Lvr Lungu Vacareanu 9

2Romania seismic sources

31. Vrancea subcrustal source in Romaniamilestones

Intra-Alpinesubplate

East-Europeanplate

Moesian subplate

Black SeasubplateBucharest

Vrancea source

BlackSea

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia

Hungary

Rep. ofMoldova

Ukraine

41896

La grande faille des Carpathes, passant par le cours longitudinal de Rimnicu-Sarat, pres des villes de Rimnicu-Sarat et de Buzeu [...] et debouchant pres d'Arges.

Les seismes qui agitent cette faille presententle caractere de mobilite du centre d'ebranlement"

L'intensit peut diffrer essentiellement d'un endroit l'autre de la mme localit, suivant la nature des terrains. Ce cas c'est prsent dans les sismes du 23 fvrier 1887, de Diano-Marina, Menton, Nice, dont j'ai t tmoin Nice. Les habitations situes sur les massifs calcaires n'ont presque pas souffert, tandis que les constructions situes dans les bas-fonds, constitus par des terrains meubles, ont t trs-endommages.

5"l'axe sismique principal de la Roumanieest represente exactement par une ligne

tiree de Bucarest a Kichinew en Bessarabie"

La Roumanie et la Bessarabie sismiquesAn.Inst. Meteor.de Roumanie t. XVII, 1901

Fernand Jean Baptiste Marie Bernard de Montessus de Ballore

Les tremblements de terre, Gographie SismologiqueParis, 1906

6"j'ai appele l'attention surl'importance sismique de la region Galati-Buzeu

Emmanuel de Martonne

1985 1907

71935 1974

91000 yr catalogue of Vrancea earthquakes

Major historical events and major 20 century earthquakes

Number of events/century, having intensity larger than 9 and 7

Catalogue time span, years

Obs Epicentral intensity

(MSK) 984 - 1900 1901 - 2000

I0 9.0 1 2

I0 7.0 10 16

20 century shows the highest seismic activity of the Vrancea

source

Event

Epicentral intensity Io

Focus depth.

km

Moment

magnitude Mw

Obs

1802, October 26 1829, November 20 1838, June 23

> 9 8 8

7.9 Largest Vrancea event ever occurred

1940, November 10 1977, March 4 1986, August 30

9 8/9 7/8

150 109 133

7.7 7.5 7.2

Largest seismic losses ever experienced

10

1802, 14 Oct

Chronicle of Monastery ValeniIt describes the collapse of the Cotroceni church in Bucharest and of the Valeni church in Southern Carpathians

12

Voyage dans la Russie Mridionale et la Crime par la Hongrie, la Valachie et la Moldavie

par M. A. de DmidoffIllustr par Raffet

E. Bourdin, diteur Paris. 1841 & 1854, page 144.

On conserve encore le souvenir du tremblement de terre de 1802, qui renversa la tour du monastre de Koltza; de celui de 1829, qui branla fortement la plupart des difices de Bukharest. Depuis que ces lignes

sont crites, une secousse plus violente que toutes celles dont le souvenir attriste encore le pays, a pens engloutir Bukharest.

Tout coup, le 11-23 janvier 1838, c'tait le soir, la ville s'branle;les plus solides monuments chancellent; plusieurs maisons s'croulent;

toutes son endommages, et, dans tout ces ravages, plusieurs hommes perdent la vie.

1802, 1829 & 1838

13

The November 10, 1940 earthquakeput damages all around Romania and throw the people in mourning

1940

14

MGR = 7.4; Mw = 7.7; h @ 140 km

At least 350 deaths in Romania

Collapse of Carlton Building in

Bucharest

- 11 storey, h = 47 m

- RC frame

- 130 death

Important damage in Chisinau,

R. of Moldova

1940

15

MG-R = 7.2; Mw = 7.5; h = 109 km

1578 deaths (1424 in Bucharest)

11 221 injured (7598 in Bucharest)

Losses according to the World Bank Report:

(Report 16.P-2240-RO, 1978):

Total losses in Romania : 2.05 Billions USD (100%)

Losses in construction, in general: 1.42 Billions USD (70%)

Losses to buildings and housings : 1.02 Billions USD (50%)

1977, 4 March

16

killed 1,578 people including 1,424 in Bucharest

injured 11,221 people including 7,598 in Bucharest

destroyed or seriously damaged 33,000 housing units andcaused lesser damage to 182,000 other dwellings

destroyed 374 kindergartens, nurseries, and schools andbadly damaged 1,992 others

destroyed 6 university buildings and damaged 60 others

destroyed 11 hospitals and damaged 448 others hospitals

damaged almost 400 cultural institutions (theatre, museums, etc.)

damaged 763 factories

NBS Special Publication 490, Observation on the behavior ofbuildings in the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977 US Dept.of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Sept, 1977

The March 4, 1977 earthquake:

17

1.40s1.20s0.89s

194.9105.8162.3

NSZEW

INCERCO

Tcs

PGAcm/s

Comp.Station

March 4, 1977seismic station INCERC

Bucharest

First strong ground motion recorded in Romania

1832 tall buildings completely collapsed

Nor

mal

ized

SA

Period, s

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

High dynamic amplification at long periods.Dangerous for high-rise buildings

March 4, 1977, INCERC Station in Bucharest

NS comp.

19

Dunarea building Casata building

1977 earthquake in Bucharest

20

Faculty of Medicine


21


WW II, 1944

Faculty of Chemistry

22

Elefterie Church


23


(i) Wilson building built in 30s (ii) Lizeanu building, built in 60s

Collapse of the building soft story at ground level

24

Photo UTCB


Computer Center of the Telecommunication Ministry

25

International lessons unlearnt from the 1977 earthquake

Lesson 1

A systematic evaluation should be made of all buildings in Bucharest erected prior to the adoption of earthquake design requirementsand a hazard abatement plan should be developed.

