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Transcript of Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II The Implementation of Integrated Land and Ecosystem...
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
The Implementation of Integrated Land and Ecosystem Accounts in Europe
2 . Ecosystem accounts
MEDSTAT II
WORKSHOP – Economic environment approaches
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007
Jean-Louis WeberEEA
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Why accounting for ecosystems is important?
• Key policy issues– Biodiversity conservation– Sustainable use of living/ cycling resource (natural and managed
systems) and land– Adaptability to climate change
• Recent developments & research: – SEEA2003 – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
• “Natural Assets and Human Well-being”• “ecosystem services”: provisioning (goods), regulating, support, cultural
– IUCN / VALUE project (“Counting ecosystems as water infrastructure”…) – Ecological economics in general (ISEE…)– GEOSS– Europe's project of Ecosystem Assessment 2012– and more...
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
SEEA: expansion of the System of National Accounts (UN1993) in order to include more environmental aspects
Natural resources EcosystemsEconomic
assets (SNA)Non-economic
assets
Openingstocks
Openingstocks
OpeningState
SNAtransactions
and otherflows
Changes instocks
Changesin stocks
Economicactivities,
naturalprocesses,
etc.
Changesin state
Closingstocks
Closingstocks
Closingstate
Described in SNA
RM HASSAN - UN The System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (UN 2003) - RANESA Workshop June 12-16, 2005 Maputo
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Accounting for Ecosystems
Land cover changes matrix Land cover x land use matrix
Land cover (initial state)
Land cover (final state)
Land cover core account
Land use x activities matrix
economic decisions
natural causes
multiple causes
Lan
d c
ov
er
Activitie
s/ secto
rs
Land cover flows due to Final
state
Land cover (final state)
Land use functions
Land use functions
Lan
d c
ov
er
(i
nit
ial
sta
te)
Lan
d c
ov
er
flo
ws
Initial state
Land use accounts and
Ecosystem accounts
Land use accounts and
Ecosystem accounts
The story so far….The story so far…. The next steps….The next steps….
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
CORE LAND COVER ACCOUNT
Soil
Flora & Fauna
Water system
Atmosphere/ Climate
Land use economic &
social functions
Artificiality of land
Intensityof use
LAND & ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTS
Ecosystem services
Ecosystempotentials
Integrity, health & viability
Vulnerability
Production & Consumption
Natural Assets
Population
Infrastructures & Technologies
Land use and ecosystem accounting
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Accounting for ecosystems: Conceptual Model
Distribution Patterns Neighbourhoods
S
C
A
L
E
S
Distribution Patterns Neighbourhoods
S
C
A
L
E
S
Spatial analysisSpatial analysis
DP S IRDriving forces (production, consumption)
Pressures
State of environment
Impacts of state on society, economy and ecosystems
Responses
CausationCausation
FrameworkFramework
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Drivers PressureDriving forces Anthropogenic Stress
Surface, length, number of wetlands; distribution by
region; change
Agriculture
Physical restructuring (Drainage of wetlands, Cultivation of marginal land, Soil sealing, Development of transport infrastructure…)
Impact on economic activity of change in wetlands condition
Protection of biotopes & species
Wetlands health (distress indicators)
Ecosystem management
Urban developmentOverharvesting/overuse (Management of dams, Seasonnal over-use of water, Hunting)
Nutrient cycling (Change in primary/secondary productivity/
Exceedance of nutrient loads/ Eutrophication)
Transport Impacts on associated habitats & species of change in wetlands condition
Agri-environmental measures
Industrial/ storage and landfilling of toxics
Introduction of plant and animal species (Intentional and non-intentional)
Species composition (Endemic, Migratory, Introduced or invasive)
Fiscal policies, subsidies
Tourism Impact on amenities and wellbeing of change in wetlands condition Land planning
Discharge of waste & residuals (Polluting emissions from river basins, Use of pesticides, Emissions to air and deposition)
(In)stability of substrate (Partitionning/connectivity, Internal
fragmentation, Accumulation of toxic substances, Instability of Water Systems)
Valuation of amenitiesSedimentation
Climatic events Droughts
Floods
Composite index: Wetlands vulnerabilitySurface of wetlands (km²), each of them weighted by the other state indicators;
breakdown by river basins, ecological and administrative regions and by type
Natural disturbance
State Impacts Responses
