJm{M`m' `mVyZ VwH$mo~m§Mr {Z © d¥Îmr ì`ŠVPmcr Amho. "gË` AgË`mgr _Z Ho$co ½dmhrŸ& _m{Z`co Zmhr ~hþ_Vm' Agohr Ë`m§Zr EHo$ {R>H$mUr åhQ>coAmho. `m g§X^m©Vrc nwT>rc A §J _wimVyZM nmhÊ`mgmaIm Amho.

Amåhm ho H$m¡VwH$ OJm Úmdr ZrVŸ& H$amdo \${OV MwH$Vr OoŸ&&1&&

H$mg`mMm ~mY EH$mÀ`m {ZamonoŸ& H$m` ìhmdo H$mono OJm{M`mŸ&&2&Ÿ&

A{dÚoMm oWo H$moR>o n[al_Ÿ& am_H¥$îU Zm_ Eogo ~mUŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo oWo Iè`mMm {dH$amŸ& Z gaVr oam ImoQ>çm narŸ&&4Ÿ&&

VwH$mo~m§Mo Zr{VemñÌ amoI-R>moH$ Amho. H$moUmda X`m XmIdmdr Am{U H$moUmda àhma H$amdoV hoË`m§Zr ñnîQ>nUo gm§{JVco Amho. XwîQ>m§Mm g§hma d gÁOZm§Mo ajU åhUOo X`m hmo , Va Á`m AdJwUm§_wio_Zwî` _mOmoar hmoVmo d Ë`mcm ZrVrMr AmoiI amhmV Zmhr, Ë`mcm nmn åhUmdo. gÁOZm§Mo H$ë`mUhmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ho$di gËnwéfm§Mm g_mO {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r XwO©Zm§Zm {ejm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho, hogd© g§Vm§à_mUo VwH$mam_hr ñnîQ> H$aVmV.

X`m {VMo Zmd yVm§Mo nmiUŸ& Am{UH$ {ZXm©iU H§$Q>H$m§MoŸ&&1&&

Y_©ZrVrMm Vmo EoHw$Zr doìhmaŸ& {Zd{S>co gma Agma VoŸ&&2&&

nmn Ë`mMo Zmd Z {dMm[aVm§ ZrVŸ& ^cVo{M CÝ_Îm H$ar gXmŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Y_© ajmd`mgmR>rŸ& Xodmghr AmQ>r OÝ_ KoUoŸ&&4&&

^ŠVrÀ`m _mJm©Vrc AmS>dmQ>m Q>mimì`mV Am{U _w»` _mJ© _moH$im H$amdm, àH$me_mZ H$amdm, ho


162

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo C{ÔîQ> Amho. ho H$m © AmnU {dÇ>cmÀ`m {Zamonmdê$Z H$arV AmhmoV, Aer Ë`m§Mr lÕmhmoVr. Vo åhUVmV-

COimd`m Amcmo dmQ>mŸ& Iam ImoQ>m {ZdmS> &&1Ÿ&&

~moc{dco ~moc ~mocŸ& YZr {dÇ>c g{ÞYŸ&&2Ÿ&&

Var _Zr Zmhr e§H$mŸ& ~io EH$m ñdm_rÀ`mŸ&&3Ÿ&&

VwH$m åhUo Z o AmåhmŸ& nwT>o H$m_m J~miŸ&&4Ÿ&&

VwH$mam_m§À`m gm_m{OH$ qMVZm{df`r S>m°. ho. {d. BZm_Xma åhUVmV, ""VwH$mam_m§À`m gm_m{OH$qMVZmcm {ddoH$mMo A{YîR>mZ Amho. Ë`m§À`m ^{ŠV`moJmV H$V©ì` {dÝ_wIVm Zmhr; J{VeyÝ`Vm Va _wirMZmhr. ào g Am{U lo g `m§Vrc \$aH$ Ë`m§Zr ZrajraÝ`m`mZo ñnîQ> Ho$cm Amho. Aqhgm, ñdmdc§~Z dMm[aÍ`g§nÝZVm `m§da Ë`m§Zr â {Xcm Amho. fS²>[any qOH$mdoV, cmoI§S>mMo MUo ImdoV, VoìhmM ~«÷nXrZmMVm oVo. VwH$mo~m§Mo gm_m{OH$ ÑîQ>onU Ho$di Anyd© Amho.'' (AaqdX XmoS>o, (g§nmXH$) "VwH$mam_Xe©Z',gwXe©Z àH$meZ, _w§~B© àW_md¥Îmr, 2005 `m nwñVH$mVrc S>m°. ho. {d. BZm_Xma `m§Mm "VwH$mam_m§Mog_mOqMVZ' hm coI n¥îR> 31).

g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr {^jmd¥ÎmrMm {ZfoY Ho$cm. ñdmdc§~r OrdZmda â {Xcm. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImcr{^jm _mJyZ OJUo, n¡go-_mZYZ KoD$Z H$sV©Z H$aUo, ho VwH$mo~m§Zm _mÝ` Zmhr. Á`m {R>H$mUr H$sV©ZH$amdo, Ë`m {R>H$mUr OodUhr KoD$ Z o, Ago Ë`m§Zr åhQ>co Amho AmÜ`mË_mÀ`m Zmdmda nmoQ> âUmè`m§MmË`m§Zr {ZfoY Ho$cm Amho. nwT>rc A §JmV Vo åhUVmV-

{^jmnmÌ Adc§~UoŸ& Oimo {OUo cm{OadmUoŸ&

Eo{g`mgr ZmamÙoŸ& CnojrOo gd©WmŸ&&1&&

Xodm nm`r Zmhr ^mdŸ& ^{ŠV dar dar dmdŸ&

g_{n©cm OrdŸ& Zmhr Vmo hm ì`{^MmaŸ&&2&&

OJm Kmcmdo gm§H$S>oŸ& XrZ hmoD${Z ~mnwS>oŸ&

ho{M A^m½` amoH$S>oŸ& _yi Am{U {dídmgŸ&&3&&

H$m` Z H$ar {díd§âŸ& gË` H$[aVm {ZYm©aŸ&

VwH$m åhUo gmaŸ& ÑT> nm` YamdoŸ&&4&&

A§V…H$aUmV g_n©U^md Zgoc Va Vr ^ŠVr dadaMr Amho. Vmo ì`{^Mma Amho. ÑT> {dídmgmZona_oídamcm eaU Joë`mda Vmo H$m` H$aUma Zmhr? XohmMr qMVm H$aUo {ZaW©H$ Amho. Vmo H$YrVarOmUmaM Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr g_mOqMVZmgmR>rM Amncr H$m`m IM© Ho$cr. g_mOmcm gwYmaÊ`mMmgVV à`ËZ Ho$cm. Iam AÜ`mË_ d Iam© Y_© {eH${dcm. Ë`m§Mr CnXoedmUr Aer {d{dYm§Jr Amho. Ðì`

163

KoD$Z H$WmH$sV©Z H$aUmè`mcm ZaH$dmg àmßV hmoVmo, Ago Vo gm§JVmV. Ë`m§Mo eãX nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.Vo {H$Vr {VIQ> Am{U Ohmc AmhoV nhm-

H$Wm H$amo{Z`m Ðì` KoVr XoVrŸ& V`m AYmoJVr ZaH$dmgŸ&&1&&

adad Hw§$^nmH$ ^mo{JVr `mVZmŸ& Z o Zmam`Um H$éUm Ë`m§MrŸ&&2&&

A{gIS²>JYmam N>o{XVr gdmªJŸ& VßV y_r A§J cmoi{dVrŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo V`m ZaH$ Z MwH$VrŸ& gm§nS>co hmVr `_m{M`mŸ&&4&&

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo g_mOqMVZ _ycJm_r Am{U gImoc Amho. `m{df`r J§. ~m gaXma åhUVmV,"".... nU Ë`m§Mm (VwH$mam_m§Mm) _w»` ^a Mm[aÍ`, Y_©{ZîR>m, yVX`m, gXmMma d ZrVr `m§daM Amho........ åhUyZM VwH$mam_m§Zr {R>H${R>H$mUr Y_m©~amo~a ZrVrMmhr _wÔm_ C„oI Ho$cm Amho. Y_©ajUmMoH$m © {Û{dY Amho. ZwgVo gwîQ>m§Mo n[anmcZ H$ê$Z ^mJV Zmhr, Va XwîQ>m§Mo X§S>Zhr H$amdo cmJVo. `mMrË`m§Zm nwar OmUrd hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Y_©ajUm~amo~a ""nmIm§S>I§S>Um''Mr, Zr{VnmR>m~amo~a X§ ñ\$moQ>mMrhrO~m~Xmar nËH$acr. ""XwO©Zm§Mm _mZŸ& gwIo H$amdm I§S>U'', ""hmoB©c V¡go ~iŸ& \$OrV H$amdo Vo Ii''Ago Ë`m§Mo Ý`m`{ZîRw>a YmoaU hmoVo.'' (gaXma J§. ~m. "g§VdmL²>_`mMr gm_m{OH$ \$clwVr', lr{dÚmàH$meZ, nwUo- 1982, n¥îR> 107)

VwH$mam_m§À`m doir g_mOmV ñn¥í`mñn¥í`VoMm \$ma _moR>m à^md hmoVm. `m gm_m{OH$ àíZmdaVwH$mo~m§Zr Amnco gS>oVmoS> {dMma _m§S>co AmhoV. g§Vm§Zr na_mWm©À`m ~m~VrV Var OmVr`VoMm {dMma XyaR>odcm. VwH$mo~m§Zr OmVrnojm _Zwî`mÀ`m gËH$_m©cm _hÎd {Xco, Am{U gËH$_} H$aUmam d _wIr ^Jd§VmMoZm_ KoUmam Mm§S>mi ~«m÷Umnojm loîR> Amho Ago åhQ>co. "ewÕmewÕ {ZdS>o H¡$goŸ& M_© _mg {^ÝZ Zmhr'`m A §JmV hm {dMma Mm§Jë`màH$mao Amcm Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mV {dÇ>c, n§T>ar `m§~amo~aM {d{dY àH$maMo g_mOqMVZhr Amcoco {XgVo. hogd© Vo AZw dmVyZ gm§JV AgVmV. "AZw dm Amco A§JmŸ& Vo `m OJm XoVgo' Ago Ë`m§Mo ñnîQ> gm§JUoAmho. VwH$mam_ Oo ~mocVmV Vr Ë`m§Mr AZw yVr AgVo. VwH$mam_m§À`m CnXoedmUrV H$_mcrMr Vi_iAmho. _mZdmMm gdmªJrU CÕma ìhmdm, hm àYmZ hoVy g_moa R>odyZM, hr dmUr OÝ_mcm Amcr Amho. `mg§X^m©V J§. ~m. gaXma åhUVmV, ""_mÌ Á`m Á`m doir Ë`m§Mr {df_Vo~ÔcMr MrS> AZmda Pmcr, Ë`mË`m doir Ë`m§Zr ê$T> H$ënZm§Mo dm^mS>o H$mT>Ê`mg H$_r Ho$co Zmhr. gd©_mÝ` g§Ho$V Am{U ñdV§Ì àoaUm`m§À`m `m PJS>çmV VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZmMo gmagd©ñd Amho. ........ ""CnXoer VwH$m, _oKd¥îQ>rZoAmB©H$m'' `m YmoaUmZo VwH$mam_m§Zr Ho$cocr cmoH$OmJ¥Vr gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm A{YH$ _ycJm_r d _hÎdmMrAmho.'' (gaXma J§. ~m. "g§VdmL²>_`mMr gm_m{OH$ \$clwVr', lr{dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo-1982, n¥îR>114 d 118) {dÚmWu {_Ìhmo oWo AmnU g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m g_mOqMVZmMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoVcmAmho.

164

^maVm_Ü o _Ü` wJrZ H$mimV emŠVn§WmMo àñW _mOco hmoVo. _Ú, _m§g, _¡WwZ `m§Zm emŠVn§WmV_hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. hrZ AmMmaY_©, {dH¥$V ^mdZm§Mo ào_, Vm§{ÌH$ CnmgZm, Zr{VeyÝ`Vm hr emŠVn§Wr`m§Mrd¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. Aem emŠVm§da VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m A §Jm§V H$S>mSy>Z hëcm Ho$cm Amho. "Q>dH$mé{ZÑîQ>r cmdw{Z`m a§JŸ& Xmdr PJ_J S>moù`m§nwT>o' `m A §JmV emŠVm§Mo AmMma g{dñVanUo dU©Z Ho$coAmhoV. emŠVm§{df`r {c{hVm§Zm VwH$mam_m§À`m coIUrcm VcdmarMr Yma Amcr Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m _VoemŠV OoWo OmB©c VoWo nmnmÀ`m amer C^m H$aVmo. emŠV nwÊ`mMm Zme H$aVmV Am{U B§{Ð`m§Mr nyOmH$ê$Z Jm|Yi KmcVmV. H«$moYmÀ`m ê$nmZo Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr H$m_dmgZm AgVo d `m H$m_dmgZocmM XodrH$ënyZ Vo {VMr nyOm H$aVmV. emŠVm§À`m Jmdr AY_© dmg H$aVmo. VoWo Y_© a§H$mgmaIm dmdaVmo. gd© Xw…IoË`m {R>H$mUr dñVrcm oVmV. VwH$mo~m§Mo emŠVm§{df`rMo nwT>rc A §J nm{hco H$s, Ë`m§Mo g_mO-{ZarjU{H$Vr gyú_ hmoVo, hohr cjmV oB©c.

1. emŠV JYS>m O o XoerŸ& VoWo amer nmnmÀ`mŸ&&1&&

gwH¥$VmMm CXmo H$ocmŸ& Jm|Yi Kmcm B§{Ð oŸ&&2&&

H«$moYê$n dgo H$m_Ÿ& VrMo Zm_ OnVgoŸ&&3&&

_Ú^jU _m§{JUOmVrŸ& {dQ>mi {MÎmr gm§R>{dcmŸ&&4&&

ñVdw{Z`m nyOr am§S>Ÿ& Z cOo ^m§S> XmT>rgrŸ&&5&&

VwH$m åhUo ^JdVrŸ& ZoBc A§Vr AmnUnoŸ&&6&&

2. amOm àOm ÛmS> XoeŸ& emŠV dmg H$[aVr VmoŸ&&1&&

AY_m©Mo CKS> ^rH$Ÿ& Y_© a§H$ Ë`m Jm§drŸ&&2&&

Z {nHo$ y{_ H$mno ^maoŸ& _oK dmao nrVrcŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo AdKr Xw…IoŸ& oVr gwIo dñVrgrŸ&&4&&

3. emŠVm§Mr eyH$ar _m`Ÿ& {dîR>m Im` {~XrMrŸ&&1&&

{VMr Ë`m nS>cr gdoŸ& _mJo Ym§do åhUmo{ZŸ&&2&&

emŠVm§Mr JmT>dr _m`Ÿ& w§H$V Om` dogXmamŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo qeXirMoŸ& ~mocVm dmMo qZÚ VoŸ&&4&&

g§Vm§Mm _mJ© hm gË`mMm Am{U nm{dÍ`mMm AgVmo. cmoH$m§Zm gÝ_mJm©cm cmdÊ`mgmR>r g§Vm§Zr àg§JrH$R>moa ìhmdo cmJVo, Am{U XwO©Zm§Mm g_mMma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. VwH$mo~m `m OmVrMo g§V AmhoV.

emŠVm§~amo~a BVa g_mOH§$Q>H$m§Mmhr VwH$mo~m§Zr g_mMma KoVcm Amho. Aem XwO©Zm§Zm {ejm PmcrMnm{hOo. Ë`m§Mo ZmH$ H$mnyZ ¿`mdo, Ë`m§À`mer _¡Ìr H$ê$ Z o. Ë`m§À`mer ~mocygwÕm Z o. Ago VwH$mam_AmJ«hnyd©H$ gm§JVmV. H$maU XwO©Zm§Mr g§JV åhUOo OUy ZaH$M hmo . Xwgè`mMm KmVnmV Ho$ë`m_wio

165

Ë`m§À`m {MÎmmcm g_mYmZ dmQ>Vo. ^m§S>ImoanUm hm Ë`m§Mm ñWm`r^md AgVmo. `m g§X^m©V VwH$mo~måhUVmV H$s, JmT>dmcm J§JoÀ`m VrWm©Zo ÝhmD$ KmVco Var Ë`m§Mm KmoS>m hmoV Zmhr gnm©cm XyY nmOco VarË`mÀ`m A§Va§JmVrc {df Zme nmdV Zmhr. Hw$Í`mcm CÎm_ {IarMo OodU {Xco Var Ë`mcm Ë`mMr AmoH$maroVo. Ë`mà_mUo XwîQ>m§Zm Mm§Jcm CnXoe _mZdV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm Ho$cocm CnXoe åhUOo nmcÏ`m KmJarda

nmUr KmcUo hmo . "nmcWo KmJar KmVco OrdZŸ& Z YarM OmU Vo hr Ë`mcmŸ&&' Aem XwîQ>m§Mo dU©ZVwH$mo~m§Zr Imcrc A §JmV _moR>çm _m{_©H$nUo Ho$co Amho.

{YJ Vmo XwO©Z Zmhr yVX`mŸ& ì`W© V`m _m` àgdcrŸ&&1&&

H${R>U öX` V`m Mm§S>mimMoŸ& Omo ZoUo namMo Xw…I H$m§hrŸ&&2&&

Amnwcm hm àmU V¡go gH$i cmoH$Ÿ& Z H$ar {ddoH$ new O¡gmŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo gwIo H$mnrVgo JioŸ& Amnw{c`m doio aS>VgoŸ&&4&&

^moJdmXr OrdZ OJUmè`m ñÌ¡U cmoH$m§Mmhr VwH$mo~m§Zr g_mMma KoVcm Amho. H$m_dmgZoZo nr{S>VPmcoco ho cmoH$ AË §V Amigr AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m hmVyZ H$_©Y_©, nyOmAMm© hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m§Mo gd© cjcmo mda d \$m`Úmda AgVo. hm nwéf ñÌrg_moa Hw$Í`mà_mUo dmJVmo. ÚyV IoiÊ`mV YÝ`Vm _mZVmo."{df`gwImMm c§nQ>Ÿ& XmgrJ_Zr A{VYrQ>' Agm hm _Zwî` {Zc©ÁO AgVmo. Aem _mUgmMo OrdZJméS>çmÀ`m _mH$S>mà_mUo AgVo. _§X~wÕrÀ`m JmT>dmà_mUo Vmo OrdZ OJVmo. Aem ~mB©cdoS>çm _Zwî`mMo{MÌ VwH$mo~m§Zr _moR>çm _m{_©H$ eãXm§V aoImQ>co Amho. ñÌrc§nQ> nwéfmMo {MÌ aoImQ>VmZm VwH$mo~m åhUVmV-

Xodm{M`m dñÌm ñdßZrhr ZmR>drŸ& {ñÌ ogr nmR>dr C§M gmS>rŸ&&1&&

JmB©Mo nmiU Z o{M {dMmamŸ& Aídmgr Iamam H$ar A§JoŸ&&2&&

coH$amMr amg ñd o Ymdo jmiyŸ& Z åhUo àgmiy {ÛOnm`mŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mdar Ww§H$mŸ& OmVmo `_cmoH$m ^moJmd`mŸ&&4&&

VméÊ`mÀ`m CÝ_mXmZo Agm _Zwî` CÝ_ÎmnUo dmJVmo. H$moUmcmhr _mZ XoV Zmhr. Xwgè`mMr Q>dmirH$aÊ`mV YÝ`Vm _mZVmo. na{ñÌ`m§H$S>o nmnÑîQ>rZo nmhmV AgVmo. Aem ZmpñVH$mMo VméÊ` H$go AgVo hogm§JVmZm VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

VméÊ`mÀ`m _Xo Z _Zr H$moUmgrŸ& gXm _wg_wgr Kwir O¡gmŸ&&1&&

AR>moZr doR>moZr ~m§Ycm _w§S>mgmŸ& {\$aVgo åh¡gm OZm_YrŸ&&2&&

hmVr XrS>nmZ daVrM _mZŸ& Zmhr Vmo gÝ_mZ ^{c`m§grŸ&&3&&

ídmZm{M`m nar qhS>o XmamoXmarŸ& nmho naZmar nmnÑîQ>rŸ&&4&&

VwH$m åhUo Eogm Wmoa hm JMmirŸ& H$[aVm Q>dmir OÝ_ JocmŸ&&5&&

Aem nwéfmcm {df`gwIM JmoS> dmQ>V AgVo. dmY©Š`m_Ü o _¥Ë y {Xgy cmJcm H$s Agm _mUyg

166

Km~am hmoVmo. Ë`mMo {dXmaH$ {MÌ VwH$mam_m§Zr Imcrc A §JmV {M{ÌV Ho$co Amho.

åhmVmanUr oQ>o nS>go ImoH$cmŸ& hmV H$nmimcm cmdw{Z ~¡goŸ&&1&&

Imo~[a`mMr dmQ>r Omco Ago _wIŸ& JiVgo ZmH$ ícoî_nwarŸ&&2&&

~mocmo OmVm eãX Z o{M hm ZrQ>Ÿ& JS>JS>r H§$R> H$\$ ^marŸ&&3&&

goOmar åhUVr _aoZm H$m§ _ocmŸ& Am{Ucm H§$Q>mim oUo Amåhm§Ÿ&&4&&

VwH$m åhUo AmVm gm§Sw>Zr gd©H$m_Ÿ& ñ_am am_ am_ jUjUmŸ&&5&&

Amier gmYH$ Am{U Amn_Vc~r Jwê$ `m§À`m AZmMmamMo {MÌhr VwH$mo~m§Zr aoImQ>co Amho. VoAË §V dmñVdXeu AgyZ, VËH$mcrZ g_mOmda àH$me Q>mH$Umao Amho. _ÚnmZ, ^m§J wH$m© `m gmYZm§MmAdc§~ H$ê$Z, Ë`m Jw§JrV amhUmao d VrM g_mYr Amho Ago XmI{dUmao T>m|Jr gmYy gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Zm\$gdrV hmoVo. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV "gmYH$ Omco H$irŸ& JwéJwS>rMr cm§~ ZirŸ&& nMr nS>o _ÚnmZŸ&^m§J wH$m© ho gmYZŸ&&' A§Jmao-Ywnmao, OmXyQ>moUm, H$_©H$m§S>, Zdggm`mg, M_ËH$ma `m§Mm g_mOmVgwigwimQ> Pmcm hmoVm. Aem T>m|Jr gmYy§da VwH$mo~m§Zr AË §V H$S>H$ eãXm§V hëcm MT>{dcm Amho. VoåhUVmV;

Eogo g§V Omco H$irŸ& Vm|S>r V§~mIyMr ZirŸ&&1&&

ñZmZg§Ü`m ~wS>{dcrŸ& nwT>o ^m§J dmoS>dcrŸ&&2&&

^m§J wH$m© ho gmYZŸ& nMr nS>o _ÚnmZŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo AdKo gm|JŸ& VoWo H¡$Mm nm§Sw>a§JŸ&&4&&

Ago Jwê$ AWdm gmYy åhUOo eonyQ> Zgcoco neyM hmoV. "nañÌr _ÚnmZ' EdT>oM Ë`m§À`m ÑîQ>rZoOrdZ AgVo. Ago cmoH$ An{dÌ OrdZ OJVmV. agZm, {df` Am{U H$sVu `mgmR>r Vo MQ>mdcocoAgVmV. Aem cmoH$m§da Q>rH$m H$aVmZm VwH$mo~m åhUVmV-

Eogo H$¡go Omco ^m|XyŸ& H$_© H$amo{Z åhUVr gmYyŸ&&1&&

A§Jm cmdy{Z`m amIŸ& S>moio Pm§Hw$Zr H$[aVr nmnŸ&&2&&

Xmdw{Z d¡am½`mMr H$imŸ& ^moJr {df`mMm gmohimŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo gm§Jmo {H$VrŸ& Oimo V`m§Mr g§JVrŸ&&4&&

AY…n{VV ~«m÷UdJm©Mmhr VwH$mo~m§Zr Mm§JcmM g_mMma KoVcm Amho. Aem ~«m÷UmMo AmMaUnyU©nUo Y_m©{déÕ AgVo. Vmo ñZmZg§Ü`m H$arV Zmhr. g§Vm§À`m nm`mMo VrW© KoV Zmhr, nU doí oÀ`mghdmgmMr BÀN>m YaVmo. VwH$mam_m§Zr AY…n{VV ~«m÷Um§Mo aoImQ>coco {MÌ A§Jmda H$mQ>m AmUUmao Amho.

167

6.3.6 cmoH$VÎdo

g§VdmL²>_` ho cmoH$dmL²>_` Amho. Ë`mV g_J« cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo à{Vq~~ C_Q>coco nmhmd`mg {_iVo.Ë`m_wio g§VdmL²>_`mMm, VgoM _Ü` wJrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm cmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mg_hÎdmMm R>aVmo.

g§Vm§Zr Amnë`m A{^ì`ŠVrgmR>r Amodr Am{U A §J ho cmoH$OrdZmVrc N>§X dmnaco. Amodr hm{ñÌ`m§À`m JrVaMZoMm N>§X AgyZ, AmodrVyZM A §J OÝ_mcm Amcm. g§Vm§Zr AemàH$mao cmoH$OrdZmVrcAZoH$ JmoîQ>tZm à{VîR>m àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcr. cmoH$na§naoVrc AZoH$ JmoîQ>t_Ü`o H$mcmZwê$n ~Xc H$ê$Zg§Vm§Zr Ë`m ñdrH$maë`m. Ë`m§Mm nyU©nUo Ë`mJ Ho$cm Zmhr. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. Vmam ^dmiH$a åhUVmV,""cmoH$na§naoVrc X¡dVm§Mm g§Vm§Zr Ë`mJ Zmhr Ho$cm, nU Ë`m§Mr ê$no ~Xccr. Ë`m§À`m CnmgZoMr{d{Y{dYmZo, CnH$aUr `m§Mr ^mfm Zmhr ~Xccr, nU Ë`m_mJMr àoaUm Am{U H¥$Vr ~Xccr. CJ«XodVm§À`m new~irMm Ë`m§Zr {YŠH$maM Ho$cm, nU ZdamÌmV "AZm{X {ZJw©U ^dmZr' nwT>o "_moh_{hfmgwamMmdY' Ho$cm. cmoH$na§naoVë`m "aoS>oOÌo'cm CXmÎm n`m© {Xcm. (S>m°. Vmam ^dmiH$a, "cmoH$g§{MV',amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo, 1989, n¥îR> 66)Ÿ

g§Vm§Zr jwÐ XodVm§Zm CXmÎm ê$n {Xco. Ë`mgmR>r AZoH$XodVmdmXmMm {ZfoY H$ê$Z "EH$XodVmdmXm'MmnwañH$ma Ho$cm. åhUyZM am_-H¥$îU, {ed-{dîUy `m gd© XodVm EH$m {dÇ>cmVM nm{hë`m. Ë`m§À`mgm{hË`mV {dR>mo~mMrM {dR>mB© Pmcr. {dÇ>cmcm EH$ "_hmg_ËdmMr XodVm' åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {_imcr.`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr am_H¥$îUmXr XodVm§À`m crcm§Mo Jm`Z Ho$co. `m M[aÌJm`ZmV cmoH$na§nam§Zm ñWmZ {_idyZ{Xco.

g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m JUoeñVdZna aMZm, Jm¡iUr hr `mMrM CXmhaUo AmhoV. `mV H¥$îU hm EImÚmgm_mÝ` ~mcH$mgmaIm a§J IoiVmo. hÅ> H$aVmo. {eXmoar KoD$Z Jm`r amIm`cm OmVmo. Va Xwgè`m ~mOycm~mcd`mVM Agwam§Mm dY H$aVmo. XwîQ> eŠVtMo {ZXm©cZ H$aVmo. AemàH$mao `m dU©ZmV cm¡{H$H$Ëdm~amo~aAcm¡{H$H$Ëd, gm_mÝ`Ëdm~amo~a Agm_mÝ`Ëd `m§Mr ga{_gi Pmcocr {XgVo. `mMo H$maU `m H$mì`m_mJoAgUmao cmoH$_mZg hoM Amho. nwT>rc A §Jm§dê$Z ho {XgyZ oB©c. VwH$mam_ åhUVmV,

"AdKo Jmonmi åhUVr `mao H$ê$ H$mcmŸ& H$m` H$moUmMr {gXmoar Vo nmhmo Úm _cmŸ& ZH$m H$m§hr _mJonwT>o R>ody ao IaoM ~mocmŸ& d§Mr d§Mcm Vmo{M ao oWo ^mod§S>m Ë`mcmŸ&&' `mVyZ VËH$mcrZ cmoH$OrdZmVrcH$më`mgma»`m KQ>ZoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> hmoVo. Iao Va gdmªÀ`m {eXmoè`m EH$Ì H$ê$Z H$mcm H$ê$Z ImUo hrcmoH$OrdZmVrc arV Amho. nU lrH¥$îUmZoM H$mcm Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mMo CÝZ`Z Pmco, Ago {XgVo; Am{U"H$mcm' `m cmoH$arVrcm EH$ à{VîR>m àmßV Pmcr. cmoH$VÎdr` K{Q>Vo VwH$mo~m§Zr Aem nÕVrZo Amnë`mdmL²>_`mV AmUcr AmhoV. lrH¥$îU Amnë`m Jmonmcm§~amo~a Xhr, XyY, cmoUr `m§Mr Mmoar H$arV Ago.Ago dU©Z H$aVmZm lrH¥$îU hm na_mË_m ZgyZ EH$ gm_mÝ` ~mcH$ Amho, Ago dU©Z oVo. Am{U Ë`mVyZVËH$mcrZ g_mOmVrc H$mhr ê$T>r, na§nam `m§Mm CcJS>m hmoVmo. VËH$mcrZ g_mOOrdZmMo Xe©Z hmoVo.Agm àg§J nwT>rc A §JmV VwH$mo~m§Zr àH$Q> Ho$cm Amho.

168

qeHo$ cm{d oco XwarŸ& hmoVmo {VKm§Mo _r darŸ&&1&&

Vwåhr ìhmao XmohrH$S>oŸ& _wI ngê$Zr JS>oŸ&&2&&

dmhVr Ë`m YmamŸ& ¿`mao XmohtÀ`m H$monamŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo hmVr Q>moH$mŸ& A{YH$ CUo ZoXr EH$Ÿ&&4&&

ñÌrZo nanwê$fmer aV hmoUo ho nmn Amho Aer Amncr na§nam Amho. nU Jm¡iUr Amnco nVr gmoSy>ZlrH¥$îUmgr aV Pmë`m Va VoM nwÊ` hmoVo. Aem arVrZo `m {dMmamMo CXmÎmrH$aU Pmcoco AmT>iVo. H$maUlrH¥$îU hm na_mË_m Amho. Vmo ^moJ-Ë`mJ `m§À`m ncrH$S>rc Amho. `mMo dU©Z VwH$mo~m§Zr nwT>rc A §JmVHo$co Amho.

Ë`m§À`m nyd©nwÊ`m H$moU coIm H$arŸ& {Ohr Vmo _wamar Ioi{dcrŸ&&1&&

{Ohr A§V~m©ø gwIoŸ& _oidy{Z _wIo Mw§~Z {XcoŸ&&2&&

{Xco Ë`m§gr gwI A§VarMo XodoŸ& {Ohr EH$m ^mdo Om{UVcmŸ&&3&&

Om{UVcm {Vhr H$m_mVwa ZmarŸ& H¥$îU^moJmdar {MÎm Á`m§MoŸ&&4&&

Á`m§Mo H¥$îUr Vd _Z Omco aVŸ& J¥h n{V gwV {dgaë`mŸ&&5&&

{df V`m Omco YZ _mZ OZŸ& dg{dVr dZ EH$m§Vr Ë`mŸ&&6&&

EH$m§Vr Ë`m OmVr h[agr KoD$ZrŸ& ^moJ BÀN>m YUr \o$S>md`mŸ&&7&&

d`mÀ`m g§nÝZm V¡gm Ë`m H$aUoŸ& A§VarMm XoUo BÀN>m^moJŸ&&8&&

^moJ Ë`mJ Zmhr XmoÝhr O`mnmgrŸ& VwH$m åhUo O¡gr ñ\${Q>H$ {eimŸ&&9&&

cmoH$_mZgmcm AX² wVmMo AmH$f©U AgVo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ g_mOmV AX² wVH$Wm OÝ_mcm Amcoë`mnmhmd`mg {_iVmV. Aemdoir AdVmar nwéf `m H$Wm§Mo Zm`H$ R>aVmV. Aem AdVmar nwéfm§À`m ^modVrAX² wVH$Wm {\$aV AgVmV. AdVmar nwéfm§Mo OÝ__¥Ë y, M[aÌ doJù`m nÕVrZo gm§{JVco OmVo. Ë`m_wioAem M_ËH$m[aH$ H$Wm gd©M g§Vm§Zr dU©Z Ho$coë`m AmT>iVmV. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m H¥$îUM[aÌdU©ZmV`m{df`rÀ`m H$mhr Zm|Xr AmT>iVmV.

nwÊ`H$mi Ë`m§Mm am{hcmgo C^m & XodH$sÀ`m J^m© Xod AmcoŸ&&

J^m©gr V`m§À`m Amco Zmam`UŸ& VwQ>cr ~§YZo AmnmoAmnŸ&&

AmnmoAmn ~oS>çm VwQ>ë`m e¥§IcmŸ& d§XmÀ`m AmJ©im Hw$cno H$m|S>oŸ&&

_mOr {eamo{Z`m ZdZrV Im oŸ& H$dmS> Vo Amho O¡go V¡goŸ&&

AÜ`mË_m_Ü o, Y_©na§nam§_Ü o ì`{^Mmar H¥$VtZmhr CXmÎm ê$n H$go àmßV H$ê$Z {Xco OmVo Vo nwT>rcA §Jm§dê$Z ñnîQ> hmoB©c. OZ_mZg H$go AgVo, `mMo ñnîQ> à{Vq~~M nwT>rc A §JmV nmhmd`mg{_iVo. Á`m Jm¡iUtÀ`m dmgZm. lrH¥$îUmÀ`m {R>H$mUr Jw§Vcoë`m AmhoV, Aem Jm¡iUtÀ`m «Vmam§Mr ê$no

169

KoD$Z lrH¥$îU Ë`m§Zm ^moJ XoVmo. nU hm ì`{^Mma ZìhoŸ& H$maU Vo OJmÀ`m ~mnmZo ~hþê$ß`mMo gm|J KoD$ZAmnë`m ^ŠVm§Mo Ho$coco H$m¡VwH$ Amho. cm¡{H$H$ ÑîQ>rZo Á`mcm ì`{^Mma åhQ>co OmVo Vmo oWo ì`{^MmaZ amhVm, Vr Aì`{^Mmar ^ŠVr hmoVo. cmoH$_mZgmVrc g§Ho$V doJdoJir ê$no YmaU H$ê$Z g§V gm{hË`mVH$er oVmV, ho `mdê$Z ñnîQ> hmoB©c. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

_Zo h[aê$nr Jw§Vë`m dmgZmŸ& CXmg `m gwZm§ Jm¡{i`m§À`mŸ&&1&&

Ë`m§À`m «Vmam§Mr Yê${Z`m§ ê$noŸ& Ë`m§À`m Kar Ë`m§ n| ^moJ H$arŸ&&2&&

H$ar H$dVwH$ Ë`m§Mo V`mnarŸ& EH$m {Xgo h[a EH$m coH$Ÿ&&3&&

EH$ ^md Zmhr gH$im§À`m {MÎmrŸ& åhUD${Z à{V V¡go ê$nŸ&&4&&

ê$n `m§Mo Amho AdKo{M EH$Ÿ& n[a H$dVwH$ XmI{dcoŸ&&5&&

c|H$ê$ Z H$io ñWyc H$s chmZŸ& Ioio Zmam`U H$dVwHo$Ÿ&&6&&

H$dVwH$ Ho$co gm|J ~hþê$nŸ& VwH$m åhUo ~mn OJmMm hmŸ&&7&&

`mIoarO AmaVr H$ê$Z lrH¥$îUmcm AmodmiUo, qZ~cmoU AmodmiyZ Q>mH$Uo, ew eHw$Z KS>Uo,ew dmVm© oUo, JwT>çm C^m H$aUo, gmIa dmQ>Uo, Ago AZoH$ cmoH$g_O d cmoH$mMma `m§Mm Cn`moJVwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m ~mcH«$sS>oÀ`m A §JmV Ho$cm Amho. `m~amo~aM h_m_m, \w$JS>r, Jm¡iU, {dQ>rXm§Sy>,H$mcm, {Q>nar, hmc, cImoQ>m, XiU-H$m§S>U, hþ§~ar BË`mXr ê$nHo$hr `mÑîQ>rZo nmhÊ`mgmaIr AmhoV.\w$JS>rÀ`m ê$nH$m§VyZ AÜ`mË_ H$go Jmodco Amho, Vo nwT>rc aMZodê$Z cjmV oB©c-

\w$JS>r \y$ \w$JS>r Km{cVm§ CKS>r amhoŸ& cmO gm§S>moZr EH$ EH$s nmhoŸ&&1&&

\$wJS>r Jo AdKo _moS>r JoŸ& VarM JmoS>r Jo g§gma VmoS>r JoŸ&&2&&

_mJo O| {eH$cr hmoVrg nmoQ>rŸ& Vo{M {dMmê${Z AmVm CÀMmar AmoR>rŸ&&3&&

{ÌJwUmMr doUr VwPo CS>Vo nmR>rŸ& gmdê${Z Yar Kmcr _yi~§Xr JmR>rŸ&&4&&

AmJio nmD$c qOHo$ EH$m EH$Ÿ& nmdgr _mZ ho _mZdVr {VÝhr cmoH$Ÿ&&5&&

VwH$m åhUo VwO_O_Ü o EH$ ^mdŸ& g_ VwHo$ ~ma KoD$ nmdmo C§M R>mdŸ&&6&&

6.4 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmnU àñVwV KQ>H$mV g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m qMVZercVoMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. g§VVwH$mam_m§Mo qMVZ ho gImoc Am{U gd©ì`mnH$ Amho. VwH$mo~m§Zr g_mOOrdZmMo {d{dY A§Jm§Zr qMVZHo$coco {XgVo. d¡ {ŠVH$ gwYmaUo~amo~a gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUmhr VwH$mo~m§Zm A{^àoV Amho. ^ŠVrMo Am{UZrVrMo OdiMo ZmVo Amho. gd© MamMamV EH$M na_VÎd dmg H$arV Agë`m_wio gd© àm{U_mÌm§~Ôc~§Yw md AgUo, hrM Ë`m na_oídamMr Iar ^ŠVr hmo . Ago VwH$mam_ AmË_{dídmgnyd©H$ gm§JVmV.

