xdari industriuli transformacia. teq-nologiuri singularobis koncefciis Ta-naxmad, xelovnuri inteleqtis ganviTareba SeiZleba kontrols aRar daeqvemdebaros da kacobriobas realurad daudges adamia-nis evoluciuri saxecvlilebis safrTxe, rac absoluturad amoayiravebs dRemde ar-sebul yvela warmodgenas samyarosa da mis eTikur sistemebze. miuxedavad amisa, msof-lio istoria aCvenebs, rom teqnologiuri progresis SeCereba ara marto SeuZlebelia, aramed sworic araa, radgan miuxedavad im uamravi riskisa, rac am process axlavs, mas adamianis sakeTildReod Zalian bevri prob-lemis mogvareba SeuZlia.

50

mecniereba

lurji tvinis proeqti

Blue Brain Project

ganviTarebis etapebi

TaTia kuxalaSvili

adamianze Wkviani manqanebi, kiborgiza-cia, adamianis saTadarigo srulfasovani sxeulebi, fiqriT marTuli avatarebi, huma-noidi robotebi, marsis kolonizacia da bolos – adamianis ukvdaveba – XXI saukunis damdegis fantastikuri Janris es litera-turuli saxeebi ara marto axali, meoTxe in-dustriuli revoluciis wamyvan ideologe-mebad iqca, aramed gamalebiT mimdinareobs maTi samecniero-teqnologiuri SemuSave-bis procesi, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba xe-lovnur inteleqts. rogorc Cans, am revo-luciis masStabi, gaqaneba da, rac mTavaria, siCqare gacilebiT STambeWdavi da Sokis-momgvreli iqneba, vidre yvela manamde mom-

51

teqnologiuri sin-gularoba – samecni-ero codnis eqsponen-cialurad, anu geomet-riuli progresiiT da-Cqarebuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, romlis Teoreti-kosebis (vernor vinji, rei kurceili)… da mimdevrebis azriT, dadgeba hipoTeturi momenti (sxvadasxva pro-gnoziT – 2030-2045 ww.), roca teqnologiuri progresi imdenad daCqardeba da garTuldeba, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdeba misi Semecneba da marTva.

neiromecniereba _ nervuli sistemis, ne-ironebis da neironu-li sqemebis Semswav-lel mecnierebaTa erToblioba, rome-lic sakuTriv neiro-biologiasTan erTad moicavs kognitiur me-cnierebas, bioqimias, informatikas, lin-gvistikas,medicinas, fizikas, filosofias, fsiqologias.

kacobrioba Sedis neiromecnierebis xanaSi. tvinis kvleva intensiurad mimdinareobs. es wamyvani qveynebisaTvis mecnierebis strategiuli mimarTulebaa. dRes msoflios masStabiT mimdinare amgvari proeqtebidan umTavresia amerikis, evropis, iaponiisa da CineTis 10-15 weliwadze gaTvlili iniciativebi, sadac ori aTasamde mecnieria CarTuli. es megaproeqtebia:

lurji tvinis proeqti

BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) _ tvinis kvleva mowinave inovaciuri neiroteqnologiebis meSveobiT, TeTri saxlis TanamSromlobis (nawilobriv saxelmwifo, nawilobriv kerZo dafinansebiT) iniciativa, romlis dawye-bac obamas administraciam 2013 wlis 2 aprils gamoacxada.

Blue Brain Project (2005)/Human Brain Project (2013) – Sveicariis tvinis nacionaluri ini-ciativa, lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis (EPFL) da tvinisa da gonebis institutis (the Brain Mind Institute - BMI) proeqtebi, evrokomisiis `momavlis da ganviTarebadi teqnologiebis~ programis flagmani. xorcieldeba evrokavSiris, lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis da kerZo seqtoris dafinansebiT.

Brain/MINDS (Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies _ integ-rirebuli neiroteqnologiebiT tvinis kartografireba daavadebaTa kvlevisTvis) iaponiis ganaTlebis, kulturis, sportis da teqnologiebis saministros proeqti (2014 wlidan).