From:

Observation on the behaviour of buildings in the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977 by G. Fattal, E. Simiu and Ch. Cluver. Edited as the NBS Special Publication 490, US Dept of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Sept 1977.

Lesson 2

Tentative provisions for consolidation solutions would preferably be developed urgently.

From:

The Romanian earthquake. Survey report by Survey group of experts and specialists dispatched by the Government of Japan (K. Nakano). Edited by JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, June 1977.

26

Lesson 3

..Bucharest is sited on deep alluvium Much of the damage was due to soil amplification associated with deep layers of silty clay, loess.

From:

A Handbook on Risk Assessment by Swiss Re, H. Tiedemann. Edited by Swiss Reinsurance Company, Ch-8022 Zurich, Switzerland

Lesson 4

Bucharest had been microzoned as part of UNESCO Balkan Project, with microzones denoting three levels of risk. The worst destruction occurred in lowest-risk microzone.

From:

Earthquake in Romania March 4,1977. An Engineering Report by G. Berg, B. Bolt, M. Sozen, Ch. Rojahn. Edited by National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1980

Lesson 5

Ground motion spectrum should be provided corresponding to each soil condition. A considerable number of strong motion seismographs will be required for the above purpose.

From:

The Romanian earthquake. Survey reported by Survey group of experts and specialists dispatched by the Government of Japan (K.Nakano). Edited by JICA, Japan International Cooperation Agency, June 1977.

27

The first Romanian paper onearthquake engineering

3.Earthquake engineering education in Romania

28- Bucuresti 1962 - - Barcelona 1975 -

The first book on engineering seismology in Romania

29

Undergraduate course

1968 1977 Structural Dynamics and earthquake engineering (optional)

1977 present Earthquake engineering(compulsory)

Postgraduate course

1976 1989 Earthquake engineering

Master levelIn present Seismic hazard, vulnerability and risk (various courses)

Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, UTCB

30

Period Seismic zonationstandard

Code for earthquake resistance of structures

A. Pre-cod After the 1940 earthquake

P.I. 1941

I - 1945

P.I. - 1941

I - 1945

B. Low code Inspired by the Russian seismic practice

STAS 2923 - 52STAS 2923 - 63

P 13 - 63P 13 -70

C. Moderate code After the great 1977 earthquake

STAS 11100/1 - 77 P 100 - 78P 100 - 81

D. High code After the 1986 and the 1990 earthquakes

STAS 11100/1 - 91SR 11100/1 - 93

P 100 -90P 100 - 92

Inspired by Eurocod 8 - P100-1/2006

Codes for design of earthquake resistance of buildings and Standards for seismic zonationof Romania (1940-2008)

4. Seismic hazard and seismic codes

31Standards for seismic zonationof Romania 1952 1952 20032003

32Macroseismic zonation for Vrancea source

Lungu et al.,1999

33

Probabilistic zonation of peak ground acceleration for design P100/1-2006 Code, MRI =100 yr

BucharestMRI = 475 yrPGA 0,35 gTp = 1.6 s

34

The recorded maximum peak ground acceleration in Romania during1977, 1986 and 1990 Vrancea earthquakes

#

#

#

#

#

%

%

%

$

#

%

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#

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#

#

&

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$$

%

#

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&

&

%

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#

#

#

%

##

&

&

&

#

&

#

#

#

21 22 2324 25

26 2728 29

48

47

46

45

44

Ukraine

Hungary Republic of Moldova

Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

BlackSea

Banat

Valahia

Moldova

Cris

Mures

Danube

Dobrogea

Prut

#

#

#

#

#Satu-Mare

Craiova

Timisoara

Cluj-NapocaOradea

Bucuresti

Turnu Magurele Ruse

Iasi

Baia

Adjud

Peris

Bacau

Varna

Surduc

Barlad

Dochia

Onesti

Tulcea

Focsani

Istrita

Giurgiu

Otopeni

Pitesti

Kavarna

Campina

Branesti

Botosani

Chisinau

Calarasi

Carcaliu

Provadia

Cernavoda

Vrancioaia

Vidra Lotru

Krasnogorka

Muntele Rosu

Bolintin Vale

Vidraru Arges

TransilvaniaCahul

Shabla

Fetesti

Ramnicu Sarat1977

1986

1990

1940

86.6

79.197.2

45.8

14.3 26.1

11.5

50.9

82.0

90.8

36.2

48.2

32.9

93.6

33.6

61.5

297.1

109.4

186.9

157.2

208.6 150.8194.9

114.1

223.8

112.4112.2

132.0

168.6

136.6

212.8146.4

232.1

164.0

107.1100.4

158.6

#Constanta

Valenii de Munte

219.8

Ploiesti

Olt

#

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

ArcView GIS version 3.1, ESRI Inc. CA.

# Epicenters of strong Vrancea events (Mw > 6.9)

Lungu, Aldea, 1999

N

EW

S

March 4, 1977

Mw=7.5h=109 km

Aug.30, 1986

May 30, 1990

Mw=7.2h=133 km

Mw=7.0h=91 km

Mw - moment magnitudeh - focus depth

200 - 300150 - 20075 - 1500 - 75

PGA, cm/s2

ROMANIA. Maximum peak ground acceleration PGA, cm/s2 recorded during 1977, 1986 and 1990 VRANCEA earthquakes

Seismic stations with free-field records:

& Bulgaria network

$ GEOTEC network&

# INCERC network% INFP network

R. of Moldova network

35

Catalogue of subcrustal Vrancea earthquakesoccurred during the 20th century, Mw 6.3