170

gdm©Zw yVr^md, ~§Yw md, AqhgmdmX BË`mXr Ë`m§À`m {dMmagaUrÀ`m _wimer Ë`m§Mr AÛ¡VÑîQ>r Amho.Ë`m§Mo VÎdkmZ ê$j Zmhr. Ë`mV g_mO{hVmMr Vi_i Amho. _mZdm~ÔcMm {Oìhmim Amho. _mZdmÀ`mgdmªJrU AXmamMr qMVm VwH$mam_m§Zr gVV dm{hcr. Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©V Amnë`m AZw dmg Oo Amco, VoAmnë`m A §Jm§Ûmao ì`ŠV Ho$co. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrcm "n§M_doX' åhQ>co OmVo. Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrMoqMVZ Ho$co AgVm hr CnXoedmUr doXm§hÿZhr loîR> Amho, Ago åhUmdo cmJVo. H$maU doXm§V Ho$di VrZdUmªMmM {dMma Amho. Va VwH$mo~m§À`m A §JdmUrZo A{Ic _mZd OmVrMm {dMma Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m§MrA §Jm§VyZ àH$Q> Pmcocr qMVZercVm `mMr gmj Amho.

6.5 ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

n dñVw{ZîR> àíZ

A)Ÿ `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. `m§Zm dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo H$ig åhQ>co OmVo.

(g§V kmZoída / g§V am_Xmg / g§V VwH$mam_)

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m ^ŠVrcm H$emMo A{YîR>mZ Amho?

(AÛ¡V VÎdkmZmMo / Û¡Vr VÎdkmZmMo / _m`mdmXmMo)

3. VwH$mam_m§Mo VÎdkmZ ho àm_w»`mZo H$moUË`m Y_m©Mo VÎdkmZ Amho?

(qhXyY_© / ^mJdVY_© / d¡{XH$Y_©)

4. "{dîUw_` OJ' Ago H$moU _mZVmV?

(e¡d / d¡îUd / emŠV)

5. lr{dÇ>c ho H$emMo àVrH$ Amho?

(na~«÷mMo / gXm{edmMo / ^ŠVrMo)

CÎmao : 1) g§V VwH$mam_ 2) AÛ¡V VÎdkmZmMo 3) ^mJdVY_© 4) d¡îUd 5) na~«÷mMo

~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.

1. "Ydico OJXmH$maŸ& A§Yma Vmo {Zagcm' `m A §Jm§VyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr Amncr AmË_mZw yVràH$Q> Ho$cr Amho.

2. OrdmË_m hm na_mËå`mMoM ê$n Amho.

3. g§V VwH$mam_ Û¡VdmXr H$dr hmoVo.

4. "{dîUw_` OJ d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©' ho dMZ kmZXodm§Mo Amho.

171

5. {dÇ>cmMo "g_MaU' g_VoMo àVrH$ Amho.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a 2) ~amo~a 3) MyH$ 4) MyH$ 5) ~amo~a


1. OmoS>mo{Z`m YZ ................... Ÿ&

2. g|Xar ho .......................... &

3. {MÎm ewÕ Var eÌy .............. Ÿ&

4. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr dmUr nmacm¡{H$H$mnojm ............ _Ü`oM A{YH$ a_VmZm {XgVo.

5. X`m {VMo Zmd yVm§Mo nmcZŸ& Am{UH$ .................. Ÿ&

CÎmao: 1) CÎm_ doìhmao 2) Xodr X¡dVo 3) {_Ì hmoVr 4) cm¡{H$H$m_Ü oM 5) {ZXm©cZ H§$Q>H$m§MoŸ&


"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

1. {dÇ>c 1) AÛ¡V^ŠVr

2. VwH$mam_ 2) cmoH$dmL²>_`

3. n§T>ar 3) dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo H$ig

4. g§VdmL²>_` 4) dmaH$ar gm§àXm{`H$m§Mo VrW©joÌ

5. ^mJdVY_© 5) dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo AmamÜ`X¡dV

6) Û¡V^ŠVr

CÎmao : 1) - 5 2) - 3 3) - 4 4) - 2 5) - 1


1. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV H$emcm àmYmÝ` Amho?

2. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr H$moUË`m X¡dVm§Mm {ZfoY Ho$cm?

3. {MÎm ewÕ Pmë`mZo {dfhr A_¥V hmoVo, Ago H$moUmMo _V Amho?

4. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m ^{ŠV`moJmV H$emcm àmYmÝ` Amho?

5. "Eogo g§V Omco H$irŸ& Vm|S>r V§~mIyMr Zir' ho dMZ H$moUmMo?

CÎmao: 1. _mZdVmdmX, g_VmdmX, ~§Yw md d Aqhgm.

2. jyÐ X¡dVm§Mm

172

3. g§V VwH$mam_

4. H$_m©cm

5. g§V VwH$mam_

n XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m qMVZercVoMo gmoXmhaU {ddaU H$am.

2. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m dmUrcm "n§M_doX' åhUVmV. `m {dYmZmMm nam_e© ¿`m.

n cKwÎmar àíZ

1. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr AÛ¡VdmXmMr g§H$ënZm WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ> H$am.

2. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mm gdm©Zw yVr^md d ~§Yw md WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ> H$am.

n {Q>nm {chm

1. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Vrc cmoH$VÎdo

2. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mm AqhgmdmX

3. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m CnXoemMo ñdê$n

6.6 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. g_J« VwH$mam_ Xe©Z : S>m°. {H$emoa gmZn - gmHo$V, Am¡a§Jm~mX.

2. _amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr : dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu.

3. nwÝhm VwH$mam_ : {Xcrn {MÌo.

4. gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_ : S>m°. A{Zc Jdir.

6.7 CnH«$_

1. "g§Vgm{hË`mMr AmOMr Amdí`H$Vm' `m {df`mda n[ag§dmXmMo Am`moOZ H$am.

2. n§T>anya oWrc {dÇ>c_§{Xamg oQ> Úm. VoWrc {d{dY n{dÌ ñWim§Zm oQ>r XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo _hÎdg_OyZ ¿`m.

3. lr g§V VwH$mam_ - Jmo. Zr. Xm§S>oH$a - _°OopñQ>H$ - _w§~B© 1974 hr H$mX§~ar {_idyZ dmMm.

ooo

173

KQ>H$ : 7

VwH$mam_m§Mm ^{ŠV`moJ

7.1 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg AmnU nwT>rc C{XîQ>o g_moa R>odyZ H$aUma AmhmoV.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr ^{ŠV`moJm{df`rMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr gm§{JVocr ^ŠVcjUo g_OyZ KoUo.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr _mojH$ënZm nmhUo.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Jm{`coco {dÇ>c-_mhmËå`, n§T>ar-_mhmËå` g_OmdyZ KoUo.

7.2 àmñVm{dH$

_hmamîQ´> hr g§Vm§Mr y_r Amho. kmZXodm§nmgyZ g§V VwH$mam_m§n ªV g§Vm§Mr g_¥Õ na§nam _hmamîQ´>mcmcm^cr Amho. `m na§naoZo _amR>r dmL²>_`mcmhr g_¥Õ Ho$co Amho. "kmZXodo a{Mcm nm`m ......... VwH$mPmcmgo H$ig' Aem eãXm§V g§V ~{hUm~mBªZr hr na§nam _m§S>cr Amho.

g§V VwH$mam_ ho g§VloîR> AmhoV, g_mOgwYmaH$ AmhoV. Am{U H${dloîR> AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mAmMma-{dMmam§VyZ Ad¿`m _Zwî`_mÌmÀ`m gdmªJrU CÝZVrMm _mJ© XmI{dcm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr A §JdmUrAd¿`m _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m öX`mV Ka H$ê$Z am{hcr Amho. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m A §JdmUrVyZ _mZdVmdmXr CXmÎm_yë`m§Mr {eH$dU {Xcr. "doXm§Mm Vmo AW© Amåhm§grM R>mdmŸ& oam§Zr dmh>mdm ^ma _mWm' Agm AmÜ`mpË_H$A{YH$ma Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ewÕ Am{U n{dÌ AmMaUm§VyZ àmßV H$ê$Z KoVcm hmoVm. "~wS>Vr ho OZ Z XoIdoS>moim§Ÿ& oVmo H$idim åhUmo{Z`m' `m AmV© ÑîQ>rZo Ë`m§Zr A §JaMZm Ho$cr; Am{U cmoH$m§Zm ^ŠVrMm _mJ©XmI{dcm. Ë`m_wioM g§V_{h_m, Zm__{h_m, H$sV©Z_{h_m, n§T>ar_mhmËå`, {dÇ>c_{h_m, Vwcgr_mhmËå`BË`mXr {df`hr Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m A §Jm§VyZ agminUo Jm{`co AmhoV.

7.3 {df`-{ddoMZ

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo AmnUmg g§V VwH$mam_m§Mm ^{ŠV`moJ nmhmd`mMm Amho.Xod-^ŠV `m§À`mVrc AÛ¡V, ^ŠVm§Mr Am{U A^ŠVm§Mr VwH$mam_m§Zr gm§{JVcocr cjUo, Ë`m§Mr_mojH$ënZm, Ë`m§Zr Jm{`coco n§T>ar_mhmËå`, {dÇ>c_mhmËå` `m gdmªVyZ Ë`m§Mm ^{ŠV`moJ AmnUmgg_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

174

^maVr` {dMmana§naoV MVw{d©Y nwéfmWmªMr gmYZm \$ma nwamVZ H$mcmnmgyZ _hÎdmMr _mZcr Amho.`m§n¡H$s "_moj' `m Mm¡Ï`m nwéfmWm©Mo _hÎd Am{U loîR>Ëd AZoH$ kmZr nwéfm§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$co Amho. _mÌg§Vm§Xr (àm_w»`mZo dmaH$ar gm§àXm{`H$ g§Vm§Zr) _wŠVrnojm ^ŠVrcm _hÎd {Xcoco Amho. ^{ŠV_mJm©Mo_yi ^JdX²JrVm Am{U ^mJdVnwamU `m§_Ü o AmT>iVo. _amR>r g§VH$dtZr gJwU-{ZJw©UmMm g_Ýd`gmYV "^{ŠV_mJ© ~hþ gmonm' åhUyZ Ë`mMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. `m g§X^m©V VH©$VrW© cú_UemñÌr OmoeråhUVmV, ""^ŠVrMr AmH$f©U eŠVr _wŠVrnojm _moR>r Amho, `mMr ^mJdVY_m©cm d g§Vm§Zm PmcocrOmUrd hr AË §V _mZZr` Aer Ym{_©H$ pñWVr Amho.'' (Omoer VH©$VrW© cú_UemñÌr, "d¡{XH$g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg', {ÛVr`md¥Îmr, n¥. 349) "Mhÿ nwéfmWm© {earŸ& ^ŠVr O¡gr' (km. 18.867) hokmZXodm§Mo CX²Jma gd© _amR>r g§Vm§Zr {eamoYm © _mZco; Am{U ^{ŠV_mJm©Mm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zm`m _mJm©Mo H$ig hmoÊ`mMo ^m½` cm^co. "lrVwH$mam_ _hmamOm§Zrhr ^ŠVr hmM gd© nwéfmWmªMm _wJwQ>_UrAgyZ, na_mWm©Vrc BVa gd© _wŠH$m_ AcrH$S>Mo AmhoV, Ago åhQ>co Amho.' (~{haQ> ^m. n§. "dmaH$arg§àXm` : CX` d {dH$mg' {ÛVr`md¥Îmr, n¥îR> 91, 92)

Xod-^ŠV-AÛ¡V

^Jd§VM OJX²ê$nmZo ZQ>cm Amho. Ë`m_wio Xod Am{U ^ŠV XmoKo EH$M AmhoV. Xod-^ŠV-Jwê$ `mgdmªÀ`m ê$nmZo Vmo EH$ {dÇ>cM {dZQ>cm Amho, Agm VwH$mam_m§Mm gmjmËH$ma Amho. gd©M _amR>r g§Vm§Zrhm {dMma nwZ… nwÝhm gm§{JVcocm {XgVmo. "_mÂ`m {dR>mo~mMm H¡$gm ào_^mdŸ& AmnU{M Xod hmo Jwê$Ÿ&&'Aem eãXm§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Xod-^ŠVmMo AÛ¡V gm§{JVco Amho. ^ŠVmcm ^Jd§VmMm Ü`mg AgVmo, Va^Jd§Vmcm ^ŠVmMr AmoT> AgVo. g§V VwH$mam_ åhUVmV -

^ŠVm{dU XodmŸ& H¡$Mo ê$n KS>o godmŸ&&1&&

emo {dco oa oam§Ÿ& gmoZo EHo$ R>m`r {hamŸ&&2&&

Xodm{dU ^ŠVmŸ& H$moU XoVm {ZîH$m_VmŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo ~miŸ& _mVm O¡go ñZohOmiŸ&&4&&

^ŠV Amho åhUyZ Xod Amho; Am{U Xod Amho åhUyZ ^ŠV Amho. Xod-^ŠVm§Mo ZmVo nañnamdc§~r Amho.gmoÝ`mÀ`m H$m|XUmV {ham AgVmo. VoWo {ham Am{U gmoZo `m§Zr EH$_oH$mcm gwemo{^V Ho$coco AgVo. VgoXod^ŠVm§Mo ZmVo Amho. ^ŠV Zgoc Va Xodmcm XodËd H$go àmßV hmoB©c? Am{U Xodm{edm` ^ŠVmcm{ZîH$m_Vm (_moj) Var H$moU àmßV H$ê$Z XoUma? Xod Am{U ^ŠV `m§Mo ZmVo AmB© Am{U _yc Ago Amho.ho ZmVo _moR>o _Ywa Am{U ào_i Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m _Vo B©ída Am{U ^ŠVmMo ZmVo AÝ`moÝ` AgVo. ^ŠVm_wio Xodmcm Am{U Xodm_wio^ŠVmcm gmW©H$Vm oVo. `m g§X^m©Vrc nwT>rc A §J _hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV -

175

_mPo _mWm VwPm hmVŸ& VwPo nm`r _mPo {MÎmŸ&&1&&

Eogr n{S> ocr Jm§R>rŸ& earag§~§YmMr {_R>rŸ&&2&&

oa oam§nmerŸ& gm§nS>moZ Jocmo EogrŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo godmŸ& _mPr H¥$nm VwPr XodmŸ&&4Ÿ&&

"Xodm _mÂ`m _ñVH$mda VwPm H¥$nmhñV Amho, Va VwÂ`m nm`r _mPo {MÎm Amho. Aem arVrZo VwPr-_mPrJmR> nS>cr AgyZ, Amnco g§~§Y ÑT> Pmco AmhoV. AemàH$mao AmnU EH$_oH$m§Zm gmnS>cmo AmhmoV. AmVmVwåhr _mPr godm ¿`mdr d _cm H¥$nmXmZ H$amdo. ho C^`Vm§Mo H$V©ì` Amho.'

Xod Am{U ^ŠV EH$_oH$m§V gm_mdyZ Jococo AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm doJio H$mT>Vm oV Zmhr. Vo {Xgm`cmXmoZ Agco Var Agm`cm EH$M AgVmV. hm {dMma VwH$mo~m§Zr Vê$ Am{U ~rO, nmUr Am{U Va§J, dñVyAm{U {VMr N>m`m Aem CXmhaUm§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$cm Amho. PmS> Am{U Ë`mMo ~rO EH$_oH$m§V gm_mdyZ JococoAgVo. nmUr Am{U Va§J {Xgm`cm doJio dmQ>co Var EH$M AgVmV. dñVy Am{U {VMr gmdcr doJirH$mT>Vm oV Zmhr. Ago Xod-^ŠVm§Mo AÛ¡V ZmVo Amho. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV-

Véda ~rOmnmoQ>rŸ& ~rO Védam eodQ>rŸ&&1&&

V¡go Vwåhm§ Amåhm§ OmcoŸ& EH$s EH$ gm_mdcoŸ&&2&&

CXH$mdar Va§JŸ& Va§J CXH$mMo A§JŸ&&3Ÿ&&

VwH$m åhUo q~~ÀN>m`mŸ& R>m`r nmdcr {dc`mŸ&&4&&

g§Vm§À`m {d yVr XodM AgVmV. Xod Am{U g§V (^ŠV) EH$mM - na~«÷mMo ^mJ AmhoV. nwT>rcA §JmVyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr hm ^md A{YH$ ñnîQ> Ho$cocm {XgVmo.

H$ñVwarMo A§Jr _rZcr _¥{ÎmH$mŸ& _J doJir H$m§ `oB©c coIyŸ&&1&&

V`mn[a oX Zmhr Xod^ŠVrŸ& g§XohmÀ`m w{ŠV gamo Úmì`mŸ&&2&&

B§YZo V| AmJr g§ moJmÀ`m JwUoŸ& gJam XéfUo dmhmi Vm|{MŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo _mPo gmjrMo dMZŸ& oWo Vmo H$maU wÕ ^mdŸ&&4&&

H$ñVwar_Ü`o _mVr {_gicr H$s Vr _mVrhr H$ñVwar hmoVo. _mVrcmhr H$ñVwarMo _moc àmßV hmoVo.B§YZmMm A½Zrer g§~§Y Amcm H$s Vo A½Zr_`M hmoVo. Amohmoi g_wÐmcm {_imcm H$s gmJaê$n hmoVmo.Ë`mà_mUo Xod Am{U ^ŠV `m§À`mV doJionUm amhmV Zmhr. _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r ewÕ ^md nm{hOo. ho g§VVwH$mam_ Amnë`m AZw dmZo gm§JV AmhoV. Aem àH$mao Xod-^ŠVm§Mo AÛ¡V VwH$mo~m§Zr AZoH$ A §Jm§VyZnwZ…nwÝhm gm§{JVco Amho.

l ^ŠV Am{U A^ŠV

gd©M _amR>r g§Vm§Zr ^ŠV Am{U A^ŠV `m§Mr cjUo gm§{JVcocr AmhoV. g§VcjUo hr ^ŠVcjUoM

176

AmhoV. gdmª yVr ^JdX² md, g_VmÑîQ>r, X`m, j_m, em§Vr, EH${ZîR> ^{ŠV^md hr Iè`m ^ŠVmMrcjUo AmhoV. Ago _hmË_o {Zanoj d¥ÎmrZo OJmV g§Mma H$arV AgVmV. "gmoZo ê$no Amåhm _¥{VHo$ g_mZ'Aer Ë`m§Mr YmaUm AgVo. a§Oë`m-Jm§Oë`m Ordm§da ào_ H$aUo, nr{S>Vm§{df`r Anma H$éUm AgUo, hr_hÎdmMr ^ŠV cjUo AmhoV. Agm ^ŠV gd©Ì g_ÑîQ>rZo nmhmV AgVmo. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV -

Oo H$m a§Oco Jm§OcoŸ& Ë`m{g åhUo Omo AmnwcoŸ&&1&&

Vmo {M gmYw AmoiImdmŸ& Xod VoWo {M OmUmdmŸ&&2&&

_¥Xw g~mø ZdZrVŸ& V¡go gÁOZmMo {MÎmŸ&&3&&

Á`m{g Amn§{JVm ZmhrŸ& Ë`m{g Yar Omo öX`rŸ&&4&&

X`m H$aUo Oo nwÌmgrŸ& Vo{M Xmgm Am{U XmgrŸ&&5&&

VwH$m åhUo gm§Jmo {H$VrŸ& Vmo{M ^Jd§VmMr _yVuŸ&&6&&

gd© mdmZo Omo Xodmcm eaU Jococm AgVmo, H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV Á`mÀ`m ^ŠVrV I§S> nS>V Zmhr.VmoM Iam ^ŠV hmo . "d¡îUd Vmo O`mŸ& AdKr Xodmdar _m`mŸ&&' nS>Vm OS> ^marŸ& Zo_m Z Q>io {ZYm©arŸ&&'Aem eãXm§V VwH$mo~m§Zr hm ^md ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho.

^ŠV g‚mZm§À`m {R>H$mUr H$moUVmhr AdJwU ZgVmo. M§XZmÀ`m {R>H$mUr gd©ÌM gwJ§Y AgVmo.n[agmMm H$moUVmhr ^mJ hrZ XOm©Mm ZgVmo. {Xì`mÀ`m _mJonwT>o H$moR>ohr A§Yma ZgVmo. gmIa gd©Ì JmoS>AgVo. Ë`mà_mUo "VwH$m åhUo V¡gm g‚mZmnmgyZŸ& nmhVm AdJwU {_io {M Zm'

""VwH$mam_m§À`m `m ^ŠVrV {dcjU eŠVr Amho. ZrVr, àrVr Am{U _Vr `m VrZ ñV§ m§daVwH$mam_m§Mr eŠVr wŠV ^ŠVr {damOVo Amho.'' Ago gm§JyZ e§H$a Aä §H$a nwT>o åhUVmV, ""^ŠVrMmAmË_m gXmMmamMm AgVmo ho VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m H¥$VrZo Am{U AmMaUmZo OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm {eH${dco ....hm ^mJdVY_© VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mimV AkmZr cmoH$m§Zr nma ZmgdyZ Q>mH$cm hmoVm. VwH$mo~mam`m§Zr `mZmgcoë`m g_mOmcm d¡am½`mMm H$mT>m XoD$Z amoJ_wŠV Ho$co; Am{U ^ŠVrÀ`m ~«÷agmZo Ad¿`m g_mOmMo{OUo YÝ` Ho$co.'' (Aä §H$a e§H$a dmgwXod, "g§V VwH$mam_', Am{XË` à{VîR>mZ, nwUo 2008, n¥. 122)

{dÇ>cmcm ewÕ ^{ŠV^md AmdS>Vmo. ^ŠVrV {Oìhmim, ào_ _hÎdmMo Amho. Aer ^ŠVr H$erH$am`Mr ho Á`mcm g_OVo, Vmo _y{V©_§V XodmMm nwVimM hmo . Zd{dYm ^ŠVr Omo OmUVmo, VmoM Iamn{dÌ hmo . Aem ^ŠVm§Mm A§{H$V hmoD$Z amhÊ`mV ^Jd§Vmcm AmZ§X dmQ>Vmo. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV -

OmUo ^ŠVrMm {OìhmimŸ& Vmo {M XodmMm nwVimŸ&&1&&

AmUrH$ Z o _mÂ`m _ZmŸ& hmo H$m n§{S>V emhmUmŸ&&2&&

Zm_ê$nr OS>co {MÎmŸ& Ë`mMm Xmg _r A§{H$VŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Zd{dYŸ& ^{ŠV OmUo Vmo {M ewÕŸ&&4&&

177

Zd{dYm ^ŠVrMm A§{JH$ma H$ê$Z, ^Jd§VmÀ`m Zm_ê$nmV _Z a§JyZ OmUo, hr loîR> ^ŠVmMr cjUo oWogm§{JVcr AmhoV. Xod ^ŠVm§Mm A§{H$V AgVmo. "Eogm ^ŠVm§Mm A§{H$VŸ& cmJo V¡gr cmdr àrVŸ&&' _mÌAem ^{ŠVgwImMm AZw d ñdV…M ¿`md`mMm AgVmo. ^mdmZoM ^Jd§VmMr àmßVr hmoVo. Ho$di kmZmZoZmhr. "VwH$m åhUo hmogr ^mdo{M Vy§ _wŠVŸ& H$m` H$[agr wŠV Om{UdoMrŸ&&' VmËn ©, Agm ewÕ, EH${ZîR>^md Á`mÀ`mOdi AgVmo, VmoM Iam d¡îUd-^ŠV hmo . ^JdX² ŠVrVrc gwI Am{U ^Jd§VmÀ`mZm_m_¥VmMr JmoS>r Ho$di ^ŠVM OmUy eH$VmV. AmB©À`m XwYmMr JmoS>r {VÀ`m ~mimcmM g_OVo.JmB©À`m XwYmMr JmoS>r {VÀ`m dmgamcmM H$iVo. n[a_imMm AmZ§X «_am§ZmM g_OVmo, H$_imcm Zmhr.Ë`mà_mUo h[a^ŠVrMr JmoS>r harcm g_OV Zmhr. Vr h[a^ŠVm§Zm g_OVo. "Hw$_w{XZr OmUo H$m` n[a_iŸ&«_a gH$i ^mo{JVgoŸ&&' Aem ^ŠVm§da ^Jd§VmMohr AmË §{VH$ ào_ AgVo. H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV ^ŠV

Amnë`m ^ŠVrnmgyZ T>iV Zmhr. Agm ^ŠV VwH$mo~m§Zm _hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo. Vo Aem ^ŠVmMm _wŠVH§$R>mZoJm¡ad H$aVmV.

VwH$mam_m§gmaIo ^ŠVloîR> _mojmMr Anojm H$arV ZmhrV. ^Jd§VmMo ^ŠV hmoD$Z amhÊ`mV, Ë`mMrH¥$nm g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mV; Am{U Ë`mÀ`mer ào_mZo JwOJmoîQ>r H$aÊ`mV Aem ^ŠVm§Zm YÝ`Vm dmQ>Vo. `mÑîQ>rZonmhVm, VwH$mam_m§Mm {dÇ>cmdarc ào_^md AË §V {dcjU, Acm¡{H$H$ Agm Amho. Ë`m§Zm ~«÷kmZ ZH$mo,AmË_pñWVr ^md ZH$mo Amho, Va "_r ^ŠV Vy Xod Eogo H$ar' hrM Ë`mMr BÀN>m Amho. ^Jd§VmÀ`mgJwUê$nmMmM Ü`mg VwH$mo~m§Zm cmJcm Amho. VwH$mo~m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo ^ŠV hmoD$Z amhÊ`mV Omo AmZ§X Amho,Vmo _mojmV Zmhr. åhUyZ Vo åhUVmV-

ZH$mo ~«÷kmZ AmË_pñWVr ^mdŸ& _r ^ŠV Vy Xod Eogo H$arŸ&&1&&

Xmdr ê$n _O Jmo{nH$ma_UmŸ& R>odrZ MaUm§dar _mWmŸ&&2&&

nmhmo{Z lr_wI XoB©Z AmqcJZŸ& Ordo qZ~cmoU CVarZŸ&&3&&

nwgVm gm§JoZ {hVJwO _mVŸ& ~¡gmo{Z EH$m§V gwIJmoîQ>rŸ&&4Ÿ&&

VwH$m åhUo `mgr Z cmdr CeraŸ& _mPo Aä §Va OmUmo{Z`mŸ&&5Ÿ&&

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV EH${ZîR> ^ŠVrcm AË §V _hÎd Amho. {dÇ>cMaUr n{Vd«VogmaIr {ZîR>m hdr.Aer EH${ZîR> ^ŠVr ho oamJ~mimMo H$m_ Zìho ! Vr gwimdarc nmoirgmaIr H$R>rU Amho. ho ^ŠVrMod«V KoVë`mZ§Va nÏ o gm§ mimdr cmJVmV, H$m_H«$moYmXr fS²>[any§Zm Xya R>odmdo cmJVo. _Zmda gVV A§Hw$eR>odmdm cmJVmo. _JM Iar, CÀMV_ ^ŠVr gmÜ` hmoVo. "^ŠVr Vmo H${R>U ewimdarc nmoirŸ& {ZdS>o Vmo~ir {daim eyaŸ&&' VwH$m åhUo _Zm nm{hOo A§Hw$eŸ& {ZË` Zdm {Xg OmJ¥VrMmŸ& ^{ŠV_mJ© gmonm, gwc^Agcm Var, oWo _Z Amnë`m Vmã`mV Agmdo cmJVo. ^{ŠV`moJmMo __© gm§JVmZm VwH$mo~m§Zr AË §V_hÎdmÀ`m JmoîQ>rda oWo Zo_Ho$ ~moQ> R>odco Amho.

XodmÀ`m gm{ÝZÜ`mV amhÊ`mV VwH$mo~m§Zm gwI dmQ>Vo. ^ŠVmMo ho _hÎdmMo cjU Amho. hm AmZ§Xì`ŠV H$aVmZm àgÝZ Am{U ào_i eãXm§V VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;


178

OmD$ Xodm{M`m JmdmŸ& Xod XoB©c {dgmdmŸ&&1&&

Xodm gm§Jmo gwIXw…IŸ& Xod {Zdmarc yH$Ÿ&&2&&

Kmcy XodmgrM ^maŸ& Xod gwImMm gmJaŸ&&3&&

amhmo Odir XodmnmgrŸ& AmVm OS>moZr nm`merŸ&&4&&

VwH$m åhUo Amåhr ~mioŸ& `m XodmMr c{S>dmioŸ&&5&&

VwH$mo~m nyU©nUo Xodmda {dg§~yZ AmhoV. {dÇ>c hmM Ë`m§Mm OrdZmYma Amho. Vmo gwImMm gmJaAmho. {dlm§VrMo {R>H$mU Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m {dÇ>c MaUm§er EH$ê$n hmoD$Z amhÊ`mV VwH$mo~m§Zm OrdZmMrH¥$VmW©Vm dmQ>Vo. ^ŠV XodmMr c{S>dmi ~mio AmhoV, Ago gm§JyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr Xod-^ŠVm§Mo ho _Ywa ZmVoCcJSy>Z XmI{dco Amho.

Xodmda {dídmg R>odyZ Amcoco ^moJ ^moJrV amhdo. _J Vmo H¥$nmqgYy ^ŠVm§Mr gd© g§H$Q>o Xya H$aVmo.g§gmamMr qMVm H$aÊ`mnojm Ë`m {díd§ amMo qMVZ H$amdo.

""Am{c`m ^moJmgr Agmdo gmXaŸ& Xodmdar ^ma Kmcw{Z`mŸ&&1&&

_J Vmo H¥$nmqgYw {Zdmar gm§H$S>oŸ& oa Vo ~mnwS>o H$m` a§H$Ÿ&&2&&

^`m{M o nmQ>r Xw…Im{M`m amerŸ& eaU Xodmgr OmVm§ ^coŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Zìho H$m` Ë`m H$[aVm§Ÿ& qMVmdm Vmo AmVm {díd§ aŸ&&4&&

^Jd§VmÀ`m godoVM AdrQ> JmoS>r Amho. Vgo g_mYmZ AÛ¡VpñWVrV Zmhr. "AÛ¡Vr Vmo _mPo Zmhrg_mYmZŸ& JmoS> ho MaU godm VwPrŸ&' Aer Amncr ^{ŠV{ZîR>m VwH$mo~m§Zr dma§dma à{VnmXZ Ho$cr Amho.{dR>mo_mCcr Amnë`m ^ŠVm§da {Zanoj ào_ H$aVo. "Eogr H$idù`mMr OmVrŸ& H$ar cm^m{dU àrVrŸ&&'Ë`m {dÇ>cmÀ`m H$S>oda ~gyZ AmnU {Z ©a AmhmoV. "VwH$m åhUo H$S>o ~gmoŸ& VoUo Agmo {Z ©aŸ&' Agm{dídmg Ë`m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. "am_H¥$îUhar' `m fS>mjar _§ÌmMm gVV CÀMma H$aUmam ghOMna~«÷ hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUMo fS²>[anw Zmhrgo hmoVmV. X`m, j_m, em§Vr, Y¡ © BË`mXr JwU Ë`mMo {R>H$mUrdmg H$aVmV.

am_H¥$îU Zm_o CÀMmar gaioŸ& AmR>dr gmdio ê$n _ZrŸ&&1&&

em§{V j_m X`m Ac§H$ma A§JrŸ& A §J àg§Jr Y¡ ©d§VŸ&&2&&

VwH$m åhUo Joë`m fS²>C_u A§JoŸ& gm§Sw>{Z`m _J ~«÷{M VmoŸ&&3&&

Aem ^ŠVloîR>mMm {XZH«$_ VwH$mo~m§Zr nwT>rc A §Jm§VyZ gm§{JVcm Amho. ^ŠVmMm AmMma _hÎdmMm_mZcm OmVmo. H$maU g_mOmV Vmo AmXe©dV dmQ>V AgVmo. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr Ë`mMm AmJ«h Yacm Amho.Vo åhUVmV;

179

H$mi gmamdm qMVZoŸ& EH$m§Vdmgr J§JmñZmZoŸ&

XodmMo nyOZŸ& àXjUm VwierÀ`mŸ&&1&&

wŠV Amhma {dhmaŸ& Zo_ B§{Ð`m§Mm gmaŸ&

Zgmdr ~mgaŸ& {ZÐm ~hþ ^mfUŸ&&2&&

na_mW© _hmYZŸ& OmoS>r XodmMo MaUŸ&

ìhmd`m OVZŸ& ho Cnm` cm^mMoŸ&&3&&

Xoh g_{n©Oo XodmŸ& ^ma H$mhrM Z ¿`mdmŸ&

hmoB©c AmKdmŸ& VwH$m åhUo AmZ§XŸ&&4&&

^ŠVmZo ^Jd§VmÀ`m qMVZmV H$mi Kmcdmdm. EH$m§Vdmg nËH$ê$Z J§JmñZmZmZo Xoh n{dÌ H$amdm. XodmMonyOZ H$ê$Z, Vwier àX{jUm Kmcmì`mV. Amdí`H$ VodR>mM Amhma ¿`mdm. Amdí`H$ VodT>rM {dlm§Vr¿`mdr. B§{Ð o g§ {_V R>odmdrV. ñdÀN>§XrnUmMo dmJUo Zgmdo. \$ma Pmon KoD$ Z o. {ZîH$maU \$ma ~S>~S>H$ê$ Z o. ^m¡{VH$ YZmnojm na_mW© hoM Iao YZ Amho, hm {ddoH$ R>odmdm. B©ídamcm eaU Omdo. XohË`mÀ`m MaUr g_{n©V H$amdm. `mVM Iam AmZ§X Amho. ^ŠVmMm {XZH«$_/AmMma Agm Agmdm.

VwH$mam_m§À`m ^ŠVrMo _yi gyÌ " yVr ^Jd§V' ho Amho. ^JdX²JrVm hoM gm§JVo. "dmgwXod… gd©_²'kmZXod ^ŠVrMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm åhUVmV, "Oo Oo oQ>o yVŸ& Vo Vo _m{ZOo ^Jd§VŸ& hm ^{ŠV`moJw{ZpíMVŸ& OmU _mPmŸ&&' ^ŠVrMr hr gd©ì`mnH$, {dídmË_H$ AdñWm VwH$mo~m§Zr nwT>rc A §JmV ì`ŠVHo$cr Amho.