China Brain Project _ CineTis mecnierebaTa akademiis neiromecnierebis institutis pro-eqti, xorcieldeba baidus (vebservisebis Cinuri kompania, saZiebo sistemebis erT-er-Ti lideri msoflioSi) mxardaWeriT (2016 wlis ivnisidan).

52

gansxvavebuli midgomebisa da priori-tetebis miuxedavad, am proeqtebs aerTia-nebs tvinis uprecedento detaluri kar-tografirebis, misi ujredebis gansxvave-buli tipebis, maTi aqtivobebis da urTi-erTqmedebebis asaxvis ambiciuri mizani. rogorc acxadeben, yvela es proeqti mi-marTulia Seqmnan tvinis paTologiebis (Sizofreniis, depresiis, alcheimeris, parkinsonis, autizmis da sxv.) prevenciu-li diagnostirebisa da Sesabamisi mkurna-

lobis (simptomatikis daTrgunvis magier) srulfasovani meTodebis safuZvlebi. isic naTelia, rom es kvlevebi fasdaudebe-li iqneba xelovnuri inteleqtis srul-yofisTvisac.

zemoT CamoTvlili proeqtebidan yve-laze masStaburia lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis (EPFL) proeqtebi, romelTa saerTo dafinansebac 1,6 miliard evros aRwevs.

yvelaferi daiwyo 2005 wels Blue Brain Project-iT. am farTomasStabiani kvleviTi programis mizani iyo mRrRnelis tvinis struqturis da funqcionirebis cifruli modelis Seqmna adamianis neokorteqsis (axali qerqis) modelirebis perspeqtiviT. proeqtis damaarseblis, direqtoris da sa-xis henri markramis da misi gundis novato-roba is iyo, rom gadawyvites tvinis Sems-wavleli mecnierebebis im droisaTvis ar-sebuli yvela miRwevis TavianT kvlevebSi integrireba, sakuTari empiriuli monace-mebis damateba da am safuZvelze tvinis funqcionirebis cifruli modelis Seqmna.

mecniereba

53

neokorteqsi (axali qerqi) Tavis tvinis didi naxevarsferoebis qer-

qis yvelaze rTuli agebulebis nawilia, romelic evoluciis gvir-

gvinad miiCneva _ mis Seqmnas 11 miliardi weli dasWirda. misi ganvi-

Tarebis xarisxi swored isaa, rac adamians sxva cxovelebisgan ganasx-

vavebs. Tevzebs is ar gaaCniaT, qvewarmavlebSi Zalian mcire zomisa

da martivad mowyobilia, ZuZumwovrebSi mravalSreobrivi agebuleba

aqvs da wilebad iyofa, adamianSi ki rekorduli raodenobis Sreebi-

Taa warmodgenili da Seadgens Tavis tvinis qerqis ZiriTad nawils.

neokorteqsi mdebareobs tvinis naxevarsferoebis zeda fenaSi. misi

sisqea 2-4 mm. neokorteqsi ganagebs sensorul aRqmas, cnobier azrov-

nebas, motoruli brZanebebis Sesrulebas da metyvelebas adamianeb-

Si. neokorteqsis Sreebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs saaz-

rovno procesze. ZaRlis tvinSi neokorteqsi oTxSriania, amitomac

am cxovels ar aqvs, magaliTad, situaciis prognozirebis da am prog-

nozze dayrdnobiT Semdgomi logikuri moqmedebebis unari. adamianis

neokorteqsSi ki eqvsi Srea, rac mas Sesabamisi sirTulis unarebiT

aRWurvavs. neokorteqsis SemadgenlobaSi ori tipis neironebia: pi-

ramiduli (80%) da Sualeduri (20%). es neironebi gaerTianebulia

neironul svetebad, anu kortikalur modulebad.NE

OC

OR

TE

X

henri markrami (daibada 1962 wels samx-

reT afrikis respublikaSi) Blue Brain Project-

isa da Human Brain Broject-is damfuZnebeli da

direqtori, Sveicariis „tvinis da gonebis in-

stitutis“ (BMI) damaarsebeli, lozanis fe-

deraluri teqnologiuri skolis profeso-

ri da misi neironuli mikrosqemebis labora-

toriis xelmZRvaneli.