RADU Catalogue, 1994

MARZA Catalogue,

1980

www.infp.ro Catalogue,

1998

Date

Time (GMT) h:m:s

Lat. N

Long. E

h, km I0 MGR Mw I0 Ms Mw 1903 13 Sept 08:02:7 45.7 26.6 >60 7 6.3 - 6.5 5.7 6.3 1904 6 Feb 02:49:00 45.7 26.6 75 6 5.7 - 6 6.3 6.6 1908 6 Oct 21:39:8 45.7 26.5 150 8 6.8 - 8 6.8 7.1 1912 25 May 18:01:7 45.7 27.2 80 7 6.0 - 7 6.4 6.7 1934 29 March 20:06:51 45.8 26.5 90 7 6.3 - 8 6.3 6.6 1939 5 Sept 06:02:00 45.9 26.7 120 6 5.3 - 6 6.1 6.2 1940 22 Oct 06:37:00 45.8 26.4 122 7 / 8 6.5 - 7 6.2 6.5 1940 10 Nov 01:39:07 45.8 26.7 150 9 7.4 - 9 7.4 7.7 1945 7 Sept 15:48:26 45.9 26.5 75 7 / 8 6.5 - 7.5 6.5 6.8 1945 9 Dec 06:08:45 45.7 26.8 80 7 6.0 - 7 6.2 6.5 1948 29 May 04:48:55 45.8 26.5 130 6 / 7 5.8 - 6.5 6.0 6.3 1977 4 March 19:22:15 45.34 26.30 109 8 / 9 7.2 7.5 9 7.2 7.4 1986 30 Aug 21:28:37 45.53 26.47 133 8 7.0 7.2 - - 7.1 1990 30 May 10:40:06 45.82 26.90 91 8 6.7 7.0 - - 6.9 1990 31 May 00:17:49 45.83 26.89 79 7 6.1 6.4 - - 6.4

RISK-UE, Final Conference, Nice-France, March 31 - April 01, 2004

36

( ) )..(.).(.

..36186871

M186871M68716548

we1e1eMn

ww

--

---

-

-=

ln PGA = 3.098 + 1.053 Mw - lnR 0.0005R 0.006 h + e

PGA peak ground accelerationMw- moment magnitude, h focal depthR hypocentral distance e - random variable with 0 mean and se = sln PGA standard deviation

Truncated magnitude recurrence for Vrancea source:

Attenuation law for Vrancea source:

37

Recurrence of Vrancea Earthquakes

Magnitude recurrence relation for the subcrustal Vrancea source, Mw6.3Lungu et al., 2000


38Ductile structuresNon-ductile buildings

0.10.4

0.7

1

1.3

1.6

1.9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Seismicdesign

coefficient Cs , %

8-10

6-8

4-6

2-4

Year of code issue

Building period T , s

10 %8%

12.5 %10%

5 %

2.2%1.8%2%

Shear wallsFrames

0.3 s

1.5 s

Tc=1.5 s

19411945

199019921978

19811970

1963

7.5%7.5% 7.2%

6.8%

Tc=0.4 s

RIGID buildings

FLEXIBLE buildings

Non-ductile structures Ductile structures

Evolution of seismic design coefficient in Bucharest, 1940-2002

39

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Perioada T , s

T C =1.0s

2.75/T

b 0 =2.75

T B =0.1 T D =3

8.25/T 2

0.7s

40

wp2Tp =

Normalised power spectral density for NS comp of March 4, 1977 and Aug.30, 1986 records at

INCERC seismic station (East of Bucharest)Tpredominant =1.4 1.6 s

41

RomaniaSeismic networks

42

BucharestSeismic networks

43

"Nowhere else in the world is a center of population so exposed to earthquakes originating repeatedly from the same source"

Charles Richter. 15 March 1977, Letter to the Romanian government

World Map of Natural Hazards prepared by the Mnich Re, 1998 indicates for Bucharest: Large city with Mexico-city effect

The unusual nature of the ground motion and the extent and distribution of the structural damage have important bearing on earthquake engineering efforts in the United States.

Jennings & Blume, NRC & EERI Report

5.Seismic vulnerability and risk

44

Seismic Risk Matrix indicating seismic risk classes (1, 2 and 3)

Seismic risk class 1buildings

Building to be immediately retrofitted!

Strengthening of seismic risk class 1 buildings

Seismic vulnerability/ fragility class

Importance & exposure class

IEssential facilities

IIHazardous buildings

IIIGeneral buildings

IVMinor buildings

1 1 1 1&2 3

2 1&2 2 3 3

3 3

45

Planul director desistematizare

a Bucurestiuluidin 1935

Zona si tipul cladirilor

Spatii verziI Rurala

II Residentiala, cladiri P+1E

III Protejata, cladiri P+3E

IV Mixta, cladiri P+5E (pline)V Comerciala, cladiri P+6E (pline)

VI Industriala

Suburbii

Zona si tipul cladirilor

Spatii verziI Rurala

II Residentiala, cladiri P+1E

III Protejata, cladiri P+3E

IV Mixta, cladiri P+5E (pline)V Comerciala, cladiri P+6E (pline)

VI Industriala

Suburbii

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20 21

22

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24

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29

25

15

32

19

26

16

27

28

1 0 1 2 Kilometers

N

EW

S

Land useStreetUrban built zoneRural built zoneLake, river, canalParkForestGardenCemeteryEconomic zoneAgricultural zone

$ Collapsed building

ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI California

Cladirile prabusite in timpul cutremurului din

1977

46

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0.5 0 0.5 1 Kilometers

N

EW

S

ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI CaliforniaLungu & Arion, 2000

Central Bucharest: 127 buildings built prior to 1945 and listed as having seismic risk of class 1 in case of a strong

earthquake, Mw7.5

47

Balcescu 25 (Wilson) Calea Victoriei 124 Calea Victoriei 25

Calea Victoriei 95 Balcescu 32-34 Balcescu 30

Balcescu 7 Calea Victoriei 33-35

Total: 26 tall reinforced concrete

buildings

Seismic risk class 1 buildings

on the most important two boulevards in

central Bucharest

48

Strengthening of 9 storey residential building in central Bucharest, 2001 - 2004

March 2008, after 10yr of actions:

10 buildings are fully retrofitted6 buildings are under retrofitting 42 buildings in retrofitting design

stage or under contracting the design

49

No. Address Year of building construction

Storeys No. of apt.

