Lymphatic System Disorders HLTAP501A Analyse Health Information.
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Transcript of Lymphatic System Disorders HLTAP501A Analyse Health Information.
Lymphatic System Disorders
HLTAP501A
Analyse Health Information
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Lymphatic System DisordersDisorders of immunityAllergies
Immediate response• Related to antibody response to an allergen• Histamine causes small blood vessels in the area to
become dilated and more permeable leading to oedema or increased secretion of mucus
Anaphylactic shock• Whole body allergic response• Medical emergency
Delayed response• Lymphokines not histamine released• Eg. Contact dermatitis
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Hypersensitivity ReactionsType I – Allergy IgE bound to mast cells; release of histamine and
chemical mediatorsImmediate effects: eg. Hay fever, anaphylaxis
Type II – cytotoxic IgG or IgM reacts with antigen on cell – complement
activatedCell lysis and phagocytosis: ABO compatability
Immune complexAntigen-antibody complex deposits in tissue-complement
activatedInflammation, vasculitis: SLE, glomerulonephritis
Cell-mediated or delayedAntigen binds to T-lymphocytes; sensitised lymphocyte
releases lymphokines Delayed inflammation: contact dermatitis, transplant rejection
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Anaphylaxis
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Second or subsequent exposure to antigen eg. penicillin
Antigen binds with IgE antibodies
Mast cell releases large amount of histamine into general circulation
CardiovascularVasodilation &
Increased capillarypermeability
SkinNerve ending irritated
LungsConstriction of
bronchioles; release ofmucus
Decreased blood pressure, faint, weak
itching Airways obstructed; cough, dyspnoea
Severe oxygen deficit to the brain
Effects of anaphylaxis
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Emergency treatmentanaphylaxis – a medical emergency
Epinephrine should be injected immediately
Highly allergic people advised to carry EpiPen with them
Oxygen Injectable antihistamineTreat for shock: keep warmSummon help, ambulance, hospitalCPR may be necessary
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Immunodeficiencies
CongenitalSevere combined immune deficiency (SCID)
Caused by disruption of stem cell development
‘bubble children’
Acquired Acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS)
Attacks helper T cell – cripples the immune system
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Autoimmune diseases
When body loses ability to recognize its own cells and produces antibodies against them.Multiple sclerosis (MS)Myasthenia gravisGrave’s diseaseJuvenile diabetes mellitusSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)GlomerulonephritisRheumatoid arthritis (RA)
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SLEAn inflammatory multi-system disorder characterised by widespread vasculitis affecting capillaries, arterioles and venules
Peak age of onset 20-40 years – women more than men
Aetiology unknownPredisposing factors
HereditaryGeneticsEnvironmental triggers
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SLE
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SLE
Clinical manifestationsJoints and musclesSkinLungsHeart and cardiovascular systemRenalNervous systemEyesGastrointestinal system
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SLE
InvestigationsBloodHistologyDiagnostic imaging
ManagementRecurs and remitsMedications to manage symptoms eg. NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
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Lymphoedema Accumulation of lymph in the soft tissues due to obstruction to the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system.Inflammation and fibrosis occurs if untreated.Primary lymphoedema
Structural problems with lymphatic systemMay be congenital
Secondary lymphoedemaCaused by the obstruction of the lymphatic systemDue to surgery, radiation therapy, trauma, parasites,
neoplasms, and allergic reactions
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Lymphoedema
http://www.lymphoedemasupport.com/lymphoedema.php
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Lymphoedema clinical manifestations
Affected area feels heavySkin feels tight and close to bursting pointSkin is hotter than other areas of the bodyAchesNumbnessPins and needlesDarting painsPainful jointsSwelling
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Lymphoedematreatment
Complex physical therapyCompression bandagesLymphatic drainage massageSpecial exercisesMedicationsMassageLow level laser therapySurgery
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Lymphoedemanursing care
Maintain skin hygieneAvoid local heat to areaMaintain CPT programHandle limb carefullyAvoid restrictive clothingDon’t take blood pressure on affected limb
Observe for signs of injury or infections
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Lymphoma Malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s lymphoma• Occurs primarily in adults 20-40 years• Involves single node at first then spreads to others
S&S• Lymph node – enlarged, nontender• Splenomegaly • General signs of cancer – weight loss, anaemia, low-
grade fever and night sweats, and fatigue• Generalised pruritus• Recurrent infection
Treatment• Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery
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Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Incidence increasingInitial manifestation is enlarged, painless lymph nodes.
Clinical symptoms similar to Hodgkin’sDistinguished by multiple node involvement scattered throughout the body and widespread metastases
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Multiple myeloma
Neoplastic disease of unknown aetiology occurs in older adults (involves plasma cells – B lymphocytes)
Malignant plasma cells replace the bone marrow and erode the bone
Blood cell production is impaired as well as production of antibodies
Multiple tumoursTreatment is chemotherapy – prognosis – survival 3 years
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Lymphadenopathy
Lymph nodes abnormal size, consistency or numberGeneralisedEnlarged in two or more non contiguous areas
Localised Lymph nodes usually become enlarged when there is infection or neoplasm involvement