AdKr yVo gmå`m AmcrŸ& Xo{Icr å`m H¢$ hmoVrŸ&&1&&

{dídmg Vmo Iam _JŸ& nm§Sw>a§J H¥$noMmŸ&&2&&

_mPr H$moUr Z Yamo e§H$mŸ& hmo H$m cmoH$m {ZÛªÛŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Oo Oo oQ>oŸ& Vo Vo dmQ>o _r EogoŸ&&4&&

g§V VwH$mam_ Aem {ZÛªÛ AdñWocm nmohMco hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr ^ŠVrMr AZw yVrhr AË §V CÀMH$moQ>rMr hmoVr. Aem ^ŠVrcm g§nyU© {dídmV na_oídaM ^ê$Z am{hë`mMm àË`` oVmo. Ë`mcm gd©àm{U_mÌm§V {dÇ>cM {Xgy cmJVmo.

Ago Agco Var Iao ^ŠV OodT>o X`miy VodT>oM H$R>moahr AgVmV. Vo Pw§Oma dra AgVmV. VoZmR>mimÀ`m S>moŠ`mV H$mR>r KmcÊ`mghr _mJonwT>o nmhmV ZmhrV. Vo A_¥VmhÿZ JmoS> AgVmV Am{U àg§Jr{dfmnojmhr H$Sy> hmoVmV. ^ŠVm§Zm g_mOYmaUogmR>r `m XmoÝhrhr y{_H$m nma nmS>mì`m cmJVmV. hr dadadmQ>Umar {dg§JVrM CÎm_ ^ŠVmMo Iao cjU Amho. VwH$mo~m dU©Z H$aVmV;

180

_D$ _oUmhÿ{Z Amåhr {dîUwXmgŸ& H$R>rU dO«mg oXy EogoŸ&&1&&

^co V[a XoD$ H$mgoMr c§JmoQ>rŸ& ZmR>mimÀ`m H$mR>r XoD$ _mWmŸ&&3&&

_m`~mnmhþ{Z ~hþ _m`md§VŸ& H$ê$ KmVnmV eÌyhÿ{ZŸ&&4&&

A_¥V Vo H$m` JmoS> AmåhmnwT>o& {df Vo ~mnwS>o H$Sy> {H$VrŸ&&5&&

VwH$m åhUo Amåhr AdKo{M JmoS>Ÿ& Á`mMo nwao H$moS> Ë`mMo n[aŸ&&6&&

^ŠVmMm AmMma {Z_©i Agmdm `mda VwH$mam_m§Mm â Amho. CÎm_ ^ŠV ^ŠVrÀ`m ZmdmImcr{^jm _mJV Zmhr. Aem nmoQ>^ê$ ^ŠVm§Mm VwH$mo~m§Zr H$S>H$ eãXm§V {ZfoY Ho$cm Amho. Aem gH$m_^ŠVmMr na_oída Zoh_r CnojmM H$aVmo. Aer ^ŠVr åhUOo ì`{^Mma Amho.

{^jmnmÌ Adc§{~UoŸ& Oimo {OUo cm{OadmUoŸ&

Eo{g`mgr ZmamÙoŸ& CnojrOo gd©WmŸ&&1&&

Xodmnm`r Zmhr ^mdŸ& ^{ŠV dar dar dmdŸ&

g_{n©cm OrdŸ& Zmhr Vmo ì`{^MmaŸ&&2&&

OJm Kmcmdo gmH$S>oŸ& XrZ hmoD${Z ~mnwS>oŸ&

ho{M A^m½` amoH$S>oŸ& _yi Am{U A{dídmgŸ&&3&&

H$m` Z H$ar {díd§âŸ& gË` H$[aVm {ZYm©aŸ&

VwH$m åhUo gmaŸ& ÑT> nm` YamdoŸ&&4&&

dê$Z ^ŠV Am{U AmVyZ A^ŠV Agm àH$ma VwH$mo~m§Zm AmdS>V Zmhr. ^ŠVrMo gm|J ZH$mo Amho.gmYH$mMm ^md ÑT> Am{U {Z…g§Xoh hdm. h[añ_aU H$aUmam ^ŠVM Iam n{dÌ Amho. VmoM Iam ~«m÷UAmho. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

Á`mgr AmdS>r h[aZm_mMrŸ& Vmo{M EH$ ~hþ ew{MŸ&&1&&

OnVmo h[aZm_ ~rOŸ& Vmo{M dUmª_mOr {ÛOŸ&&2&&

VwH$m åhUo dU©Y_©Ÿ& AdKo Amho g_ ~«÷Ÿ&&3&&

^ŠVmÀ`m {R>H$mUr Z_«Vm AgVo. CÎm_ ^ŠV gd© àm{U_mÌ ^JdX²ñdê$n g_OyZ Ë`m§Zm Z_ñH$maH$aVmo. "Z_« Omcm yVm§Ÿ& VoUo H$m|{S>co AZ§VmŸ&&' gd© {df`^moJm§{df`r AZmgŠV AgUo, ho ^ŠVrMocjU Amho. ^ŠVmÀ`m gd© BÀN>m-AmH$m§jm Zmhrem Pmcoë`m AgVmV. ^ŠVmcm EH$M {df` AgVmo,Am{U Vmo åhUOo {dÇ>c hmo .

"^ŠV Eogo OmUm Oo Xohr CXmgŸ& Joco Amemnme {Zdmé{ZŸ&&

{df` Vmo Ë`m§Mm Pmcm ZmamÙŸ& ZmdS>o YZ OZ _mVm {nVmŸ&&'

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loîR> ^ŠVmMr {ZîR>m {dÇ>cmÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m Ü`mZr, _Zr {dÇ>cM AgVmo. {dÇ>cmMoMZmd Ë`mcm AmdS>Vo. BVam§Mr ñVwVr åhUOo ~«÷hË`m dmQ>Vo. `mÑîQ>rZo Imcrc A §J Am{U A §JMaU_hÎdmMo dmQ>VmV.

n{Vd«Vo O¡gm «Vma à_mUŸ& Amåhm ZmamÙ V¡emnarŸ&&1&&

gd© mdo cmoä`m AmdS>o ho YZŸ& Amåhm ZmamÙ V¡emnarŸ&&2&&

VwH$m åhUo EH${dY Omco _ZŸ& {dÇ>cmdmMyZ ZoUo XwOoŸ&&3&&

qH$dm

Am{UH$ Xwgao _O Zmhr AmVmŸ& Zo{_co `m {MÎmmnmgy{Z`mŸ&&1&&

nm§Sw>a§J _Zr nm§Sw>a§J Ü`mZrŸ& OmJ«Vr ñdßZr nm§Sw>a§JŸ&&2&&

n{S>co diU B§{Ð`m gH$imŸ& ^md Vmo {Zamim Zmhr XwOmŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo ZoÌr Ho$co AmoiIUŸ& gm{Oao Vo Ü`mZ {dQ>odarŸ&&4&&

qH$dm

"EH$m Jmdo Amåhr {dR>mo~mMo Zm_Ÿ& Am{UH$mMo H$m_ Zmhr AmVmŸ&&'

"EH$ Y[acm {MÎmrŸ& Amåhr aIw_mB©Mm nVrŸ&&'

"Am{UH$m§Mr ñVwVr Amåhm ~«÷hË`mŸ& EH$m dmMy{Z Ë`m nm§Sw>a§JmŸ&&'

g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr ^ŠV-cjUm§~amo~a A^ŠVm§Mr cjUohr gm§{JVcr AmhoV. Aem T>m|Jr ^ŠVm§daH$S>mSy>Z hëcm Ho$cm Amho. A§Va§Jmnojm ~{ha§Jmda â XoUmao gm|JmS>o ho nmnr AgyZ, Ë`m§À`m_wio Iè`mY_m©Mm cmon hmoVmo. Ho$di J§YmMm {Q>im cmdyZ Am{U ^Jdr dñÌo n[aYmZ H$ê$Z d¡îUd hmoVm oV Zmhr.VwH$mo~m åhUVmV-

EH$m ~moQ>mMr {ZemUrŸ& narnmH$ Zmhr _ZrŸ&&1&&

V[a Vo g§nm{Xco gm|JŸ& H$maUmdmMy{Z`m ì §JŸ&&2&&

d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ& OJ {dîUw ZoUo d_©Ÿ&&3&&

A{Ve o nmnŸ& VwH$m gË` H$ar _mnŸ&&4&&

H$nmimda J§YmMr {ZemUr cmdyZ {H$Ë oH$ cmoH$ ñdV…cm d¡îUd åhUdyZ KoVmV. nU Ë`m§À`m{R>H$mUr AmË_mZw yVrMr n[anŠdVm ZgVo. d¡îUdËd A§Jr Z ~mUVm J§YmMo {Q>io cmdyZ d¡îUd åhUyZ{_a{dUo ho gm|J Amho. gd© OJ {dîUw_` Amho, ho d¡îUdY_m©Mo _w»` ahñ` Amho. ho d_© Aem T>m|Jr^ŠVm§Zm g_OV Zmhr. ^Jdr dñÌo n[aYmZ H$ê$Z d¡îUd-gmYy hmoVm oV Zmhr. Vgo nm{hco Va Hw$Í`mMma§Jhr ^JdmM Amho. åhUyZ Ë`mcm gmYy åhUVm oV Zmhr. Ho$di OQ>m dmT>dyZ Xhm {Xem§Zm qhS>Uo ho^ŠVrMo cjU Zìho ! Vgo nm{hco Va H$moëhm Aem dofmV H$m`_M AgVmo. O{_ZrV Jwhm H$ê$Z amhUo,

182

ho gmYyMo cjU Zìho. H$maU C§Xra gVV {~imVM AgVmo. åhUyZ Ë`mcm gmYy åhUVm oV Zmhr. AemàH$mao Xohmcm Ìmg {Xë`mZo gmYwËd oV Zmhr. Aer ì`ŠVr na_mWm©Mo T>m|J H$arV AgVo. AemA^ŠVm§Mm VwH$mo~m§Zr {ZfoY Ho$cm Amho. A§V…H$aUmV na_oídam~Ôc Vi_i ZgVmZm amZmdZmV OmD$ZXohX§S>Z H$aUo VwH$mo~m§Zm ng§V Zmhr. VwH$mam_ dU©Z H$aVmV.

^Jdo Var ídmZ ghO dof Ë`mMmŸ& VoWo AZw dmMm H$m` n§WŸ&&1&&

dmT>dwZr OQ>m {\$ao Xmhr {XemŸ& Var O§~wdofm ghOpñWVrŸ&&2&&

H$moamo{Z`m ^y_r H$[aVr _Yr dmgŸ& Var C§Xamg H$m` dmUrŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Eogo H$mg`m H$amdoŸ& Xohmgr X§S>mdo dmCJo {MŸ&&4&&

~mø T>m|J g§nmXyZ Iao ^ŠV hmoVm oV Zmhr. AmÜ`mË_mV AZw dmcm _hÎd Amho. hmM {dMmaVwH$mo~m§Zr "Vm§{~`mMo ZmUo Z Mco Iè`m _moco' d "JmT>d e¥§Jm[aco H$moS>>o' `m A §Jm§VyZ gm§{JVcm Amho.H${c wJmV JwS>JwS>rMr Zir Vm|S>mV Yê$Z _moj gmYw nmhUmao AZoH$ gmYH$ AmhoV. _ÚnmZ, ^m§J wH$m©hrM Ë`m§À`m _mojmMr gmYZo AgVmV. AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ dMZo Ë`m§Zm _wImoX²JV AgVmV. nU ñdV… _mÌ{df`mV a__mU Pmcoco AgVmV. AmnUmg {eî`mH$Sy>Z godm, YZ, _mZ {_imdm hr Ë`m§Mr BÀN>mAgVo. Aem Xm§{^H$ gmYw§Mm VwH$mo~m§Zr AË §V H$S>H$ eãXmV {ZfoY Ho$cm Amho. VwH$mo~m dU©Z H$aVmV-

gmYH$ Pmco H$irŸ& JwS>JwS>rMr cm§~ ZirŸ&&1&&

nMr nS>o _ÚnmZŸ& ^m§J wH$m© ho gmYZŸ&&2&&

A oXmMo nmR>m§VaŸ& A{V{df`r n{S>^aŸ&&3&&

Moë`m§Mm gwH$miŸ& qnS> X§S> §JnmiŸ&&4&&

godm _mZYZŸ& ~ao BÀN>oZo g§nÝZŸ&&5&&

gm|JmÀ`m ZaH$mS>rŸ& VwH$m ~moS>mo{Z`m gmoS>rŸ&&6&&

AemàH$mao VwH$mo~m§Zr Amnë`m A §Jm§VyZ ^ŠV Am{U A^ŠV, gmYy Am{U A-gmYy `m§Mr cjUogm§{JVcr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ` OZVocm gmYy H$moUVm? Am{U A-gmYy H$moUVm? ^ŠV H$moUVm?Am{U A^ŠV H$moUVm? ho AmoiIVm oB©c d Tm|Jr gmYyH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Mr hmoUmar \$gdUyH$ ~§X hmoB©c.VwH$mo~m§Mo ho H$m © gm_m{OH$ Am{U Ym{_©H$ ÑîQ>çm \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho. VwH$mo~m§Mm hm {ZYm©a AmOhr_hÎdmMm Amho.

l {dÇ>cZm_

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `mZ§Va AmnU g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Jm{`cocm Zm__{h_m, {dÇ>c_{h_m nmhUmaAmhmoV. h[aH$sV©Z, Zm_ñ_aU, g§Vg§J, yd¡Hw§$R> n§T>ar Am{U Amnco AmamÜ` X¡dV nm§Sw>a§J `m~ÔcMo{ddoMZ VwH$mam_m§Zr AZoH$ A §Jm§VyZ Ho$coco AmT>iVo. `mMo EH${ÌV, EH$ê$n {MÌ nwT>rc A §JmVnmhmd`mg {_iVo.

183

H$Wm {ÌdoUrg§J_Ÿ& Xod ^ŠV Am{U Zm_Ÿ&

VoWrMo CÎm_Ÿ& MaUag d§{XVmŸ&&1&&

OiVr Xmofm§Mo S>m|JaŸ& ewÕ hmoVr Zmar VaŸ&

JmVr EoH$Vr gmXaŸ& Oo n{dÌ h[aH$WmŸ&&2&&

VrW} V`m R>m`m§Ÿ& oVr nwZrV ìhmd`mŸ&

nd©H$mi nm`m§Ÿ& Vir ~go d¡îUdmŸ&&3&&

AZwnå` hm _{h_mŸ& Zmhr Úmd`m Cn_mŸ&

VwH$m åhUo ~«÷mŸ& ZoUo dUy© `m gwImŸ&&4&&

h[aH$sV©Zm_Ü o Xod, ^ŠV Am{U Zm_ Agm Xwc© {ÌdoUr g§J_ AgVmo, ho h[aH$WoMo Img d¡{eîQ>çAmho. Oo n{dÌ h[aH$Wm JmVmV Am{U EoH$VmV Ë`m§À`m nmnmMo nd©V OiyZ OmVmV. h[aH$sV©ZmMr _hVrAer Amho H$s, VrW}hr n{dÌ hmoÊ`mgmR>r h[aH$sV©ZmÀ`m {R>H$mUr oD$Z amhVmV. åhUyZ h[aH$sV©ZmMm_{h_m ~«÷mhr dU©Z H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr, Ago VwH$mo~m ñnîQ> gm§JVmV.

H${c wJm_Ü o ^Jd§VmMo Zm_ñ_aU hm ^JdX²àmßVrMm gwc^, gmonm Cnm` Amho. `m g§X^m©VrcVwH$mam_m§Mm nwT>rc A §J à{gÕ Amho. Ë`mV VwH$mo~m§Zr Zm_ñ_aUmMo "gma_mhmËå`' dU©Z Ho$co Amho.

Zm_g§H$sV©Z gmYV n¢ gmon|Ÿ& OiVrc nmno OÝ_m§VarMrŸ&&1&&

Z cJVr gm`mg Omdo dZm§VamŸ& gwIo oVmo Kam Zmam`UŸ&&2&&

R>m`rM ~¡gmoZr H$am EH${MÎmŸ& AmdS>r AZ§V AmidmdmŸ&&3&&

am_H¥$îUhar {dÇ>c Ho$edmŸ& _§Ì hm Onmdm gd©H$miŸ&&4&&

`m{dU Am{UH$ AgVm gmYZŸ& dmhmVgo AmU {dR>mo~mMrŸ&&5&&

VwH$m åhUo gmono Amho gdmªhÿ{ZŸ& emhmUm Vmo YUr KoVmo oWoŸ&&6&&

na_oídaàmßVrgmR>r amZmdZmV OmÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. Kar ~gyZM ^Jd§VmMo AmdS>rZo Zm_ñ_aUHo$ë`mg Ë`mMr àmßVr ghO hmoVo. åhUyZ "am_H¥$îUhar {dÇ>c Ho$edm' `m _§ÌmMm On gd©H$mi H$amdm.Zm_ñ_aUmcm H$midoi `m§Mo ~§YZ Zmhr. H$moUVmhr {dYr Zmhr. gd© _mZdOmVrMm CÕma H$aUmam hmVmaH$_§Ì Amho. `m{edm` AÝ` CÎm_ gmYZ Zmhr. Ago VwH$mo~m Amnë`m na_{à` {dR>mo~mMr enW KoD$Zgm§JVmV. `mVyZ Ë`m§Mm Zm_ñ_aUmdarc ÑT> {dídmg ì`ŠV hmoVmo. Zm_ñ_aUmZoM d¡Hw§$R>mMr àmßVr hmoVo."H¥$îU {dîUw h[a Jmo[d§X JmonmiŸ& _mJ© hm àm§Oi d¡Hw§$R>rMmŸ&&' Ago Ë`m§Mo R>m_ gm§JUo Amho.

dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m AmMma{dMmam§_Ü o Zm_ñ_aUmcm \$ma _hÎd Amho. åhUyZ ^JdX²Zm_ñ_aUgdmªZr gd©H$mi H$amdo, Agm VwH$mo~m§Mm AmJ«h Amho. åhUyZ Vo åhUVmV, "KoB© KoB© _mPo dmMoŸ& JmoS> Zm_{dR>mo~mMoŸ&&' h[aZm_ñ_aUmZo g§gmaê$nr _m`mOmi Zmhrgo hmoVo. "h[a h[a Vwåhr åhUm ao gH$im VoUo

184

_m`mOmi VwQ>B©c' BVam§Zr {dÇ>cmMo ñ_aU Ho$ë`mZo g§Vm§Zm gwI hmoVo. "Amåhr VoUo gwIrŸ& åhUm {dÇ>c{dÇ>c _wIr' qH$dm "godm Vo AmdS>r CÀMmamdo Zm_Ÿ& oXm oXH$m_ {Zdmê${ZŸ&&' {dÇ>cZm_moÀMma hrM^Jd§VmMr Iar godm Amho, Ago VwH$mo~m ñnîQ> H$aVmV. _mÌ ^Jd§VmMo Zm_ AmdS>rZo, ào_mZo KoVconm{hOo. ^Jd§VmÀ`m Zm_mda {dídmg R>odyZ Zm_ñ_aU H$aUo hm d¡îUdm§Mm Hw$iY_© Amho. "Amåhmd¡îUdm§Mm Hw$iY_© Hw$irMmŸ& {dídmg Zm_mMm EH$m ^mdoŸ&&' ho {dÇ>cmMo Zm_ \w$H$Q>Mo Amho. Ë`mgmR>rH$mhrhr IM© H$amdo cmJV Zmhr. "Zm_ \w$H$Q> MmoIQ>Ÿ& Zm_ KoVm Z o {dQ>Ÿ&&'

g§Vm§Zr ^{ŠV_mJm©cm amO`moJ åhQ>co Amho. ^ŠVr "Zd{dYm' Agcr Var Ë`mV Zm_ñ_aU A{YH$_hÎdmMo _mZco Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m nwZ…nwÝhm {dÇ>cZm_mMm O`Kmof H$aÊ`mg gm§JVmV. "Am{UH$ H$amdol_Ÿ& EH$ nwao Zm_ {dR>mo~mMoŸ&&' "^d{ZXm©cZ Zm_Ÿ& {dÇ>c {dÇ>c Zmer H$m_Ÿ&&' {dÇ>cZm_mZoA§V…H$aUmVrc gd© H$m_dmgZm Zmhrem hmoVmV. Zm_ gdmªZm n{dÌ H$aUmao Amho. åhUyZ à`mJ, H$mer`m§gmaIr VrW}hr Zm_mMr ~amo~ar H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. "gH$ihr VrW} à`mJ H$merŸ& H$[aVm Zm_mer VwioVrZmŸ&&' h[aZm_ñ_aUmZo OÝ__aUm§Mr `mVm`mV Zmhrer hmoVo. wŠVr Am{U _wŠVr XmoÝhrhr àmßV hmoVmV."h[a åhUVm§ w{ŠVŸ& h[a åhUVm§ _w{ŠVŸ& MwHo$ `mVm`mVrŸ& h[a åhUVm§Ÿ&&' Zm_ñ_aUmZo _moj hmVmV oVmo,Aer nwamUmV AZoH$m§Mr gmj Amho. "_wIr Zm_ hmVr _mojŸ& Eogr gmj ~hþVm§grŸ&&' Zm_ñ_aUmZoH${iH$mimdahr gÎmm JmO{dVm oVo. "VwH$m åhUo Onm harMo Zm_Ÿ& H$mi `_ eaU VwåhmŸ&&' AerVwH$mo~m§Mr ½dmhr Amho.

{dÇ>c H¥$noMm gmJa Amho. XrZX`mi Amho. Ë`mÀ`m Ho$di Zm_ñ_aUmZo ^dgmJamVyZ Vê$Z OmVmoVo. Zm_ñ_aUmZo Ah§H$ma ZîQ> hmoVmo. {MÎmmMr ewÕr hmoVo. _Zmcm àgÝZVm cm^Vo. Zm_ñ_aUmMm ì`mnma

H$am`cm, H$moUVohr ^m§S>dc cmJV Zmhr. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m åhUVmV, "^aUr Amcr _wŠVnoR>mŸ& H$am cmQ>mì`mnmaŸ&&' qH$dm "eoV H$am ao \w$H$mMoŸ& Zm_ {dR>mo~mam`mMoŸ&&'

Zm_ñ_aU H$aUmè`m ^ŠVmMm na_oída ñdV… CÕma H$aVmo. gd© g§H$Q>m§VyZ Ë`mMo ajU H$aVmo."nS>Vm OS>^marŸ& Xmgo AmR>dmdm harŸ&& _J Vmo hmoD$ ZoXr erUŸ& AmS> Kmcr gwXe©ZŸ&&' Agm VwH$mo~m§Mm{dídmg Amho. åhUyZ h[aZm_mdmMyZ AmnU H$mhrhr OmUV Zmhr, "Amåhr Zm_mMo YmaH$Ÿ& ZoUmo àH$maAm{UH$Ÿ&&' Ago gm§JyZ VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV H$s, Zm_ gdm©ZmM n{dÌ H$aUmao Amho. "Zmhr dU© Y_© `mVrŸ&Zm_r AdKr{M gaVrŸ&&'

g§V VwH$mam_m§Mo g§nyU© OrdZ n§T>arZmWmZo ì`mnyZ Q>mH$co Amho. Ë`m§À`m Ü`mZr-_Zr {dÇ>cM dmgH$ê$Z am{hcm Amho. Vo åhUVmV, "{dÇ>c Am_wMo OrdZŸ& AmJ_ {ZJ_mMo ñWmZŸ&' Vmo {dÇ>c OrdrMm{Oìhmim, H¥$noMm H$modim Am{U ào_mMm nwVim Amho. VwH$mo~m§Mr gd© B{Ð o, A§V…H$aU {dÇ>cmMoM Ü`mZH$arV AmhoV. "g_{n©cr H$m`mŸ& VwH$m åhUo n§T>aram`mŸ&&'

lr{dÇ>cmMoŸ& nm§Sw>a§JmMo dU©Z VwH$mo~m§Zr AZoH$ A §Jm§VyZ Ho$coco AmT>iVo. H$mhr A §Jm§VyZ{dÇ>cmMo JwUJmZ Amho, Va H$mhr A §Jm§VyZ Ë`mMo ê$ndU©Z Amco Amho. `mg§X^m©V dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV

185

nwT>rc A §J _hÎdmMm _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mcm "ê$nm'Mm A §J åhUVmV. dmaH$ar ^OZ-H$sV©ZmMrgwédmV `m A §JmZo hmoVo. `m A §JmV VwH$mo~m§Zr {dÇ>c_yVuMo Zo_Ho$-ZoQ>Ho$ dU©Z Ho$co Amho.

gw§Xa Vo Ü`mZ C o {dQ>odarŸ& H$a H$Q>mdar R>oD${Z`mŸ&&1&&

Vwigrhma Jim H$mgo {nVm§~aŸ& AmdS>o {Za§Va V|{M ê$nŸ&&2&&

_H$a Hw§$S>co VinVr ldUrŸ& H§$R>r H$m¡ñVw _{U {dam{OVŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo _mPo ho{M gd©gwIŸ& nmhrZ lr_wI AmdS>rZoŸ&&4&&

`m JmoS>, _Ywa ê$nmMo VwH$mo~m gVV Ü`mZ H$aVmV. "JmoS> VwPo ê$n JmoS> VwPo Zm_Ÿ& XoB© _O ào_gd©H$miŸ&&' EdT>rM Ë`m§Mr BÀN>m Amho. AmUIr EH$m A §JmV {dÇ>cmÀ`m amOg, gwHw$_ma ê$nmMo_Zmohmar dU©Z Ho$co Amho. Ë`mVrc eãX _moR>o agmi, _Ywa Am{U _¥XwVa AmhoV. hm A §J dmMVmZm{dÇ>cmMr gmdir, gwHw$_ma _yVu Amnë`m S>moù`m§g_moa gmjmV C^r amhVo.

amOg gwHw$_ma _XZmMm nwVimŸ& a{de{eH$im cmon{c`mŸ&&1&&

H$ñVwar _idQ> M§XZmMr CQ>rŸ& ê$io _mi H§$R>r d¡O`§VrŸ&&2&&

_wHw$Q> Hw$§S>co lr_wI emo coŸ& gwImMo AmoVco gH$ihrŸ&&3&&

H$mgo gmoZgim nm§Kao nmQ>moimŸ& KZZri gmdim ~mB© m§ZmoŸ&&4&&

gH$ihr Vwåhr ìhm Jo EH$sgdmŸ& VwH$m åhUo Ordm Yra Zmhr.Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&

{dÇ>cmMr gJwU _yVu åhUOo AZ§V cmdÊ`mMr emo m Amho. ho ê$n VwH$mam_m§Zm doS> cmdVo.

{dÇ>c hm ^mdmMm wHo$cm Amho. Vmo ^ŠVm§Mr Or Or BÀN>m Agoc, Vr Vr nyU© H$aVmo. ^ŠVmgmR>rXod VmoM hmoVmo Am{U Jwê$hr VmoM hmoVmo. "_mÂ`m {dR>mo~mMm H$¡gm ào_^mdŸ& AmnU{M Xod hmo Jwê$Ÿ&&'`m {dÇ>cmcm d¡Hw§$R>mnojm, jragmJamnojm Am{U cú_rnojmhr ^ŠV A{YH$ {à` Amho. "VwH$m åhUo^{ŠVgwImMm ~m§YcmŸ& Am{UH$ {dÇ>cm Y_© Zmhr.Ÿ&&'

hm {dÇ>c gd©JwUg§nÝZ Amho. Vmo H¥$îU Amho, {ed Amho. h[ahamMo EH$mË_ ê$n Amho. hm {dÇ>cfS²>JwUEoíd © wŠV Amho. "VwH$m åhUo Oo Oo ~mocmŸ& Vo Vo gmOo `m {dÇ>cmŸ&&' hr {dR>mB© _mCcr AË §Vào_i Amho.

_mPr {dR>mB© _mCcrŸ& ào_nmÝhm nmÝhm ocrŸ&&1&&

Hw$dm©iy{Z cmdr ñVZrŸ& Z dOo Xwar Odiy{ZŸ&&2&&

Ho$cr nwadr AmirŸ& Zìho {ZîRy>a H$modirŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo KmgŸ& _wIr Kmcr ~«÷agŸ&&4&&

åhUyZ VwH$mo~m Amnë`m gd© B§{Ð`m§Zm {dÇ>cê$n hmoÊ`m{df`r àmW©Zm H$aVmV. Vo åhUVmV;

186

"KoB© KoB© _mPo dmMoŸ& JmoS> Zm_ {dR>mo~mMoŸ&&1&&

Vwåhr ¿`mao S>moio gwIŸ& nmhm {dR>mo~mMo _wIŸ&&2&&

Vwåhr EoH$m ao H$mZŸ& _mÂ`m {dR>mo~mMo JwUŸ&&3&&

_Zm VoWo Ymd KoB©Ÿ& amho {dR>mo~mMo nm`rŸ&&4&&

VwH$m åhUo OrdmŸ& ZH$mo gmoSy> `m Ho$edmŸ&&5&&

{dÇ>cmer hmoUmar hr EH$mË_Vm {H$Vr CËH$Q> Am{U CÀMÎm_ Amho, ho VwH$mo~m§À`m Imcrc eãXm§VyZnmhmVm oB©c.

~mocmdm {dÇ>c nmhmdm {dÇ>cŸ& H$amdm {dÇ>c Ord^mdŸ&&1&&

oUo gmogo _Z Omco hmd^arŸ& naVr _mKmar KoV ZmhrŸ&&2&&

~§YZmnmgy{Z CH$ccr Jm§R>rŸ& XoVm§ Amcr {_R>r gmdH$meoŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Xoh ^m[acm {dÇ>coŸ& H$m_H«$moYo Ho$co Ka [aVoŸ&&4&&

VwH$mo~m§Zm gd©Ì {dÇ>cmMrM àMrVr oVo. `m AmZ§XmV Vo ~ohmoe hmoD$Z ZmMVmV. `m AdñWoVgwIXw…ImMm {dga nS>Vmo. hr AZw yVr ì`ŠV H$aVmZm VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

OZ {dOZ Pmco AmåhmŸ& {dÇ>cZm_m à_mUoŸ&&1&&

nmho {VH$S>o ~mn_m`Ÿ& {dÇ>c Am{U aIw_m`Ÿ&&2&&

AmR>d Zmhr gwIXw…ImMmŸ& ZmMo VwH$m H$m¡VwHo$Ÿ&&3&&

{dÇ>cmMr _hVr eãXm§V dU©Z H$aUo AeŠ` Amho. {dÇ>c åhUOo gd© emñÌm§Mo Am{U doXm§Mo gmaAmho. doX, emñÌo, nwamUo `m§Mo VmËn © EH$M, Am{U Vo åhUOo {dÇ>cZm_ hmo . VwH$mo~m åhUVmV-

doX AZ§V ~mo{ccmŸ& AW© BVH$mhr gm{YcmŸ&&1&&

{dR>mo~mgr eaU OmdoŸ& {ZO{ZîR>m Zm_ JmdoŸ&&2&&

gH$i emñÌm§Mm {dMmaŸ& A§Vr BVH$m{M {ZYm©aŸ&&3&&

AR>am nwamUr {gÕm§VŸ& VwH$m åhUo hm{M hoVŸ&&4&&

doX Á`mMr H$sVu dmImUVmV Aem {dÇ>cmMo Zm_ VwH$mo~m§Zr H§$R>r Yaco Amho. Ë`mcm A§V…H$aUmVgmR>{dco Amho. Ë`m {dÇ>cmMr VwH$mo~m§Zm gVV g§JVr cm^cr Amho. hm {dÇ>c åhUOo ›H$mamMo ~rOAmho. Vmo _moR>çmV _moR>m Am{U AUwnojmhr gyú_ Amho.

doX O`m JmVrŸ& Amåhm V`mMr g§JVrŸ&&1&&

Zm_ Y[a oco H§$R>rŸ& AdKm gmR>{dcm nmoQ>rŸ&&2&&

›H$mamMo ~rOŸ& hmVr Am_wMo Vo {ZOŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo ~hþ _moR>oŸ& AUwa{U`m§ YmHw$Q>oŸ&&4&&

187

"Mmar doX Á`mMr H$sVu dmIm{UVrŸ& àË`j ho _yVu {dR>mo~mMrŸ&&' Agm hm {dÇ>c ^md^ŠVrZoAmH$iVm oVmo, Amncmgm H$aVm oVmo. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m nwZ…nwÝhm {dÇ>cZm_mMm O`Kmof H$aÊ`mggm§JVmV.

{dÇ>c hm ~miH¥$îUmMoM ê$n Amho. hm {dÇ>c ~mcê$n KoD$Z é{Š_UrÀ`m emoYmW© n§T>arg Amcm.Ë`mMo gwaoI, {ZQ>ZoQ>Ho$ dU©Z nwT>rc A §JmV Amco Amho.

ZmJa JmoS>o ~miê$nŸ& Vo ñdê$n H$mirMoŸ&&1&&

JmB©Jmonmim§À`m g§JoŸ& Amco cmJo nw§S>{cH$mŸ&&2&&

Vo ho Ü`mZ {XJ§~aŸ& H$Q>r H$a {_adVrŸ&&3&&

ZoUonUo CJo {M C oŸ& ^{ŠVcmo o am{hcoŸ&&4&&

ZoUo daXimMm _mZŸ& {dQ>o MaU g_ C oŸ&&5&&

ghO H$Q>mdar hmVŸ& Xhr^mV {eXmoarŸ&&6&&

_mohar nm§dm Jm§{Odm nmR>rŸ& Y[acr H$mR>r Á`m H$mioŸ&&7&&

aå` ñWi M§Ð^mJmŸ& nm§Sw>a§Jm H«$sS>ogrŸ&&8&&

^r_m X{jU_wI dmhoŸ& ÑîQ>r nmho g_moaŸ&&9&&

Vmamdogo _yT> cmoH$mŸ& {Xcr ^mH$ n§wS>{cH$mŸ&&10&&

VwH$m åhUo d¡Hw§$R>dmgrŸ& ^ŠVm§nmgr am{hcmŸ&&11&&

ho ~më`mdñWoVrc nm§Sw>a§JmMo ê$n gw§Xa Am{U Jmo{OadmUo Amho. hm {dÇ>c JmB©-Jmonmim§ghnw§S>{cH$mgmR>r n§T>anwamg Amcm. ho ê$n {XJ§~a AgyZ, Ë`mMo hmV H$_aoda AmhoV. Vmo ^ŠVrÀ`mcmo m_wio {Zdm§V C^m am{hcm Amho. ho ê$n {dQ>oda g_MaU C o Amho. Xhr^mVmMr {eXmoar Ë`mÀ`mOdiAmho. _wacr, AcJwO, nmdm OmirXma {nedr Im§Úmda Q>mH$cr AgyZ, hmVm_Ü o ~mcnUmMr JwaoamIÊ`mgmR>rMr H$mR>r Amho. ^ŠVm§À`m CÕmamMr H«$sS>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo M§Ð^mJm ho aå` ñWi {ZdS>coAmho. Ë`mÀ`mg_moa ^r_m X{jUoH$S>o dmhmV Amho. d Ë`mZo g_moa ÑîQ>r R>odcr Amho. _yT> cmoH$m§ZmVmaÊ`mMo dMZ Ë`mZo nw§S>{cH$mg {Xco Amho. Agm hm d¡Hw§$R>mV amhUmam nm§Sw>a§J ^ŠVm§gmR>r n§T>arV am{hcmAmho.

n§T>anya oWrc {dÇ>c_yVuMr ~arM cjUo `m A §JmV dU©Z Ho$cr AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a {dÇ>cn§T>arcm oÊ`mMo H$maU, X{jU_wI dmhUmar M§Ð^mJm Am{U _yT> cmoH$m§Zm VmaÊ`mMo nw§S>{cH$mcm {XcocodMZ `m _hÎdmÀ`m JmoîQ>tMm CëcoI `m A §JmV nmhmd`mg {_iVmo.

{dÇ>c gJwU-{ZJw©Um§Mm g_Ýd` Amho. oWo Aì`ŠV na~«÷M ì`ŠV Pmco Amho. Ë`m_wio gJwU-{ZJw©U, Û¡V-AÛ¡V hm oX oWo amhmV Zmhr. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

188

Aì`ŠV Vo AmH$macoŸ& ê$nm Amco JwUd§VŸ&&' qH$dm

gJwU {ZJw©U VwO åhUo doXŸ& VwH$m åhUo oX Zmhr ZmdmŸ&&'

hm n§T>arMm amUm CXma MH«$dVu Amho. gd© {gÕtMm XmVm Amho. ^ŠVm§Zm A^` XoUmam Amho. _mÌË`mcm H$m`m, dmMm, _Zo ^Omdo cmJVo. "ào_gyÌ XmoarŸ& ZoVmo {VH$S>o OmVmo harŸ& _Zog{hV dmMm H$m`mŸ&AdKo {Xco n§T>aram`mŸ&&' Ë`mcm àË`j doX, lwVrhr OmUV ZmhrV. kmZr nwéfm§Zm `mMm A§V cmJV Zmhr.oWo ehmUnUm, VH©$, kmZ åhUOo Ho$di erUM Amho. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

CX§S> ehmUo hmoV VH©$d§VŸ& n[a `m ZoUdo A§V {dR>mo~mMmŸ&&1&&

CX§S>m Ajam H$amoV ^amo arŸ& n[a Vo ZoUdo Wmoar {dR>mo~mMrŸ&&2&&

VwH$m åhUo Zmhr ^moionUm{dUŸ& OmUrd Vo {gU [aVo _mnŸ&&3&&

{dÇ>c g§VgÁOZm§Mm, XrZm§Mm gmo am Amho. "{dÇ>c gmo am gÁOZ gm§JmVr' Vmo gmjmV H$ënVê$Amho. ^ŠVm§À`m gd© BÀN>m nyU© H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Amho. "H$m` CUo _O nm§Sw>a§Jm nm`rŸ&[aÕr{gÕr R>m`r dmoiJVrŸ&&' Aem {dÇ>cmMo dU©Z H$aUo Ho$di AeŠ` Amho.