Causation: DPSIR within the ecosystem accounting framework: e.g. Wetlands
*
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Scales: individual ecosystems v.s. geo-statistical monitoring/ accounting
WETLANDS 1990 OF N-W EUROPE EEA/ETCTE
To ta l a re a : 5 .8 0 0 sq .km
Legend
Restoration areas: 15,025 ha
Agriculture: 39,974 haFishculture: 35,967 ha
Forestry: 6,442 ha
POLDERS: 97,408 haNATURAL AREAS: 482,592 ha
TULCEA
Ukraine
(courtesy Danube Delta National Institute)
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Stocks/ flows
Assets & Values
Goods & Services
System Interactions,
resilience
Framework
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Ecosystem Accounting Framework
• Stocks & flows– Spatial systems:
• land cover (units, zones, landscape types)• river reaches, rivers, catchments• coastal systems
– Biomass, Productivity (NPP/NEP), Carbon Storage– Nutrients (N,P)– Water– Species – Other…
• System interactions• Goods & Services• Assets & Values
Basic ecosystem stock accounts
Basic ecosystem stock accounts
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Biomass & NPP
• Anomalies, distress symptom• Direct Material Consumption – Total Material Requirement
(Material Flows Accounts) • HANPP• ‘Supporting service’
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Example of asset account for Biomass/C (draft)Asset account of biomass (dry matter or C)
clc1 Urban
clc2 Agriculture
clc3 Forest & natural dry land
clc4 Wetlands
clc5 Water bodies
Rivers class 1
Rivers class 2
Rivers class 3
Coastal type 1
Coastal type 2
1 Opening stock of biomass (T0)1.1 Aboveground1.2 Belowground1.3 Soils
1.4 Water
2 Net Primary Production (Effective= GPP-Plants respiration)3 Soil respiration (-)4 Net Ecosystem Production (=2-3)5 Imports (+)6 Extraction/harvesting (-)
6.1 Sustainable use6.2 Depletion6A from annual crops6B from natural increase of inventories6C from wild harvest
X Consumption in trophic chains (-)Y Net secondary production
7 Residuals (+)7.1 harvesting residues
animal excreta7.2 land filled7.3 to water
to the amosphere
8 Exports (-)9 Other change in volume of biomass (+ or -)
9.1 due to land use change9.2 due to eutrophication9.3 due to soil alteration
9.3.1 soil formation9.3.2 change in C storage
9.4 fires9.5 climatic events
other change n.c.a.
10 Net accumulation (storage) (+ or -)10.1 Aboveground10.2 Belowground10.3 Soils10.4 Water
11 Closing stock of biomass (T1)11.1 Aboveground11.2 Belowground11.3 Soils11.4 Water
Indicator calculation2 Effective NPP12 + or - Alteration of NPP by land use (historical)13 = Potential NPP (+)
HANPP = 13-6+5-8
Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems
TOTAL
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Example of resource use and supply account (draft)
Resource Use and Supply to the economy
clc1 Urban
clc2 Agriculture
clc3 Forest & natural dry land
clc4 Wetlands
clc5 Water bodies
Rivers class 1
Rivers class 2
Rivers class 3
Coastal type 1
Coastal type 2
U1 Total extraction/harvesting
Agriculture
Fisheries
Forestry
Energy
Mining
Manufacturing
Distribution water
Sewerage/ waste management
Government
Household
Resource from sectors for use
Residuals received
U3 Resource received from outside (ROW or other regions)
Gross resource used = U1+U2+U3S1 Supply to branches/sectors & ROW
Resource supplied to other users
Residuals sent to waste management
S2 Supply to outside (ROW or other regions)S3 Residuals & returnsHarvesting residuesAnimal excretaLand filled wastesResiduals to waterS4 Final consumptionHuman foodAnimal foodEnergy production
Total supply = S1+S2+S3
from
the
eniro
nmen
tw
ithin
the
econ
omy
U2 Resource received from branches/sectors
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t
Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems
TOTAL
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Ecosystem Accounting Framework
• Stocks & flows• System interactions
– Spatial interactions (ecotones, distributions, composition / scales)
– Components interactions• Spatial & temporal interactions (water stress,
species dynamics…)• Bio-chemical-physical cycles
– Human interactions • Re-structuring, over-harvesting/over-extraction,
deposition of residuals and force-feeding, introduction of species – use of land and the natural capital
• Goods & Services• Assets & Values
Functioning, health, resilience
Functioning, health, resilience
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Ecosystem health: counts of diversity/integrity
• Specific diagnosisFrom selection of markers and threshold values according to habitat types, region, context1. Homeostasis state (no alteration foreseen).2. Resilience state (the disturbance that ecosystems are still able to absorb or compensate,
keeping the same functions, identity and feedbacks (Walker, 2005).3. Reversible process without compensation (degradation).4. Irreversible change (death).