Total area sqm.

1 Balcescu 25 1936 2B+GF+11S 98 12318

2 Iuliu Barasch 12 1936 B+GF+7S 15 1831

3 Ion Brezoianu 44 1937 2B+GF+9S 28 2532

4 Gh. Marinescu 3 1940 B+GF+6S 18 1750

5 Mihai Eminescu 17 1937 B+GF+8S 40 6050

6 C.A. Rosetti 25 1934 2B+GF+8S 40 4013

7 Ursuletului 5 1930 B+GF+6S 12 1615

8 Paleologu 3 1936 B+GF+5S 19 2271

9 Lascar Catargiu 15A 1934 B+GF+5S 16 2013

10 J.L. Calderon 59 1935 B+GF+8S 19 3706

10 buildings are fully retrofitted

BUCHAREST, May 2008

50

No. Address Year of building

construction

Storeys No. of apt.

Total area sqm

1 Balcescu 24 1928 2B+GF+12S 119 12031

2 Victoriei 101A-B 1938 B+GF+10S 96 7036

3 Stirbei Voda 17 1936 B+GF+9S 58 4619

4 Victoriei 128A 1935 2B+GF+8S 50 6675

5 Mendeleev 17 1935 B+GF+6S 47 5699

6 Victoriei 33 -35 1930 B+GF+6S 39 4476

Buildings under retrofitting

BUCHAREST, May 2008

51

No. Address Year of building construction

Storeys No. of apt.

Total area sqm.

1 C.A. Rosetti 25 1934 B+GF+9S 20 1433

2 Boteanu 3A-3B 1936 - 1937 B+GF+9S 56 10593

3 I.C. Bratianu 5 1936 B+GF+8S 26 1707

4 M. Kogalniceanu 51 1929 2B+GF+7S 36 7353

5 Brezoianu 38 1935 B+GF+5S 9 1542

6 Balcescu 32-34 1934 B+GF+9S 45 5896

7 Dr. Marcovici 9 1935 B+GF+8S 88 7905

8 Ion Campineanu 9 1937 B+GF+7S 19 3155

9 Armeneasca 28Semilunei 8Armeneasca 28A

193519351935

B+GF+6SB+GF+5SB+GF+5S

669

128014651200

10 Elefterie 11 1936 B+GF+5S 8 1925

Buildings under bidding of retrofitting

BUCHAREST, May 2008

52

Fragile tall RC buildings with soft

and weak groundfloor, built

in Bucharest, 1960-1977

53

Fragile 7-story RC frame building with soft ground story, built in the period 60s, Stefan celMare street

Fragile 7-story RC frame building with soft ground story, after 1977 event, Stefan cel Mare street

54

Housing units in buildings having more than 7 storey

Housing units built before 1944

55

Presently (March 2008), from the 127 "seismic risk class 1" buildings in Bucharest:

(i) 12 buildings are fully retrofitted;

(ii) 6 buildings are under retrofitting;

(iii) 20 buildings area ready for construction works biding and

(iv) 21 buildings are ready for design works biding.

56

JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures in Romania, 2001 -2008

Integrated rehabilitation project Plan/Survey of the architectural andArcheological heritage (IRPP/SAAH), a joint action of the European Commission and the Council of Europe (2003-2008, 2008-2011)

CRC 461 Project Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, 1995 -2007

RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different European town, 2001 -2005

PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies, 2004 -2008

World Bank Hazard and risk mitigation in Romania- Component B: Earthquake Risk Reduction, 2004 -2010

NATO Project- Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk andReduction in Countries Influenced by Vrancea Earthquakes

6. International projects for reduction of seismic risk in Romania

57

JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures in Romania

7 mill. USD JICA project budget

Equipment cost 2.7 mill. USD donation to the Romanian Government

- Soil testing laboratory

- Structural testing laboratory

- Seismic instrumentation network in Bucharest and Romania

(free field, borehole, buildings)

26 Romanian young engineers trained in Japan

34 Japanese short term and long term experts dispatched in Romania

58

JICA Project - Reduction of seismic risk for buildings and structures in Romania, 2001 2008

Integrated rehabilitation project Plan/Survey of the architectural andArcheological heritage (IRPP/SAAH), a joint action of the European Commission and the Council of Europe (2003-2008, 2008-2011)

RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different European town, 2001 2005

PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies, 2004 -2008

International projects for reduction of seismic risk in Romania

59

World Bank Hazard and risk mitigation in Romania- Component B: Earthquake Risk Reduction, 2004 2010

CRC 461 Project Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, 1995 2007

NATO Project- Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk andReduction in Countries Influenced by Vrancea Earthquakes

International projects for reduction of seismic risk in Romania

60

RISK U.E. Project

An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to

different European towns

61

Classification of buildings occupancy (selection)Importance & exposure

categoryCode Occupancy category

1 2 3B GENERAL BUILDING STOCKB1

1.11.21.31.41.51.6

Residential Single family dwelling (house) Multi family dwelling (apartment bldg.) Low-rise (1-2) Mid-rise (3-7) High-rise (8+) Institutional dormitory

x1)x1)

x

xxxx

B22.12.22.32.42.52.62.7

Commercial Supermarkets, Malls Offices Services Hotels, Motels Restaurants, Bars Parking Warehouse

x2)x2)

x2)

xxxxxxx

B33.13.23.33.4

Cultural Museums Theatres, Cinemas Public event buildings Stadiums

x3)x2)x2)x2)

xxxx

1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150 people2) Buildings with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people

congregate in one area

Europe inventory database and typology

62

Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

WP1. UTCB

Populationdensity,

persons/km2

Population density in the 7 towns

63

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000


WP1. UTCB

Number of housing units

Number of housing units for 7 towns

64

Seismic codes inter-benchmark periodsTown

Pre-code Low-code M oderate code

Barcelona 79% 21% --

Bitola 48% 29% 23%

Bucharest 30% 30% 40%

Catania 92% - 8%

Nice 75% 25%

Sofia Data not available

Thessaloniki 20% 50% 30%

Vulnerability of buildings stock in 7 towns

65

PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical

Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technologies

Contract n INCO CT-2004 - 509119 with European Commission, Research Directorate General