h. markrami ikvlevs sinaptikur plastiku-

robasa da neokorteqsis mikrosqemebs. mis um-

niSvnelovanes aRmoCenaTa Sorisaa likvidu-

ri informatika da autizmis intensiuri sam-

yaros Teoria. markramis STagonebis wyaro

autizmisa da zogadad tvinis kvlevisas aris

misi vaJi – kai markrami, romelsac 5 wlis asak-

Si daudginda aspergeris sindromi (autizmis

erT-erTi forma). h. markrams gamoqveynebuli

aqvs asze meti samecniero naSromi, romlebic

25000-ze metjeraa citirebuli. henri mark-

rami xuTi Svilis mamaa.

lurji tvinis proeqti

54

adamianis gonebis xelovnuri analogis Seqmnis idea ramdenime saukunisaa. mis pirvel Teoriul safuZvlad dekartes meqanikur Te-orias miiCneven. dekartem naSromSi „msjelo-ba meTodis Sesaxeb“ (1637) gamoTqva im drois-Tvis Zalze eqstravagantuli azri: adamianis sxeuli aris „cxoveluri manqana“ (meqanizmi), romelic SeiZleba mecnierulad Seviswav-loT. is fiqrobda, rom adamianis qmedeba aris garemos mxridan stimulaciis sapasuxod „grZnobis organoTi“ kunTebis Sesabamisi jgufisTvis gadacemuli meqanikuri refleq-si.

„Wkviani manqanebis“ pirvel realizebul modelebad miCneulia blez paskalis „damTv-leli manqana“ da gotfrid laibnicis „ariTmo-metri“, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad dae-do Carlz bebijisa da ada lavleisis (jorj baironis qaliSvilis) pirveli programire-badi manqanis Seqmnis mcdelobebs (1823 wli-dan).

erTi saukunis Semdeg, meore teqnologi-uri revoluciis epoqaSi, anu XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, erTmaneTis miyolebiT ga-moqveynda naSromebi, romlebic ukve Tanamed-rove xelovnuri inteleqtis Teoriis ganvi-Tarebas daedo safuZvlad: bertran raselis da alfred nort uaiThedis `maTematikis principebi“ (1910-1913), romelmac gadatria-leba moaxdina formalur logikaSi; uoren makkalokis da uolter pitsis statia „ner-vul aqtivobasTan dakavSirebuli ideebis logikuri gaTvla“ (1943), romelSic pirve-

lad alaparakdnen neironul qselebze da xe-lovnuri neironis modeli warmoadgines; do-nald hebis „qcevis organizeba“ (1949), sadac aRwerilia adamianis tvinis ujredebis xe-lovnuri analogebisgan Sedgenili konst-ruqciis swavlebis meTodebi; alan tiuringis legendaruli statia „gamomTvleli manqane-bi da goneba“ (1950), romelSic avtori ayenebs sakiTxs, SeuZliaT Tu ara manqanebs fiqri, anu SeuZliaT Tu ara maT „iseTi moqmedeba, rome-lic ar gansxvavdeba gaazrebuli moqmedebis-gan“. 1952 wels alan loid hojkini da endriu haqsli qmnian maTematikur models, romel-mac aRwera neironebSi qcevis potencialis ganvrcoba da warmoqmna (hojkin-haqslis mo-deli). amisTvis isini 1963 wels dajildovd-nen nobelis premiiT fiziologiisa da medi-cinis dargSi.

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan dRemde xe-lovnuri inteleqtis kompiuterulma teq-nologiebma marTlac eqsponencialuri gan-viTareba aCvena. simboluri, logikuri, agen-torientirebuli da hibriduli midgomebis srulyofam migviyvana iqamde, rom mecniereb-ma manqanebs aswavles yureba, obieqtebis gan-sxvaveba, brZanebebis gageba, saxis mimikiT ganwyobis amocnobac ki. magram Riad rCeba sa-kiTxi, Tu rogor mivaniWoT manqanebs mgrZno-beloba da cnobiereba. mecnierebi mividnen im mosazrebamde, rom adamianis gonebis fenome-ni tvinis biologiuri struqturiT da misi funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT aixsneba. swored es idea daedo safuZvlad „lurji tvinis proeqtis“ wamowyebas.