VwPr H$sVu gm§Jmo VwOnwT>o OarŸ& ~«÷m§S>r hr har _mB©Zm VoŸ&&1&&

_oê$Mr coIUr gmJamMr emB©Ÿ& H$mJX hm _hr Z nwao {MŸ&&2&&

AZ§V Anma Amn§{Jco ^ŠVŸ& _mPo {M g§{MV AmoS>doZmŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo Vwåhm§ ~moc Zmhr XodmŸ& nm_ao å`m§ godm Ho$cr ZmhrŸ&&4&&

{dÇ>c ho X¡dV Ago gd©ì`mnH$, gd©e{ŠV_mZ, àË`j na~««÷ Am{U g_ÑîQ>r AgUmao Amho. VogdmªMm CÕma H$aUmao Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m gdmªZm {dÇ>cZm_mMr _mÌm KoÊ`mg gm§JVmV. Ë`mÀ`m ê$ndU©ZmV a§JyZ OmVmV.

l n§T>ar

dmaH$ar g§Vm§À`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ n§T>ar ho yd¡Hw§$R>M Amho. Vo gd© VrWmªMo _mhoa Amho. gd© VrWmªZmn{dÌ H$aUmao {R>H$mU Amho. n§T>ar gd© gwImMr Amodar Amho. Ago n§T>arMo dU©Z dmaH$ar g§Vm§Zr Ho$cocoAmho. g§V VwH$mam_hr `mM ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ n§T>arMo dU©Z H$aVmV.

"YÝ` Vr n§T>ar YÝ` ^r_mVraŸ& Am{U`co gma nw§S>{cHo$Ÿ&&

YÝ` Vmohr cmoH$ AdKm X¡dm§MmŸ& gwH$mi ào_mMm KamoKarŸ&&'

n§T>arVrc {dÇ>c_mZmMm JOa EoH$cm H$s, _Zmcm g_mYmZ àmßV hmoVo. oWrc {dÇ>c_§{XamMm Ho$diH$ig nm{hcm Var, VmËH$mi _moj {_iVmo, Ago VwH$mo~m AmË_{dídmgnyd©H$ gm§JVmV.

189

"gdm}Îm_ VrW© joÌ Am{U XodŸ& emñÌm§Zr hm ^md {Zd{S>cmŸ&&

{dîUwnX J`m am_Ym_ H$merŸ& AdKr nm`mnmer {dR>mo~mÀ`mŸ&&'

n§T>ar_Ü o g§Vm§Mr oQ>r hmoVo. gIm _m`~mn {dÇ>c oQ>Vmo; Am{U Ë`m_wio OÝ__aUm§Mr oaPmaIw§Q>Vo. nwÝhm g§gmamV `mdo cmJV Zmhr. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Zm n§T>arMo _moR>o H$m¡VwH$ dmQ>Vo. hm ^md dU©ZH$aVmZm VwH$mo~m§Mr dmUr \w$cyZ oVo, _Z Cëh{gV hmoVo. Vo åhUVmV;

nmdcmo n§T>ar d¡Hw§$R> wdZŸ& YÝ` AmOr {XZ gmo{Z`mMmŸ&&1&&

nmdcmo n§T>ar AmZ§X JOaoŸ& dmOVrc Vwao e§I oXrŸ&&2&&

nmdcmo n§T>ar jo_ AmqcJZrŸ& g§V `m gÁOZr {Zd{dcoŸ&&3&&

nmdcmo n§T>ar nma Zmhr gwImŸ& oQ>cm hm gIm _m`~mnŸ&&4&&

nmdcmo n§T>ar oaPma Iw§Q>crŸ& _mCcr dmoicr ào_nmÝhmŸ&&5&&

nmdcmo n§T>ar Amnwco _mhoaŸ& Zmhr g§dgma VwH$m åhUoŸ&&6&&

n§T>ar ho _hmjoÌ Amho. `m joÌmcm Xwgar Cn_mM Zmhr. oWrc dmaH$ar YÝ` AmhoV. "_hmjoÌ hon§T>arŸ& AZwn_ {hMr WmoarŸ&& YÝ`YÝ` dmaH$arŸ& VwH$m åhUo VoWrMoŸ&&' H$mer, ^mJraWrnojm n§T>ar loîR>Amho. hr gd© VrW©joÌo nm§Sw>a§JMaUr dmg H$aVmV. H$maU ~mcH¥$îU {dÇ>cmÀ`m ê$nmV n§T>arV H$m`_{Zdmg H$ê$Z Amho. H$moQ>çdYr VrW} H$ê$Z n§T>ar nm{hcr Zgoc Va, OrdZ ì`W© Amho. {dÇ>cmMo g_MaUnm{hco ZgVrc Va AZ§V `moJ`moJhr ì`W© AmhoV. VwH$mo~m dU©Z H$aVmV-

VrW} Ho$cr H$moQ>rdarŸ& Zmhr Xo{Icr n§T>arŸ&&1&&

Oimo Ë`mMo PmconUŸ& Z XoIo{M g_MaUŸ&&2&&

`moJ`mJ AZ§V Ho$coŸ& Zmhr g_MaU Xo{IcoŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo {dÇ>cmnm`rŸ& AZ§V VrW} K{S>cr nmQ>rŸ&&4&&

Omo na_mË_m Anma H$îQ> H$ê$Z, AZ§VH$mc VníM`m© H$ê$Zhr àmßV hmoV Zmhr, Vmo {dÇ>cmÀ`mê$nmZo àË`j n§T>arV Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Mr dmUr JO©Zm H$ê$Z n§T>arMo _hÎd dU©Z H$aVo.

dmaH$ar gm§àXm{`H$ g§Vm§Zm n§T>arMr {OVH$s AmoT> Amho, {VVH$sgwÕm àË`j _mojmMr Zmhr. dmaH$arg§àXm`mV n§T>arMr dmar _hÎdmMr _mZcr OmVo. {ZË`Zo_mZo n§T>arMr dmar H$aUmam VmoM dmaH$ar hmoVmo.Ë`m_wio _amR>r g§Vm§À`m KamÊ`mV {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm n§T>arMr dmar Am{U {dÇ>cmMr ^ŠVr MmcV Amcocr{XgVo. "n§T>arMr dmar Amho _mPo KarŸ& AmUrH$ Z H$ar VrW©d«VŸ&&' qH$dm "_mÂ`m d{S>cm§Mr {_amer JmXodmŸ& VwPr MaUgodm nm§Sw>a§JmŸ&&' Aem eãXm§V n§T>ar Am{U nm§§Sw>a§Jm~ÔcMm Amncm ^{ŠV^md VwH$mo~m§Zrì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. n§T>arMr dmar VwH$mam_m§Mr {_amg Amho. "Am_wMr {_amg n§T>arŸ& Am_wMo Ka ^r_m{VarŸ&&'Aem eãXm§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Amncr na§nam gm§{JVcr Amho.

190

n§T>ar ho VwH$mo~m§Mo _mhoa Amho. àË oH$ ñÌrcm Oer _mhoaMr AmoT> AgVo, VerM VwH$mo~m§Zmn§T>ar{df`r AmoT> Amho. "n§T>[a o _mPo _mhoa gmOUrŸ& Amo{d o H$m§S>Ur JmD$ JrVrŸ&& amhr aIw_mB©gË`^m_m _mVmŸ& nm§Sw>a§J {nVm _m{h oaŸ&&' Agm n§T>arMm CëcoI VwH$mam_ H$aVmV. `m n§T>arcm gdmªZrOmdo, Ë`m {dÇ>cmcm S>moio ar nmhmdo, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. "hmo hmo dmaH$arŸ& nmho nmho a| n§T>arŸ&&' qH$dm"Om` Om` Vy n§T>arŸ& hmo hmo dmaH$arŸ&&' n§T>arV àË`j na~«÷M Amho. hm Xod ^ŠVm§Zm C^mC^r oQ>Vmo.n§T>ar åhUOo gmjmV gwImMr _m§XwgM ! n§T>ar_Ü o g§V oQ>VmV. H$sV©Zo hmoVmV. Ë`mVrc H$më`mMo H$sV©ZåhUOo na_mZ§X. hm AmZ§X d¡Hw§$R>m_Ü o ZgVmo. "VwH$m åhUo H$mcm d¡Hw§$R>r Xwc© Ÿ& {deof Vmo cm^g§Vg§JŸ&&'

Ho$di n§T>arM Zìhoo Va n§T>arMo dmid§Q> gwÕm d¡Hw§$R>mhÿZ loîR> Amho. H$maU `m dmid§Q>mV Im§ÚmdanVmH$m KoVcoco, hmVmV Q>mi Agcoco, Jù`mV Vwier_mim YmaU Ho$coco g§VgÁOZ oQ>VmV. Ago d¡ dd¡Hw§$R>mVgwÕm Zmhr. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m åhUVmV, "gm§S>mo{Z`m dmid§Q>Ÿ& H$m` BpÀN>gr d¡Hw§$R>Ÿ&&' `mg§X^m©Ve§H$a Aä`§H$a åhUVmV, ""gd© g§V Á`m n§T>arMr EdT>r ñVwVr JmVmV, Vr n§T>ar VrWmªMo VrW© Amho. `mVrW©joÌmV _mojmMr {gÕr godH$mà_mUo XrZê$n YmaU H$ê$Z KamoKar qhS>Vo.... H$WmH$sV©ZmV Mmccoë`mZm_KmofmZo Am{U {dÇ>cmÀ`m Zm_ñ_aUmZo Xmhr {Xem Xw_Xw_yZ OmVmV. ..... gd© àH$maMr gwIo hmVOmoSy>Z C^r AgVmV. n§T>arÀ`m àË oH$ KamV ~«÷kmZ nmUr âVo.... VoWo A§V~m©ø {dÇ>cM âcmAmho.'' (Aä §H$a e§H$a dmgwXod, "g§V VwH$mam_' Am{XË` à{VîR>mZ, nwUo, 2008, n¥îR> 108, 109)n§T>arV gd© dmaH$ar {dÇ>cmMo Zm_ KoD$Z EH$_oH$m§À`m nm`m nS>VmV. oWo A{^_mZ AmnmoAmnMŸJiyZnS>Vmo. n§T>arÀ`m dmarZo gd© Xmofm§Mo, nmnm§Mo jmcZ hmoVo. "AdKo OoUo nmn ZmgoŸ& V| ho Ago n§T>argrŸ&&'"n§T>ar n§T>arŸ& åhUVm nmnmMr ~moharŸ&&' n§T>arMr dmQ> Yaë`mZo (dmar Ho$ë`mZo) _wŠVr {dZmgm`mg{_iVo. Ë`mgmR>r OnVnmXr IS>Va gmYZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. oWo Ho$di H$sV©Z ldUmZo _mojmMmcm^ hmoVmo. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

"Y[aVm ò n§T>arMr dmQ>Ÿ& Zmhr g§H$Q> _wŠVrMoŸ&&'' qH$dm

"H$mg`m H$amdo _wŠVrMo gm`mgŸ& {_io n§T>arg \w$H$mgmR>rŸ&&'

VwH$m åhUo H$ar H$sV©Z ngmamŸ& cm^ oB©c Kam nm{hOo VmoŸ&&'

åhUyZ g§V VwH$mam_ n§T>arÀ`m dmaH$è`m§Zm _mojmMo A{YH$mar åhUVmV, "n§T>arMo dmaH$arŸ& VoA{YH$mar _mojmMoŸ&&'

n§T>ar ho yd¡Hw§$R> Amho. VoWo gd©H$mi harMm dmg AgVmo. "AdKr n§T>ar yd¡Hw§$R> ZJarŸ& Zm§XVgo hargd©H$miŸ&&' nw§S>{cH$m_wio lr{dîUy d¡Hw§$R> gmoSy>Z n§T>arcm Amcm. åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m ~ÔcMr H¥$VkVm gd©g§Vm§à_mUo VwH$mam_mZrhr ì`ŠV Ho$cr Amho. AÇ>mdrg wJo nm§Sw>a§Jmcm {dQ>oda C o H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï ©nw§S>{cH$mÀ`m ^ŠVrV Amho. nw§S>crH$ hm ^ŠVrMm AmXe© Amho. Xod-^ŠVmMr Aer OmoS>r BVaÌ gmnS>UoH$R>rUŸ& VwH$mo~m dU©Z H$aVmV-

191

H$mao ào_o _mVcmgrŸ& C o Ho$co {dÇ>cmgrŸ&&1&&

Eogm H¡$gm ao Vy YrQ>Ÿ& _mJo {âH$m{dcr drQ>Ÿ&&2&&

wJo Pmcr AÇ>mdrgŸ& AOwZr Z åhUgr ~¡gŸ&&3&&

^md XoImo{Z {ZH$Q>Ÿ& Xodo gmo{S>co d¡Hw§$R>Ÿ&&4&&

VwH$m åhUo nw§S>{cH$mŸ& Vy{M ^ŠV ~{i`m {ZH$mŸ&&5&&

n§T>arV OodT>o _hÎd nm§Sw>a§Jmcm Amho; VodT>oM qH$~hþZm Ë`mhÿZ A{YH$ _hÎd nw§S>{cH$mcm Amho.åhUyZ àW_ nw§S>{cH$mMo Xe©Z KoD$Z Z§Va nm§Sw>a§JmMo Xe©Z KoÊ`mMr àWm Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mam_mZrnwZ…nwÝhm nw§S>{cH$mMm Jm¡ad Ho$cm Amho. VwH$mo~m åhUVmV;

d¡Hw§$R>rMm Xod Am{Ucm yVimŸ& YÝ` Vmo AmJim nw§S>{cH$Ÿ&&1&&

Ym[aîQ>ç Y¡ m©Mm d[aîR> ^ŠVmMmŸ& n{dÌ nwÊ`mMm EH${ZîR>Ÿ&&2&&

{nV¥godm nwÊ o cmYcm {ZYmZŸ& ~«÷ gZmVZ A§Jg§JoŸ&&3&&

A§Jg§Jo a§Jo H«$sS>m H$ar OmUmŸ& Á`m Kar nmhþUm d¡Hw§$R>rMmŸ&&4&&

YÝ` Ë`mMr eŠVr ^ŠVrMr ho »`mVrŸ& VwH$m åhUo _wŠVr nm`r cmoioŸ&&5&&

Aem àH$mao n§T>arjoÌmMo dU©Z cmoH$m§Zr AZoH$ A §Jm§VyZ Ho$coco AmT>iVo. Ë`mV CËH$Q>Vm, ghOVmd CËñ\y$V©Vm Amcocr Amho. Ë`m_wio H$mì`ÑîQ>çmhr ho dU©Z a_Ur` dmQ>Vo. n§T>ar gwImMr noR> Amho, Vanm§Sw>a§J gwImMo {ZYmZ Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m `m dU©ZmVhr ~«÷mZ§X gmR>{dcm Amho.

_mojH$ënZm

^maVr` VÎdkmZm_Ü o "_moj' hm Mm¡Wm Am{U gd©loîR> nwéfmW© _mZcm Amho. OÝ__¥Ë wê$nrg§gmamVyZ H$m`_Mr gwQ>H$m Am{U na_oídañdê$nmMr àmßVr, åhUOo _moj hmo . _mZdmMm OÝ_ Aer_mojàmßVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>rM Amho Ago ^maVr` na§nam _mZVo.

_mÌ _amR>r g§Vm§Zr _mojmnojmhr (_wŠVr) ^ŠVr loîR> _mZcr Amho. H$maU _wŠVr_Ü o ^ŠVdoJionUmZo {eëcH$ amhmV Zmhr; Am{U Û¡V Zgoc Va ^ŠVrMm gmohim Cn^moJVm oUma Zmhr. åhUyZg§V _wŠVrcm {PS>H$maVmV. ^{ŠVgwImgmR>r g§Vm§Zr H$mën{ZH$ Û¡V _mZco Amho. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. à. Z.Omoer åhUVmV, ""_mojmÀ`m dm _wŠVrÀ`m AdñWoV g§Vm§Zm gwI dmQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm gwI Amho à yMo ê$nnmhÊ`mV, Ë`mMo JwUJmZ dU©Z H$aÊ`mV, Ë`mÀ`m ê$nmMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mV, Ë`mÀ`mda amJmdÊ`mV,ê$gÊ`mV, Ë`mÀ`mer ào_H$ch H$aÊ`mV, Ë`mÀ`m ^ŠVm§À`m g§JVrV a_yZ OmÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm gwI dmQ>Vo.Zm_ñ_aUmV, ÔZ-H$sV©ZmV-J ©dmgmcm Z {Ûmao dm Vmo AmdOy©Z _mJyZ KoUmao \$ŠV g§VM AmhoV. ...Á`m _wŠVr_wio ^Jd§VmMo nm` A§VaVrc, Vr _wŠVr, g§Vm§Zm ZH$mo Amho''... (à. Z. Omoer, "g§V H$m`åhUVmV?' n¥îR> 71 Vo 76)

192

g§Vm§À`m g§JVrV {_iUmè`m ^{ŠVgwImgmR>r Amnë`mcm dma§dma J ©dmg ¿`mdm cmJcm VarMmcoc, Ago VwH$mam_ AZoH$ A §Jm§VyZ gm§JVmV. ^Jd§VmMo JwUJmZ H$arV, gVV ^Jd§VmÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mVamhUo, hrM Ë`m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo _wŠVr Amho. Imcrc H$mhr A §Jm§dê$Z `mMr H$ënZm oB©c.

_O Xmg H$ar Ë`mMmŸ& g§V XmgmÀ`m XmgmMmŸ&&

_J hmoV H$ëndarŸ& gwIo J ©dmg harŸ&&

_wŠVrMr H$ënZmM VwH$mo~m§Zm _mÝ` Zmhr. H$maU ~§YZM Zgoc, Va _wŠV H$emcm åhUmdo. ~§YAm{U _moj `m gmnoj H$ënZm AmhoV. AmË_ñdê$n `m XmohmoÀ`m ncrH$S>rc Amho. VoWo OÝ__¥Ë y, Zme,^` `m AdñWm ZmhrV. Aem àH$mao _wŠVrdarc ^ŠVr H$aUmao VwH$mo~m ^ŠV AmhoV. Vo åhUVmV;

_wŠV H$mg`m åhUmdoŸ& ~§YZ Vo Zmhr R>mdoŸ&&1&&

gwIo H$[aVmo H$sV©ZŸ& ^` {dgaco _ZŸ&&2&&

Xo{IOoZm ZmeŸ& Kmcy H$moUmdar H$mgŸ&&3&&

VwH$m åhUo gmhoŸ& Xod Amho V¡gm AmhoŸ&&4&&

gdm©V loîR> Ago ^{ŠVgwI VwH$mo~m§Zm hdo Amho. d¡îUdm§À`m Kar F${Õ{gÕr hmV OmoSy>Z Cä`mAgVmV. Aem d¡îUdm§À`m Kar dmg {_imdm hr VwH$mo~m§Mr BÀN>m Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm OÝ_ KoUo Mm§JcodmQ>Vo åhUyZ VwH$mo~m§Zr "_wŠVr XoD$ ZH$mo' Aer ^Jd§Vmcm {dZ§Vr Ho$cr Amho.

Xodm EoHo$ ho {dZ§VrŸ& _O ZH$moao ho _w{ŠVŸ& V`m BÀN>m J{VŸ& ho{M gwI AmJioŸ&&1&&

`m d¡îUdm§Mo KarŸ& ào_gwI BÀN>m H$arŸ& [a{Õ{gÕr ÛmarŸ& H$a OmoSw>{Z {VîR>VrŸ&&2&&

ZH$mo d¡Hw§$R>rMm dmgŸ& Ago V`m gwIm ZmeŸ& AX² wV hm agŸ& H$WmH$mir Zm_mMmŸ&&3&&

VwÂ`m Zm_mMm _{h_mŸ& VwO Z H$io _oKí`m_mŸ& VwH$m åhUo AmåhmŸ& OÝ_ JmoS> `mgmR>rŸ&&4&&

VmËn ©, {dîUwXmgm§Zm _wŠVrMo Xm[aÐç ZgVo. Ë`m§À`m A§V…H$aUmVM na_oída amhmV AgVmo.

g§V VwH$mam_m§Zm [a{Õ{gÕrMr Amg Zmhr. _wŠVrMr A{^cmfm Zmhr. "Z H$ar H$mhr Amg _wŠVrMogm`mgŸ& Z o g§gmamgr oVm OmVmŸ&&' qH$dm "VwH$m åhUo Zmhr _w{ŠVgdo MmS>Ÿ& ho{M OÝ_ JmoS> KoVm_OŸ&&' Aem àH$mao VwH$mo~m§Zr Amncr BÀN>m àH$Q> Ho$cr Amho.

g§VghdmgmgmR>r VwH$mo~m§Zm _wŠVr ZH$mo Amho. Am_wMr AmdS>r g§Vg_mJ_Ÿ& Am{UH$ Vo Zm_{dR>mo~mMoŸ&&' qH$dm "VwH$m åhUo _wŠVr ZcJoŸ& amhrZ g§Vm{M`m g§JŸ&&' `mdê$Z dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVrcg§Vg§JVrMo _hÎd cjmV oVo. ^ŠVragmMr JmoS>r AdrQ> Amho. åhUyZ OÝ_moOÝ_r hm ag godZ H$amdmAgo g§Vm§Zm dmQ>Vo. VwH$mo~m Va ñnîQ>M gm§JVmV, "_mojnX VwÀN> Ho$co `mH$maUoŸ& Amåhm OÝ_ KoUowJm wJrŸ& {dQ>o Eogo gwI Zìho ^{ŠVagŸ& nwS>Vr nwS>Vr Amg godmdo hoŸ&&' H$sV©Zm_Ü o ^Jd§VmMo JwUJmZ

H$arV AmZ§XmZo ZmMUo, VwH$mo~m§Zm A{YH$ ng§V Amho. "JmD$ ZmMy ào_o AmZ§Xo H$sV©ZrŸ& w{ŠV _w{ŠV XmoÝhrZ _mJmo VwOŸ&&' AemàH$mao VwH$mo~m§Zr _wŠVrcm VwÀN> coIyZ ^ŠVrMm _{h_m Jm{`cm Amho.

193

Vwcgr _mhmËå`

hr EH$ nyOZr` d Am¡fYr dZñnVr Amho d {dîUycm {à` Amho. {dÇ>c hm lrH¥$îUmMoM ~mcê$nAgë`m_wio Ë`mcm Vwig AË §V {à` Amho. hm OJOoR>r Vwigr_mi Jù`mV KmcyZ {dQ>oda C^m Amho."Vwigr _mim KmcwZr H§$R>rŸ& C^m {dQ>odar OJOoR>r'

VwierMo Xe©Zhr nmnZmeH$ _mZco Amho. {VMr nyOm _mojXm`H$ Amho. Vr {dîUycm na_{à` Amho.VwierÀ`m Xcm{edm` {dîUyMr nyOm Ho$ë`mg Vr ì`W© R>aVo. VwierÀ`m H$mîR>mnmgyZ V`ma Ho$coë`m 108_Ê`m§Mr _mi YmaU H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrcmM "dmaH$ar' åhUyZ g§~moYVmV. Ë`m_wio dmaH$ar g§àXm`mVVwigrcm \$ma _hÎd Amho. dmaH$ar {ñÌ`m n§T>arÀ`m dmarcm OmVmZm S>moŠ`mdê$Z {nVioMo Vwierd¥§XmdZZoVmV. àm_w»`mZo dmaH$ar qXS>r_Ü o `mMm gh^mJ AgVmo. n§mSw>a§Jmcm VwiernÌ An©U H$aÊ`mMr àWmAmho. Ë`mcm Xwgè`m H$emMrhr Anojm ZgVo åhUyZ dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV AZoH$ g§Vm§Zr Vwier_mhmËå`dU©Z Ho$coco AmT>iVo. g§V VwH$mam_ åhUVmV, "Amåhm Ac§H$ma _wÐm§Mo e¥§JmaŸ& VwierMo hma dmhmo H§$R>r'"Vwier _§{OarMo ^mcoŸ& XoImo{Z `_XyV nimco' Ago g§V Zm_Xodhr åhUVmV. `_XyVm§Zm nidyZcmdÊ`mMo gm_Ï © VwierÀ`m _§{Oar_Ü o Amho. Agm VwierMm _{h_m gd©M g§Vm§Zr dU©Z Ho$cocmnmhmd`mg {_iVmo.

7.4 g_mamon

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr ^ŠVrMr g§H$ënZm AmnU g_OyZ KoVcr, _moj g§H$ënZmg_OyZ KoVcr. gd©M _amR>r g§V AÛ¡VdmXr AmhoV. g§nyU© MamMamV EH$ na_mË_mM ^ê$Z am{hcm Amho.Agm gd© g§Vm§Mm AZw d Amho. Varhr ^{ŠVgwImgmR>r g§Vm§Zr H$mën{ZH$ Û¡V ñdrH$maco Amho.na_oídagm{ÞÜ` Am{U g§Vg§JVr `m JmoîQ>r VwH$mo~m§Zm _hÎdmÀ`m dmQ>VmV. AÛ¡VmVhr ^ŠVr H$aVm oVo.^ŠVrMm ì`dhma hmoVmo. oWo XodM ^ŠV Pmcocm AgVmo. Aem ^{ŠVgwImgmR>r Xohr d¡Hw§$R> gmoSy>Zn§T>arcm Amcm Amho. hm ^md g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmo. `mdoir VwH$mo~m§Mr dmUr CËH$Q>d CËñ\y$V© ~ZVo.

^Jd§VmÀ`m àmßVrMo ghOgwc^ gmYZ åhUOo ^JdX²Zm_ñ_aU hmo . ñ_aU^ŠVrMo _hÎd gd©Mg§Vm§Zr gm§{JVco Amho. lr{dÇ>c ho VwH$mam_m§Mo AmamÜ` X¡dV. åhUyZ VwH$mo~m {dÇ>cZm_ñ_aUmcm AË §V_hÎd XoVmV. {dÇ>cZm_mMm O`Kmof H$aÊ`mg nwZ…nwÝhm gm§JVmV. {dÇ>cmMo Am{U gmo~V n§T>arMohr _hÎdà{VnmXZ H$aVmV. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV lr{dÇ>c ho X¡dV Am{U n§T>ar ho joÌ `m§Zm Agcoco _hÎd AmnUVwH$mo~m§À`m eãXm§V nm{hco. ho gd© nm{hë`mZ§Va, Am{U VwH$mo~m§À`m A §JdmUrMm {dMma Ho$ë`mZ§VaAmnUmg EdT>oM åhUmdogo dmQ>Vo H$s, "YÝ` åhUdrZ Bh cmoH$s cmoH$mŸ& ^m½` Amåhr VwH$m Xo{I`cm'.


194

7.5 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

n dñVw{ZîR> àíZ


1. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr H$moUVo Zm_ KoÊ`mg nwZ…nwÝhm gm§{JVco Amho?

({dÇ>cZm_ / {edZm_ / XodrZm_)

2. H$moUm_wio lr{dîUy d¡Hw§$R> gmoSy>Z n§T>arcm Amco?

(kmZXod / Zm_Xod / nw§S>crH$ _wZr)

3. n§T>ar ho VrW©joÌ H$moUË`m ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mda dgco Amho?

(M§Ð^mJm / JmoXmdar / H$mdoar)

4. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mm AmdS>Vm _§Ì H$moUVm?

(Z_mo Zmam`Um` / am_H¥$îUhar / har Amo_²)

5. Xod-^ŠVm§Mo ZmVo H$go AgVo?

(AÛ¡V / Û¡Vr / ñdmWu)

CÎmao : 1) {dÇ>cZm_ 2) nw§S>crH$ _wZr 3) M§Ð^mJm 4) am_H¥$îUhar 5) AÛ¡V


1. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m _Vo n§T>ar ho yd¡Hw§$R> Amho.

2. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr ^ŠVrcm _wŠVrnojm loîR> _mZco Amho.

3. n§T>arcm àW_ {dÇ>cmMo Xe©Z KoD$Z Z§Va nw§S>crH$mMo Xe©Z KoÊ`mMr àWm Amho.

4. ^ŠVrgwImgmR>r J ©dmg ghZ H$aÊ`mg g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr V`mar Amho.

5. "_mÂ`m d{S>cm§Mr {_amer Jm XodmŸ& VwPr MaUgodm nm§Sw>a§JmŸ&&' ho dMZ kmZXodm§Mo Amho.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a 2)Ÿ ~amo~a 3) MyH$ 4) ~amo~a 5) MyH$


1. {dÇ>c ho lrH¥$îUmMo .................. ê$n Amho.

2. dmaH$ar Jù`m_Ü o .............. 108 _Ê`m§Mr _mi KmcVmV.

3. .................. ho dmaH$è`m§Mo AmamÜ` X¡dV Amho.

195

4. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m _Vo .................. _mJ© ~hþ gmonm Amho.

5. Zd{dYm^ŠVrn¡H$s g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr H$moUË`m ^ŠVrcm {deof _hÎd {Xco.

CÎmao: 1) ~mcê$n 2) VwierÀ`m 3) lr{dÇ>c/nm§Sw>a§J 4) ^{ŠV_mJ© 5) ñ_aU^ŠVr

S>) OmoS>çm Owidm.

"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

1. ^yd¡Hw§$R> A) lrH¥$îUmMo ~mcê$n

2. {dÇ>c ~) n§T>ar

3. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr H$) VwH$m

4. Zm_mMm S>) n§M_doX

5. gd© nwéfmWmªMm _wHw$Q>_Ur B) kmZ

B©) ^ŠVr

CÎmao : 1) yd¡Hw§$R> - n§T>ar 2) {dÇ>c - lrH¥$îUmMo ~mcê$n

3) g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr - n§M_doX

4) Zm_mMm - VwH$m 5) gd© nwéfmWmªMm _wHw$Q>_Ur - ^ŠVr


1. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zm "am_H¥$îUhar' hm _§Ì H$moUmH$Sy>Z {_imcm?

2. n§T>ar hr H$emMr noR> Amho?

3. "n§T>arMo dmaH$arŸ& Vo A{YH$mar _mojmMo' ho dMZ H$moUmMo?

4. h[aH$WoV H$emMm {ÌdoUrg§J_ AgVmo.

5. {dÇ>c {H$Vr wJo n§T>arcm {dQ>oda C^m Amho?

CÎmao : 1) ~m~mOr M¡VÝ` 2) ^ŠVrMr noR> 3) VwH$mam_ 4) Xod, ^ŠV, h[aZm_ 5) AÇ>mdrg

n XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m ^ŠVr-g§H$ënZoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

2. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zm _wŠVrnojm ^ŠVr loîR> H$m dmQ>Vo? Vo gmYma {chm.

196

n cKwÎmar àíZ

1. g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr gm§{JVcoco Xod-^ŠVg§~§Y CcJSy>Z XmIdm.

2. VwH$mam_m§Zr Jm{`cocm {dÇ>cZm_ _{h_m WmoS>Š`mV dU©Z H$am.

n {Q>nm {chm

1. ^ŠV Am{U A^ŠV `m§Mr cjUo

2. n§T>ar_mhmËå`

3. Vwcgr_mhmËå`

7.6A{YH$ dmMZ

1. g§V VwH$mam_ : e§H$a Aä`§H$a - Am{XË` à{VîR>mZ, nwUo-2008.

2. VwH$mam_Xe©Z : gXmZ§X _moao.

3. AmZ§XmMm S>moh : am. J. OmYd, àmknmR>emim _§S>i, dmB©-1976.

4. VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm : S>m°. n§{S>V AmdirH$a, Am¡a§Jm~mX-1977.

7.7 CnH«$_

1. Xohÿ `m VrW©joÌmg oQ> XoD$Z VoWrc VwH$mam_m§À`m {d{dY n{dÌ ñ_¥VrñWim§Mo Aä`mgnyd©H${ZarjU H$am.

2. {^_goZ Omoer `m§Zr Jm{`coë`m A §Jm§Mr Üd{Z_w{ÐH$m EoH$m.

3. "AmZ§XAmodar' hr {X. ~m. _moH$mer `m§Mr H$mX§~ar {_idm Am{U dmMm.

ooo

197

KQ>H$ : 8

VwH$mam_m§Mo dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_Îd

8.1 C{ÔîQ>o

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo ! "VwH$mam_m§Mo dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_Îd' `m KQ>H$mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va VwåhmgnwT>rc C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aVm oVrc.

l g§V VwH$mam_ Aìdc XOm©Mo H$dr H$go hmoVo Vo H$ioc.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUr_YyZ Vo ^mî`H$ma d VÎdqMVH$ H$go hmoVo, Vo cjmV oB©c.

l g§V VwH$mam_ Amnë`m A §Jg¥îQ>r_YyZ naIS>nUm Am{U ~§S>Imoar H$er ì`ŠV H$aVmV, VoC_Joc.

l g§V VwH$mam_ `m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd Am{U H${dËd øm§V EH$ê$nVm H$er Amho, Vo Ü`mZmV oB©c.

l g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUr_YyZ Ë`m§Mo dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_Îd H$go àH$Q> hmoVo, Ë`mMoAmH$cZ hmoB©c.

8.2 àmñVm{dH$

""VwH$mam_ ho _hmamîQ´>mVrc ^mJdV Y_m©Mo EH$ à^mdr àdŠVo hmoVo. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mMo Vo EH${Zð>md§V {dMmamJ«Ur hmoVo. ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m Y_©lÕocm VÎdqMVZmMr Am{U {MÎmewÕrMr OmoS> XoD$Z_Ü` wJrZ OrdZmVrc OS>Ëd Zmhrgo H$aUo hr _amR>r g§Vm§À`m MidirMr àoaUm hmoVr. VwH$mam_m§MoOr{dVH$m ©hr `m àoaUoVyZM A§Hw$aco Am{U AmH$mamg Amco. kmZoœa-EH$ZmWm§À`m OrdZ{ZîR>ohÿZVwH$mam_m§Mr OrdZ{ZîR>m VÎdV… {^ÝZ Zmhr. na§Vw àË oH$mMo ì`{ŠVËd Am{U ^modVmcMr n[apñWVr`m§_wio Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo ñdê$n Am{U {ZdoXZmMr nÕVr `m§V \$aH$ nS>cm Amho. VwH$mam_m§Zr Y_©ajUmBVH$mMnmfm§S>I§S>Umdahr ^a {Xcm Amho. "VwH$m åhUo yVt gmjr Zmam`UŸ& AdJwUt X§S>U JwUt nyOmŸ&&'VwH$mam_m§À`m d¥ÎmrV {dYm`H$Vo~amo~a {ZfoYnaVoMmhr ^mJ Amho. Vo gÁOZm§Mm JwUJm¡ad H$aVmV Am{UXwO©Zm§Mo dm^mS>o H$mT>VmV.'' Ago J§. ~m. gaXma åhUVmV. (VwH$mam_ Xe©Z AWm©V A §JdmUr à{gÕVwH$`mMr-àñVmdZm n¥îR> 15)

g_mOmVrc X§ mda Ë`m§Zr coIUrZo H$moaS>o AmoT>co. ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§Jr {Z…ñn¥hVm Am{U {Z © VmAgmdr cmJVo, Vr Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmV hmoVr. Ah§_Ý` n§{S>Vm§Mm Am{U T>m|Jr Y_©_mVªS>m§Mm ~waImË`m§Zr Q>amQ>am \$mS>cm. gË`mÀ`m ~mOyZo C o amhVmZm Ë`m§Zr Hw$UmMrhr ^rS> ~miJcr Zmhr. g_mOH§$Q>H$mdaVa {ZîRy>anUo àhma Ho$co. àË oH$ àd¥ÎmrVrc gm|J T>m|J CKS> H$ê$Z cmoH$m§Zm OmJo H$aÊ`mMo _hmZ H$m ©

198

Ë`m§Zr Ho$co. g_mOYmaUocm Amdí`H$ Aem Zr{V_yë`m§Mm nmR>nwamdm Ë`m§Zr Vi_irZo Ho$cm Amho. "Zr{VåhUOoM ^ŠVr' Aer Ë`m§Mr lÕm hmoVr. OnVn, XohX§S>, VrWm©Q>Z, dZJ_Z, d«Vd¡H$ë o, `k`mJ`m§nojm ^mdewÕr, g§ _, gË`{ZîR>Vm, yVX`m, g_Ëd~wÕr, namonH$ma øm gX²JwUm§À`m AmMaUmVMB©œa^ŠVr Amho, ho VÎd Ë`m§Zr cmoH$m§Zm C§M AmdmOmV gm§{JVco. Amnë`m A §JdmUr_YyZ Ë`mgmR>rAmJ«h Yacm. Ë`m§Zr _mUgmÀ`m Hw$i, OmVr, dU© `m§nojm Zr{V_Îmocm gdm}ÀM àmYmÝ` {Xco.

