Lutherans in NJ/NY/PA - Part2
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Transcript of Lutherans in NJ/NY/PA - Part2
Lutherans in Our Area
A History – Part 2
21 June 2009
Alana Coble
Recap: Lutherans in Two Colonies New Sweden
Swedish / Finnish Lutherans New Amsterdam
Dutch Lutherans
First Lutheran Ordained in America November 24, 1703 -
Justus Falckner From Albany to
Philadelphia (over 240 miles apart) – travelled some 1200 miles a year
Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (1711-1787) Arrived in Pennsylvania
1742 1748 – called together the
Ministerium of Pennsylvania, first permanent synod
1760 – NY congregations join Ministerium of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States
Patriarch of American Lutheranism Established training for new
pastors, Developed liturgy of 1748, and
common Lutheran Service Hymnal
Travelled extensively (NY to Georgia), mediated in disputes
Introduced constitutional provisions in congregations that eased transition to “free church” model
Old Trappe Church
Muhlenberg House
A Lutheran Revolution
1787-1792, more organization 4 new synods formed, and Pennsylvania
Ministerium reorganized NY organized its own synod 1792
Northern NJ was still claimed by PA By 1800, NY synod had 11 pastors, 39
congregations (NY, NJ, Canada)
A Lutheran Revolution
Part of larger trend of Protestant organization Unlike others who wanted independence from
Europe, Lutherans wanted ties and money Money, materials, pastors flowed through 1790s
While southern synods shrank, PA grew & subdivided into conferences
Synods concerned with quality & supply of clergy Education became a primary concern
John Christopher Kunze (1744-1807) Came to America age 26,
highly educated Muhlenberg’s son-in-law Drafted first PA Ministerium constitution 1777 Succeeded Muhlenberg at Zion Lutheran Church
1779 Moved to NY 1784 to serve Christ / Trinity churches Served NY & PA ministerium.
Wrote both 1792 constitutions
Formal Education for Pastors
Kunze had begun teaching in Philadelphia 1773, but there was no formal seminary yet
John Christopher Hartwick (1714 - 96) left land near Albany for a theological seminary for missionaries to “Red or Black Heathen”
1797: Hartwick TheologicalSeminary founded Chartered 1816 First Lutheran seminary in US
Hartwick Seminary
Crisis Years, 1800-1817
Tens of thousands of Lutherans in US How to proceed?
Language issues (German vs. English) Mobility of population vs. parish-based clergy Theological education
Crisis Years - Language
Kunze & NY were leaders in moving toward English Kunz published English catechism 1784, English hymnal
1794, liturgy 1796 NY Ministerium changed
to English 1806 St. John’s (Phila) founded
as English-speaking But there was opposition –
e.g., Zion Lutheran Church Phila – Justus Henry Christian Helmuth led prohibition of English, backed by Ministerium of PA
Crisis Years – 2nd Great Awakening Religious enthusiasm –
days-long meetings with preaching, singing, prayer
Innovations – long meetings, women allowed to pray in public
East coast Lutheran leaders opposed revivalism
Years of Organization and Debate General Synod formed 1819 – proposed by
Ministerium of PA Included NY, NC, MD, VA and PA synods Based on theology –
entirety of Augsburg Confession – instead of geography
The Great Debate – What does it mean to be an American Lutheran? Internal unity (based on faith) vs.
organizational unity By 1822, PA Ministerium had left General
Synod 1845 – so many strains of belief that a clear
statement of Lutheran belief was needed Some believed Augsburg Confession needed to
be altered to fit current world No action until 1855
The Great Debate
1855 Definite Synodical Platform Augsburg Confession needs to be updated - influenced by
Great Awakening revivalism Platformists:
Led by Samuel Simon Schmucker, first professor at Gettysburg seminary, leader of General Synod – as important as Muhlenberg
Confessionalists: Led by Beale Melanchthon Schmucker (Samuel’s son)
Charles Porterfield Krauth, William Julius Mann
Separate Paths
1866 Confessionals broke with General Synod General Council of the Lutheran Church in America
moved toward services that reflected 16th c. German Lutheran practices Congregation active in liturgical response and hymn
selection Hymns and service in one book Prime movers: Beale Schmucker, Charles Krauth and
sister Harriet Krauth Spaeth (music editor of Churchbook with Music, 1893).