Leibniz

Ada Lovelace

DescartesDescartes

mecniereba

55

henri markrami ar fiqrobs, rom adamianis

tvinis agebulebis zusti aslis SeqmnisTvis misi

sirTulea barieri: „cxadia, tvins ukiduresad

rTuli struqtura aqvs, radgan Sedgeba trili-

onobiT sinafsisis, miliardobiT neironis, mi-

lionobiT cilis da aTasobiT genisgan, magram

yvela es ricxvi sasrulia. Tanamedrove teqno-

logiebi imdenad ganviTarebulia, rom mokle

vadebSi SevZlebT tvinis konstruqciis agebas“.

markrami xazs usvams, rom adamianis tvinis

modelirebis mTavari winaaRmdegoba ufro bo-

lo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi nevrologia-neiro-

fiziologiaSi dagrovili aRmoCenebis uzarma-

zari moculobis daqsaqsulobaa. jerjerobiT

maTi mTlian suraTad Sekvra ver xerxdeba –

`dRes aravinaa iseTi, vinc tvinis muSaobis Sesa-

xeb icis yvelaferi, rac aqamde maszea cnobili.

tvinis modeli dagvexmareba yvelafer amis Sek-

rebaSi da saSualebas miscems nebismiers gadaa-

mowmos Teoriebi tvinSi mimdinare procesebis

bunebis Sesaxeb“. aseTi iyo gzavnilebi proeqtis

dawyebisas, roca markramis gundi neokorteq-

sis modelirebas Seudga.

Blue Brain Project-Si neokorteqsis neironu-

li svetebis modelireba IBM-is superkompiu-

teris Blue Gene-is (lurji geni) saSualebiT

xorcieldeba. am samuSaos pirveli miRweva iyo

virTxis tvinis neokorteqsis erTi svetis Seq-

mna. amisaTvis „lurji tvinis“ gundma gamoiyena

superkompiuteri, romlis 8192 procesori

10000 neironis modelirebas axdenda. xelovnu-

ri neironebis dasakavSireblad Blue Gene-ma 7Seqmna 3x10 sinafsisi. aseTi iyo pirveli wlis

Sedegebi. momdevno aTi weli virTxis 31000 nei-

ronuli svetisgan Semdgari mTeli neokorteq-

sis modelirebas dasWirda, risTvisac saWiro

gaxda tvinis ujredebis sxvadasxva tipis da maT

Soris urTierTqmedebebis TaviseburebaTa Ses-

wavla. virTxis neokorteqsis (misi moculoba 3mxolod 0,29 mm -ia) cifruli analogis emula-

cias dasWirda Blue Gene-is mTeli gamoTvliTi

simZlavre, romelic 209 teraflopss udris.

mecnierebma daiTvales, rom virTxis tvinis am

mcire nawilSi sul 40 000 000 sinafsisia da Ti-

Toeuli neironi mezobel an moSorebul ujre-

debTan 2000 sinafsisiTaa dakavSirebuli.

virTxis tvinis cifruli modelis saSuale-

biT SesaZlebeli gaxda gonebis erT-erTi feno-

menis safuZvlis mikvleva. aRmoCnda, rom gark-

veuli nivTierebebis (maT Soris kaliumis ione-

bis) koncentraciis perioduli cvlileba gav-

lenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor gadaewyoba indi-

vidualuri nervuli ujredebis urTierTqme-

deba. markramma aseTi fenomenis magaliTad SiS-

ze reaqcia moiyvana: adrenalinis da sxva hor-

monebis donis gazrdiT tvini SeiZleba gadaer-

synapsissinafsisi (berZn. kavSiri, SeerTeba) – or neirons an ne-ironsa da signalis mimReb ujreds Soris kontaqtis adgili.

ne

ok

or

te

qs

is

in

sil

ico

ne

ir

on

is

g

am

os

ax

ul

eb

a

lurji tvinis proeqti

Tos agresiis an gaqcevis reJimze. h. markrami mi-

iCnevs, rom tvinis muSaobaze garkveuli nivTie-

rebebis koncentraciis gavlenis Seswavla saSu-

alebas mogvcems gavigoT, ratom iqceva adamiani

ama Tu im situaciaSi araadekvaturad.