VwH$mo~m§À`m H$moUË`mhr A §JmV Vo ñdV… AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ^mdZm, Ë`m§Mo {dMma, Ë`m§À`mAmemAmH$m§jm ho gmao Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo. åhUyZM BWo VwH$mam_m§À`m dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMmAmnU n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. Ë`m§Mo H${dËd, ^mî`, VÎdqMVZ, naIS>nUm, ~§S>Imoar `m§MmChmnmoh BWo Amnë`mcm H$am`Mm Amho. Ë`m§À`m H${dËd Am{U ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMr EH$ê$nVm nmhÿZ Ë`m§MrdmL²>_`rZ _hÎmm Amnë`mcm nmhm`Mr Amho.

8.3 {df`{ddoMZ

""VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd ho {dZ`erc, gai, em§VVm{à` Am{U H$Zdmiy hmoVo, ho Ë`mÀ`mA §Jmdê$Z cjmV oVo. Ë`mÀ`m A §Jm§dê$Z Vmo kmZr d gw{dÚ Agë`mMohr {gÕ hmoVo. Vmo A{e{jVAgë`mMr gd©gmYmaU g_OyV ImoQ>r Amho. ¹${MV H$mhr doim Vmo amJrQ>, H$S>dQ>, Jmd§T>i Agë`mMohrOmUdVo. Var Vmo _wimV j_merc, qMVZerc, g§doXZerc Am{U _Z_moH$im hmoVm. Ë`mMm {dH$mg hmAmnë`m Z¡g{J©H$ dmVmdaUmV ~rOmnmgyZ g§nyU© AmH$ma àmßV hmoV Jococm EImXm _moR>m d¥j \$mo\$mdmdm,Agm à{VV hmoVmo. Ë`mcm à{VîR>m ZìhVr, ghmZw yVr ~miJUmao eoOmar ZìhVo, Jwê$ ZìhVm Am{U Z¡{VH$ì`dhmamV dmQ> XmIdUmam _mJ©Xe©H$hr ZìhVm. H${dVoMr H$cm Ë`mcm Hw$Ur {eH$dcr Zmhr.....VwH$mam_ hm gd© g§§Vm§_Ü o gdm©{YH$ _mZdr AmñWm Agcocm Am{U OJÊ`mda à_m{UH$ lÕm AgcocmhmoVm.'' Ago VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMo {d{dY n¡cy ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Zr CcJSy>Z XmI{dco AmhoV.(VwH$mam_ - n¥îR> 57)

g§V VwH$mam_ ho gmjmËH$mar g§V hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ^{ŠVVÎdmVyZ Zr{V~moY Am{U gV²{dMma g_mOmVéOdm`Mm hmoVm. Va Ë`m§À`m AmS> oUmè`m éT>r d T>m|J~mOrda hëcm H$am`Mm hmoVm. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo VwH$mam_ho cmoH${ejH$ R>aVmV. VwH$mam_ Amncr gmYH$mdñWm A §Jm§VyZ _m§S>VmV. Ë`mdoir "A§VarMo Ymdoñd^mdo ~mhoar' Aer Ë`m§Mr AdñWm hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m CËñ\y$V© ^mdZm§Mm Vmo ghO CÐoH$ AgVmo. Vo CËH$Q>H$dr AmhoV, ho Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUr_YyZ Amnë`mcm OmUdVo.

199

8.3.1 H$dr

H${dÎd hm VwH$mam_m§À`m dmS²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm CËH$Q> d R>iH$ n¡cy Amho. Amncr A §JdmUrhr Amncr Zmhr Va Vr nm§Sw>a§JmMr H¥$nm Amho, Aer Ë`m§Mr lÕm Amho. Vo åhUVmV-

"H$[aVmo H${dËd åhUmc ho H$moUrŸ& Zìho _mPr dmUr nXarMrŸ&&

_m{P o wŠVrMm Zìho hm àH$maŸ& _O {díd§ a ~moc{dVmoŸ&&'

""Vwåhr åhUmc H$s _r ho H$mën{ZH$ H$mì` H$arV Amho. hr _mÂ`m nXaMr dmUr AJa `w{ŠVdmX Zìho._cm {dœ§ a ~mocmd`mg cmdrV Amho. JmoqdX _mÂ`mH$Sy>Z Oo dX{dVmo VoM _r ~mocVmo.'' VwH$mam_m§Mrhr y{_H$m Z_«VoMr Amho. "Amnw{c`m ~i| Zmhr _r ~mocVŸ& gIm ^Jd§V dmMm Ë`mMrŸ&' _mPo H${dËdhr _mPr eŠVr Zìho Va àË`j na_oœaM _mÂ`m _wImVyZ ~mocV Amho. nm§Jù`mcm Mmc{dÊ`mMr eŠVrAgUmam Vmo {dœ§ aM _mÂ`mH$Sy>Z ho dXdrV Amho. B©œamÀ`m d g§Vm§À`m àgmXmMo \$i åhUOo _mPo ~mocAmhoV. Vo _mPo ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mo AmhoV, ho cjmV ¿`m. `m àmgm{XH$ dmUrZo B©œamMm {Zamon gm§JV _r dmQ>oZoOmV Amho, Ago VwH$mo~m Amnë`m A §JmV åhUVmV. Amnco H${dÎd hr B©œamMrM dmUr Amho, AgoË`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. EH$ àH$maÀ`m H$mì`mË_H$ V§ÐrV {Z_m©U Pmcoco ho Añgc H$mì` Amho. Xoh^mZ {dgaë`mZo,{MÎmd¥Îmr VëcrZ Pmë`mZo Am{U EH$mJ«Vm Vrd« ñdê$nmMr Agë`mZo VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm gmH$macr Amho.na_oœamZo àXmZ Ho$coë`m øm X¡dr eŠVrMm {d{Z`moJ Ë`mMoM _mhmËå` JmÊ`mV Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm. B©œamMmH$sVugwJ§Y Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$mì`Hw$gw_m§_YyZ MamMamda CYicm. Ë`mVyZM Ë`mÀ`m Zm_g§H$sV©ZmV VoYw§X hmoD$Z Joco. Ë`m_wio B©e^ŠVr hmM Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMm {df` R>acm.

H${dÎd CnOV Agmdo cmJVo. eãXm§Mr CVa§S> aMyZ Hw$Umcm H$dr ~ZVm oV Zmhr, Ago VwH$mam_m§Mo_V hmoVo. Amncr H${dVm ghOgw§Xa d _m¡{cH$ Amho, Agm {Zdm©im Ë`m§Zr {Xcm Amho.

""Omo{S>cr Aja|Ÿ& ZìhVr ~wÕrMr CÎma|Ÿ&&

Zmhr Ho$cr AmQ>rŸ& H$mhr _mZX§ mgmR>rŸ&&

H$moUr ^m½`d§VŸ& V`m H$ioc C{MVŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo PamŸ& Amho _witMm {M IamŸ&&''

Amncr H${dVm CËñ\y$V© Amho, hohr gm§JÊ`mg Vo {dgaV ZmhrV. "A§VarMo Ym§do ñd^mdo ~mhoarŸ&YarVmhr nar AmdaoZmŸ&&'' Aem AZmda _Z…pñWVrV Vo {Z_m©U Pmco Amho, ho Ë`m§Zr ñnîQ>nUo Zm|XdyZR>odco Amho.

Jwé§Mm CnXoe Am{U Zm_Xodm§Mm ñdßZmV AmXoe {_imë`mda Ë`m§À`m ñ\y$Vucm ^aVr Amcr. Ë`m§Mm_yiMm H${dVoMm Pam Omo_mZo dmhÿ cmJcm. eãXm§Mo _hÎd Ë`m§Zr _Zmo_Z OmUco hmoVo.

200

Amåhm§ Kar YZ eãXm§MrM aËZo

eãXm§MrM eñÌo `ËZ H$ê§$

eãX{M Am_wÀ`m OrdmMo OrdZ,

eãX| dmQy>§ YZ OZcmoH$m§

VwH$m nmhm eãX {M hm Xod,

eãXo{M Jm¡ad nyOm H$ê§$.

eãXaËZo ho Am_À`m KaMo YZ Amho. eãX hrM Am_Mr eñÌo AgyZ Ë`m§À`m ~imda Amåhr à`ËZH$ê$. eãX Am_À`m OrdmMo gd©ñd Amho. eãXénr YZ Amåhr BVa cmoH$m§Zm dmQy>. eãX hm Am_Mm XodAmho. Ë`mMr nyOm Amåhr eãXm§ZrM ~m§YVmo, hm VwH$mo~m§Mm H${dVoÀ`m _mÜ`_m~ÔcMm-eãXm§~ÔcMm-A{^àm` IynM _m{_©H$ Amho. Ë`m§Mo eãX YmaXma d VrúU AmhoV. lmoË`mÀ`m _Zmcm {^S>Ê`mMo gm_Ï ©Ë`m§À`m eãXm§V Amho. BVam§À`m _Zmda hþH$_V JmO{dÊ`mMo gm_Ï © Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV Amho.

Ago Agco Var n[al_mMo _hÎd Ë`m§Zr OmUco hmoVo. "Amoco _yi oXr IS>H$mMo A§JŸ& Aä`mgmgrgm§J H$m ©{gÕrŸ&&'' `mMm Ë`m§Zm AZw d hmoVm. g§V dmL²>_`mMo n[aercZ d nmR>m§Va Ho$ë`mZ§VaAmnë`mcm H$mì`ñ\y$Vu Pmcr Ago Vo gm§JVmV. "H$mhr nmR> Ho$cr g§Vm§Mr CÎma|Ÿ& {dœmg| AmXa|H$amo{Z`m§Ÿ& `md[a `m Omcr H${dËdmMr ñ\y${V©Ÿ&&'

CËH$Q> ^mdJrVo : VwH$mam_m§Mo A §J ho CÎm_ ^mdJrVm§Mo Z_yZo AmhoV. Yw«dnXmV Q>moH$Xma ^mdZmAgVo. nwT>rc XmoZ VrZ Amoì`m§VyZ VrM ^mdZm Amidcocr AgVo. Ë`m_wio _Ü`dVu ^mdZoMm EH$M EH$AmKmV a{gH$_Zmda H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © Ë`m§À`m A §JmV Amho. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc AmoirAmoirV {Oìhmim{PanV AgVmo. Ë`m§Mr aMZm ho dmUrMo ^mdaå` B§ÐYZwî` Amho. VwH$mo~m§Mm ^mdZmoËH$Q> _Zñdr ñd^mdË`mVyZ {XgVmo.

H$Ý`m gmgwè`m§{g Om o,Ÿ& _mJo naVmoZr nmho.Ÿ&&

V¡go Omc| _mÂ`m Ordm,Ÿ& Ho$ìhm§ oQ>gr Ho$edmŸ&&

MwH${c`m _m o,Ÿ& ~mi hþê$hþê$ nmhoŸ&&

OrdZmdoJir _mgmoir,Ÿ& V¡gm VwH$m Vi_itŸ&&

""gmgar Mmccoë`m _wcrÀ`m Ordmà_mUo _mÂ`m _ZmMr CcKmc gwê$ Amho. VwPo Xe©Z Ho$ìhmKS>oc? `m H$ënZoZo _mPm Ord ì`mHw$i Pmcm Amho. MwH$coco _yc Am{U nmÊ`m~mhoarc _mgir OerVS>\$S>Vo, Vgm _r VwÂ`m oQ>rgmR>r Vi_iV Amho.'' VwH$mo~m§À`m _ZmMr AmV©Vm Am{U ì`mHw$iVm oWrceãXm§eãXm§VyZ àH$Q> hmoVmZm {XgVo.

201

{dÇ>cmcm CÔoey Vo åhUVmV -

Vy _mCcrhÿZ _`mi, M§Ðmhÿ{Z erVi,

nm{U`mhÿ{Z nmVi, H$„moi ào_mMm.

""ho na_oœam, Vy AmB©nojm _m`miy, M§Ðmnojm W§S>, nmÊ`mnojm nmVi AgUmam ào_mMm àdmh Amhog.''{dÇ>cmMo ho JwUdU©Z H$mì`mË_H$ Pmco Amho. aMZoVrc ghOVm Am{U c`~ÕVm AmH$f©H$ Amho.

^ŠVmMm AZw d VwH$mam_ CËH$Q>VoZo _m§S>VmV. Vo åhUVmV-

dmQw>cr nmhmVm§ {gUco S>moiwco,Ÿ& Xm{dgr nmCco H¡$ dmo S>moim§.Ÿ&&

Vy§ _m` _mCcr H¥$noMr gmCcrŸ& {dÇ>co nm{hcr dmQ> VwPrŸ&

VwH$m åhUo _mÂ`m Amgmdë`m ~mømŸ& VwO jo_ Úm`m nm§Sw>a§JmŸ&&

""ho {dÇ>cm, VwPr dmQ> nmhÿZ nmhÿZ _mPo S>moio WH$co. VwÂ`m nm`m§Mo Xe©Z _cm Ho$ìhm hmoB©c? Vy^ŠVm§da H¥$nmN>Ì YaUmar _m` _mCcr Amhog. Vwcm ào_mqcJZ XoÊ`mgmR>r _mPo ~mhÿ AmVwa PmcoAmhoV.'' H$mo_c eãXH$im, AmV© AZw d, XoIUr aMZm Am{U ^mdmoËH$Q>VoMo Xe©Z `m§_wio hm A §JH$mì`g§nÝZ Pmcm Amho. Amnë`m ^{ŠVnyU© A §Jm§VyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr na_oœamMr AmidUr ì`mHw$iVoZoHo$cr Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMo gm¢X © øm ^mdmoËH$Q>VoV gm_mdco Amho. ^mdnyU© eãXaMZoVyZ ì`ŠVhmoUmè`m AWm©VyZ AZw dmMr gmj a{gH$m§Zm nQ>V amhVo. ""VwH$mam_m§À`m A §J aMZoV coIZnyd© Am{UcoIZJ © Aer XmoÝhr àH$maMr AmË_{ZîR>m AmT>iVo. AZw dmMr A{^ì`ŠVr H$aVmZm _yi AZw dmerA{Ve` àm_m{UH$ am{hë`mZo Amnë`m H$mì`mV AdrQ> d A §J ^{ŠVag {Z_m©U Pmcm Ago Vo gm§JVmV.

Z nmcQ>o OmVr Ordm{M ogmR>rŸ& ~mho Vo {M nmoQ>r Xmdr darŸ&&

A§Var g~mht gm[aIm {M a§JŸ& drQ> Am{U §J Zmhr agmŸ&&

AZw dmer Agcoë`m AmË_{ZîR>o_wio `m A §Jm§Zm dmL²>_`rZ _hmË_Vm àmßV Pmcr Amho.'' Ago _mcVrnmQ>rc åhUVmV. (AZw d VwH$mo~m§Mm : g§nm. S>m°. ho. {d. BZm_Xma, ñZohc, nwUo, 1994, n¥îR>-117)

AmOhr VwH$mam_ _amR>r H${dVoV XrnñV§^ R>aco AmhoV. _amR>r ^mfoda VwH$mam_m§Mm _moR>mM R>gmC_Q>cm Amho. ""^mfoÀ`m A§JmZo Ym§S>moim KoVcm Va Ago {XgVo, H$s _amR>r ^mfoda VwH$mo~m§Mm àM§S> R>gmAmho. VwH$mo~m§Mr {H$Ë oH$ dMZo _amR>rV åhUtÀ`m Am{U dmH²$àMmam§À`m ê$nmZo A_a Pmcocr AmhoV.gm_mÝ` _amR>r _mUyghr ghOJË`m Aem dMZm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z OmVmo Am{U ho VwH$mo~m§Mo dMZ Amho,ho Ë`mcm {H$Ë`oH$Xm R>mD$H$hr ZgVo. VwH$mo~m ho Aem àH$mao _amR>rV _wê$Z EH$Ord Pmcoco H$dr hmoVo.S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a qH$dm AmMm © à. Ho$. AÌo `m§À`m dV©_mZnÌm§Mr erf©dMZo AgmoV, H$s nw. c. Xoenm§S>çm§Mo"VwPo Amho VwOnmer' qH$dm Jm¡ar Xoenm§S>çm§Mo "XwñVa hm KmQ>' Aer ZmQ>H$ H$mX§~è`m§Mr Zmdo AgmoV.eãX _mJm`MoM Va Vo VwH$mo~m§ZmM _mJmdoV. "Amåhm Kar YZ eãXm§MrM aËZo' Ago Ë`m§Zr Ho$ìhmM Omhra

202

H$ê$Z Q>mH$co Amho.'' Agm A{^àm` S>m°. gXmZ§X _moao `m§Zr {Xcm Amho. (VwH$mam_Xe©Z, Ah_XZJa,n¥îR>-1-2)

gd© g§VH$dtZr Amnco ^{ŠV wŠV _ZmoJV ì`ŠV Ho$co Vo "A §J' `m H$mì`àH$mamVyZ ! nU hm A §JIam cmoH${à` Ho$cm Vmo VwH$mam_m§ZrM ! åhUyZM "A §JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMrŸ&' hr CŠVr gmW© R>aVo.Ë`m§À`m A §JmV Cn_m, ÑîQ>mÝV d à{V_m `m§Mr aocMoc Amho. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMo AZw d{dœ A\$mQ>Amho. Ë`m§Mr à{V_mZg¥îQ>r g_¥Õ Amho. Ë`mV H$m|~S>r, ~oS>H$s, H$moëhmQ>rU, eoVImZm, JwImS>r- AgoH$m` dmQ>oc Vo Amho. øm à{V_m XoVmZm Vo J«må`VoMm Am{U gä`VoMm {dMma H$arV ~gV ZmhrV. Ë`m§MrH${dVm {OVH$s AmË_{ZîR> Amho {VVH$sM g_mO{ZîR> Amho. Ë`m§Mr H${dVm OrdZqMVZ H$aVo. Ë`m§À`màË oH$ A §JmV göX`Vm, àgmX, gmYonUm Am{U ~mocr^mfoMm {Od§VnUm Amho. gÁOZm§Mm Jm¡adH$aUmar Ë`m§Mr H${dVm XwO©Zm§Mm {Y…ŠH$ma H$aVo. ""IoS>çmVrc {d{dY Ioim§Mo énH$mË_H$ Cn`moJ,^{ŠVVÎd {deX H$aUmè`m nwamUmVrc JmoîQ>r, Zr{VemñÌ, AmgnmgÀ`m OrdZmVrc àg§J{MÌo, ñdV…À`mAm wî`mVrc {d{dY àg§J, ñdV…cm Amcoco Ym{_©H$ AZw d, gm_m{OH$ Q>rH$m B. doJdoJio {df`Ë`mÀ`m A §Jm_Ü o oVmV. Ë`m§Mm AmdmH$m \$ma _moR>m Amho. ho A §J AJXr jwÐ JmoîQ>tnmgyZ Vo CXmÎmAÜ`mË_mn ªVÀ`m gd© JmoîQ>r H$doV KoVmV.'' Agm A{^àm` VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jg¥îQ>rMo ì`mnH$ ñdê$ngm§JVmZm ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Zr ! (VwH$mam_, n¥îR> 67)

VwH$mam_m§Zm Amnë`m Am wî`mV nmdcmonmdcr g§Kf© H$amdm cmJcm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr H${dVmdmñVdVoÀ`m IS>H$mi àXoemVyZ doS>rdmH$S>r diUo KoV nwT>o dmhVmZm {XgVo. Vo H$ënZoÀ`m amÁ`mVH$YrM a_V ZmhrV.

""à{V_mZm§À`m ^mfoV ~mocUo hr VwH$mam_m§Mr ghOàd¥Îmr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mr H$mì`g¥îQ>r à{V_mZm§ZrIÀMyZ ^acr Amho. CÎm_ àVrÀ`m H$mì`mV à{V_mZo AgVmVM. VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZ{Z{_©Vr ñdV…MË`m§À`m H$mì`mMr CÀM loUr d Ë`m§Mo OrdZ Amho.

... VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mZo AJXr ghOnUo dmMH$m§À`m nyd©ñ_¥Vr OmJ¥V H$aVmV. {deofV… H$m¡Qw>§{~H$à{V_mZm§_YyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mM KamVrc {d{dY ì`ŠVr d àg§J `m§Mo {MÌU Ho$co Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo. hÅ>r~mi, Ë`mÀ`mda ào_mMr nmIa KmcUmar _mVm, gmgar Om`cm {ZKmcocr H$Ý`m, _mhoamMr {dcjU AmoT>cmJcocr gmgwadmerU, EH${ZîR> d¥ÎmrZo nVrda ào_mMm dfm©d H$aUmar n{Vd«Vm `m gd© à{V_mZm§_Ü oa{gH$m§À`m {MÎmd¥Îmr OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr Amho. ~mimcm ImD$ ImVmZm nmhÿZ AmZ§{XV hmoUmar,Ac§H$ma KmcyZ Ë`mcm ZQ>dUmar, ~mimcm H$m¡VwH$mZo Amnë`m nm`m§da ~gdyZ d§XZ H$aUmar, Ë`mcmHw$UmMr ÑîQ> Va cmJUma Zmhr Zm, `m {dMmamZo ^`^rV hmoD$Z ~mimcm MQ>H$Z CMcyZ KoUmar _mVm!{VMo à{V_mZ nyd©ñ_¥VtZm AmìhmZ H$aUmao Amho.

Ami{dVm ~mi|Ÿ& _mVoVo gwI AmJioŸ& Úmdo AmdS>r ^mVwH|$Ÿ& nmho {Zdo H$dVwHo$Ÿ&&

coddw{Z Ac§H$maŸ& ÑîQ>r H$amdr gmXaŸ& Amnw{c o nXtŸ& ~¡gdy{Z H$moS>o d§XrŸ&&

203

ZoXr cmJmo {XR>rŸ& CMcmo{Z cmdr H§$R>rŸ& VwH$m åhUo cm^mŸ& ~mar ¿`m dmo nÙZm^mŸ&&

KamoKar ÑîQ>rg nS>Umar hr AmB©~mim§Mr {MÌo A{Ve` _Zmoa_ AgyZ Ë`mVyZ VwH$mam_m§Zr Amncr^ŠVr d ^Jd§VmMr ^ŠVdËgcd¥Îmr doëhminUo gmH$ma Ho$cr Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m gd©M à{V_mZm§_YyZnwZ…àË``mMm ânya AmZ§X XoÊ`mMm JwU _moR>çm à_mUmV AmT>iVmo.'' Agm Aä`mgy A{^àm` _mcVrnmQ>rc `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. (AZw d VwH$mo~m§Mm : g§nmXH$ S>m°. ho. {d. BZm_Xma, ñZohc, nwUo,1994, n¥îR> 119-120)

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV H$mcmVrV AmdmhZj_Vm Amho. _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m Am{U _hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$VrÀ`mH|$ÐñWmZr VwH$mam_ H$go AmhoV ho ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o, dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu Am{U gXmZ§X _moao `m§Zr _m§S>coAmho. dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m H$igmMm _mZ Ë`m§Zm cm^cm. Jocr Mmaeo df} d `mnwT>ohr Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMrAmdmhZj_Vm A~m{YV amhUma Amho. Xa Zì`m {nT>rcm Zdm AW© XoÊ`mMr AW©dmhH$Vm VwH$mam_ JmWoV{Z{üVM Amho. Ë`mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc AdVaUj_Vm ! "OZ ho gwImMo{Xë`mKoVë`mMoŸ& A§V ho H$mirMo H$moUr Zmhr.Ÿ&' "Oo H$m a§Oco Jm§OcoŸ& Ë`m{g åhUo Omo AmnwcoŸ& Vmo{MgmYw AmoiImdmŸ& Xod VoWo{M OmUmdmŸ&&' "_hmam{g {edoŸ& H$mono ~«m÷U Vmo ZìhoŸ&' "amÌ§{XZ AmåhmwÕmMm àg§JŸ& A§V~m©ø OJ Am{U _ZŸ&' "{VWv Ym|S>m nmUrŸ& Xod amoH$S>m gÁOZtŸ&&' "Zm_g§H$sV©Z

gmYZ n¡ gmonoŸ& OiVrc nmno OÝ_m§V[a¨MrŸ&' "gwI nmhVm OdmnmS>oŸ& Xw…I nd©VmEdT>|Ÿ&' "YZ _oidy{ZH$moQ>rŸ& gdo Z o ao c§JmoQ>rŸ&' "Amåhr OmVmo Amnwë`m JmdmŸ& Am_wMm am_am_ ¿`mdmŸ&&' "~am Hw$U~rHo$cmoŸ& Zmhr V[a X§ o{M AgVmo _ocm|Ÿ&' "_moc| KmVco aS>m`mŸ& Zmhr Amgw§ Zmhr _m`mŸ&" "_D$ _oUmhÿZAmåhr {dîUwXmgŸ& H${R>U dO«mg oXy§ EogoŸ&&' "Z_« Omcm yVm§Ÿ& VoU| H$m|{S>co AZ§VmŸ&&' "_w§Jr Am{U amdŸ&Amåhm gmaImMr OrdŸ&&' "ewÕ ~rOm nmoQ>tŸ& \$i| agmi Jmo_Q>rŸ&&' Aer {H$VrVar gw m{fVdOm dMZoVwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV gd©Ì {dIwacr AmhoV. amoIR>moH$ cmoH$g§dmX Am{U O~a AmË_{dídmg `m§ZrVwH$mo~m§Mr H${dVm ^macocr Amho. "doXm§Mm Vmo AW© AmåhmgrM R>mdmŸ& oam§Zr dhmdm ^ma _mWmŸ&&'`mà_mUo Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV {H$VrVar dMZo AmË_{dídmgmZo nyaonya âcr AmhoV. ""^JdX² ŠVrMm Jm¡ad,^mJdV Y_m©Mm àgma, Xw…{IVm§Mo g_mYmZ, ZrË wnXoe, AmË_mZw dmMo H$WZ hoM Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMo _w»`hoVy hmoV.'' Ago ~m. A. {^S>o åhUVmV. (VwH$mam_ ~modm (d¥Îm d J«§W), _w§~B©, 1915, n¥îR> 79)VwH$mam_m§Mo H$mì` {dÇ>c, n§T>ar, g§V, Zm_, d¡îUd `m§À`m~amo~aM g_mOmg§X^m©V Jw§\$coco Amho. nmI§S>I§S>Z, ^ŠVr, AÛ¡V, X§ ñ\$moQ>, A§YlÕm§da AmKmV Aem {H$VrVar gm_m{OH$ {df`m§da Ë`m§Mr H${dVmñnîQ> A{^àm` ì`ŠV H$aVo. àmn§{MH$m§Zm CnXoe H$arVM Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ VÎdqMVZ _m§S>coAmho. Ë`m§Mr H${dVm ehmÊ`m cmoH$m§gmR>r Amho Ver gm_mÝ`m§gmR>rhr Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV OrdZmMr emídV _yë o _m§S>cr Jocr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ñdV…À`m OrdZd¡{eîQ>çm§Zr Ë`m§Mr H${dVm gwemo{^V Pmcr Amho. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVo{df`r S>m°. {d. {^. H$mocVoåhUVmV- ""`m H$mìàMZoÀ`m _wimer VwH$mam_m§Mo CËH$Q> ^mdOrdZ hmoVo. ì`mnH$ AZw yVr hmoVr. Ë`m§MoöX` Iè`m H$drMo hmoVo. Vo AË §V ~w{Õ_mZ nU H$_mcrMo göX` hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ñdV…À`m Am{U

204

g_mOmÀ`m OrdZmVrc chmZ_moR>çm àg§Jm§Mm MQ>H$m Ë`m§À`m A§V…H$aUmcm VoìhmM OmD$Z nmoMo. Am{UVmo H$mì`ê$nmZo ~mhoa nS>o.''

""VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mimV Zìho Va AmOhr gm_mÝ`m§À`m Vm|Sy>Z "VwH$m åhUo' hm A §J ghOJË`m ~mhoanS>Vmo. H$maU VwH$mam_ _hmamîQ´>mMo åhUOo _hmamîQ´>mVrc ~hþOZ g_mOmMo IaoIwao à{V{ZYr hmoVo. Ë`m_wioË`m§Mo OrdZ VwH$mam_m§À`m H$mì`mV à{Vq~~rV Pmco Amho. åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§À`m dMZm§Mm àË`` dnS>gmX Ë`m§À`m A§V…H$aUmV Vm~S>Vmo~ CR>Vmo Am{U Vr dMZo Ë`m§À`m A§V…H$aUmV R>gyZ OmVmV.åhUyZM BVa H$moUË`mhr g§VH$drnojm VwH$mam_ Am{U VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr A{YH$ cmoH${à` Amho,Am{U _amR>r ^mfm d _amR>r _Z H$m`_ Amho Vmon ªV Vr AerM A §J amhrc `mV e§H$m Zmhr.''(_hmamîQ´> Y_m©Mo àUoVo, 1959, n¥îR> 61 d 63) H$maU VwH$mam_ ho Aìdc XOm©Mo loîR> H$dr hmoVo.åhUyZM _hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr Agcoco Vo g§ñH¥$Vr nwê$f AmhoV.

8.3.2 ^mî`H$ma-naIS>-~§S>Imoa

VwH$mam_ ho VËH$mcrZ g_mOOrdZmMo loîR> ^mî`H$ma R>aVmV. {deofV… g_mOmVrc Anàd¥Îmr,XwJw©U, XwX©em Am{U {dnarV AdñWm `m§À`mda Ë`m§Zr Ho$coco ^mî` naIS> Amho. Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§VyZAmË_moÕmam~amo~aM cmoH$moÕmamMrhr AmoT> {XgVo. `dZm§Mo AmH«$_U, XwîH$mi Am{U Xm[aÐç `m§_wiohV~c Pmcoë`m VËH$mcrZ g_mOmcm OmJ AmUyZ A§V…àoaUm XoÊ`mMo H$m © Ë`m§Zr Ho$co. Ë`m§À`m^{ŠV`moJmV H$V©ì`eyÝ`Vm Zmhr. {d{hV H$_} {ZîR>oZo H$amdrV, Agm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h hmoVm. à`ËZdmXmdaË`m§Zr ^a {Xcm Amho. Ë`m§À`m A §JmV eãXcm{cË` Amho, CËH$Q>Vm Amho. VwH$mo~m§Zr OZgm_mÝ`m§À`mA§Va§JmV ñWmZ {_i{dco. Ë`mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo Ë`m§Zr {Oìhmù`mZo nU {VVŠ`mM naIS>nUogdmªgmR>r H$mì` ê$nmZo àJQ> qMVZ Ho$co. AmË_moÝZVr~amo~aM gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg H$gm H$amdm `mMoAMyH$ _mJ©Xe©Z Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m A §Jm§_YyZ Ho$co Amho.

""VwH$mam_mZo Amnë`m Y_m©H$S>o Ho$di Amnë`m ñdV…À`m _wŠVrMo gmYZ åhUyZ Zìho, Va A{Ic_mZdOmVrÀ`m _wŠVrMo gmYZ åhUyZhr nm{hco. Ë`mZo na_oœamcmM Amnë`m qMVZmMo H|$Ð Ho$co AgcoVar gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrc Amncr AmñWm H$YrM H$_r Ho$cr Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m CÀM àVrÀ`m AmpñVŠ`^mdmV g§nyU© d¡pídH$ ÑîQ>r gm_mdcocr hmoVr. VgoM Ë`mÀ`m H${dVoV {demc ^{ŠVna§nam Am{Uì`{ŠVdmX `m§V Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMm ~o~Zmd {XgyZ oV Zmhr. VwH$mam_ `m EH$_od g§Vm_Ü o Amnë`mcmVrd«Va ì`{ŠVJV Y_© AmT>iVmo. Am{U Ë`mcm ñdV…Mo EH$ VÎdkmZ Agco, Var Ë`m_mJo Cn{ZfXo,JrVm, gy\$s B. n§Wm§Mr {dMmaàUmcr hmoVr. JrVoVrc {dMmaàUmcrda Ë`mZo _§ÌJrVo_Ü o ^mî` Ho$co hmoVo.{edm` Ë`mZo M¡VÝ`m§Mr {dMmaàUmcrhr AmË_gmV Ho$cocr hmoVr. dmaH$ar VÎdkmZmMm Va Vmo gdm©V _moR>mg{H«$` ^mî`H$ma g_Ocm OmVmo.'' Agm A{^àm` ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Zr {Xcm Amho. (VwH$mam_, gmHo$V,Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1994-n¥îR> 78)

205

^ŠVrMo joÌ M¡VÝ`emcr H$ê$Z VwH$mam_m§Zr CKS>CKS> gm_m{OH$ EH$VoMm g§Xoe {Xcm. Amnë`m^modVmcMr àMcrV g§ñH¥$Vr ZmH$mê$Z Ë`m§Zr g§Hw${MVnUmMm N>oX Ho$cm Amho. H$_©R> n§{S>Vm§Zr ê$T>Ho$coë`m g§Hw${MV g§H$ënZm§_Ü o _yc yV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm AmJ«h Yacm. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mdmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_Îdm_Ü o Ogm ~§S>ImoanUm hmoVm Vgm naIS>nUmhr hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m VÎdqMVZmVho XmoÝhr n¡cy CVaco AmhoV. X oMr Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocr hr Zdr ì`m»`m nmhm-

X`m {VMo ZmdŸ& yVm§Mo nmiUŸ&&

Am{UH$ {ZXm©cZŸ& H§$Q>H$m§MoŸ&&

àm{U_mÌm§Mo ào_mZo cmcZ nmcZ H$aUo åhUOo X`m hmo . Va g_mOH§$Q>H$m§Mo {ZXm©cZ H$aUoåhUOohr X`mM hmo . gÁOZm§Mo nmcZ Am{U XwîQ>m§Mo {ZXm©cZ åhUOo X`m hmo . amoIR>moH$nUo ì`m»`mH$aUmao g_mOgwYmaH$ åhUyZ VwH$mam_ BWo AmnUmg {XgVmV. g§Vm§~Ôc Ë`m§Zr gm§JyZ R>odco Amho;

ZìhVr Vo g§VŸ& doXm§Mo nR>UoŸ&&

H$_© AmMaUoŸ& ZìhVr g§VŸ&&

doXm§Mo nR>U H$ê$Z H$_©H$m§S>mV Am wî` Kmc{dUmao cmoH$ g§V H$go hmoVrc? hm Ë`m§Mm àíZ Amho.gmodù`m Amodù`m§À`m «m_H$ A§YlÕm§da hëcm MT>dVmZm Vo åhUVmV - ""H$m` ~m H$[aer gmodioAmodioŸ& _Z Zmhr {Z_©i dmD$Jo{MŸ&&'' "_hmamgr {edoŸ& H$mono ~«m÷U Vmo ZìhoŸ&&' Añn¥í` ì`ŠVrcmñne© Pmë`mZ§Va amJmZo cmc hmoUmam Vmo ~«m÷U ZìhoM ! `mCcQ>

"~«m÷U Vmo `mVr A§VoO AgVm§Ÿ& _mZmdm VÎdVm {Zü ogrŸ&&

am_H¥$îUo Zm_ CÀMmar gaioŸ& AmR>dr gmdio én _ZtŸ&&

em§Vr j_m X`m Ac§H$ma A§JrŸ& A §J àg§Jr Y¡ ©d§VŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Joë`m fS²>C_u A§JrŸ& gm§Sw>{Z`m _J ~«÷ {M VmoŸ&&3Ÿ&&

Añn¥í` _mZcr Jococr ì`ŠVr X`m-j_m-em§VVm ho JwU YmaU H$aUmar Agcr Am{U am_Zm_mMmCÀMma gVV H$arV {dÇ>cmMo én _ZmV ñ_aV Agcr Va VÎdÑîQ>çm ~«m÷UM hmo . åhUOo ~«m÷UOmVrVrc _mUyg {ZX© Agoc Va Ë`mcm ~«m÷U H$go åhUm`Mo? `mCcQ> Vmo _mUyg A§Ë`O Agoc Am{UVmo X`miy, em§V, am_Zm_mMo ñ_aU gmVË`mZo H$aV Agoc Va Vmo {ZpíMVM ~«m÷U hmo .