Separate Paths
General Synod General Council United Synod (in South) Brought together somewhat by Common
Service book, 1888 But issue of whether church should regulate a
common liturgy remained What does unity mean? Confessional or
organizational?
Institution Building
Lutherans busy organizing, publishing, educating and giving care
Luther League (1888) began as Central Association of Lutheran Young People's Associations of the City of New York
Elizabeth Fedde (1850 – 1921) Emigrated from Norway to serve Norwegian
seamen in NYC Lutheran deaconess Began Norwegian Relief Society 1883 1885, opened deaconess house in
Brooklyn Included 9-bed hospital Now Lutheran Medical Center in Brooklyn
Philadelphia
Mary J. Drexel Home and Philadelphia Motherhouse of Deaconesses, fd. 1884 by John Lankenau To provide nurses
for German Hospital Bldg. completed
1888 Served Hospital,
home for aged, Children’s Hospital, etc.
Gettysburg Seminary
Fd. 1826 by S. S. Schmucker Now Lutheran Theological Seminary at
Gettysburg
Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia Fd. 1864 by Ministerium of PA
1st classes held on 9th Street Relocated 1889 to Mt. Airy
Upsala College
Founded 1893 – upper rooms of Bethlehem Church of Brooklyn Then 15 acres in Kenilworth donated 1898 1924 moved to East Orange Closed 1995
Church Building – New York City After 1840, many churches built By 1865, 24 churches Start to see Swedish immigrants’ influence 1900 – 95 churches
60 German & German-English 19 Scandinavian
Churches – New York City
St. Mark, 1847 St. John’s, 1855 St. Peter’s, 1862 Gustavus Adolphus, 1865 Holy Trinity, 1868 Finnish Church, 1890
St. John’s, Christopher St.
NYC Churches
Holy Trinity, 1920sSwedish-Finnish Church,Brooklyn
Church Building
Old Swede’s Church After the United States'
founding in 1789 ended formal ties with Sweden. A tower was built in 1837 and was rebuilt entirely 1864-65 in neo-Gothic style
Still extant – but became an Episcopal church 1957
Immigrants to the U.S. (19th century)
1820 – 1890 By 1930
Germans 4,731,023 5,000,000+
Swedes 478,000 1,300,000
Norwegians 850,000
Finns 275,000
Danes 350,000
Religion of Immigrants?
NY Times 1874-75 sermon series Though Lutherans were 3.8% of the population
(more than Congregationalists – 2%) – they were not in the series (nor were Roman Catholic sermons)
Viewed as the religions of immigrants
Scandinavian Churches Influx late 19th century through 1920s Brooklyn
Our Savior’s (Danish)(1872)
Rasmus Andersen: 1883 – 1924 Peder Jensen Pedersen: 1924 – 1929Alfred Thorkil Dorf: 1929 – 1946Frank Olaf Lund: 1946 - 1947Einar August Anderson: 1948 - 51
Scandinavian Churches
Perth Amboy - St. Stephen’s (Danish) One of 3 Danish churches in Perth
Amboy! Rasmus Andersen: 1878 – 1881 Ole Jacobsen: 1887 – 1898 Johannes Frederick Christiansen: 1900
– 1910 Alfred Thorkill Dorf: 1911 – 1916 Hans Olesen Jensen: 1923 – 1926 Niels Christian Nielsen: 1926 Franz Peter Ostke: 1926 – 1929 Oscar Hansen Dyreborg: 1929 – 1934 Peter Hansen Pedersen: 1934 – 1940 Svend Aage Baden: 1941 – 1945 Ove Richard Nielsen: 1945 – 1948
Elizabeth 1833 - Missions Committee of the Evangelical Lutheran
Ministerium of New York showed interest in the Lutherans in Elizabethtown, NJ (as it was then known) No pastor until 1855 – Johan Wirz 1858 - "The Deutsche Evangelische Lutherische Kirche"
chartered Moved 1905, and changed name 1936 to St. Mark
Evangelical Lutheran Church 1951 – became home to Latvian Lutheran Congregation of
Elizabeth 1984 began outreach ministry to its Spanish-speaking
neighbors 1998 last English speakers transferred to St. Paul Lutheran
church Now a Spanish-speaking Lutheran congregation called San
Marcos Lutheran Church.