BBP-is formatSi muSaobisas mecnierebi ga-

erkvnen imaSic, Tu rogor qmnian neironebi kav-

Sirebs mezobel ujredebTan. neironuli svetis

modelma aCvena, rom sinafsisis modelirebis-

Tvis, romelic neirons tvinis mezobel ujre-

debTan daakavSirebs, araa saWiro qerqis garkve-

ul SreSi neironis adgilmdebareobis codna.

neironuli kavSirebis maRali sizustiT prog-

nozirebisTvis sakmarisia garkveuli tipis nei-

ronebis Sesabamis SreebSi ganTavseba iseTi pa-

rametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa maTi

ganTavsebis simkvrive da saWiro raodenoba.

BBP-is kvlevebiT dadginda, rom erTi ada-

mianis tvinSic ki ar arsebobs ori erTnairi nei-

roni. tvinis struqturis aseTi gansxvavebis mi-

uxedavad, adamianebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan

urTierToba imitom, rom neironebs Soris kav-

Sirebis qsovilis moxatuloba erTnairia yvela

adamianSi, anu tvinis qsovili yvelas identuri

aqvs. modeli, romelic markramis gundma Seqmna,

kompiuterze tvinis nebismieri struqturis ne-

ironuli svetis gamosaxvis saSualebas iZleva,

rac SesaZlebels xdis sxvadasxva adamianis mier

samyaros aRqmis principebi gavigoT.

proeqtis CarCoebSi ikvleven Teorias, rom-

lis mixedviTac adamianis tvini qmnis („sapnis

buStis“ msgavs) samyaros erTgvar models, rom-

lis proecirebasac realobaze axdens. es varau-

di xsnis, Tu rogor iRebs adamiani gadawyveti-

lebebs – Cveni yoveldRiurobis mniSvnelovan

Semadgenels. Blue Brain Project-is Seqmnili mo-

delis safuZvelze, – ambobs markrami, – SesaZ-

lebeli iqneba imis dadgena, aqvs Tu ara am Teo-

rias realuri mtkicebulebebi, sakmarisia Tu

ara tvinis gamoTvliTi simZlavre imisTvis, rom

SevqmnaT individis samyaros modeli, gavigoT,

ras niSnavs realobis aRqma da ra mizezebiT xde-

ba masSi darRvevebi“.

2010 wels henri markramma 80 evropeli da sa-

erTaSoriso partnioris konsorciumi Seqmna,

romlebmac SeimuSaves BBP-is Semdgomi gafar-

Toebis, anu „Human Brain Project“-is (HBP) sa-

proeqto winadadeba. 2013 wlis ianvarSi, mra-

56

mecniereba

emulacia _ erTi gamoTvliTi (`stuma-ri~) sistemis funqciebis kopireba da ga-datana (datana) meoreze.

valsafexuriani ganxilvis Semdeg, proeqti air-

Cies FET-is (The Future and Emerging Technolo-

gies) evrokomisiis samecniero programis `mo-

mavlis da ganviTarebadi teqnologiebis“ ori-

dan erT-erT flagmanad da gadawyda misi 10-

wliani dafinanseba. proeqti daiwyo imave wlis

oqtombridan da amJamad 112 partniori hyavs.

proeqtSi CarTuli mecnierebi erToblivad mu-

Saoben rogorc neokorteqsis, ise tvinis sxva

nawilebis – sensor-motoruli qerqis, hipokam-

pis, naTxemis, bazaluri gangliebis – kompiute-

rul rekonstruqciaze, Semdeg ki gadavlen vir-

Txis mTeli tvinis modelirebaze. miRebuli Se-

degebi safuZvlad daedeba adamianis tvinis

srul rekonstruqcias. proeqti axali dawyebu-

lia da jer adrea mis Sedegebze saubari.

flopsi – gare sistemuri erTeuli,

kompiuteris mwarmoeblobis sazomi.

