Lymphatic System
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Transcript of Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Fluid Leaves Capillary
Cells
Blood
Blood Capillary
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Capillaries
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Functions of Lymphatic System
• Drain fluid from around cells
• Absorb fat from intestines
• Circulate lymph
• Filter lymph
• Immunity
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Right Lymphatic Duct
Thoracic Duct
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Lymph
• Fluid of the lymphatic system
• Similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid
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Lymphatic Vessels
• Transport lymph
• Lymph is returned to the circulatory system at either the right or left subclavian veins
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Lymph Nodes
• Filter lymph– Microorganisms
– Cancer cells
• Lymphocytes• Monocytes
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Thymus
• Programs some lymphocytes to develop into T-cells
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Spleen
• Filters blood– Worn out RBC– Bacteria
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
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Fluid Movement
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Edema
• Accumulation of interstitial fluid
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Causes of Edema
• Blockage of lymphatic system
• Increased pressure in veins
• Lack of albumin– Decreases fluid returning to blood capillaries
by osmosis
• Inflammation
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Nonspecific Body Defenses
• Skin
• Acid– Stomach– Vagina
• Mucus
• Saliva
• Tears
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More Nonspecific Defenses
• Phagocytosis
• Complement
• Fever
• Inflammation
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Complement
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Inflammation
• Bodies response to tissue injury
• Classic signs– Heat– Redness– Swelling– Pain
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Skin
Blood
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Tissue Damaged
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Histamine Released
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Capillary More Permeable
Plasma Leaks Out
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Capillary More Permeable
Antibodies Leaks Out
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Capillary More Permeable
WBCs Leave by Diapedesis
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Wall of Fibrin Forms
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Pus Forms
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Steroid Hormones
• Hydrocortisone, cortisone and others
• Depress inflammation
• Used to treat inflammatory diseases– Rheumatoid arthritis
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Antigens
• Molecules often found in the membrane of cells
• Antigens of foreign cells stimulate an immune response
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Self Antigens
• Antigens of our own cells
• Do not cause an immune response in our body– Usually cause an immune response in another
person
• MHC proteins– Major Histocompatibility Complex
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Cells of the Immune System
• APCs– Antigen-presenting cells
• B cells– B lymphocytes
• T cells– T lymphocytes
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Antigen-Presenting Cells
• Macrophages• Engulf foreign cells and attach the cells antigens on their
MHC proteins
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Lymphocytes
T Cells B Cells
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B Cell
Receptor
Foreign Cell
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Cytotoxic T Cell = Killer T Cell
Receptor
Body Cell
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Helper T Cell
Receptor
APC
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Antigen-Presenting CellAPC
• Macrophages and other cells
• Engulfs and digests foreign cells
• Present antigens on MHC proteins to T cells
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B Cells
• Lymphocytes that react directly with antigens
• Require stimulation from Helper T Cells
• Offspring become– Plasma cells– Memory B cells
• Humoral Immunity
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Plasma Cells
• Produce huge numbers of antibodies– 2000/second
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Helper T Cell
• Reacts with antigen from APC
• Stimulates Cytotoxic T Cells and B Cells– Secretes Interleukin II
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Cytotoxic T Cells
• Activated by antigens on any body cell
• Require stimulation from Helper T Cells
• Destroys body cells infected with viruses
• Destroys cancer cells• Cellular Immunity
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Memory Cells
• T Cells and B Cells
• Remember antigen
• React to a second invasion of an antigen more rapidly
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Suppressor T Cells
• Stops T cells and B cells after an infection has been conquered
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Cytokines
• Chemicals used in cellular immunity• Interleukin I
– Produced by macrophages– Stimulates helper T cells
• Interleukin II– Produced by helper T cells
• Perforin– Causes lysis of target cell
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Virus
Protein Coat
DNA or RNA
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Virus Attaches to Body Cell
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Viral DNA Enters Host
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Protein Coats Synthesized
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Viral DNA Synthesized
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Viruses Exit Cell
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Host Cell Killed by Virus
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Interferon Produced by Dying Cell
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• HIV Virus
• Attacks and destroys Helper T Cells– Depresses humoral and cellular immunity
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