_mUgmMo _moR>onU OmVr-dU©-Hw$i `m§dê$Z R>aV Zmhr Va Ë`mÀ`m {MÎm ewÕrdê$Z Am{U ào_idV©ZmVyZ R>aVo - ho VwH$mam_m§Zr VËH$mcrZ Y_©_mVªS>m§Zm R>UH$mdyZ gm§{JVco. `m H$WZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr gm_mÝ`_mZdmcm _hm_mZd ~ZÊ`mMm _mJ© XmIdcm. ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_m§Mr dmUr H$Macr Zmhr-{~WacrZmhr. Va Ë`m dmUrZo naIS> Am{U gwñnîQ> amoIR>moH$nUmMo ê$n YmaU Ho$co Amho, ho AmnU cjmV KoVconm{hOo.

206

N>§Xr \§$Xr Jwê$ {eî`m§Mm {Y…¸$ma H$aVmZm VwH$mam_m§Mr dmUr H$er IaIarV Pmcr Amho Vo nmhm-"EH$ H$[aVr Jwê$ Jwê$& ^modVm ^mé {eî`m§MmŸ&&1Ÿ&& nw§g Zmhr nm` MmarŸ& _Zwî` nar Hw$Var VrŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&nañÌr _ÚnmZŸ& n|S>ImZ _mO{dcoŸ&&2Ÿ&& VwH$m åhUo {Z ©a {MÎmrŸ& AYmoJVr Omd`mŸ&&3Ÿ&&

T>m|Jr Jwê$À`m ^modVr ZH$cr {eî`m§Mm dmda AgVmo. Ë`m§À`mV {df`dmgZm Am{U _Ú `m§Zr W¡_mZ_m§S>coco AgVo. Ago Jwê$ {eî` åhUOo eonQ>r Zgcoco Hw$ÌoM AmhoV. øm ì`gZm§Zr {Z{üVM VoAYmoJVrcm OmVmV.

emŠVm§À`m ~mam A §Jm§V VwH$mam_ g§Vmncoco AmhoV. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImcr Mmccocm AZmMmaË`m§Zm nmhdV Zmhr. "nmfm§S> H$amoZr _m§{S>cr Or{dH$mŸ& ~wS>dr ^m{dH$m cmoH$m§àVr' "ewÕ na_mW© ~wS>{dcmVoU|Ÿ& JwéËd yfUo ^moJ ^moJr' "d¡am½`mMm cmon h[a^OZt {djonŸ& dmT>{dco nmn _{Vc§S>oŸ&&' Ago CX²JmaVo Vi_iyZ H$mT>VmV. emŠVm§À`m AmMmam§Mo oXH$ eãX{MÌ aoImQ>V VwH$mo~m Ë`m§Zm AneãXhr dmnaVmV."emŠV JYS>m', emŠVmMo "JwéËd Joco JwImS>r' emŠVmMr "JYS>r _m`' Ago Vo naIS>nUo åhUVmV. Vo{c{hVmZm Ë`m§Mr coIUr H$MaV Zmhr. Vo åhUVmV;

""{Q>im Q>monr _mim XodmMo J~mioŸ& dmJdr Am|Jio nmoQ>mgmR>rŸ&

Vwigr Imodr H$mZt X © Imodr e|S>rŸ& c{Q>H$s Yar ~m|S>r Zm{gH$mMrŸ&&

H$sV©ZmMo doir aS>o nS>o cmoioŸ& ào_odrU S>moio JiVmVrŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo Eogo _mdoMo _B§XŸ& Ë`m§ nmer JmoqdX Zmhr ZmhrŸ&&''

""H$nmimda {Q>im, S>moŠ`mda Q>monr Am{U Jù`mV _mim ho nmoQ>^ê$ H$sV©ZH$mamMo Ü`mZ ! VmoVwcgrnÌ H$mZmV Va X © e|S>rV ImodVmo. _YyZ _YyZ Vmo ZmH$mMo Q>moH$ ~moQ>mZo YaV AgVmo. H$sV©Z H$aVmZmVmo aS>Ê`mMo, nS>Ê`mMo d cmoiÊ`mMo ZmQ>H$ H$aVmo. Aem Xm§{^H$mOdi {dÇ>c H$gm Agoc?'' VwH$mo~m§MooWrc eãX CnhmgmË_H$ dmVmdaU ~Z{dVmV.

VwH$mo~m§Zm Amnë`m H$mimV Y_m©cm Amcocr AdH$im gVV ~moMVo. H$_©H$m§S>mMo ñVmo_ _mOdyZg_mO {dñH$irV d H$_Hw$dV hmoV OmB©c, Ago Ë`m§Mo _Z Ë`m§Zm gm§JVo. VwH$mam_m§Zm d«Vd¡H$ë`m§MmH$§Q>mim Amho. Vo Ë`m§Mr Q>dmir H$aVmV. gmodio Amodio, OmXwQ>moUm, J§S>oXmoao, _§Ì-V§Ì, OnOmß` `m§ZmVo _hÎd XoV ZmhrV.

gm§Jmo OmUVr eHw$ZŸ& yV ^{dî` dV©_mZ&

V`m§Mm Amåhmgr H§$Q>mimŸ& nmhm| ZmdS>Vr S>moim§Ÿ&&

eHw$Z gm§JUmao Amnë`m S>moù`m§g_moahr ZH$moV, Ago Vo ~OmdVmV.

"H$mZ \$mSy>{Z`m _wÐm Vo Km{cVrŸ& ZmW åhU{dVr OJm_mOrŸ&&'- H$mZ\$mQ>o

"H$m¡S>rH$m¡S>rgmQ>t \$mo{S>VmVr {eaŸ& H$mTy>{Z é{Ya _c§J VoŸ&&- _c§J

207

"cm§~dy{Z OQ>m Zogmo{Z H$mgmoQ>mŸ& A{^_mZ _moQ>m H$[aVmVrŸ& gdmªJm H$[aVr {d y{VconZŸ& nmhVr{_îQ>mÝZ ^jmd`mŸ&&'- O§J_

"hmoD${Z g§Ý`mgr ^Jdr cwJS>tŸ& dmgZm Z gmoS>r {df`m§MrŸ&&1&&'- g§Ý`mgr

"OmVrMm ~«m÷UŸ& Z H$[aVm g§Ü`mñZmZŸ&&1&& Vmo EH$ Zm§ZdmMm ~«m÷UŸ& hmo hrZmhÿ{Z hrZŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&&gm§Sw>{Z`m em{iJ«m_Ÿ& {ZË` doí oMm g_mJ_Ÿ&&2Ÿ&&' - OmVrMm ~«m÷U.

g_mOmV ^ŠVrMo gm|J H$aUmar hr T>m|Jr _mUgo nm{hë`mda VwH$mo~m§À`m Vinm`mMr AmJ _ñVH$mcmOmV Ago. _J eãXm§À`m Ym|S>çm§Zr Ë`m Xm§{^H$m§Zm Vo \$moSy>Z H$mT>rV. "Eogo g§V Omco H$itŸ& Vm|S>rV_mIyMr ZirŸ& ñZmZg§Ü`m ~wS>{dcrŸ& nwT>o ^m§J dmoS>dcrŸ&&' Agm àIa hëcm Vo T>m|Jr gmYwda H$aVmZm{XgVmV.

Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ A §Jm§_YyZ XwîQ> gm_m{OH$ Mmcr, A{ddoH$s H¥$Ë o, àÀN>ÝZVm `m§{déÕ hëcoMT>{dco AmhoV. `mdoir Ë`m§Mr coIUr d dmUr naIS> ~ZVo.

"Á`mMo A§V…H$aU ewÕŸ& Ë`mcm H$aUo Z cJo ~moYŸ&&'

"H$Ý`oMm Oo ZaŸ& H$arVr {dH$amŸ&

Vo OmVr AKmoamŸ& ZaH$nmVmŸ&&'

"naÐì` naZmarMm A{^cmfŸ&

VoWmo{Z`m èhmg gd© ^m½`mŸ&&'

Aem gw {fVdOm dMZm§_YyZ g§~§{YV XwîQ> ì`ŠVtMm Ë`m§Zr naIS>nUo g_mMma KoVcocm Amho. ømgmoß`m gmoß`m dMZm§_YyZ Vo EH$ CÎm_ ì`mdhm[aH$ VÎd gm§JVmV. ewÕ _Zmg ~moYmMr JaO Zmhr. H$Ý oMr{dH«$s H$ê$ ZH$m. naÐì` Am{U naZmar `m§Mr A{^cmfm _mUgmcm ney ~ZdVo. ho gw{dMma gm§JUmaoVwH$mo~m§Mo _Z n{dÌ hmoVo, ewÕ hmoVo.

""_mUgm§Zr dmgZm§da {dO` {_idmdm, Ah§H$mamMm d qhgoMm {Y…ŠH$ma H$amdm, Ë`mJd¥ÎmrZoñdmJV H$amdo. XwîQ> eŠVtnmgyZ ñdV…Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gX²JwUm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$amdm. _mUgmZo gVVCÚmoJr ahmdo. `m g§X^m©V Ë`mZo {Xcoco CXmhaU ~Km; "{_amgrMo åhyU eoVŸ& Zmhr XoV nrH$ CJoŸ&&'

(ñdV…Mo Agco Var Vo eoV AmnmoAmn nrH$ XoV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r H$îQ> ho Ho$coM nm{hOoV.)

""{ñÌ`m§À`m Am{U n¡em§À`m Hw$à^mdmnmgyZ nwéfm§Zr ñdV…cm Xya R>odmdo, Aer Ë`mMr {eH$dUhmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ AmMmag§{hVoV ZrVr Am{U H¥$Vr, ^ŠVr Am{U H$_©, Eo{hH$Vm Am{U na_mW©,Mm[aÍ` Am{U lÕm, gd© Ordm§{df`r H$éUm Am{U gXmMma hr gd© nañnam§er KÅ>nUo OmoS>cocr AmhoV.dfm©Zwdf} MmcV Amcoë`m X¡ddmXr AmË_g§VwîQ>VoÀ`m gd`r ~XcÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Ym{_©H$ _yë`m§Mm Cn`moJHo$cm. Ë`mMm Imcrc CnXoe ~Km-

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"~wÕrMm nmcQ>Ÿ& Yam ao H$mhrŸ&

_mJwVm hm ZmhrŸ& _Zwî`XohŸ&&'

Aem nÕVrZo Vmo Ad¿`m XmoZ AmoitVM lÕm Am{U ~wÕr `m§À`mVrc Û§Û {_Q>dyZ Q>mH$Vmo. Aem{H$VrVar A §Jm§_YyZ Ë`mZo Ë`mH$mir ~ogw_ma \$mo\$mdcoë`m XwJw©Um§da àhma Ho$cocm Amho.'' AgmVwH$mo~m§Zr {dYm`H$ CnXoe Ho$cm, Ago gm§{JVco Amho ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o `m§Zr! (VwH$mam_: gmHo$V,Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1994, n¥îR>-81-82)

VwH$mam_m§Zr g_mO gwg§ñH¥$V, em§V d àgÝZ ~Zm`Mm Agoc Va H$m` Ho$co nm{hOo, Ë`mMo VÎdqMVZAË §V gwJ_ ^mfoV _m§S>co Amho Am{U Vohr amoIR>moH$ nÕVrZo ! Ë`mV H$gcmhr g§{X½YnUm AJa~moQ>MononUm Zmhr.

CÀM dUm©V OÝ_ë`mMm A{^_mZ, A§YlÕm, doXnR>U, H$_©R> OrdZnÕVr, H$_©H$m§S>, eãXàm_mÊÀm{U nwñVH$s nm§{S>Ë` øm gm_m{OH$ XwîQ> éT>tda Ë`m§Zr gmhgmZo hëcm MT>{dcm. Ë`m§Zr _mUgmÀ`mì`{ŠVJV Zr{V_Îmocm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ewÕ A§V…H$aUmcm A{YH$ qH$_V {Xcr. Y_© hrM Z¡{VH$Vm hoË`m§Zr R>UH$mdyZ gm§{JVco. ì`ŠVrÀ`m øm Z¡{VH$ Jmä`mdaM _mUgmMr Iar narjm hmoD$ eH$Vo, AgoË`m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ C§M AmdmOmV dma§dma gm§{JVco Amho.

VwH$mo~m g§Vm§nwT>o Z_« hmoVmV. "gmYwg§V oVr KamŸ& Vmo{M {Xdmir XgamŸ&&' Aer Ë`m§Mr y{_H$mAmho. "H$m` `m g§Vm§Mo _mZy CnH$maŸ& _O {Za§Va OmJ{dVrŸ&&' Ago Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m OrdZmVrc g§Vm§MoñWmZ CÀM Agë`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co Amho. g§V H$moUmcm åhUmdo Am{U H$moUmcm åhUyZ Z o `m~Ôc Ë`m§Mr_Vo {Z{üV AmhoV. Q>miHw$Q>m d Amem~Õ dŠVm g§V Zìho. g§V hm VwH$mo~m§À`m AmXamMm {df` Amho.

M§XZmMo hmV nm`hr M§XZŸ& n[agm Zmhr hrZ H$moUr A§JŸ&...VwH$m åhUo V¡gm gÁOZmnmgyZŸ& nmhVm§ AdJwU {_io{MZmŸ&&

g§V {ZXm}f AgVmV. "{dîUw_` OJ d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ& oXm oX «_ A_§JiŸ&&' gd© OJ {dîUw_Àmho. Ë`mV oXm oXmMo ZmdM Zmhr, Aer g§Vm§Mr ImÌr AgVo. "Oo H$m a§Oco Jm§OcoŸ& Ë`mgr åhUo OmoAmnwcoŸ& Vmo{M gmYw AmoiImdmŸ&&' a§Oë`m Jm§Oë`m§Zm Amnë`m N>mVrer YaUmam, Ë`mcm AmnwcH$sZodmJdUmam VmoM Iam gmYw hmo . gmYw d g§V `m§À`m A§V…H$aUmV yVX`m VwSw>§~ âcocr Agmdr-AgVo."em{cJ«m_ {dîUw_yVuŸ& g§V hmo H$m ^cVo `mVrŸ&&' Á`mÀ`m R>m`r XodËdmMo JwU AmhoV, Vmo H$moUË`m H$mOmVrMm AgoZm, VmoM Iam g§V hmo . VwH$mam_m§À`m dmUrVrc ho g_Îd CÀM H$moQ>rMo hmoVo. VwH$mo~m§ZrAmnë`m _amR>_moù`m H${dVoVyZ _mZd BWyZ {VWyZ EH$ hm _mZdVoMm Ho$cocm CX²Kmof Ë`m§À`m dmL²>_`rZì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc VÎdqMVH$mda c»I àH$me Q>mH$Vmo. åhUyZM Vo _mZdVoMo ^mî`H$ma R>aVmV. Ë`m§Mmg§V "g§dgma Ho$cm {Vht nmR>_moamŸ& Zmhr Ðì` Xmam O`m {MÎmtŸ&

ew mew Zmhr hfm©_f© A§JrŸ& OZmX©Z OJt hmoD${Z R>ocmŸ&&' Agm Amho.

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g§gmamH$S>o ghOnUo nmR> {\$a{dUmam, Ðì` Am{U ñÌr `m§À`m _mohmVyZ _wŠV Pmcocm, gwI-Xw…ImÀ`m nwT>o Jococm Am{U OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUmMr qMVm dmhUmam Vmo Iam g§V hmo . "OJmÀ`m H$ë`mUmg§Vm§À`m {d y{VŸ& Xoh H$îQ>{dVr CnH$maoŸ&' Ago Ë`m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd CXmÎm, namonH$mar Am{U CXma AgVo.OJ MmcVo Vo Aem g§» oZo H$_r nU JwUm§Zr g_¥Õ g§Vàd¥ÎmrÀ`m AmYmamda ! JrVo_Yrc pñWVàkì`ŠVrMr cjUo VwH$mo~m§Zm AdJV AmhoV. Ë`mdarc ho ^mî` {H$Vr _m{_©H$ Am{U gImoc Amho, VonmhÊ`mgmaIo Amho.

g§V H$moUmcm _mZy Z o, åhUy Z o Vohr ñnîQ>nUo VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV. g_mOmV Y_© mdZoMm ì`mnmaH$aUmè`m ^m|Xw§Mm gwigwimQ> Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {eH$dUwH$sMm Vmo EH$ gVVMm ^mJ ~Zcocm AmT>iVmo.Ë`m§À`m AI§S> qMVZmMm Vmo {df` hmoVm;

""Vri Om{ico Vm§XwiŸ& H$m_H«$moY V¡go {M IiŸ& H$m ao {eUcmgr dmCJmŸ& Z ^OVm nm§Sw>a§JmŸŸ&&

_mZX§ mgmR>rŸ& Ho$cr Ajam§Mr AmQ>rŸ& Vn H$é{Z VrWm©Q>ZŸ& dmT>{dcm A{^_mZŸ&&

dm{Q>co Vo YZŸ& Ho$cr Ah§Vm OVZŸ& VwH$m åhUo MwH$co d_©Ÿ& Ho$cm AdKm{M AY_©Ÿ&&''

`k`mJ, emñÌmÜ``Z, VrWm©Q>Z Am{U XmZ BË`mXr H$ê$Z g§VÎd oV Zmhr. darc ~m~r hmVmiVAgVmZm Oa H$m_, H«$moY, _mZ, X§ , Ah§Vm `m§Mo OVZ hmoV Agoc Va g§VÎd Va gmoS>mM na§Vw Vmo gJimAY_m©MmM IQ>mQ>mon Ago VwH$mo~m§Mo ñdÀN> _V Amho. Amnë`m ^modVmcÀ`m Xm§{^H$m§~Ôc Ë`m§À`m _ZmVAZmXa d MrS> Amho. g§Vm§Mm O`O`H$ma H$arV AgVm "\${OV H$amdo Ii' Ago Vo Amnco H$m ©M AmhoAgo _mZVmV H$maU "nanrS>H$ Vmo Amåhm§ XmdoXma' Agm Ë`m§Mm amoIR>moH$ Xmdm Amho. ^m|Xy d T>m|Jr gmYw§ZmË`m§Zr PmoS>nyZ H$mT>co Amho. H$maU "^co Var XoD§$ H$mgoMr c§JmoQ>rŸ& ZmR>mimMo H$mR>r Kmcy§ _mWmŸ&&' hrË`m§Mr à{Vkm Amho. ^ë`m _mUgm§Zm EH$ doi H$_aoMr c§JmoQ>r XoD$ nU ZmR>mi _mUgm§À`m S>moŠ`mVàg§Jr H$mR>r _maÊ`mg Amåhr _mJo nwT>o nmhUma Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Zr ZmR>mim§Zm naIS>nUo gwZmdco Amho.VwH$mam_ {dÇ>c^ŠVr_Ü o OodT>o a§Jco VodT>oM _mZdr ì`dhmamÀ`m qMVZm_Ü o a_co. _mZdr ì`dhmam§MmAÝd`mW© cmdÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm {deof ag hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m OrdZ qMVZmV Am{U VÎd qMVZmV Vm{H©$H$VmAm{U éjVm Zmhr. øm VÎdqMVZm_mJrc àoaUm na_oœamg§~§YrÀ`m ^{ŠV^mdZoZo ào[aV Pmcoë`mAZw {dH$mMr Amho.

AmË_ewÕrgmR>r Vo AmË_n[ajU H$aVmV Am{U Amnë`m OrdZ{df`H$ Om{Udm {dewÕ H$ê$ZKoÊ`mgmR>r Vo OrdZì`dhmam§Mr narjm H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrVrc Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m EH$mMdoiremoYH$mMr d ~moYH$mMr Amho. VwH$mo~m§Mr ^ŠVr IynM S>moig Amho. OrdZmH$S>o S>moio ^ê$Z nmhÊ`mMrd Ë`mMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr {VMr YS>nS> Amho. Ë`m§À`m ^ŠVrcm kmZmMm ^ŠH$_ AmYma Amho.Ë`m§À`m ^ŠVr_Ü o ^ŠVmÀ`m {d{dY _ZmodñWm§Mo _Zmoa_ Xe©Z KS>Vo. Ë`m§À`m OrdZqMVZm_Ü o{dMmamZw dXe©Z àH$Q> hmoVo. Vo Ë`m§Mo OrdZ_§WZ Amho. Ë`mVyZM {H$VrVar gw m{fVm§Mr aËZo Ë`m§À`m


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hmVr cmJcr AmhoV. H$moUmhr ~w{ÕdmXr _Zmcm Ë`m§Mm Zoh_rM _moh nS>Uma Amho, nS>cocm Amho d nS>VAmho.

""_amR>r OZVocm AmO dfm©Zwdf} {dMmaYZ nwa{dV Agcoco VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§_YyZ {R>H${R>H$mUrAmT>iUmao gw m{fVdOm MaU åhUOo OrdZ ì`dhmamg§~§YrÀ`m øm {dMma_§WZmVyZ VwH$mo~m§À`m hmVrAmcocr _Zwî`ñd^mdmg§~§YrMr Am{U _mZdr ì`dhmamg§~§YrMr d¡pídH$ gË o AmhoV... Ë`m§Mo OrdZqMVZ EH$m àJë^ _ZmZo Ho$coco qMVZ Amho, Ë`m_mJo AmË_ewÕrMr Vi_i Amho; _mZdr OrdZmMmAÝd`mW© cmdy nmhUmar emoYH$ ~wÕr Amho.'' Ago dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Mo _V Amho. (_amR>r H${dVmOwZr Am{U Zdr : nm°ß wca, _w§~B©, 1980 n¥îR> 89-90)

"Amåhm§ ho H$m¡VwH$ OJm Úmdr ZrVŸ& H$amdo \${OV MwH$Vr VoŸ&'

g_mOmcm ZrVrY_© {eH$dmdm Am{U MwH$Umè`m§Mr \${OVr H$amdr- ho Ë`m§Mo Ü o Amho. XwamMmar_§S>itZm H$_Hw$dV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr coIUrMo eñÌ CJmaco Amho. Xmof {ZdSy>Z Vo CnXoe H$aVmV. hr_mUgo dmQ> MwH$coë`m OZmdam§à_mUo AmhoV. AmS>amZmV Joë`mg Ë`m§Zm H$mQ>o cmJVrc åhUyZ VoË`m§À`mda Q>rH$mñÌ gmoS>VmV. "~wS>Vr ho OZ Z XoIdo S>moim§Ÿ&' åhUyZ VwH$mam_ Ë`m§Zm CnXoe H$aVmV.Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m BWo cmoH${ejH$mMr AJa g_mO {ejH$mMr Amho. g_mOmcm gm§JÊ`mgmaIo VÎdqMVZAJa {dMmaYZ Ë`m§À`mOdi Amho. åhUyZM VÎdqMVH$mÀ`m y{_Ho$VyZ Vo dmdaVmZm {XgVmV.

"VwH$m åhUo O`m§ qnS>mMo nmiUŸ& Z KS>o Zmam`U oQ> V`m§Ÿ&' "nmn Ë`mMo Zmd Z {dMm[aVm ZrVŸ&^cV|{M CÝ_Îm H$ar gXmŸ&' "EH$m ~rOm Ho$cm ZmgŸ& _J ^mo{Jco H$UrgŸ&&' "nm`ar à{V_m EH$ {MnmfmUŸ& n[a Vo _{h_mZ doJimc|Ÿ&&' øm Am{U Aem AZoH$ dMZm§_YyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo VÎdqMVZ ÑîQ>rgnS>Vo. Ë`mV gyú_Vm Amho Vgm amoIR>moH$nUmhr Amho. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mo {M{H$ËgH$ _Z AmnUmg {XgVo.

"F${Õ{gÕr VwPo _w»` ^m§S>dcŸ& Vo Vmo Amåhm \$moc ^ŠVrnwT>oŸ&&'

øm {ZîH$m_ ^{ŠV^mdZoda VwH$mam_m§Mr lÕm Amho. øm ^{ŠV^mdZoÀ`m ~imda Ë`m§Zm g_mOmMo n[adV©ZKS>dyZ AmUmd`mMo Amho. A§Va§JewÕr ho ^ŠVrMo gmÜ` Amho. gm_mÝ`nUo ^ŠV na_oœamH$S>o _wŠVr_mJVmV. nU VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmH$S>o _wŠVrcm {PS>H$mê$Z ^ŠVrMo loîR>Ëd gm§JVmV. Amnë`mcm ^ŠVrhdr-_wŠVr ZH$mo Ago Ë`m§Mo _mJUo Amho. Vo åhUVmV -

""ho{M XmZ XoJm XodmŸ& VwPm {dga Z ìhmdmŸ&&

JwU JmB©Z AmdS>rŸ& ho {M _mPr gd© OmoS>rŸ&&

Z cJo _w{ŠV Am{U g§nXmŸ& g§V g§J XoB© gXmŸ&&

VwH$m åhUo J ©dmgrŸ& gwIo Kmcmdo AmåhmgrŸ&&''

""VwPm {dga _cm nSy> Z o, hoM EH$ XmZ Vy _cm Xo ! AmZ§XmZo VwPo JwUJmZ _r H$arZ. hoM _mPo

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gd©ñd Amho. _cm g§nÎmr AJa _moj `m§Mm cmo Zmhr. \$ŠV g§Vghdmg Zoh_r Xo ! ho gd© {_iÊ`mgmR>r_cm Iwemc OÝ_mcm Kmcm.'' ^ŠVrÀ`m OmoS>rcm Vo g§Vg§J _mJVmV. Ë`m_wio ^ŠVrMr JmoS>r dmT>Vo._cm _wŠVr ZH$mo. ^ŠVrgmR>r Adí` nwZO©Ý_ Xo. Aer Ë`m§Mr _mJUr Amho. ^ŠVrÀ`m joÌmVrc hoVÎdqMVZ cmo g d _Zmoha Amho. BWo VwH$mam_ {dZ_«« Am{U emcrZ hmoVmV.

VwH$mo~m§Zr {ZJw©U ^ŠVrnojm gJwU ^ŠVrMm nwañH$ma CËH$Q>VoZo Ho$cm Amho.

""ZH$mo ~«÷kmZ, AmË_pñWVr^md,Ÿ& _r ^ŠV Vy Xod Eogo H$arŸ&

Xmdr ê$n _O Jmo{nH$ma_UmŸ& R>odrZ MaUm§dar _mWmŸ&&''

VwH$mam_ åhUVmV- ""ho Xodm ! _cm ~«÷kmZ ZH$mo. {ZJw©U pñWVrVrc amhUohr ZH$mo. _r VwPm ^ŠVAm{U Vy _mPm gJwU Xod, AerM _mPr pñWVr Agy Xo. gJwU ê$nmZo JmontZm a_{dUmè`m ^ŠVdËgcm,_r VwÂ`m nm`m§da S>moHo$ R>odrZ.'' AmË_kmZmnojm ^{ŠVào_gwI A{YH$ JmoS> Amho, Aer VwH$mo~m§Mr YmaUmBWo ì`ŠV Pmcr Amho.

Vo gm§JVmV - "BpÀN>Vr V`m§gr ìhmdo Or Aê$nŸ& Amåhm§gr ñdê$npñWVr MmS>Ÿ&'

""ho na_oídam ! Á`m§Zm VwÂ`m {ZJw©U ñdê$nmMr AmdS> Agoc, Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Vy Vgm hmo. Amåhmcm_mÌ VwPo gJwU pñWVrVrc ê$nM hdo !''

VwH$mam_m§Zr gJwU ^ŠVrMm nwañH$ma nwÝhm nwÝhm Ho$cm Amho. d¡îUd g§Vm§Zm gJwU ^ŠVr A{YH$AmdS>Vo. Ë`m§Zr M§Ð^mJoÀ`m dmid§Q>mV Am{U Xohÿ_Ü o gmdù`m {dÇ>cmMo Zm_g§H$sV©Z Ho$co "JmD$ ZmMyào_| AmZ§X| H$sV©ZtŸ& wŠVr _wŠVr XmoÝhr Z _mJmo VwOŸ&&' Aer VwH$mo~m§Mr à{Vkm Amho. "_mojnX VwÀN>Ho$c| `mH$maUoŸ& Amåhm OÝ_ KoUo wJm wJrŸ&&' hm Ë`m§Mm Ü`mg Amho.

kmZXodm§Zr `moJ_mJ© ~mOycm R>odyZ ~hþOZm§gmR>r Zm_ñ_aUmMm gmonm _mJ© XmIdyZ {Xcm hmoVm.VwH$mam_m§Zr VrM nm`dmQ> _idyZ Q>mH$cr. Vo åhUVmV;

"Zm_g§H$sV©Z gmYZ n¡ gmonoŸ& OiVrc nmn| OÝ_m§VarMrŸ&' VwH$mam_m§Zm Zm_m_¥VmMr Aj` _mYwarH$icr hmoVr. "VwÂ`m Zm_mMm _{h_mŸ& VwO Z H$io _oKí`m_mŸ& VwH$m åhUo Amåhm§Ÿ& OÝ_ JmoS> `mgmR>rŸ&&'Zm_mÀ`m Wmoadr_wioM Amåhmcm nwZO©Ý_ JmoS> dmQ>Vmo, hr VwH$mo~m§Mr YmaUm Amho. Zm_mOdi Mmahr_wŠVr AmhoV, BVHo$ Zm_mMo _moR>onU Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

_cm gJwU ^ŠVr hdr, {ZJw©U ^ŠVr ZH$mo. _cm _wŠVr ZH$mo. ^ŠVr hdr. Zm_g§H$rV©Z ho ^ŠVrMoloîR> gmYZ Amho. {dÇ>cmMr ^ŠVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr nwÝhm nwÝhm OÝ_ KoD$. øm dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`m^ŠVrjoÌmVrc VwH$mam_m§Mo VÎdqMVZ ñnîQ> d à^mdr Pmco Amho. øm VÎdqMVZmVrc Zo_Ho$nUm öÚ dCËH$Q> Amho. Ë`m§Mo ^mî` Am{U VÎdqMVZ ^{ŠVagmV ÝhmD$Z {ZKmco Amho. g_mOOrdZmdarc Ë`m§Mo^mî` Am{U VÎdqMVZ ^{ŠVagmV ÝhmD$Z {ZKmco Amho. g_mOOrdZmdarc Ë`m§Mo ^mî` naIS> Am{UR>gR>erV Amho.

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g§gmamMm A{VaoH$s _moh Q>miyZ emídV OrdZ_yë`m§Mr H$mg Yacr nm{hOo. g§ _mZo na_oœamMr^ŠVr _ZmV Imocda éOdm. hr JmoîQ> AgmÜ` dmQ>cr Var Aä`mgmZo Vr gmÜ` hmoB©c, Agm {XcmgmVwH$mo~m XoVmV. ñdmW© Am{U na_mW© `m§Mm g_Ýd` gmYVm Amcm nm{hOo, ho VwH$mam_ gm§JVmV. Amnë`mOrdZmMm àdmg H$moUË`m {XeoZo ìhmdm `mMo gå`H²$ Xe©Z Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ KS>Vo. Amnë`m Am wî`mMmàdmg hm A§YmamVyZ àH$memH$S>o, ì`îQ>rVyZ g_îQ>rH$S>o, oXmnmgyZ A oXmH$S>o Am{U ñdmWm©nmgyZ na_mWm©H$S>oPmcm nm{hOo. àn§M Oê$a H$amdm. _Z jwÐ Agy Z o. AmOmar _ZmMr _mUgo hV~c hmoVmV. Xoh jwÐ ZmhrnU XohmgŠVr Zgmdr. àn§M ZrQ> MmcÊ`mgmR>r ~wÕr Hw$emJ« Agmdr. AdcmoH$Z gyú_ Agmdo. Z_« dj_merc Agmdo. _yë`ajUmW© {ZîRy>a ìhmdo. XwîQ>m§Mm g§hma H$amdm. Am wî` jU §Jwa Amho. _¥Ë yAn[ahm © Amho `mMr OmUrd Vo H$ê$Z XoVmV. EH$ H$moQ>r én`m§Mo YZ àmßV Ho$co Var _aVmZm c§JmoQ>rhr~amo~a ZoVm oV Zmhr. OrdZmVrc àË oH$ jUmMm gXwn`moJ H$amdm. Amnë`m dV©Zmcm Z¡{VH$ dAmÜ`mpË_H$ A{YîR>mZ Agmdo. _mUgmÀ`m {dMmamcm {ddoH$mMr OmoS> Agmdr, Ago Vo Vi_irZogm§JVmV. Xoh cmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r M§XZmgmaIm {POdmdm. g§gmagwImMm AmñdmX ¿`mdm nU Ë`mM~amo~a_Z A{cßVhr R>odmdo. YZg§M`, g§Vmn, Ûof, gyS>, nañÌrMr A{^cmfm ho gd© new _ZmnmgyZ Xya R>odconm{hOoV. Ë`mgmR>r "ewÕ H$amo{Z amIm {MÎm' Aer Ë`m§Mr {eH$dU Amho.

OmoS>mo{Z`m YZ CÎm_ doìhmao,Ÿ& CXmg {dMma| doM H$at.

.... naCnH$mar ZoU| naqZXm,Ÿ& na{ñÌ`m gXm ~{hUr _m`m.

yVX`m JmB© new§Mo nmcZ,Ÿ& VmÝhoë`m OrdZ dZm_mOr

em§Vrê$no Zìho H$moUmMm dmB©Q>Ÿ& dmT>dr _hÎd d{S>cm§Mo

VwH$m åhUo ho {M Aml_mMo \$iŸ& na_nX ~i d¡am½`mMoŸ&&

""MmoI ì`dhma H$ê$Z n¡gm {_idm. _moh Z R>odVm Vmo IM© H$am. namonH$ma H$am-naqZXm H$ê$ ZH$m.na{ñÌ`m§Zm AmB©-~{hU _mZm. JmB©-new§Mo ào_mZo nmcZ H$am. V¥fmVmªgmR>r dZm_Ü o nmUnmoB© gwê$ H$am.em§V ahm. H$moUmer dmB©Q> dmJy ZH$m. hoM J¥hñWml_mMo Iao \$i hmo . ~«÷nXmÀ`m àmßVrgmR>r BîQ>Agcoë`m d¡am½`mMo ~ihr hoM Amho.'' VwH$mam_m§À`m øm OrdZ^mî`mVyZ d OrdZqMVZmVyZ emídVgwImMm _mJ© {XgVmo.

Ah§H$ma Zgmdm. Ah§H$mamMm {dQ>mi åhUOo H$moS> Agcocm JmoaonUm hmo . Ah§H$ma wŠV kmZ hoe¥§Jmacoë`m àoVmà_mUo {Zén`moJr AgVo. n¡emgmR>r {dÚoMm ì`mnma H$ê$ ZH$m. kmZ Cn wŠV Agmdo.H$moaS>o Zgmdo. H$îQ> H$ê$Z kmZ {_idyZ H$V¥©Ëd H$ê$Z XmIdmdo. ñdmdc§~r hmoD$Z M[aVmW© H$amdm. {^H$_mJUo cm§N>Z Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho àn§M{dkmZ AmXe© Amho. Vo gm_mÝ` _mUgmcm ghO H$iVo.AqhgmnmcZ ho Amnco H$V©ì` Amho. Zdam ~mB©cdoS>m Zgmdm. ñÌr Om[aUr Zgmdr. _wcJm AmkmYmaH$Agmdm. ñÌrÀ`m ZmXmZo AmßVOZm§Zm Xya H$ê$ Z o. AYmernUm AJa hmdaQ>nUm Agy Z o. àn§M H$aVmZm~¡amJr, OQ>mYmar, Jmogmdr, {^jwH$ øm T>m|Jr cmoH$m§nmgyZ gmdY amhmdo.

213

VwH$mam_m§Mm cmoH$moÕmamda \$ma _moR>m ^a hmoVm. ì`ŠVrà_mUoM g_mOhr Mm[aÍ`dmZ, Y_©{ZîR>, dgXmMmar Agmdm. A{ZîQ> Mmcr[aVr gmoSy>Z Úmì`mV. VwH$mam_m§Mo ho g_mO OrdZmMo qMVZ XyaXeu Amho.àJVrerc g_mOmMo ho ^mî` VwH$mam_mVrc cmoH${ejH$mMo Amho.