lurji tvinis proeqti

57

58

monacemebiTa da Teoriuli baziT ex-mareba sxva qveproeqtebis muSaobas. virT-xa rCeba adamianis tvinis funqciis kvlevis saorientacio modelad. dRes qveproeqti 1 fokusirebulia tvinis oTx mTavar ubanze: neokorteqsze (Talamokortikaluri sis-temis CaTvliT), hipokampusze, bazalur gangliasa da naTxemze, aseve tvinis gansa-kuTrebul ubnebSi molekuluri, geneti-kuri da anatomiuri modelebis cal-calke Seswavlaze.

aq SemuSavebul monacemebs, meTodebsa da instrumentebs gamoiyeneben adamianis tvinis mravalSriani da mravalmasStabiani agebulebis, misi pirveli rekonstruqci-isa da simulaciis Sesaqmnelad da dasaka-noneblad. es monacemebi gaamdidreben HBP-is multimodalur atlass, romelic iqmneba qveproeqt 5-Tan TanamSromlobiT, radgan moicavs rogorc molekulur da ujredovan, ise sistemur doneebs. gamokv-leuli iqneba sxvaoba adamianis tvinsa da sxva biologiuri saxeobebis (ara adamianis msgavsi maimunebis, mRrRnelebis) tvinebs Soris.

qveproeqtis mizania im meqanizmebis ga-xsna, romlebic safuZvlad udevs kogni-tur (SemecnebiT) procesebs – Semecnebas,

Human Brain Project-i

12 qveproeqtisgan Sedgeba:

aRqmas, Zils, cnobierebas da urTierT-moqmedi sistemebis fenomenebs. proeqtis Sedegebi gaafarTovebs safuZvels kogni-turi da sistemuri donis procesebis ga-moTvliTi modelebis ganviTarebisTvis, romelTa realizebac SesaZlebelia robo-tebsa da neiromorful kompiuterul sis-temebSi moxdes.

aq momuSave Teoritikosebis gundi miz-nad isaxavs tvinis dabal donesa da didmas-Stabian aRwerilobebs Soris kavSiris dam-yarebas. ikvleven modelebs TiTo neironis donidan neironul populaciebamde, aseve tvinis funqciebis fundamentur aspeqtebs – spontanuri aqtivobis geneziss, dabali donis mxedvelobas, motorul kontrols, sensorul-motorul koordinacias, sivr-ciT navigacias.

qveproeqtis farglebSi HBP-is erT-er-Ti sakvanZo mimarTulebis – adamianisa da mRrRnelis tvinis eqsperimentul mona-cemTa bazaze kompiuteruli tvinis mode-lebis agebis mizniT Semdegi instrumente-bi da servisebi SeimuSaves:

monacemebisa da metamonacemebis Seyva-na Knowledge Graph-Si (Google-is seman-tikuri teqnologiisa da codnis baza-Si), romelic unda gaxdes mTavari re-sursi tvinis monacemTa farTo wris in-tegraciisTvis;

3 sistemebi da kognitiuri nei-romecniereba

adamianis tvinis agebuleba2

mRrRnelis tvinis agebuleba1

Teoriuli neiromecniereba4

neiroinformatikis platforma5

mecniereba

monacemTaTvis adgilmdebareobis da-dgena standartuli atlasis sivrceSi da amiT Knowledge Graph-Si monacemTa dakavSireba Tagvis, virTxis da adamia-nis atlasebis linkebTan;

Knowledge Graph-Si aRmoCenil mona-cemTa dazusteba, ganxilva da analizi;

samecniero proeqtebis organizeba, romlebic xels Seuwyobs urTierTqme-debas, TanamSromlobas da uzrunvel-yofs xelmisawvdom vebsacavs HBP-is mTeli kolaboratoriisTvis (e.i. vir-tualuri saerTo laboratoriisTvis).

es aris internetiT xelmisawvdomi Ta-namSromlobis platforma, aseve tvinis si-mulaciis platforma, romelic SemuSave-bulia tvinis modelebis winaswari rekons-truqciisa da simulaciisTvis. man unda Seqmnas:

molekuluri donis grZelaqsoniani ne-ironebis dakiduli modelebi da kor-tikaluri da subkortikaluri regio-nebis SerCeuli ubnebis ujreduli do-nis rekonstruqciebi;