Elizabeth, 1920
San Marcos(1st Lutheran Church in Elizabeth
Norwegian Church
Elizabeth
1893 – Trinity Evangelical Lutheran English Sunday School begun – evolved into The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity 1896 Gained English-speaking members from the Scandinavian
Lutheran Church 1929 – HT divided – new congregation,
St. Paul Evangelical Lutheran Church St. Bartholomew’s Lutheran Church –
1905 – Swedish population Also Bethlehem Norwegian Lutheran Church
They merged late 1960s into United Lutheran Church Closed for financial reasons mid-1990s
1919 – St. Luke’s Lutheran Church, LCMS
St. Paul’s
Jersey City / Hoboken
1910 – 23 Lutheran churches 5 Scandinavian Trinity Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran Church
fd. 1890 Mostly Norwegian Now part of St. Mathew
Trinity Lutheran Church, Hoboken
St. Matthews, ca 1858
Jersey City / Hoboken
The Lutheran Homes at Jersey City Nursing & old age care for women (1868)
Newark
1833 – St. John’s Evangelical Lutheran Church (1st) Moved to current location 1910
Split 1840 – St. John’s German Lutheran Church 10 years of litigation Merged with
Redeemer Lutheran,Irvington
Newark
First Reformed Dutch Church, fd. 1847 Became Lutheran
1883 Dissolved between
1914 and 1922
Newark
1833 – 1 Lutheran church 1840 – 2 Lutheran churches
Same number for years 1875 – 3 Lutheran churches (all German) 1895 – 6 Lutheran churches (5 German, 1 English) 1906 – 9 Lutheran churches (most German, 1
Slavonic, 1 English) 1915 – 10 Lutheran churches (inc. 1 Danish, 1
Swedish) 1930 – 13 Lutheran churches 1998 – 2 Lutheran churches
Women in the Church
Supported mission work, esp. in India, then some in China NY & NJ Synodical Society (1884 – 1909) Women’s Missionary Society of the New York
Ministerium (1923 – 1929) NJ, Albany, CT joined 1927 Women’s Synodical Society of the United
Lutheran Synod of New York (1929 – 1937)
Synods and more Synods
1918: General Synod and the General Council merged with United Synod in the South to form the United Lutheran Church in America (ULCA) HQ at 39 East 35th Street, NYC
1960: ALC absorbs 2 other synods (another 1963)
1962: ULCA merges with 3 synods to form Lutheran Church in America HQ at 231 Madison Avenue, NYC
1988: ELCA merger St. John’s own Pastor Frye participated in
merger
Missouri Synod
Formally begun 1847 Begun in St. Louis ca 1838-9 – refugees from Saxony
Influenced NYC region as 1,000 Saxons passed through NY in 1839 1843 formed Trinity Church, 9th Street & Avenue B By 1918, over 51 LCMS churches in NY metropolitan area
Today, 149 LCMS churches within 50 miles of Summit 61 in NJ
Grace Lutheran Church of Livingston, NJ
Famous Lutherans in our Area John Ericsson (1803 – 1889)
Creator of the Monitor Jenny Lind
Arrived NY 1850 Dietrich Bonhoeffer
At Union Theological Seminary 1930-31 Studied with Reinhold Niebuhr
Returned to NY Spring 1939, but returned to Germany July 1939
Lutherans in NJ, 1890 19 congregations 12,878 communicants
General Council – 7,940 (2/3) General Synod – 2,415 (1/5) Synodical Conference – 699
Cities with over 1,000 communicants Jersey City – 2,230 Trenton – 1,575 Newark – 1,387
German United Evangelical Zion Church, Newark (1900)
Lutherans in NY State, 1890
317 congregations 89,076 communicants
Densest in NYC (Manhattan & Brooklyn) 54 congregations 30,857 communicants
In 1/3 of NYS counties there were no Lutherans at all
Gustavus Adolphus, 1887
Lutherans in NYC, 20th Century NYC 1920
160 ministers 110,430 Lutherans
NYC 1940 11 Synods
Including United Lutheran Synod of NY (part of UCLA, 104 churches), American Lutheran Church (5), Augustana Synod (17), Missouri Synod (54), Norwegian Lutheran Church (13), Finnish Synod (2)
205 churches
Lutherans in NJ, 2009
189 ELCA congregations in the New Jersey Synod in 159 municipalities
490 ELCA Congregations within 60 miles of Summit