Amount: 2 400 000Funding: EC: 88 %,

participants : 12 %Starting Date: 2004Ending Date: 2008

66

Project planning

WP 1: Overview of existing techniquesWP 2: Damage assessmentWP 3: Risk AnalysisWP 4: Intervention strategiesWP 5: Innovative materials and techniquesWP 6: Reversible mixed technologiesWP 7: Experimental analysisWP 8: Numerical analysesWP 9: Calculation modelsWP 10: Validation of innovative solutions and proceduresWP 11: Study casesWP 12: Design guidelines

67

World Bank project in Romania

Component B:

Earthquake Risk Reduction - 71.2 million US$

Subcomponents:

Strengthening of high priority buildings and lifelines

Design & supervision

Building code review and study of code enforcement

Professional training in cost effective retrofitting

Component A:

Strengthening of Disaster management capacity

Components C, D&E: Flood, Pollution & Project Management

68

Emergency facilities

30%

Public12%

Educational18%

Hospitals40%

Bucharest

Communication26% Emergency facilities

39%

Public4%Educational

11%Hospitals

20%

Other cities

Distribution of buildings with occupancy

69

Other cities62%

Bucharest38%

Other cities33%

Bucharest67%

Distribution of number of buildings to be retrofitted

Distribution of cost for buildings to be retrofitted

70

World Bank report

Preventable Losses: Saving Lives and Property through Hazard Risk Management

Strategic Framework for reducing the Social and Economic Impact of Earthquake, Flood and Landslide Hazards in the Europe and Central Asia

RegionDraft, May 2004

Romania is regarded as one the most seismically active countries in

Europe

Bucharest is one of the 10 most vulnerable cities in the world.

71

Recommendations for Romania:

Upgrade the legal framework for hazard specific management;

Review the existing buildings code for the retrofitting of vulnerable

buildings;

Conduct a comprehensive public awareness campaign for the

earthquake risk;

Invest in hazard mitigation activities in order to reduce the risks

caused by earthquakes;

Develop financing strategy for catastrophic events.

72

NATO PROJECT - Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Risk and Reduction in Countries Influenced by

Vrancea Earthquakes

Amount: 250 000 Starting Date: 2005Ending Date: 2008

A Science for Peace Project

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Project SfP 98047

Public Diplomacy DivisionCollaborative Programmes Section

73Lungu, Zaicenco, 1999

PGA/g

MSK Intensity ROMANIA P100-92& SR 11100/1-93

Rep. of MOLDOVA, UKRAINE

SNIP II-7-81

BULGARIA 1987 code

IX 0.32 0.40 0.27

VIII 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15

VII 0.16 0.10 0.10

V 0.12 0.08 - 0.05

Deterministic seismic zonation maps for countries affected by Vrancea earthquakes

MRI - mean recurrence interval of earthquake

magnitude is:

Romania: 50 yr, 1992100 yr, 2004

Republic of Moldova: 50 yr

Bulgaria: 1000 yr

74

Romania at WCDR, Kobe, Jan. 2005:Mission organized by MTCT, Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism

World Conference on Disaster Reduction18 to 22 Jan. 2005 Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

18 Jan. 2005Thematic Panel Cluster 4, Reducing the underlying risk factorsOrganized by:

- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)- World Health Organization (WHO)- United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)

Chair of the Cluster 4 of WCDR:

75

Romania at WCDR, Kobe, Jan. 2005:Mission organized by MTCT, Ministry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism

World Conference on Disaster Reduction18 to 22 Jan. 2005 Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

19 Jan. 2005Cluster Session 4.6, Policies for safer building/HousingOrganized by:

- Government of Japan, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transports and - United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD )

Presentation: Seismic risk mitigation in Romania (D. Lungu)

21 Jan. 2005Public Forum: Building a Strong Country Against Disasters. Achievements and

Challenges of JICAs Cooperation Presentation: Efforts toward seismic risk reduction for buildings and JICA Project in Romania (R. Vacareanu)

22 Jan. 2005Statement of Romanian Delegation on Behalf of Eastern European Group of Countries

76

- International Symposium on Strong Vrancea Earthquakes and Risk Mitigation, October 4-6, 2007 Bucharest, Romania.

- International Symposium on Seismic Risk Reduction. The JICA Technical Cooperation Project in Romania, April 2007

- International Conference Earthquake Loss Estimation and Risk Reduction, October 24-26, 2002 Bucharest, Romania.

-JICA International Seminar: Earthquake Hazard and Countermeasures for Existing Fragile Buildings, 23-24, Nov. 2000

- First International Workshop on Vrancea Earthquakes, Nov. 1997

National and International seismic Conferences held in Romania

- A treia Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, dec. 2005- A doua Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, nov. 2001 - Prima Conferinta Nationala de Inginerie Seismica, Bucuresti, 1997

Earthquake Hazard and Countermeasures for Existing Fragile Buildings

Contributions from JICA International SeminarBucharest, Romania, November 23-24, 2000

D. LUNGU, T. SAITO (Editors)

1PROCEEDINGS

Editors: D. Lungu F. Wenzel P. Mouroux I. Tojo

G of the

772007, 17 March str. Visarion 8Starting of building degrading: fire at the roof

7. Bucharest heritage buildings protection

782008, 16 Aprilie str. Visarion 8Present state of the building

79

Bucharest intended fire and intended destruction for encouraging self collapse of the Asan Mill, industrial heritage, 1853.