• Ecosystem Distress Syndrome model:– Disruptions of nutrients cycling (loss or excess)– Degradation of substrates (fragmentation, water stress, chemical stress)– Change in species composition (invasive…)– Dependence of systems from artificial input (energy, water, subsidies …)– Capacity of supporting healthy communities
• Focussed research of stressors– overharvesting, overuse– land/rivers restructuring– deposition of residuals– introduction of species
• Physical wealth as stocks*coefficients (potential, resilience)
Source: David J. Rapport
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Ecosystem accounting
• Stocks & flows• System interactions• Goods & Services
– Land use functions– Ecosystem input to production (marketed
or not)– End services to population (collective or
individual)– Maintenance of the natural capital
• Assets & Values
Sustainability assessment
Sustainability assessment
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Ecosystem services
Ref to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
http://www.maweb.org/en/index.aspx
http://www.greenfacts.org/ecosystems/index.htm
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Land use functions & ecosystem goods and services
Use Cover
Residential services
Food supply RecreationNature
conservation …
Urban
Rural
Forest, nature
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Source: Roy Haines-Young
Ecosystem regulation service: Account of new housing in flood risk zones
Low
High
1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS
3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE
4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS
1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE
4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN
% new units in high risk flood zone
Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone
Area of high risk flood zone (ha)
Number of new residential units 98-03
Area(ha)JCA
1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS
3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE
4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS
1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE
4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN
% new units in high risk flood zone
Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone
Area of high risk flood zone (ha)
Number of new residential units 98-03
Area(ha)JCA
1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS
3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE
4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS
1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE
4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN
% new units in high risk flood zone
Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone
Area of high risk flood zone (ha)
Number of new residential units 98-03
Area(ha)JCA
1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS
3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE
4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS
1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE
4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN
% new units in high risk flood zone
Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone
Area of high risk flood zone (ha)
Number of new residential units 98-03
Area(ha)JCA
Proportion of new residential housing in high risk flood zones, by landscape type (1999-2003) in south east England
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Ecosystem accounting
• Stocks & flows• System interactions• Goods & Services• Assets & Values Value of ecosystem goods and
services, wealth, natural capital
Value of ecosystem goods and services, wealth, natural capital
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Source: Roy Haines-Young
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Framework of Ecosystem Accounts
Natural assets accounts • Natural capital structure, resilience & wealth (physical
units, by sectors)• Capital consumption & accumulation (physical units, €)• Ecosystem assets wealth (€)
Natural Capital Accounts/ living & cycling natural capital
Functions & Services• Land use function• Natural function
Supply & use of ecosystem goods and services(Use of resource by sectors, supply to consumption &
residuals, accumulation, I-O analysis)
Material/energy flows(focus on biomass, water,
nutrients, residuals)
Accounts of flows of ecosystem goods and services
Counts of stocks diversity / integrity(by ecosystem types,
focus on quality)
Ecosystem Stocks & State Accounts
Ecosystem State (health diagnosis and
wealth calculation)
Core accounts of stocks & flows
(by ecosystem types, raw quantities)
Eco
syst
em t
ypes
Economic sectorsSpatial integration
Economic integration
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Integration of Environmental & Socio-Economic Data
Land cover maps
Area sampling (crops,
habitats…)
Socio-economicstatistics (e.g. by
regions, municipalities, sectors, farm holdings, household groups...)
Monitoring of individual sites or stations
(e.g. nature, water…)
Earth observation:multi-scales land cover
+ vegetation + NPP +…
Luxembourg, 5-9 February 2007 MEDSTAT II
Conclusions
“By examining all uses of land in an integrated manner, it makes it possible to minimize conflicts, to make the most efficient trade-offs and to link social and economic development with environmental protection and enhancement, thus helping to achieve the objectives of sustainable development.” Agenda 21, Chapter 10