VwH$mam_m§À`m AZw d{dídmMm {dMma H$aVm ho cjmV oVo H$s Vo _Zñdr A§V_w©I AmhoV Vgo~{h_w©Ihr AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$coë`m AZw d gË`m§VyZ Ë`m§Mo AmË_n[ajU Ü`mZmV oVo. H$R>moaAmË_n[ajUm~amo~aM ^modVmcÀ`m ~hþa§Jr OJmMohr narjU Vo H$aVmV. Vo narjU Vo H$R>moa gË`{OkmgoZoH$aVmV. Ë`mdoiÀ`m AZw dgË`m§Zm eãXê$n XoVmZm Vo Ac§H$aUmMm \$magm {dMma H$arV ZmhrV. VoWrcË`m§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr gai AgVo. Ë`mV cmMmar Zmhr Vgm C_©Q>nUm Zmhr. ImoQ>m gÁOZnUm Zmhr VgmJd©hr Zmhr. AmË_àm¡T>r Zmhr Vgm {^ÌonUm Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV hr Or ñdm^m{dH$Vm Amho, Vr IynM_mocmMr Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr H${dVm åhUOo Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm Ogm Amho Vgm Am{dîH$ma hmo .

""_D$ _oUmhþ{Z Amåhr {dîUwXmgŸ& H$R>rU dO«mg oXy§ Eogo' Ago Ooìhm Vmo åhUVmo, Voìhm Vmo ñdV…ModmñVd {MÌ aoImQ>rV AgVmo. Amnë`m A §JmV Amnë`m _ZmMr C{Û½ZVm Vmo {OVŠ`m àm§OcnUo ì`ŠVH$aVmZm {XgVmo, {VVŠ`mM àm§OcnUo ~«÷mZ§XmZo Pmcocr Amnë`m _ZmMr CË\w$ëc d¥Îmrhr Vmo ì`ŠVH$aVmo. {ZîRw>a AmË_n[ajU Am{U {VVHo$M H$R>moa g_mOn[ajU Ë`mÀ`m A §JmV AmT>iVo. AmË_VÎdAmoiIë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m dmUrV EH$mM doir {dcjU _¥XwVm Am{U AmË_gm_Ï ©àVrVr øm XmoÝhr d¥Îmrì`ŠV hmoVmZm AmT>iVmV. øm {d{dY d¥ÎmtMo Xe©Z KS>{dUmè`m Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY A §Jm§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmaoË`mMo ì`{ŠVËd _mÌ _moR>o EH$g§K Amho. Ë`mV Omo gH¥$VXe©Zr dadaMm {damoY {XgVmo, Ë`m {damoYmZoMË`mcm ñdV…Mr Aer doJir a§JV AmUcocr Amho. Amnco Xm¡~©ë` cjmV Amë`m_wio ñdV…da {MS>cocmAm{U "~«÷mZ§Xr cmJcr Q>mir' Aem AdñWoàV nmoMcocm "gdmª yVr Xod' øm OmUrdoZo yV_mÌmH$S>og_ÑîQ>rZo nmhUmam d Ë`mM " yVm§'n¡H$s H$mhrda AmJ nmIS>Umam Am{U g§VmnyZ Ë`m§Mm X§ ñ\$moQ> H$ê$nmhUmam, _oUmhÿZ _D$ _ZmZo {dR>mo~m _mCcrcm Ami{dUmam Am{U Ë`mM _mCcrer H$S>mSy>Z ^m§S>UmamAem VwH$mam_mÀ`m ^mdOrdZmVrc {d{dY {damoYr N>Q>m, Ë`mÀ`m A §Jm§VyZ àH$Q> hmoUmao Ë`mMo ì`{ŠV{MÌ_moR>o {Od§V d ~mocHo$ H$aVmV. hm EH$M VwH$mam_ Amho ho AmnUmg nQ>Vo. AÜ`mË_joÌmVrc AË wÀMnXdrcm nmoMcocm VwH$mam_ Amnë`mcm gX¡d OdiMmM dmQ>Vmo Vmo øm_wioM! VwH$mam_mMr A §JdmUråhUOo VwH$mam_mMo AmÜ`mpË_H$ AmË_M[aÌ Amho. AÜ`mË_ _mJm©À`m {~H$Q> àdmgmV Ë`mÀ`m AZw dmcmAmcoco gJio Q>ßno {VÀ`mV à{Vq~~rV Pmco AmhoV. Ë`mV AË §V jwÐ AZw dm§À`m OmoS>rcm AË §VCXmÎm AZw d AmhoV. Šd{MV _ZmMr XmocmMc d¥Îmr Amho, VerM _ZmMr I§~raVmhr Amho. "amÌ§{XdgAmåhm§ wÕmMm àg§J' Ago åhUVmZm VwH$mam_ Iao VoM ~mocVmo Amho. Amnë`m {dH$mam§er Am{U^modVmcÀ`m OJmer VwH$mam_ EH$mM doir cT>V Amho. "AmnU {dÇ>cmMo JmT>o dra' AmhmoV hr AË wŠVrZmhr. Vo EH$ ^mdgË` Amho. øm gd© wÕmMm {MÌnQ> Ë`mÀ`m A §JdmUrVyZ Ooìhm Amnë`mg_moaCcJS>cm OmVmo, Voìhm Ë`mMo H$UIa ì`{ŠVÎd Amnco _Z _mohyZ Q>mH$Vo. Ë`mÀ`m _wImVyZ ~mhoanS>Umè`m eãXmeãXm§gmR>r Amnco H$mZ AmVya hmoVmV. _J Ë`m eãX n§§ŠVrV Ac§H$ma {H$Vr AmhoV ømMm

214

{dMma H$am`cm Amnë`mcm doi ZgVmo. Ë`mVyZ S>moH$mdUmao {demc _Z Am{U àm§Oc A§V…H$aU Amnco_Z ñdV…H$S>o PQ>H$Z AmH$fy©Z KoVo. H${dËdmÀ`m nwñVH$s H$gmoQ>çm oWo cQ>Š`m nS>VmV. Ë`m Amnë`mcm\$maer _XV H$arV ZmhrV. EdT>oM Zìho, Va Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$aUohr Ë`mdoir AmnUm§g H$gogo dmQ>Vo.''hm {dñV¥V A{^àm` ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho. dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr ! `m A{^àm`mV Ë`m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`mdmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm gImoc doY KoVcm Amho. (_amR>r H${dVm : OwZr Am{U Zdr : nm°ß wca, _w§~B©,1980, n¥îR> 47-48)

~§S>Imoar hm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm _hÎdmMm n¡cy Amho. gwg§ñH¥$V Aem g_mO aMZoÀ`m AmS>oUmè`m àË oH$ JmoîQ>rda Ë`m§Zr AmKmV Ho$cm Amho. ""VwH$mo~m§Zr Ho$coco nmI§S> I§S>Z hm EH$ àH$mao

CnXoeM AgyZ, ^{ŠV_mJm©À`m àgmamMo {dYm`H$ H$m © H$aÊ`mnydu g_mOmVrc gS>coë`m H$ënZm,g§ñWm Am{U g§àXm` `m§Mm {Z…nmV Ë`m§Zm H$amdm cmJcm d Vmo Ë`m§Zr {ZîRy>anUo Ho$cm. VwH$mo~m ho Iao~§S>Imoa g§V hmoV.'' Ago S>m°. e§. Jmo. Vwinwio åhUVmV. (nmM g§VH$dr : V¥Vr`md¥Îmr, nwUo, 1970,n¥îR> 336).

kmZXod, Zm_Xod d EH$ZmW `m§À`mnojm VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd ~hþ{OZgr Amho. Vo ñnîQ>dŠVoAmhoV. Ë`m§Mr dmUr Ia_arV d naIS> Amho. Vo A{YH$ AmH«$_H$ AmhoV. H$moUmMr ^rS>^mS> Z R>odVmË`m àd¥Îmrda Vo gd© e{ŠV{Zer H$mogiVmV. AmMm © AÌo Ë`m§Zm "_hmamîQ´>mMm ~§S>Imoa cmoH$H${d' Agog§~moYVmV. Ë`m§À`m AmH«$_H$Vo_mJo Ë`m§Mo AZw d{dœ C o Amho. "~am Hw$U~r Ho$cmoŸ& Zmhr Var X§ o{MAgVmo _ocmoŸ&' BWcr _ZmMr VQ>ñWVm oÊ`mgmR>r XmhH$ AZw d Cn`moJr nS>co AmhoV. Aem AZw dm§À`mQ>moMUrZo Ë`m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd KS>V Joco. `mVyZM Vo g§VnXr nmohmoMco AmhoV.

""VwH$mo~m§M§ gm§JU§-~mocU§ Ag§ gai ñnîQ> amoIR>moH$. H$mhr _mJonwT>o Zmhr. gmam CKS> _m_cm....VwH$mam_ _hmamO "R>o{dco AZ§Vo V¡go{M amhmdoŸ& {MÎmr Agmo Úmdo g_mYmZŸ&' Aem d¥ÎmrMo Va AmhoVM,nU gm_mÝ`mVyZ Agm_mÝ`ÎdmH$S>o dmQ>Mmc H$aUmaohr AmhoV.'' Ago S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V åhUVmV.(àgmX : E{àc 1997 n¥îR> 11)

AmB©, dS>rc, nËZr, _wcJm, ^mdO` `m§Mo KamVrc _¥Ë y, ^`mZH$ XwîH$mi `m§H$S>o VwH$mam_A{cßVnUo nmhVmV. Vr KQ>Zm KS>V AgVmZm VodT>oM Vo Ë`mV Jw§Vcoco AgVrc. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ Ë`mKQ>Zm§H$S>o "~ao Omco' åhUyZM nmhVmV. g§gmamV amhÿZhr g§gmam~mhoa amhÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr d¥Îmr {Z…g§JnUmMrAmho. åhUyZM Vo g§VnXmcm nmohmoMco. Ë`m_wioM dmQ> MwH$coë`m g_mOmcm dR>Urda AmUÊ`mMm, T>m|JrcmoH$m§da hëcm H$aÊ`mMm Am{U g§gmamV ~wS>mcoë`m ñÌr nwéfm§Zm Zm_ _{h_m gm§JÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`m§ZmàmßV Pmcm hmoVm.

215

8.3.3 VÎdqMVH$

VÎdqMVZ hm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc _hÎdmMm n¡cy Amho. kmZXodm§Zr Ord Am{U ~«÷ EH$MAgë`mMo {MX²{dcmgdmXmV gm§{JVco. Ë`m§Zr B©œa Am{U OJV² EH$M Amho, ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r H$_iAm{U nmH$ir, gmIa Am{U JmoS>r `m§Mo EH$Îd AJa AÛ¡V Xe©{dco Amho.

l ApñVËddmX

{Xcrn nwéfmoÎm_ {MÌo `m§Zr "nwÝhm VwH$mam_' `m Amnë`m J«§WmV VwH$mam_m§À`m ApñVËdmMo H$mhrAdVma _m§S>co AmhoV. "Amnwco _aU nm{hco å`m S>moimŸ& Vmo Omcm gmohim AZwnå`Ÿ&& AmZ§Xo XmQ>cr{VÝhr {Ì ydZoŸ& gdm©Ë_H$nUo ^moJ OmcmŸ&&' "AUwaUr`m§ WmoH$S>mŸ& VwH$m AmH$memEdT>mŸ& {Jiw{Z gm§{S>coH${idaŸ& ^d «_mMm AmH$maŸ& gm§{S>cr {ÌnwQ>rŸ& Xrn COicm KQ>tŸ& VwH$m åhUo AmVm§Ÿ& CacmoCnH$mamnwaVmŸ&&' "{Za§OZt Amåht ~m§{Y`co KaŸ& {ZamH$mar {Za§Va am{hcmo AmåhrŸ&&' Ago H$mhr A §J{MÌo `m§Zr "Ho$di AgUo' `m erf©H$mImcr {Xco AmhoV. `mda ^mî` H$aVmZm {MÌo åhUVmV; ""hmagmË_H$ AZw d Amho Am{U Ë`mMo dU©Z lr kmZXodm§Zr àW_ _amR>r H${dVoV Ho$ë`mMr Amnë`mcmAmR>dU hmoB©c. VwH$mo~m ghOnUo, EH$VmZVoMm AdrQ> AZw d H$moR>ohr Am{U Ho$ìhmhr KoD$ eH$V hmoVo.''(nwÝhm VwH$mam_ : n{hcr Amd¥Îmr, nwUo, 1990, n¥îR> 354)

lr. {Xcrn {MÌo `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVog ApñVËd^mZmMo ñdê$n {Xco Amho. {MÌo `m§À`m øm_VmMm nam_e© KoVmZm S>m°. A{Zc Jdir åhUVmV; ""VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Zm H$dr AgUo, ^ŠV AgUo,_mUyg AgUo, Vi_iV AgUo, kmZr AgUo, ñdV…À`m ñWiH$mimV AgUo, g§V AgUo, ~«÷mZ§XrAgUo, Ho$di AgUo Am{U AgÊ`mMm {Zamon Ago "ApñVËdmMo AdVma' _mZyZ Ë`m§Mm B§J«Or AZwdmXH$aVmZm AS>rMeo A §J {Xcrn {MÌo `m§Zr {ZdS>co. VwH$mam_m§Mr JmWm Ë`m§Zm EH$m _mUgmMo _hmñdJVdmQ>Vo. VËjUrÀ`m ApñVËd^mZmer EH$dQ>coco ì`{ŠVËd åhUOo VwH$mam_m§Mr hr ñdJVo hmoV, Ago Ë`m§ZmOmUdVo. {deofV… "Vi_iV AgUo' `m erf©H$m§VJ©V AgUmè`m A §Jm§V _mÌ {MÌo `m§Zm VwH$mam_m§À`mì`{ŠV_ÎdmVrc "E{c`ZoeZ' (Alienation) Mr eŠ`Vm {XgyZ oVo. ""Ë`m§Mm ^{ŠV^md H$moUË`mhrcm¡{H$H$ qH$dm Eo{hH$ BÀN>m AmH$m§joÀ`m nyVugmR>r cmcMmdcocm Zmhr. ñdV…cmM OmUdUmao ñdV…À`mAmË_mZw dmMo AnwaonU VwH$mo~m§Zm OmMVo Amho. Ë`m§Zm Omo nyU©ËdmMm Am{U ApñVËdmÀ`m {Za§Hw$eHo$dinUmMm AZw d hdm Amho VmoM Ë`m§Mm nm§Sw>a§J. _mÌ VwH$mo~m§Mr hr Vi_i ImOJr Zmhr, Va_Zwî`_mÌmÀ`mM AmH$m§Vmcm Ë`m§Zr \$moS>coco Vm|S> Amho.'' Ago ^mî` {MÌo `m§Zr Ho$co Amho. ..........`mà_mUo lr. {Xcrn {MÌo "E{c`ZoeZ'Mm AWdm "A°ãgS>©' qH$dm "AW©eyÝ`VoMm àË``' VwH$mam_m§À`mVi_irer OmoS>VmV. VwH$mam_m§À`m `m AmË_{dÝ_wI AdñWogmR>r {ZaW©H$VoMr OmUrd, Ag_W©VoMrOmUrd, AZmoiIrnUmMr OmUrd, AmXe©hrZVoMr OmUrd, {d^ŠVnUmMr OmUrd `m ApñVËddmXrOm{Udm Ë`m§Zr Xe©{dcoë`m AmhoV. `mH$[aVm Ë`m§Zr "OmD§$ Xodm{M`m JmdmŸ& Xod XoB©c {dgmdmŸ& Xodmgm§Jmo gwIXw…IŸ& Xod {Zdmarc yH$Ÿ&&', "H$moUmÀ`m AmYma| H$ê§$ _r {dMmaŸ& H$moU XoB©c Yra _mÂ`m

216

OrdmŸ&' "AmVm VwPm ^md H$imo Amcm XodmŸ& R>Hy${Z`m§ godm Kogr _mPrŸ&&' "cmO Zm {dMmaŸ& ~mOmar Vy^m§S>ImoaŸ&.... Aem VèhoMo H$mhr A §J {Xco AmhoV. oWo VwH$mam_m§Zm {dÇ>c oQ>rMr, Ë`mÀ`mer g_aghmoÊ`mMr AmoT> cmJcr Amho, hr JmoîQ> cjmV `mdr. "{Za§Hw$e Ho$dinUmMm AZw d åhUOo nm§Sw>a§J' Ago_V {Xcrn {MÌo ì`ŠV H$aVmV.

AWm©V E{c`ZoeZ (Alienation) `m eãXmÀ`m AZoH$ AW©N>Q>m hmoVrc. g§gmamVrc Am{U {dœmVrc_Zwî`mMo EH$mH$snU, Ë`mÀ`m AZw dmMm {Z…g§X © {ZaW©H$nUm, _mUgmcm oS>gmdUmam Eo{hH$ OrdZmMmjU §Jwa jwÐnUm, Ë`m Ë`mMnUmMm H§$Q>mim, AmË_{dÝ_wIVm Ago H$mhr n`m© lr. {Xcrn {MÌo `m§Zr{Xco AmhoV. ....... {MÌo VwH$mam_m§À`m CnamoŠV "Vi_iV AgUo' `m erf©H$m§VJ©V A §Jm§À`m g§X^m©VnwT>rc {dYmZ H$aVmV. ""øm XméU _ZmodñWm§Mm Am{U VwH$mo~m§À`m "Vi_iV AgÊ`m'Mm g§~§Y AgmH$s _yë`hrZVo{déÕ H$m`_ PJS>V ñdV…Mr ApñVH$Vm {Q>H${dÊ`mMr VwH$mo~m§Zr Or YS>nS> Ho$cr VrAmYw{ZH$ _mZdmcm H$Xm{MV ñ\y${V©Xm`H$ R>ê$ eHo$c Am{U Oar Vr Ver R>acr Zmhr Var Vr Ë`mcmg_H$mcrZ _hÎdmMr dmQy> eHo$c.'' AWm©V VwH$mo~m§Mr Vi_i, YS>nS> ñ\y${V©Xm`H$ Amho nU Ë`m§À`mì`{ŠV_ÎdmV ZgUmam namË_^md Agm ApñVËddmXr AWm©Zo XmI{dUo AmoT>mVmUrMo dmQ>Vo. `m g§X^m©VS>m°. a. ~m. _§MaH$a `m§Mo ^mî` CëcoIZr` Amho. ""ApñVËddmXr {dMmaàUmcr Am{U {daMZmdmX`m§À`m H$mhr N>Q>m `m {ddoMZmV C_Q>coë`m AmhoV. ApñVËddmXr {dMmaàUmcr Am{U {MX²{dcmgdmXr^{ŠV_mJ© `m§À`m ~¡R>H$sV _wimVM doJionUm Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m Ë`m g§X ©ì whmVyZ H$mhr JmoîQ>r gwQ>çmH$ê$Z gmå` XmI{dUo `mo½` hmoUma Zmhr.'' (gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_ : S>m°. A{Zc Jdir, {haÊ`Ho$er,H$moëhmnya, àW_md¥Îmr 2002, n¥îR> 104, 105, 106).

Aem VèhoZo {Xcrn {MÌo `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Zm ApñVËddmXr H$dr R>a{dco Amho. Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrVApñVËddmX Amho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Amho. nU S>m°. a. ~m. _§MaH$a, S>m°. gwYra agmi Am{U S>m°. A{ZcJdir ho Ë`m§À`m _Vmer gh_V ZmhrV.

l XoerdmX

^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o Am{U M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>rc `m§Zr nwañH$macocm XoerdmX VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV cjUr`arVrZo OmUdVmo. Xoer Om{Udm, y{_gmVË`, ñdàXoe{ZîR>m, g§ñH¥$Vr, lÕm, gm_m{OH$ d ^m{fH$ g§X ©B. _yë o OnÊ`mgmR>r kmZXod, Zm_Xod, EH$ZmW d VwH$mam_ `m§Zr Oo gm{hpË`H$ nd© C o Ho$co Vo {ZpíMVM_mocmMo Amho. `m g§X^m©V M§ÐH$m§V nmQ>rc åhUVmV, ""Voamì`m eVH$mV Am{U Z§Va g§VH$dtZr Amnë`mH$mì`mVyZ Xoer VÎdm§Mm nwañH$ma Ho$cm Vmo g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mÀ`m {damoYmVM. g§ñH¥$V ^mfoZo ê$T> Ho$coë`mH$mì`emñÌr` AmXemª{déÕ {dÐmoh nwH$mê$Z OZgm_mÝ`mV éOcoë`m ~moc^mfm§_YyZ, X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrcAZw d CËH$Q>VoZo ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§VH$dtZr Ho$cocm g§Kf© XoerVÎd àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>rM hmoVm.''Aem {ZH$fm§da nmQ>rc VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm loîR> _mZVmV. (Am{U åhUyZM-n{hcr Amd¥Îmr, nwUo,1988 n¥îR> 84)

217

^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o åhUVmV, ""dmaH$ar g§VH$dtZr _amR>r ^mfocm gm{hË`mMo Am{U Y_m©MogwÕm _mÜ`_åhUyZ à{VîR>m {_idyZ {Xcr. Zm_Xodmgma»`m g§Vm§Zr ho Zdo {dMma J«m_rU OZg_wXm`mV ZmMyZ-JmD$ZAm{U ^OZ-H$sV©Z H$ê$Z cmoH${à` Ho$co. Ë`m§Zr Jar~ H$îQ>H$ar cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m cmoH$^mfoVyZM {e{jVHo$co.'' (VwH$mam_ : gmHo$V, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1994, n¥îR> 28)

l gdm©Ë_^md

VwH$mam_ ho gdm©Ë_^mdr AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ gdm©Ë_^md àmYmÝ`mZo àVrV hmoVmo, AgoS>m°. A{Zc Jdir `m§Zr Amnco _V gà_mU _m§S>co Amho.

^ŠV Am{U na_oœa `m§À`mVrc AÛ¡V gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_ åhUVmV;

_r VwO_mOr AMiŸ& _O_mOr Vy§ g~iŸ&

Vy§ ~mocgr _mÂ`m _wI|Ÿ& _r Vmo VwO_mOt gwI|Ÿ&&

ho Xodm, _r VwÂ`mV pñWa Amho. g~i Agm Vy _mÂ`mV Amhog. _mÂ`m _wImVyZ VyM ~mocVmog, Va _rVwÂ`mV gwIoZ¡d g§MaV Amho.

jacm gmJa J§Jm AmoKr {_ioŸ& AmnU{M Ioio AmnUmerŸ&

_Yrc Vo dmd AdKr Cnm{YŸ& Vwåhm§ Amåhm§_Yr Vo {M narŸ&

KQ> _R> Omco AmH$memMo nmoQ>rŸ& dMZ|{M VwQ>r VoWo {M V|Ÿ&

VwH$m åhUo ~rO| ~rO XmI{dc|Ÿ& \$c nwîn Amc| Joc| dm`mŸ&&

VwH$mam_ `m A §JmV AmË_m-na_mË_m, ^ŠV d na_oœa `m§Mo ZmVo gm§JV AmhoV. g_wÐ ñdV…erMH«$sS>m H$aVmo. nmÊ`mMr dm\$-nmD$g-J§Jm ZXrV nmUr-Vo g_wÐmcm {_iUo øm nm`è`m ì`W© AmhoV.Ë`mVrc AmoK hm EH$M gË`. nmZ, \w$c, \$i øm _Yë`m nm`è`m§nojm ~rOmnmgyZ ~rO{Z{_©Vr hoM VÎdIao. ApñVËdmn{cH$S>rc EH$Ëdê$nr ApñVËd BWo àH$Q> Pmco Amho. VwH$mam_m§Zr BWo kmZXodm§Mm{MX²{dcmgdmX gm§{JVcm Amho.

{ZJw©U {ZamH$ma na_oœa ^ŠVmgmR>r gJwU-gmH$ma Pmcm Amho, Ago VwH$mo~m åhUVmV. OJXrídaAm{U OJV² `m§À`mV EH$ËdmMo ZmVo Amho. OJ hm na~«÷mMmM {dcmg Amho, ho gm§JVmZm VwH$mam_gm§JVmV.

Véda ~rOm nmoQ>rŸ& ~rO Védam godQ>tŸ&

V¡go Vwåhm§ Amåhm§ OmcoŸ& EH$s EH$ gm_mdc|Ÿ&

CXH$mdarc Va§JŸ& Va§J CXH$mMo A§JŸ&

VwH$m åhUo q~~ÀN>m`mŸ& R>m`t nmdcr {dc`mŸ&&

EH$m ~rOmnmgyZ _moR>o PmS> hmoVo. Ë`mM PmS>mnmgyZ \$i hmoVo, Ë`mV ~rO V`ma hmoVo. nmÊ`mda cmQ>

218

V`ma hmoVo Am{U cmQ> åhUOo Xwgao {Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ nwÝhm nmUrM AgVo. B©œa Am{U ^ŠV `m§Mo ZmVoAgo EH$ÎdmMo AgVo. gd© OJmV na_oœa ^ê$Z am{hcm Amho. ho VwH$mam_ "{dîUw_` OJ d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ&oXm oX «_ A_§JiŸ&&' `m dMZmVyZ gm§JVmV. "H$moUmhr OrdmMm Z KS>mo _ËgaŸ& d_© gd}ída nyOZmMoŸ&'

Aer {eH$dUhr Vo XoVmV. "_m`m Vo{M ~«÷Ÿ& ~«÷ Vo{M _m`mŸ&&' Ago gm§§JyZ B©œa d OJV² EH$M Amhohm _§Ì XoVmV. h[a Am{U ha - {dîUy Am{U {ed `m§À`mVhr oX Zmhr, Ago Vo R>mgyZ gm§JVmV. "h[aham§oXŸ& Zmhr H$ê$ Z o dmXŸ& EH$ EH$mMo öX`t JmoS>r gmIaoÀ`m R>m`tŸ&' {dîUw Am{U {ed `m§V oX H$ê$

ZH$m, Agm Ë`m§Mm CnXoe Amho. n§T>anyaMm {dÇ>c {edqcJYmar Amho. Ë`m_wio dmaH$ar EH$mXer~amo~aMgmo_dmaMm Cndmg H$aVmV. lrH¥$îU-{dîUy-{dÇ>c ho EH$M AmhoV, Ago dmaH$ar _mZVmV. {dÇ>c ho~mcH¥$îUmMo ê$n _mZco OmVo. ^ŠV Am{U B©œa `m§À`mV EH$Ëd Amho. ^ŠV ^ŠVrÀ`m nm`è`m§dê$Z nwT>oOmV ñdV… B©œaê$n hmoVmo, Agm hm {dMma Amho. VwH$mo~m gm§JVmV- "cdU _oi{dVm§ OioŸ& H$m` Caco{ZamioŸ& V¡gm g_ag OmcmoŸ& VwO_mOr hancmoŸ&&' nmÊ`mV Ogo _rR> {daKiVo Vgm _r ho Xodm, VwÂ`mVgm_mdyZ Jocmo. gy m©nmgyZ {H$aU doJio H$mT>Vm oV ZmhrV Vgm _mÂ`mV Xod gm_mdcm Amho, Agohr VoåhUVmV.

"Amnwco _aU nm{hco å`m§ S>moimŸ& Vmo Omcm gmohim AZwnå`Ÿ& AmZ§Xo XmQ>cr {VÝht {Ì ydZ|Ÿ&gdm©Ë_H$nU| ^moJ OmcmŸ&&' Agm gdm©Ë_H$nUmMm ^moJ VwH$mo~m KoV hmoVo. VwH$mam_ Ho$di VÎdkmZmZoAÛ¡Vr ZìhVo Va OrdZdmXmZohr AÛ¡Vr hmoVo, Ago Zdo _V nwéfmoÎm_ _§Joe cmS> `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$co Amho.Vo åhUVmV, ""VwH$mam_m§Mo VÎdkmZ AÛ¡VmMo VÎdkmZ hmoVo. Vo KQ>nQ>mMo VÎdkmZ Zmhr. _mUgm_mUgm§_YrcoX, Û¡V Zm{hgo H$aUmao Vo VÎdkmZ Amho. na_oœa Am{U _Zwî` `m§_YrcM Zìho Va _Zwî` Am{U _Zwî`

`mVrc AmS>nS>Xm, oX, ~IoS>o, dmX Zm{hgo H$aUo, OJmMm g§gma A oX ~Z{dUo, Û¡VmÀ`m A^mdmdaào_mMr C^maUr H$aUo. "AdKr yV| gmå`m Amcr' Ago Ë`mÀ`m {eH$dUwH$sMo gma hmoVo. "OoOo oQ>oŸ& V|V| dmQ>o _r Eogo' Aer Ë`m§Mr g_J« OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr ÑîQ>r hmoVr.'' (g§V g§Xoe : "AÛ¡VdmXrVwH$mam_', _mM© 1950, n¥îR> 9)

S>m°. A{Zc Jdir åhUVmV, ""øm gd© ~m~tMm {dMma H$aVm VwH$mam_ AÜ`mË_ Am{U g_mOOrdZ`m XmoÝhr ÑîQ>tZr gdm©Ë_dmXr R>aVmV. AW©eyÝ`, EH$mH$s, {ZaW©H$, AmË_{dÝ_wI, A{cßVVm, namË_VmAem Om{Udm VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmV {XgV ZmhrV. gd©M _amR>r g§V na§nam gdm©Ë_dmXr-gdm©Ë_^mdrR>aVo. Ë`m§Mr ^ŠVr Oer g»`^ŠVr hmoVr Ver EoŠ`^ŠVrhr hmoVr.'' (gdm©Ë_^mdr VwH$mam_: n¥îR>114-115) "am_H¥$îUhar' ho Zm_ñ_aU ^ŠVmZo gmVË`mZo H$amdo, Ago Ë`m§Mo gm§JUo hmoVo. Vo åhUVmV-"~¡gm| Ioiy§ Oody§Ÿ& VoW| Zm_ VwPo JmD§$Ÿ&&' CR>Vm-~gVm, ImVm-{nVm, qhS>Vm-{\$aVm {dÇ>c Zm_mMo ñ_aUH$amdo. øm Zm_g§H$sV©Zm_wio {dÇ>c àgÝZ hmoVmo. VwH$mam_ åhUVmV-_cm _moj ZH$mo. nwT>Mm OÝ_ hdm.Vmohr {dÇ>cmÀ`m ^ŠVrgmR>r ! "_mojnX| VwÀN> Ho$cr `mH$maU|Ÿ& Amåhm§ OÝ_ KoU| wJm wJtŸ&' Amåhmcm^ŠVr {à` Amho. _moj-_wŠVr Amåhmcm ZH$mo-ho Ë`m§Mo _V Amho. "Xodm EoHo$ ho {dZ§VrŸ& _O ZH$mo ao ho_w{ŠVŸ& `m d¡îUdm§Mo KatŸ& ào_gwI BÀN>m H$atŸ&' ho Ë`m§Mo _mJUo Amho. "AmË_pñWVr _O ZH$mo hm

219

{dMmaŸ& XoB© {Za§Va MaUgodmŸ&&' Aer Vo {dÇ>cmH$S>o H$éUm ^mH$VmV. Zm_ gd©H$mi ew Xm`H$ AgVo.Ë`mMm CÀMma AmdS>rZo H$amdm, hm Ë`m§Mm CnXoe Amho.

_mUgmMo OrdZ ñdÀN> Am{U nmna{hVM Agmdo. nmUrM KmU Agoc Va gm~U H$m` H$aUma?Ver A§Va§JmV ewÕVm Zgoc Va ~moY Cn wŠV R>aUma Zmhr. "Zmhr {Z_©i OrdZŸ& H$m` H$arc gm~UŸ&)V¡gr {MÎmew{Õ ZmhrŸ& VoWo ~moY H$arc H$mB©Ÿ&&' {MÎm Am{U Mm[aÍ` ewÕ Agoc VaM _mUyg Xod ~Zoc,Aer Ë`m§Mr {eH$dU Amho. gd© àm{U_mÌm§R>m`r Ë`m§Zm na_oœamMoM Xe©Z KS>o. `m gd© {dMmam§MmYm§S>moim KoVcm Va VwH$mam_ ho gdm©Ë_^mdr R>aVmV.

8.3.4 H${dËd Am{U ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMr EH$ê$nVm

VwH$mam_ _amR>r H${dVmg¥îQ>r_Yrc loîR> H$dr AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo gmYo ~mocUo hrM H${dVm hmoVr. Ë`mXmoÝhtV Ë`m§Zr _hÎdmMm \$aH$ Ho$cocm Zmhr. VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoMo gm_Ï © gm§JVmZm {Xcrn {MÌoåhUVmV- ""VwH$mo~m Ogo _amR>r dmL²>_`mÀ`m n{hë`m ndm©Vco n{hco Am{U gd©loîR> H$dr R>aVmV, VgoMVo _amR>r dmL²>_`mÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ ndm©Vco n{hco Am{U gd©loîR> H$dr R>aVmV. --- VwH$mo~m {OVHo$ àIaA{VdmñVddmXr, AmYw{ZH$ dH«$moŠVrMm Am{U CnamoYmÀ`m gyú_ ÜdZtMm g_n©H$ Cn`moJ H$aUmao, VgoMjmo mÀ`m ^mdZoMm àM§S> dU©nQ> CcJS>Umao, "AmVm Am{U BWo'_Ü o nm` amodyZ C o am{hcoco H$drAmhoV, {VVHo$M Vo ZmOyH$, hiydma, ~o mZ, CËH$Q>, ^mdZm hocmdyZ Q>mH$Umao ^mdH$drgwÕm AmhoV.AWm©V "~r', Vm§~o, nw. {e. aoJo, ~moaH$a, Zm. K. Xoenm§S>o, B§{Xam g§V `m§À`merhr Ë`m§Mr VwcZm H$ê$Znhmdr. gm_m{OH$-Z¡{VH$ ^mZmMm Vrd« eãXm§Vrc Am{dîH$ma H$aUmè`m VwH$mo~m§À`m A §JmMr VwcZmAéU H$mocQ>H$a, Zmam`U gwd}, AmaVr à y, Zm_Xod T>gmi Aem {d{dY àd¥ÎmtÀ`m g_H$mcrZ,AmYw{ZH$ H$dter H$aVm oVo. --- Joë`m Mmaeo dfmªV OmJ{VH$ dmL²>_`mV VwH$mo~m AZÝ`gmYmaU H$drAmhoV. _amR>rV Ë`m§Zm Vwë`~i H$moUr AgVrcM H$go?'' (nwÝhm VwH$mam_ : {Xcrn {MÌo, n{hcrAmd¥Îmr, nwUo, 1990, n¥îR> 378-79)

kmZXodm§nmgyZ EH$ZmWmn ªV gd© g§VH$dtZr A §J hmM H$mì`àH$ma cmoH${à` Ho$cm. {deofV…VwH$mam_m§À`m coIUrZo A §JmMo gmoZo Ho$co. åhUyZM "A §JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMr' Ago åhQ>co OmVo.VËH$mcrZ ~mocr^mfo_Ü o VwH$mo~m§Zr Amncm {dMma, Amncr ^mdZm AË §V g_W©nUo ì`ŠV Ho$cr Amho.{d. c. ^mdo åhUVmV - ""VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§V {deof JmoîQ> hr H$s, Vo dmMrV AgVmZm VwH$mo~mMr _yVuAmnë`m S>moù`m§g_moa C^r amhVo. àË oH$ A §Jm§V qH$~hÿZm Ë`mÀ`m àË oH$ eãXm§V, Ë`mMr ì`{ŠVAmnUmg Ñ½JmoMa hmoVo d AmnUm§er àË`j VwH$mam_ _hmamO ~mocV AmhoV Agm ^md CËnÝZ hmoVmo.''(_hmamîQ´> gmañdV : {d. c. ^mdo, nmMdr Amd¥Îmr, _w§~B©, 1963, n¥îR> 294-295).

VwH$mam_m§Mo AZw d{díd IynM {demc Amho. g§Vm§Mo H$mì`, nwamUo, _hm^maV, am_m`U `m§MohrË`m§Zr dmMZ Ho$co Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr Cn_mZg¥îQ>r d à{V_mZg¥îQ>r g§nÝZ Amho. Ë`mV CËH¥$îQ> Cn_mAmhoV. g_n©H$ ÑîQ>m§V AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r IynM dmñVddmXr Amho. ^modVmcÀ`m OJmVrc

220

~marH$ gmarH$ JmoîQ>rhr Ë`m§Zr Ë`mV AmUë`m AmhoV. {ZË`mÀ`m n[aM`mVrc dñVw-àmUr-ì`dhma `m§MmË`m§Zr ^anya d gT>i Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVcm Amho. VwH$mam_ ÑîQ>mÝV-XmIco XoVmV Vohr {dnwc à_mUmV!Vo XmIco XoVmZm J«må`Vm-gä`Vm, gw§Xa-Agw§Xa Aem JmoîQ>tMm {dMma H$arV ~gV ZmhrV. Amnë`m_ZmVrc ^mdmZw d Vo ~oYS>H$nUo ì`ŠV H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio cm¡{H$H$ ì`dhmamVrc Amo~S>Ymo~S>, Agw§Xa~m~r Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§V oD$Z H$mì`ÑîQ>çm gw§Xa ~ZVmV. VrM Ë`m§Mr H${dVm R>aVo åhUyZM Vr "A- §J'dmUr Pmcr Amho.