80Asan Mill, May 16, 2008

81

New skyscrapers near St. Joseph Chatedraland

Ministry of Interior in Bucharest city center

83

RISK-UE

An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarioswith applications to different European towns

WP1 ReportEuropean distinctive features, inventory database and typology


84

Contents

1. European distinctive features and urban seismic risk

2. Work package objectives description

Objective 1: Distinctive features of European towns

Objective 2: Inventory database and typology

85

3. Characteristics of urban development in 7 Europeans towns

Urbanised area and historical developmentCultural and religious buildingsMonuments and historical heritage

4. Comparative study of distinctive features for the 7 case study towns exposed to earthquakes in Europe

Appendix: The 7 cities reportsBarcelona, Spain, Bitola, FYRO Macedonia,

Bucharest, Romania, Catania, Italy, Nice, France, Sofia, Bulgaria, Thessaloniki, Greece,

86

Objective 1 - Distinctive features of European towns

Town identity Population characteristicsUrbanised area and elements at risk

Impact of past earthquakes on elements at riskStrong motion data in the city and seismic hazardGeological, geophysical and geotechnical information

Evolution of earthquake resistant design codesEarthquake risk management effortsReferences

87

Objective 2 - Inventory database and typology

Classification of buildingsClassification of lifelines

Building typology matrix, BTM.Description of structural typologies

88

Objective 1 - Distinctive features of European towns

1. Town identity

2. Population characteristics

Number of inhabitantsPopulation density Growth of city population in 20th centuryYearly GDP per capita

89

3. Urbanised area and elements at riskGeographical location of city Urbanised area and historical developmentAdministrative divisions/sectors; neighbourhoods

Buildings typology Building stock

Residential buildings/ Housing units Essential facilities buildings

- Administrative- Health care- Education- Emergency

Cultural and religious buildingsIndustrial and commercial buildingsMonuments and historical heritage

Building priceLifelines

90

4. Impact of past earthquakes on elements at risk

Earthquakes that have caused significant damage in the city Catalogue of major earthquakesGeneral description of seismic sourcesSoil condition within the cityObserved seismic intensity for past strong events

Consequences of past strong earthquakes in the cityRecorded ground motions and their parameters Geotechnical consequencesDamage data from past eventsHuman and economical lossesPhotos of earthquake damage

91

5. Strong motion data in the cityExisting seismic networks Free field instruments Instruments on buildings and in boreholesAvailable strong motion accelerogram

6. Geological, geophysical and geotechnical informationGeological characterisation of city areaGeophysical and borehole information

92

7. Evolution of earthquake resistant design codes & Building types

History of codes for earthquake resistance of structuresHistory of seismic zonation

Code qualityEnforcement of earthquake resistant design codes

Building types/ Housing units Buildings built within code inter-benchmark periods

93

8. Earthquake risk management efforts

Earthquake risk management efforts at local & national levelsInstitutions in charge with earthquake risk managementEmergency response

Public education efforts and media attitude

Programs for seismic risk mitigation

94

1. Classification of buildings occupancyImportance & exposure

categoryCode Occupancy category

1 2 3B GENERAL BUILDING STOCKB1

1.11.21.31.41.51.6

Residential Single family dwelling (house) Multi family dwelling (apartment bldg.) Low-rise (1-2) Mid-rise (3-7) High-rise (8+) Institutional dormitory

x1)x1)

x

xxxx

B22.12.22.32.42.52.62.7

Commercial Supermarkets, Malls Offices Services Hotels, Motels Restaurants, Bars Parking Warehouse

x2)x2)

x2)

xxxxxxx

B33.13.23.33.4

Cultural Museums Theatres, Cinemas Public event buildings Stadiums

x3)x2)x2)x2)

xxxx

1) Buildings with capacity greater than 150 people2) Buildings with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people

congregate in one area

Objective 2, Inventory database and typology

95

Im portance & exposurecategory

C ode O ccupancy category

1 2 3B4 M ultip le use x1) or x2) xB5

5.15.25 .35 .45 .55 .65 .75 .85 .9

M onum ents and historical heritage Palaces, M ansion houses T ower Castles T rium phal arch O belisk M onumental fountains and Sta tues G ate of the to wn and surround ing w alls M asonry bridges Archaeological sites

x4)

x5)

x

x

xx

x

xxx

xB6

6.16.26 .36 .4

Relig ion Churches O ratories, Chapels, Shrines M osques Convents and M onasteries

x1)

x1)

xxxx

B77.17.27 .37 .47 .57 .6

Industria l H eavy L ight Food C hem icals, D rugs H igh technology C onstruction

xxxxxx

B8 Agricultural noneB9 Tem porary buildings none

96

Importance & exposurecategory

Code Occupancy category

1 2 3EF ESSENTIAL FACILITIESEF1

1.11.21.3

Government functions and civil defence Government buildings Defence buildings Local administration buildings

xxx

EF22.12.22.32.42.5

Health and medical care Hospitals, surgery and emergency facilities Hospitals with 50 to 200 beds Hospitals with less than 50 beds Clinics, Labs Other health care facilities

xx

xxx

EF33.13.23.3

Emergency response Fire stations Police stations Emergency operation facilities

xxx

EF44.14.24.34.44.5

Education facilities Kindergarten Elementary School Secondary School High school University

x1)x1)x1)x2)

xxxxx

H HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCESH1

1.11.21.31.4

Facilities producing or containing: Radioactive substances Toxic substances Explosive substances Other hazardous substances

xxxx

x6)x6)x6)

97

2. Classification of lifelines (detailed in WP 6)

Lifeline utility systems:- Electric power system- Communication system- Potable water system- Waste water system- Gas system - Fuel system.

Transportation systems:- Roadway- Railway- Port and Harbour- Airport.

98

3. Building typology matrix, BTMLabel Building type description Height description Code level*

Name No. ofstories

Height h,m

N L M H

RC Reinforced concrete structures

RC1 Concrete moment frames Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21RC2 Concrete shear walls Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21RC3

3.1

3.2

Concrete frames with unreinforced masonryinfill walls

Regularly infilled frames

Irregularly frames (i.e., irregular structuralsystem, irregular infills, soft/weak story)

Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise


1 - 34 - 78+

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21

h 99 < h 21

h > 21RC4 RC Dual systems (RC frames and walls) Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21RC5 Precast Concrete Tilt-Up Walls Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21RC6 Precast Concrete Frames with Concrete

shear wallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 - 34 - 78+

h 99 < h 21

h > 21

*Code level N - no code;

L - low-code (designed with unique arbitrary base shear seismic coefficient);M - moderate-code; H - high-code (code comparable with Eurocode 8)

99

Label Building type description Height description Code level*

Name No. ofstories

Height h,m

N L M H

M Masonry structuresM1

1.1

1.2

1.3

Stone masonry bearing walls made of:Rubble stone, fieldstone

Simple stone

Massive stone

Low-riseMid-rise



1 - 23 - 5

1 23 56+

1 23 56+

h 66 < h 15

h 66 < h 15

h > 15

h 66 < h 15

h > 15M2 Adobe Low-rise 1-2 h 6M3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with: Wooden slabs

Masonry vaults

Composite steel and masonry slabs

Reinforced concrete slabs





1 - 23 56+

1 - 23 56+

1 - 23 56+

1 - 23 56+

h 66 < h 15

h > 15

h 66 < h 15

h > 15

h 66 < h 15

h > 15

h 66 < h 15

h > 15M4 Reinforced or confined masonry bearing

wallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 23 56+

h 66 < h 15

h > 15M5 Overall strengthened masonry buildings Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 23 56+

h 66 < h 15

h > 15

100

Label Building type description Height description Code level*

Name No. ofstories

Height h,m

N L M H

S Steel structures

S1 Steel moment frames Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 34 78+

h 1010< h 25

h > 25S2 Steel braced frames Low-rise

Mid-riseHigh-rise

1 34 78+

h 1010< h 25

h > 25S3 Steel Frames with Unreinforced masonry

infill wallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 34 78+

h 1010< h 25

h > 25S4 Steel Frames with Cast-in-Place Concrete

shear WallsLow-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 34 78+

h 1010< h 25

h > 25

S5 Steel and RC composite systems Low-riseMid-riseHigh-rise

1 34 78+

h 1010< h 25

h > 25 W Wood structures Low-rise

Mid-rise1-23+

h 5.5h > 5.5

101

4. Description of structural typologies

M1.1 Rubble stone, fieldstone masonry bearing wallsM1.2 Simple stone masonry bearing wallsM1.3 Massive stone masonry bearing walls

M2 Adobe

M3.1 Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with wooden slabsM3.2 Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with masonry vaultsM3.3 Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with composite steel

and masonry slabsM3.4 Unreinforced masonry bearing walls with reinforced

concrete slabsM4 Reinforced or confined masonry bearing wallsM5 Overall strengthened masonry buildings

102

RC1 Concrete moment framesRC2 Concrete shear wallsRC3.1 Concrete frames with regular unreinforced masonry

infill wallsRC3.2 Irregular concrete frames with unreinforced masonry

infill wallsRC4 RC dual systems (RC frames and walls)RC5 Precast concrete tilt-up wallsRC6 Precast concrete frames with concrete shear walls

103

S1 Steel moment framesS2 Steel braced framesS3 Steel frames with unreinforced masonry infill wallsS4 Steel frames with cast-in-place concrete shear wallsS5 Steel and RC composite systemsW Wood structures

104

3. Characteristics of urban development in 7 Europeans towns

Urbanised area and historical developmentCultural and religious buildingsMonuments and historical heritage

The 7 towns:Barcelona, SpainBitola, FYRO MacedoniaBucharest, RomaniaCatania, ItalyNice, FranceSofia, BulgariaThessaloniki, Greece

105

4. Comparative study of distinctive features for the 7 case study towns exposed to earthquakes in Europe

106

I. Population and buildings exposure

II. Earthquake hazard and seismic instrumentation

III. Existing buildings stock vulnerability and typology

Comparative study on:

107

Town Inhabitants Population density,persons/km2

Population growth,20th century*

GDP/person(approx.)

EuroBarcelona 1,503,451 15,176 1970 22,000Bitola 79,456 12,600 1990 1,620Bucharest 2,011,305 10,806 1989 1,980Catania 333,075 6,125 1971-1991 9,000-15,000Nice 342,738 4,766 1980 20,000Sofia 1,133,183 4,680 1985 1,630Thessaloniki 1,048,151 21,600 1991 15,290