VwH$mam_ Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ Amnë`m amJmcmo mgh, H$monmemnmgh, àgÝZ VmOonUmgh, AmZ§X-AmëhmXmgh, Cnhmg CnamoYmgh, Amü © \$Q>H$iVogh, àgÝZ VmOonUmgh, AmZ§X-AmëhmXmgh,Cnhmg CnamoYmgh, Amü © \$Q>H$iVogh {~Z{XŠH$V ì`ŠV hmoVmV. _ZmV Amcocm ^md AJa {dMmaVo cndyZ R>odrV ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Vmo {dMma Ogm Amcm Vgm Ë`mcm ì`ŠV hmoD$ XoVmV. Ë`mdoirË`m§Zm ^mfoMr-eãXm§Mr H$gcrM AS>MU ^mgV Zmhr. "CËñ\y$V© ^mdZm§Mm ghOmoÐoH$ åhUOo H${dVm'hr H$mì`mMr ì`m»`m Ë`m§À`m H${dVocm gdmªJmZo cmJy hmoVo. Amnco _yi ì`{ŠV_ÎdM VwH$mam_ Amnë`mA §JdmUr_YyZ ghOmghOr ì`ŠV H$aVmV.

VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd Am{U Ë`m§Mo H${dËd XmoÝhr EH$ê$nM AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m àË oH$ AmoirVyZ VoAmnë`m g§nyU© ì`{ŠV_Îdmgh àH$Q> hmoV amhVmV. "OrdZmdoJir _mgmoirŸ& V¡gm VwH$m Vi_ir' Am{U"AUyaUr`m WmoH$S>mŸ& VwH$m AmH$memEdT>mŸ&' hr XmoÝhr ì`{ŠV_Îdo Ë`m§MrM ! "H$m` Imdo AmVmH$moUrH$S>o OmdoŸ& JmdmV amhmdo H$moÊ`m ~ioŸ& H$moncm nmQ>rc JmdMo ho cmoH$Ÿ& AmVm Kmcr ^rH$ H$moU_OŸ&' ho VwH$mo~m§Mo CX²Jma AmV© Va AmhoVM {edm` Vo nmaXeu AmhoV. Aer AdñWm Pmcocm H$moUVm_mUyg Vr cmoH$m§Zm gm§Joc? "gw\$i hm OÝ_ hmoB©c VoWyZŸ& XoVm AmqcJZ d¡îUdm§grŸ&&' `m AmoirVrcd¡îUd oQ>rVrc YÝ`Vm Am{U AmZ§X VwH$mo~m§À`m _ZmVyZM àJQ>cm Amho. "d¥jdëcr Amåhm§ gmo ardZMarŸ& njr hr gwñda| Ami{dVrŸ& oUo gwIo ê$Mo EH$m§VmMm dmgŸ& Zmhr JwU Xmof A§Jm oVŸ&&' ømAmoitVyZ VwH$mam_m§Mo àgÝZ d {ZgJm©V a_coco ì`{ŠV_Îd àH$Q> Pmco Amho. "dmQw>cr nmhVm {gUcoS>moiwcoŸ& Xm{dgr nmCc| H¡$ dmo S>moim§Ÿ&' `m{R>H$mUr {dÇ>c _mD$crcm oQ>Ê`mgmR>r AmVwa Pmcoco~mcH$mMo ì`{ŠV_Îd àH$Q>co Amho. "ZH$mo ~«÷kmZ, AmË_pñWVr^md,Ÿ& _r ^ŠV, Vy Xod Eogo H$arŸ&' `mA §JmV ì`mHw$i A§V…H$aUmMm ^ŠV ì`ŠV Pmcm Amho. "Zm_ JmoîQ>r _mPr gmo gm§S>m AmVm,Ÿ& amVcoAZ§Vm VwH$m åhUoŸ&&' øm A §JmV àmn§{MH$m§Zmo, Vwåhr _mPo ZmdJmd gmoSy>Z Úm. _r AmVm "AZÝVmR>m`raV Pmco Amho, Ago åhUUmè`m ì`{^Mm[aUrÀ`m _ZmVrc AmV© ^md ì`ŠV Pmcm Amho. "pñWamdcrd¥Îmr nm§Jwicm àmU,Ÿ& A§VarMr IyU nmdy{Z`m§Ÿ&&' øm A §JmV AmË_VÎdmMm gmjmËH$ma Pmë`mZo d¥ÎmrpñWa Pmcoë`m d àmUm§Mo H$m © Wm§~coë`m VwH$mo~m§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. "{nQy> ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam, H${iH$mimgrXamam' øm A §JmVrc VwH$mo~m§Mm AmË_{dídmg dmMH$mg MQ>H$Z² OmUdVmo. "KmoQ>drZ cmi ~«÷kmÝ`mhmVrŸ& _wŠVm§ AmË_pñWVr gm§S>drZŸ&&' `m A §JmVrc VwH$mam_m§Mm YmaXma Am{U R>mog AmË_{dídmgdmMH$mg MH$sV H$aVmo. "ho{M XmZ XoJm Xodm,Ÿ& VwPm {dga Z ìhmdmŸ& JwU JmB©Z AmdS>rŸ& ho{M _mPr gd©

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OmoS>r' øm A §JmV VwH$mam_m§Mr crZVm, Z_«Vm Am{U H$éUm `m§Mo ghOXe©Z KS>Vo. ho Ë`m§Mo ghOmoX²JmadmQ>VmV. "{dîUw_` OJ d¡îUdm§Mm Y_©Ÿ& oXm oX «_ A_§JiŸ&' `m A §JmV OZcmoH$mg g_VoMo VÎdnQ>{dUmao CnXoeH$ VwH$mam_ {XgVmV. "^Jdo Var ídmZ ghO dof Ë`mMmŸ& VoWo AZw dm§Mm H$m` n§WŸ&'`m A §JmV T>m|Jr gmYw§da H$S>mSy>Z hëcm H$aUmao VwH$mam_ {XgVmV. gm|Jm T>m|JmMm Ë`m§Zm {VQ>H$mam Amho."X`m {VMo Zm§d yVm§Mo nmiUŸ& Am{UH$ {ZXm©iU H§$Q>H$m§MoŸ&&' BWo gwgwÌ {dMma AdVaUmV _m§S>Umao{dMma d ^mfmà y VwH$mam_ {XgVmV.

VwH$mam_m§Mo A §J H$mì` Va AmhoM {edm` Vo Ë`m§Mo ì`{ŠV_ÎdXe©Zhr Amho, ho AmnU danm{hcoM. gm|JmT>m|Jm§Zr g§Vmncoco, Hw$àd¥Îmrda KUmKmVr hëcm H$aUmao, g§V-gÁOZ. d¡îUd `m§Mm_{h_m JmÊ`mV YÝ`Vm _mZUmao, {dÇ>cmOdi H$mHw$iVrcm Amcoco, Ë`mÀ`mda amJmdcoco, B©œamerào gr åhUyZ ~mocUmao, OJmcm ehmUnUmMm CnXoe H$aUmao, a§Oë`m Jm§Oë`m§{df`r H$éUoZo Amocmdcoco,AmT>çVocm AmË_{dídmgmZo \$Q>H$maUmao, {dÇ>cmÀ`m Zm_ñ_aUmV {Za§Va Sw>§~Umao Ago VwH$mo~m§Mo {d{dYa§Jrì`{ŠV_Îd Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV Pmco Amho. åhUyZM Ë`m§À`m H${dËdm_Ü o Am{U ì`{ŠV_Îdm_Ü oH$_mcrMr EH$ê$nVm Amho. åhUyZM {Xcrn {MÍ`m§Zm VwH$mo~m§Mr H${dVm Ë`m§Mo _hmñdJV dmQ>Vo. "gË`AgË`mer _Z Ho$co ½dmhrŸ& _m{Z`c| Zmhr ~hþ_VmŸ&' hr Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMr nŠH$s ~¡R>H$ Amho.

VwH$mam_m§Mr H${dVm Oer AmË_{ZdoXZna Amho, AmË_{ZîR> Amho Ver g_mO{ZîR>hr Amho. VrAñgc Amho. Ë`m§À`m A §JdmUrV dmMH$mÀ`m A§Va§Jmcm {^S>Ê`mMo gm_Ï © Amho. VËH$mcrZ ~mocr^mfoVVr ~mocVo. {Vcm ñdV…Mm ZmX d Vmc Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mm AZw d Vr àm_m{UH$nUo _m§S>Vo. Vr OrdZqMVZì`ŠV H$aVo. gÁOZm§nwT>o {dZ_« hmoUmao VwH$mo~m XwO©Zm§da VwQy>Z nS>VmV. ^JdX² ŠVrMm Jm¡ad, àmn§{MH$m§ZmCnXoe, AmË_mZw dmMm Am{dîH$ma, ^mJdV n§WmMm àgma ho Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMo _w»` à`moOZ Amho.Ë`m_wio VwH$mo~m§À`m H$mo_c Am{U H$R>moa ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMo n¡cy VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoV AmT>iVmV. WmoS>Š`mVVwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd Am{U H${dÎd `m§À`mV {Z{üVM EH$ê$nVm Amho.

8.3.5 dmL²>_`rZ _hÎmm

Jocr gmS>oVrZeo df} _amR>r gm{hË`mda d _amR>r g§ñH¥$Vrda VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVoZo Amncm d¡{eîQ>çnyU©R>gm C_Q>{dcm Amho. Cd©arV g§Vm§À`m H${dVonojm VwH$mam_m§Mr A §JdmUr _amR>r OZ_mZgmda AmOhrA{YamÁ` JmO{dVmZm {XgVo. _amR>r _mUgmÀ`m KamKamV Ë`m§Mo A §J JwUJwUco-Jm{`co OmVmV.Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_Îdm{df`r d Ë`m§À`m H${dVoÀ`m gm_Ï`m©{df`r AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr d g{_jH$m§ZrAmnco {dMma d A{^àm` ì`ŠV Ho$co AmhoV.

^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o åhUVmV, ""VwH$mam_m§À`m `m àM§S> cmoH${à`VoMo ahñ` Ë`mZo dmnacocr gd©gm_mÝ`m§MrX¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrc ~mocr^mfm Amho. Vmo g§gmar _mUyg hmoVm... g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMm nmoqeXm hmoVm, hogd©lwVM Amho. EHy$U Ë`mMo Am wî` ho gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m Am wî`mÀ`m IynM Odi hmoVo. ~è`mMXmVmo Amnë`m A §Jm§VyZ g§ñH¥$V eãXH$ioMm, Cn_m-ê$nH$m§Mm dmna H$arV Agcm Var Vmo gmÜ`mgwÜ`m

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Xoer eãXm§Mm AË §V H$miOrnyd©H$ dmna H$ê$Z AJXr ZdZdrZ dmH²$àMma KS>dVmZm {XgVmo. {dñVmaQ>miyZ g§jonmH$S>o Ë`mMm A{YH$ H$c Amho. ^{ŠV_mJm©Mo àH$Q>rH$aU H$aVmZm Vmo {dnwc gm§gm[aH$Cn_m-CËàojm dmnê$Z gaigmono àmgm{XH$ H$mì` {c{hVmo. {H$Vrhr gyú_ dm O{Q>c AZw d Agmo, VmoCn_m ÑîQ>m§V B. Ûmam gmonm H$ê$Z gm§JÊ`mMr VwH$mam_mMr d¥Îmr Amho. Ë`m_wio AJXr AS>mUr d {Zaja_mUgmcmhr Ë`mÀ`m H$mì`m~Ôc AmË_r`Vm dmQ>Vo Am{U Amnë`m AZw dm§Mo d ^md^mdZm§Mo à{Vq~~MË`mcm Ë`m H$mì`mV {XgVo. Ë`mMo H$mì` åhUVmZm, JmVmZm, dmMVmZm cmoH$ Ë`mÀ`m {dcjU g_¥ÕAZw d {dídmV gh^mJr hmoD$Z OmVmV.'' (VwH$mam_ : ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o, gmHo$V, Am¡a§Jm~mX, n{hcrAmd¥Îmr, 1994, n¥îR> 93)

""VwH$mam_mÀ`m AZoH$ CX²Jmam§Zm _amR>rV åhUtMm XOm© àmßV Pmcm Amho, `mV Amü ©H$maH$ AgoH$mhr Zmhr. H$maU Ë`m§V H$R>moa dmñVdmgh loîR> ^mdH$mì`mË_H$ gm¢X`m©Mr c`~Õ A{^ì`ŠVr Amho.Ë`mMr JmdR>r Am{U c»I à{V_mg¥îQ>r OZ_mZgmÀ`m H$ënZmeŠVrg AmH${f©V H$ê$Z a{gH$mÀ`möX`mcm gai gai ñne© H$aVo. CXm. "nm`rMr dhmU nm`r ~ar', "T>oH$UmÀ`m ~mOo gwImMr H$ënZm',"_w§Jr hmoD$Z gmH$a ImdrŸ& {ZOdñVyMr oQ>r ¿`mdrŸ& VwH$m åhUo YmHw$Q>o ìhmdoŸ& {ZOdñVwgr _mJwZr¿`mdoŸ&&' "ZrMnU ~ao XodmŸ& Z Mco H$moUmMmhr XmdmŸ& _hmnwao PmS>o OmVrŸ& VoWo cìhmio amhmVrŸ&&' AemàH$maÀ`m CŠVr KaJwVr ^mdZm§nmgyZ Vo CXmÎm AmÜ`mpË_H$ AZw dm§n ªVMo \$ma _moR>o joÌ ì`mnVmV,Am{U Aem AmoitMr H${dVoVyZ gai {dYmZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm A{Ve` cjUr` R>aVo. gm_mÝ`m§À`mImg ~mocrV {dñ_`H$maH$ c`r gmVË`mZo emoYÊ`mMr VwH$mam_mMr {H$_`m Aem A §Jm§VyZ àH$Q>Vo.CXm.- "nmÊ`mVrc _mgmŸ& Pmon KoB© H¡$gmŸ& Omdo Ë`mÀ`m d§emŸ& Voìhm H$ioŸ&&'

..... gd©J«mhr H$mì`mË_d¥Îmr Am{U Hw$emJ« ~wÕr Ë`mÀ`m A §JmV {dcjU nÕVrZo EH$Ì oVAgVmV. H$mhr A §Jm§Mr Va IwÕ c`M ^mdZoMr A{^ì`ŠVr ~ZVo. Aem ewÕ ^mdH$mì`mMohr à_mUË`mÀ`m EHy$U A §Jm§V _moR>o Amho. øm A §Jm§VyZ oUmar `_Ho$, AZwàmg d ñdagmå` Aem gJù`mMJmoîQ>r AW©nyU© A{^ì`ŠVrgmR>rM oV AgVmV. CXm.- "dmQw>cr nmhmVm {gUco S>moiwcoŸ& Xm{dgr nmD$coH¡$ dmo S>moim§Ÿ&&'

.... VwH$mam_ ho àIa g¥OZerc _Z hmoVo. OJÊ`mMr H¥$Vr hrM Ë`mMr gdm}ÀM AmñWm hmoVr.OJÊ`mVrc KQ>Zm§Zr Á`m Á`m dooir VwH$mam_ A{Ve` ì`{WV Pmcm, Ë`m Ë`m doir Ë`mZo g¥OZmMm AmZ§XAZw dcm. Ë`m_wioM ho OJ AW©nyU© Amho, hr JmoîQ> Joë`m VrZ eVH$m§nmgyZ Amnë`m dmMH$m§Zm VmonQ>dyZ XoV Amcm Amho.'' (VwH$mam_ : gmHo$V, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 199, n¥îR> 95-96-97-98)

g§V dmL²>_`mMo ì`mg§Jr Aä`mgH$ J§. ~m. gaXma åhUVmV;

""dmL²>_` ho VwH$mam_m§À`m OrdZ{ZîR>oMo EH$ A§J ~Zco. ^JdËnyOZmMo EH$ A_moK gmYZ,AmË_{ZdoXZmMo EH$ n{dÌ _mÜ`_ åhUyZ eãXg¥îQ>r hm Ë`m§À`m AmdS>rMm, AÜ``ZmMm Am{U AmXamMm{df` Pmcm. ........ eãX hoM Amnco YZ Amho. eãX hoM Amnco eñÌ Amho. qH$~hþZm eãX hmM

223

Amncm Xod Amho, Amnë`m OrdZmMo gmagd©ñd Amho Aer Ë`m§Mr lÕm hmoVr. eãXmÀ`m _mÜ`_mdaË`m§Mm Agm AT>i {dœmg hmoVm. åhUyZM VwH$mam_ ho Iao Om{Vd§V gm{hpË`H$ hmoVo.''

""VwH$mam_m§À`m dmL²>_`mMr _w»` àoaUm hr AH¥${Ì_ AmË_m{dîH$mamMr Amho, àm§Oc AmË_{ZdoXZmMrAmho. Ë`m§Mo gm{hË` åhUOo B©œamcm gmjr R>odyZ Am{U Amnë`m AZw yVrer B_mZ amIyZ Ho$coco àJQ>qMVZ hmo . Ë`mV Ogo öX`ñW na_mËå`mer Ho$coco gwIg§dmX AmhoV, Vgo Amnë`m g_mO~m§Ydm§erHo$coco {hVJwOhr Amho.''

""VwH$mam_m§Mo dmL²>_` ~hþVm§er ñ\y${V©{ZîR> Amho. "A§VarM| Ymd| ñd^md| ~mhoarŸ& Y[aVm§hr narAmdaoZmŸ&&' Aer Ë`mMr KS>U Amho. VwH$mam_ ho ñd^mdV…M Vrd«« g§doXZj_ d qMVZerc d¥ÎmrMo hmoVo.Amnë`m dmUrV VÎd{ZîR>oMm H$g Amho, ghmZw yVrMm Amocmdm Amho `mMr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd hmoVr. AmncmàË oH$ AZw d H$gmoerZo nmaIyZ KoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr àd¥Îmr hmoVr. .... Ë`m§Mm PJS>m XwîQ> àd¥Îmter hmoVm,H$moUmhr ì`ŠVrer ZìhVm. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mr ÑîQ>r ì`mnH$ d dñVw{ZîR> am{hcr..... VwH$mam_m§Mo AZw dgH$g d g§nÝZ AmhoV. ñdV…À`m ewÕ A§V…H$aUmMr _Zmo_` ImÌr Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H${iH$mimMohr^` dmQ>co Zmhr. ..... Ë`m§À`m H$mìè¡crV lmoË`m§Mr _Zo doYyZ KoÊ`mMo, Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Zm MmcZmXoÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho. H$maU Ë`m§À`m àIa VÎd{ZîR>o_wio Ë`m§Mo {dMma Am{U ^mdZm hr nañnam§Zm nyaH$R>acr AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm EH$ AmJioM VoO MT>co Amho. VwH$mam_m§Mr dmUr Img _amR>r diUmMr Amho.Ë`m§À`m _Zmok d _ZmodoYH$ {ZdoXZnÕVrda g§§ñH¥$V ^mfoMr AdmñVd N>mn Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§VrceãX gmYo d gwQ>gwQ>rV, g_n©H$ d CR>mdXma AmhoV. WmoS>çm eãXm§V nwîH$i AW© AmoVÊ`mMr VwH$mam_m§MrhmVmoQ>r AO~ Amho. Ë`m§À`m dmL²>_`mV gyÌ_` gw m{fVm§Mm âUm ânya Amho. Ë`m§Mr ^mfm amH$Q> damoIR>moH$ Amho. Ë`m§Zr {Xcoco XmIco amoOÀ`m ì`dhmamVrc Agco Var __©J«mhr d n[aUm_H$maH$ AmhoV.Ë`m§À`m H$mìè¡crV CËH$Q>Vm Am{U Amdoe Amho; Ëdof Am{U {VIQ>nUm Amho. XwO©Zm§Zm XheV ~gocAgo gm_Ï © Am{U à{VH$maj_Vm gÁOZm§Zr àmßV H$ê$Z KoVë`mIoarO OJmV gË`mMm d gX²JwUm§Mm O`hmoUma Zmhr Aer Ë`m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr. gm¡OÝ` Am{U gm_Ï © `m§Mm g§ moJ KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr Ë`m§À`mA§V…H$aUmVrc Or hr Vi_i, {VÀ`mVM Ë`m§À`m cmoH${à`VoMo ~rO Amho.'' (VwH$mam_ Xe©Z AWm©VA §JdmUr à{gÕ VwH$`mMr : _m°S>Z©, nwUo, n{hcr Amd¥Îmr, 1968, àñVmdZm, n¥îR> 21-22-23)

S>m°. _mcVr VwH$mam_ nmQ>rc åhUVmV;

""g§V VwH$mam_m§À`m ñ\w$Q> Am{U ghOñ\y$V© A §Jm§Mm A§V^m©d Aja dmL²>_`mV hmoVmo. Ac§H$ma,Am¡{MË`, {ddoH$, ag{dMma `m OwÝ`m Am{U H$ënH$Vm, ^mdZmË_H$Vm, d¡Mm[aH$Vm, AmË_{ZîR>m,à{V_mZm§{H$V n«JQ>rH$aU `m Zì`m, Aem gd© àH$maÀ`m gm{hË` _yë`m§Zr {d y{fV Pmcoco ho gd©JwUg§nÝZAgo gmañdV Amho. Ë`mMm àgma d à^md Xoe, H$mc, ^mfm `m§À`m gr_maofm Amocm§Sy>Z Jocm Amho.{d{dY ^maVr` d ^maVr oVa ^mfm§_Ü o AZwdm{XV hmoÊ`mMo ^m½` Cä`m g§V_§S>itV EH$Q>çm VwH$mam_m§À`mghOñ\y$V© A §Jm§ZmM cm^co. {Z{_©VrnmgyZ AmOn ªV cmoH${à`VoÀ`m cmQ>oda gVV ñdma Pmcoco ho

224

A §J ^mfm§Va, Xoem§Va, H$mcm§Va øm AjadmL²>_`mÀ`m {ZH$fm§da CVaco AmhoV, AZoH$m§Zm A §JcoIZmMrñ\y$Vu XoÊ`mMo gm_Ï © Ë`m§V gmnS>Vo. {dœmV {dûd§ a nmhUmè`m VwH$mam_m§À`m _Zmod¥Îmr Iè`m AWm©Zo{dœmH$ma Pmë`m AmhoV. OrdZmÀ`m Y_©H$maU, g_mOH$maU, amOH$maU, B{Vhmg, nwamUo, ì`dgm`,Hw$Qw>§~, {ejU, {ZgJ© Aem {d{dY joÌm§Vrc Ë`m§Zr AZw dcoco Vo {dcjU jU ! Ë`m AZw dm§ZmAZwgê$Z ^mfoMr AZwê$n KS>U KS>cr. åhUyZM VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Mm AmñdmX KoUmam a{gH$ OUyH$mhr g_J« OrdZmÀ`m ghdmgmV AgVmo. Ë`m§Mo H$mì` Iè`m AWm©Zo "g§ñH¥${V Q>rH$m' Amho. .... Ë`m§Moì`{ŠV_Îd Ogo _Zñdr d _hmZ, VgoM Ë`m§Mo gmañdVhr g_¥Õ d gd©loîR> XOm©Mo !'' (AZw dVwH$mo~m§Mm : g§nm. S>m°. ho. {d. BZm_Xma. ñZohc, nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr, 1994, coI- g§V VwH$mam_m§À`mA §JdmUrMo H$mì`gm¢X ©- n¥îR> 112-113)

e§H$a d¡Ú `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§Mr dmL²>_`rZ _hÎmm loîR> XOm©Mr Amho, Ago åhQ>co Amho. XwîH$mi,{Xdmio, _¥Ë y `m§Zr ^`J«ñV d ì`mHw$i Pmcoco VwH$mam_, g§gmamVrc g§Kf© AZw dUmao VwH$mam_,{dÇ>cénmgmR>r Vi_iUmao VwH$mam_, Ë`mÀ`m Xe©ZmZo gwImdUmao VwH$mam_, AZw d {dídmÛmao g_mOmoÕmamMrVi_i cmJcoco VwH$mam_- Aem VwH$mam_m§À`m _ZmÀ`m {d{dY ^mdmdñWm AmhoV. `m{df`r d¡ÚåhUVmV- ""_ZmÀ`m EdT>çm nar H${dVoV AÝ`Ì H$moR>o nmhmd`mg {_iUo H$R>rU Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo.VwH$mam_m§À`m dmL²>_`rZ _hÎmoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc Ame`{ZîR> Agm hm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.'' Ë`m§À`mH${dVoV Ame` Am{U Am{dîH$ma `m§Mm EH$OrdM Pmcocm AgVmo. `m~m~VrV d¡Ú åhUVmV- ""`mhrn{cH$S>Mr VwH$mam_m§Mr A{^ì`ŠVrMr Pon Ë`m§À`m ^mdmdñWm, ^mdmZw d ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m A §JmVyZ{XgVo. H$coMr gyú_ d ñdV§Ì OmU Agcocm gmhgr H$cmd§V oWo à^mdmZo CRy>Z {XgVmo. _Zmcm EHo$H$^mdmdñWm àmßV hmoUo, Zì`m Zì`m Om{Udm§Mo ñ\w$aU hmoUo, EH$ AZw d gm_½ «mZo {XgUo Am{U VrAdñWm {VMo dOZ-c`-nmoV {Q>nV Vr ì`ŠV{dUo ho AdKS> H$m_ VwH$mam_ ghOgw§Xa [aVrZo H$aVmV.cm§~U, nmëhmi, H¥${Ì_Vm oD$ Z XoVm Zo_Ho$nUmZo aMZm gmYVmV.'' (dmL²>_`rZ _hÎmm : g§nm. gamo{OZrd¡Ú d BVa, n{hcr Amd¥Îmr, nwUo, 199, n¥îR> 84-85)

VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVo_Ü o _mZdr OrdZm{df`rMm Anma H$éUm_` Am{dîH$ma Amho. Ë`m§À`mOrdZÑîQ>rV eyÐm§{df`rMm H$idim CËH$Q>nUo ^acocm Amho, ho Ë`m§À`m dmL²>_`rZ _hÎmoMo EH$ H$maUAmho. Ë`m§Zr gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m H$îQ>miy OrdZmMm Jm¡ad Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ Ho$cm Amho. _mZdr g_mOmcmg_VoMm g§Xoe XoVmZm Ë`m§Mr H${dVm g§doXZerc hmoVo. VwH$mam_ ho _amR>rVrc ^{ŠVn§WmMo g_W© à{V{ZYrAmhoV. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mr A §JdmUr ^ŠVrÀ`m H$éUm_` àdmhmZo {^Ococr Amho.

8.4 eãXmW©l AmamUyH$ : em§Vr, gm¡»`, {dlm§Vr

l AmhmM : ì`W©, ImoQ>o

l Xmad§R>m : C§~aR>m

225

l Wma : Aml`

l O_mZ : Om_rZ

l {ZgwJ : Amier

l nM : nMZ

l n{S>^a : AmgŠVr

l ~m§XdS>r : Vwé§J

l MmoOdUo : H$m¡VwH$ H$aUo

l H¡$dmS> : H¡$dma

l nmVoam : nmcmnmMmoim

l dmoag : nmÝhm

l qdXmZ : crcm

8.5g_mamon

g§gmamMm ^ma {h_VrZo CMcUmao VwH$mam_, {dÇ>c^ŠVrcm COmim XoD$Z Ë`mV a§JyZ OmUmaoVwH$mam_, g_mOmMr àJVr gmYw BpÀN>Umao g_mOgwYmaH$ VwH$mam_, VÎdqMVH$ VwH$mam_, naIS> ^mî`H$aUmao VwH$mam_, eãXm§Zm Xod _mZUmao H$dr VwH$mam_ hr VwH$mam_m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMr {d{dY ê$no AmhoV.VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUr_Ü o Ë`m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMo nwaonya à{Vq~~ nS>co Amho, qH$~hÿZm VwH$mam_m§MoH${dËd Am{U VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd hr EH$ê$nM AmhoV.

VwH$mam_ ho ~§S>Imoa cmoH$H${d AmhoV, Ago AmMm © AÌo `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. Amnë`mcm Oo `mo½`dmQ>co, Ë`mMmM Ë`m§Zr nwañH$ma Ho$cm Amho. g§V gÁOZm§Mm Jm¡ad H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mr dmUr H$mo_c hmoVo nUg_mOH§$Q>H$m§da d XwîQ> àd¥Îmtda eãXm§Mo eñÌ YaVmZm Ë`m§Mr dmUr H$R>moa hmoVo. H$~ram§Mm naIS>nUmË`m§À`m A §Jm§V CVacm Amho. VwH$mam_m§Zr Oo AZw d KoVco-gm§gm[aH$, gmYH$ d {gÕ åhUyZ-Vo gd©Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ _moH$ionUmZo OJmg_moa _m§S>coco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m A §Jm§Vrc H$R>moaVoÀ`m_wimer OZ{hV Amho, ~wS>Ë`m§{df`r H$idim Amho. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ {XgUmao Ë`m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd{ddoH$s, H$V©ì`H$R>moa nU H$éUmna Ago Amho. Ë`m§Zm _wŠVrnojm ^ŠVr A{YH$ {à` Amho. ^{ŠVào_gwIhoM Ë`m§À`m A §JcoIZmMo à`moOZ Amho. VÎH$mcrZ g_mOmVrc d«Vd¡H$ë o, OmXwQ>moUm, J§S>mXmoao, _§Ì-V§Ì `m§Mr Ë`m§Zr Q>dmir Ho$cr Amho. Aemdoir Ë`m§À`m ^mfoV Cnhmg Am{U CnamoY h_Img oVmo."nanrS>H$ Vmo Amåhm XmdoXma' hr Ë`m§Mr amoIR>moH$ KmofUmM Amho.

VwH$mam_ ñdV… Vê$Z Xwgè`m§Zm VmaÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmao g§V hmoVo. g§VÎdmMm AmJ«h YaUmao Ë`m§MoH${dËd OJmMo H$ë`mU BpÀN>V hmoVo. H${iH$mimcm Xamam dmQ>oc Agm ^ŠVrMm S>m§Jmoam {nQ>Umar Ë`m§MrH${dVm AjadmL²>_` R>acr Amho.


226

8.6gamdmgmR>r àíZ

n dñVw{ZîR> àíZ


1. VwH$mam_m§Zr _mUgmÀ`m Hw$i-OmVr-dU© `m§nojm H$moUË`m JmoîQ>rcm gdm}ÀM àmYmÝ` {Xco?

(lr_§Vrcm / Zr{V_Îmocm / CÀM nXmcm)

2. VwH$mam_m§Zr Y_©ajUmBVH$mM H$moUË`m JmoîQ>rda ^a {Xcm?

(Vm{ÎdH$Voda / ^mdZmË_H$Voda / nmfm§S>I§S>Umda)

3. g_mOmVrc H$moUË`m ~m~rda VwH$mam_m§Zr H$moaS>o AmoT>co?

(^ŠVrda / X§ mda / CÀM nXmda)

4. ""VwH$mam_ hm gd© g§Vm§_Ü o gdm©{YH$ _mZdr AmñWm Agcocm Am{U OJÊ`mda àm_m{UH$lÕm Agcocm hmoVm.'' - ho _V H$moUmMo?

(^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o / gXmZ§X _moao / {Xcrn {MÌo)

5. VwH$mam_ "_hmamîQ´>mMm ~§S>Imoa cmoH$H${d' hmoVo, Ago H$moUmMo _V Amho?

(S>m°. ho. {d. BZm_Xma / a_oe Ym|JS>o / AmMm © AÌo)

CÎmao : 1) Zr{V_Îmocm 2) nmfm§S>I§S>Umda 3) X§ mda 4) ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o 5) AmMm © AÌo


1. VwH$m åhUo ............Ÿ& Amho _witMm {M IamŸ&

2. Amåhm§ Kar............ eãXm§MrM aËZoŸ&

3. Vy _mCcrhÿZ .........., M§Ðmhÿ{Z erVi,

4. dmQw>cr nmhmVm§ {gUco.........., Xm{dgr nmD$co H¡$ dmo S>moim§Ÿ&&

5. naÐì` naZmarMm ............Ÿ& VoWmo{Z`m èhmg gd© ^m½`mŸ&&

CÎmao : 1) Pam 2) YZ 3) _`mi 4) S>moiwco 5) A{^cmf

H$) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.

1. kmZXod, Zm_Xod d EH$ZmW `m§À`mnojm VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd ~hþ{OZgr Amho.

2. {Xcrn {MÌo `m§Zr VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVog ApñVËd^mZmMo ñdê$n {Xco Amho.

227

3. VwH$mam_ ho gdm©Ë_^mdr AmhoV, Ago {Xcrn {MÌo åhUVmV.

4. VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd Ë`m§À`m H${dËdmnmgyZ {^ÝZ Amho.

5. VwH$mam_m§Mr à{V_mg¥îQ>r IynM H$mën{ZH$ Amho.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a 2) ~amo~a 3) MyH$ 4) MyH$ 5) MyH$


A ~

1. gmjmËH$mar g§V VwH$mam_ 1. S>m°. {Z_©cHw$_ma \$S>Hw$co

2. VwH$mam_ 2. {Xcrn {MÌo

3. VwH$mam_ Xe©Z 3. ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o

4. nwÝhm VwH$mam_ 4. S>m°. e§. Xm. n|S>go

5. gXmZ§X _moao

CÎmao : 1. - 4 2. - 3 3. - 5 4. - 2


1. H${dVoMr H$moUVr ì`m»`m VwH$mam_m§À`m H${dVocm gdmªJmZo cmJy hmoVo?

2. VwH$mo~m§Mr H${dVm Ë`m§Mo _hmñdJV Amho, Ago H$moUmg dmQ>Vo?

3. VwH$mam_ ho Iao Om{Vd§V gm{hpË`H$ hmoVo, ho H$moUmMo _V Amho?

4. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Mm A§V^m©d H$emV hmoVmo, Ago _mcVr nmQ>rc åhUVmV?

5. VwH$mam_m§À`m eãXm§Vrc AW©dÎmo{df`r J§. ~m. gaXmam§Mm H$moUVm A{^àm` Amho?

CÎmao: 1. CËñ\y$V© ^mdZm§Mm ghOmoÐoH$ åhUOo H${dVm.

2. VwH$mo~m§Mr H${dVm _hmñdJV Amho, Ago {Xcrn {MÌo `m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

3. VwH$mam_ ho Iao Om{Vd§V gm{hpË`H$ hmoVo, Ago J§. ~m. gaXma åhUVmV.

4. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jm§Mm A§V^m©d Aja dmL²>_`mV hmoVmo, Ago _mcVr nmQ>rc åhUVmV.

5. VwH$mam_m§Mr, WmoS>çm eãXm§V nwîH$i AW© AmoVÊ`mMr, hmVmoQ>r AO~ Amho, Agm J§. ~m.gaXma `m§Mm A{^àm` Amho.

228

n cKwÎmar àíZ

1. "VwH$mam_m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd Am{U Ë`m§Mo H${dËd hr XmoÝhr EH$ê$nM AmhoV,' H$go Vo gm§Jm?

2. "VwH$mam_ ho ~§S>Imoa d naIS> H$dr AmhoV,' H$go Vo ñnîQ> H$am.

n XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. VwH$mam_m§Mo dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_Îd gmoXmhaU CcJSy>Z XmIdm.

2. "H${dËd Am{U VÎdqMVH$Ëd ho VwH$mam_m§À`m dmL²>_`rZ ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMo R>iH$ n¡cy AmhoV'.H$go Vo {ddaU H$am.

n {Q>nm {chm.

1. VwH$mam_m§Mr naIS> A §JdmUr.

2. VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JdmUrVrc ^mî`

8.7A{YH$ dmMZ

1. VwH$mam_ : ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o

2. AZw d VwH$mo~m§Mm : g§nmXH$ S>m°. ho. {d. BZm_Xma, ñZohc, nwUo, 1949.

3. g§V VwH$mam_ : ì`{ŠVËd Am{U H${dËd : S>m°. nwîncVm e§H$a eoQ>ço, _Zmoa_m, _w§~B©,1998.

4. g§V VwH$mam_m§Mr OrdZ{ZîR>m : S>m°. c. H$m. _mohara, g{dVm, Am¡a§Jm~mX-1994.

8.8 CnH«$_

l VwH$mam_m§À`m A §J JmWo_Yrc ^méS>o d Jm¡iUr øm H${dVm àH$mam§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`m§ModmMZ H$am.

l VwH$mam_m§À`m A §Jmdarc àdMZ-H$sV©Z EoH$m.

l ^r_goZ Omoer `m§Mr A §J Jm`ZmMr Üd{Z_w{ÐH$m EoH$m.

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