Population and yearly GDP

I. Population and Building exposure

108

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000


WP1. UTCB

Population

Population of the 7 towns

109


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

WP1. UTCB

Populationdensity,

persons/km2

Population density in the 7 towns

110

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000


WP1. UTCB

GDP per capita,

Euro

GDP per capita for the 7 towns

111

Housing units HospitalsTown Number ofbuildings

Number People/n.units

Number/No. of beds

Physicians/100000people

Educationalbuildings

Firestations

Policestations

Barcelona 69,000 700,000 2.14 47/8,356 454 1,033 7 19

Bitola 13,010 29,619 2.68 1/665 600 33 4 4

Bucharest 108,834 782,428 2.57 52/20,279 394 570 15 27

Catania 37,333 132,947 2.5 8/- 1,000(I) 266 1 7

Nice ~50,000 212,000 1.61 15/ 467 192 5 16

Sofia 480,580 2.54 41/ 332 316

Thessaloniki * 402,144 * 80/ 386 713 4 13

Existing building stock for the 7 towns

112

Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

NA NA

WP1. UTCB

Number of buildings

Number of buildings for the 7 towns

113

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000


WP1. UTCB

Number of housing units

Number of housing units for 7 towns

114

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

NA


WP1. UTCB

Number of people/housing units

Number of people/housing units for the 7 towns

115

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


WP1. UTCB

Number of

hospitals

Number of hospitals for 7 towns

116

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200


WP1. UTCB

Number of physicians/100,000 persons

Number of physicians/100,000 persons for the 7 towns

117

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

NA


WP1. UTCB

Number of fire

stations

Number of fire stations for 7 towns

118

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

NA


WP1. UTCB

Number of police

stations

Number of police stations for 7 towns

119

Barcelona Bitola Bucharest Catania Nice Sofia Thessaloniki3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10.5

NA

WP1. UTCB

LARGEST HISTORICALEVENT

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

10.5

WP1. UTCB


20th CENTURY

MSK local-intensity of largest experienced earthquake for the 7 towns

II. Earthquake hazard and earthquake instrumentation

120

Conversion table for MM and MSK intensities

Lungu, 1996. Report for AON

121

Tiedemann H. 1992Conversion tables for various intensity scales

122

Conversion tables for various intensity scales Tiedemann H. 1992

123

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

WP1. UTCB


MRI = 475yr.

Peak

gro

und

acce

lera

tion,

g

Peak ground acceleration,

in g

Local seismic hazard having 10% probability of exceedance in 50yr (MRI=475yr.) for the7 towns

124

Available records

TownEvent Number of records Max PGA

Barcelona 1923/ 1 record 0.05g (many smaller earthquakes)

Available strong of ground motion records for the 7 towns

125

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

NA


WP1. UTCB

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

NA NANA


WP1. UTCB

Number of free field digital instruments

Number of digital instruments on buildings

Seismic instrumentation for the 7 towns

126

Seismic codes inter-benchmark periodsTown

Pre-code Low-code Moderate code

Barcelona 79% 21% --

Bitola 48% 29% 23%

Bucharest 30% 30% 40%

Catania 92% - 8%

Nice 75% 25%

Sofia Data not available

Thessaloniki 20% 50% 30%

Building stock age in the 7 towns versus

Seismic codes inter-benchmark periods

III. Vulnerability and typology of European buildings stock

127

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

NA


WP1. UTCB

PRE-CODE

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

NA

WP1. UTCB

LOW-CODE


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

NA


WP1. UTCB

MODERATE CODE

Existing buildings stock built during various seismic code periods(in % of total stock) for the 7 towns

128

Knowledge incorporated into seismic design

Pre-code Low-code Moderate codeModerate-advanced

code

Barcelona < 1968 1968....

Bitola

=1948 and

PTP-2

=1964

1964-1981 1981-1990 1990 present

Bucharest

=1941 and

=1963

P13-63

1963-1977 1977-1992 1992 present

Catania < 1981 1981 present

Nice = 1955 1956-1969 1970-1992 1993 present

Sofia =1964 1964-1972 1972-1987 1987 present

Thessaloniki < 1959 1959- 1984 1984- 1995 1995 present

Level of codes for earthquake resistance of structures

129

Masonry structures, M WoodTown

1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 5 1

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

Masonry buildings types for the 7 towns

Buildings typology

130

Reinforced concrete structures, RC Steel structures, STown

1 2 3.1 3.2 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5

Barcelona

Bitola

Bucharest

Catania

Nice

Sofia

Thessaloniki

RC buildings and Steel buildings types for the 7 towns

131

Selected references

ASCE 7-98, 2000. ASCE Standard: Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil Engineers, New-York, ASCE

Eurocode 8 - Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures, 1994. Part 1-1: General rules - Seismic actions and general requirements for structures. CEN, European Committee for Standardization, Oct.

HAZUS Technical Manual 1997. Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, 3 Vol.

132

Alexoudi M., Pitilakis, K., Stylianidis, K., Kappos, K., Makra, K., Anastasiadis A., Argyroudis, S., Papadopoulos E., Penelis, G., 2001, Risk UE WP1, ThessalonikiCity Report, 63p.

Bour, M., Arnal, C., Imbault, M., Lutoff, C., Marot, N., Martin, R., Masure, Ph., Mouroux, P., 2001. Risk UE WP1, Nice City Report, 42p

Faccioli, E., Frassine, L., Scuderi S., 2001. Risk UE WP1, Catania Report, 32p+18p. Irizarry, J. Goula, X., Susagna, T., Galan, J., Pujades, L.G., Lantada, N. 2001. Risk

UE WP1, Barcelona City Report, 49p+23p. Lungu, D., Aldea, A., Arion, C., Vacareanu, R., Cornea, T., Petrescu, F., 2001, Risk

UE WP1, Bucharest City Report, 52p+26p. Lungu, D. & Aldea, A., 1999a. Understanding Urban Risk Around the World. United

Nations RADIUS Project UUSRAW at Geohazards Int., Ca., USA. Documents for the City of Bucharest seismic profile, 29p.+25p.+8p.

Kostov, M., Vaseva, E., Kaneva, A., Varbanov, G., Stefanov, D., Koleva, N., Hristoskov , L., Simeonova, S., Solakov, D., Lazarov, A., Kraleva, D., 2001. Risk UE WP1, Sofia City Report. 49p+9p

Milutinovic, Z., Olumceva T., Trendafiloski G., 2001, Risk UE WP1, Bitola City Report, 37p+28p

City Reports

Lvr Lungu Vacareanu 9

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