Tagvis mTliani tvinis qselis donis mo-delebi;

gamartivebuli modelebi neiromor-ful kompiuterul sistemebSi dasaner-gad;

tvinis simulaciis platformis sawyi-

si versia, gaerTianebuli algoriTme-bi da samuSao gegmebi rekonstruqciis da simulaciisTvis subujredul, uj-redul, mikrosqemis da tvinis moniS-nuli regionis an sistemis doneebze;

instrumentebi da oqmebi in silico eqspe-rimentirebis da modelis dakanone-bisTvis.

qveproeqti gankuTvnilia supergamoTv-lebis, monacemTa Senaxvis, vizualizaciis resursis rTuli modelebis simulaciis da neirosamecniero monacemebis gansakuTre-biT didi moculobebis analizisaTvis. mi-marTulebebia: monacemTa gamaZlierebeli supergamoTvlebi, interaqtiuli vizuali-zacia, dinamikuri resursis menejmenti, axa-li maRali siswrafis gamoTvliTi sistemebi.

maRali siswrafis analitikisa da gamoTvlebis platforma

59

kalaTovani ujredi neokortikularulimikrosqemis cifrul rekonstruqciaSi

lurji tvinis proeqti

tvinis simulaciis platforma6

7

60

monacemTa marTvis inovaciuri sistema, romelic mecnierebs aRWuravs klinikuri neiromecnierebis anonimuri (deperso-nalizebuli) monacemebis didi moculobe-bis miRebisa da analizis meTodologiiT.

saSualebas aZlevs araeqspert neiro-mecnierebs da inJinrebs warmoadginon eqs-perimentebi or rekonfiguraciul neiro-morful kompiuterul sistemaSi: Brain-ScaleS da SpiNNaker. isini gamoSvebulia proeqtis sawarmoo simZlavris fazis bo-loSi da mTlianad integrirebulia HBP-is platformebis infrastruqturaSi. orive sistema nergavs tvinis gamartivebuli da ganzogadebuli sqemebis modelebs.

programuli uzrunvelyofis da apara-turis infrastruqtura, romliTac SesaZ-lebelia tvinis dakanonebuli modelebis robotebis sxeulebis da maTi garemos si-mulaciebTan dakavSireba. neiroroboti-kis platformis pirveli versia moicavs rogorc robotebis dizainer, garemos mSe-nebel da daxSuli ciklis Zravas, ise plat-formis „maspinZel“ aparaturas. is uzrun-velyofs internetinstrumentebs da ro-botebis asawyob modelebs, eqsperimentebs da garemos. is mecnierebs TanamSromlo-bisa da virtualuri eqsperimentebis sa-Sualebas aZlevs.

exmareba HBP-s gadawyvetilebebis mi-RebaSi, ganagebs menejmentis struqturas da evropuli kvlevebis programas, uzrun-velyofs gamWvirvalobis da angariSval-debulebis garantiebs donorebis da mewi-leebis mimarT, inarCunebs xarisxis da Ses-rulebis standarts. misi umTavresi pasu-xismgeblobaa samecniero gzamkvlevis ko-ordinireba da proeqtis ganxorcielebis etapebisa da miRweuli Sedegebis meTval-yureoba HBP-is informaciuli da komuni-kaciuri platformis servisebSi.

eTika da sazogadoeba HBP-is arsebiTi nawilia. is uzrunvelyofs sando kvlevisa da inovaciis (RRI) mimarTulebis gatarebas da proeqtis miznebis eTikuri formiT gan-xorcielebas. qveproeqti atarebs HBP-is kvlevebis procesSi gaCenili konceptua-luri, socialuri, eTikuri, samarTleb-rivi da kulturologiuri Sedegebis da ga-mowvevebis eqspertizas. swavlobs neiroe-Tikis da filosofiis prognozebs, Tval-yurs adevnebs sazogadoebis CarTulobas da uzrunvelyofs kvlevebis Sesaxeb sazo-gadoebis informirebas. gundi HBP-Tvis qmnis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis eTikur programebs da TanamSromlobs eTikis da-moukidebel mrCevelTa sabWosTan.

8 samedicino informatikis platforma

9 neiromorfuli gamoTvliTi platforma

10 neirorobotikis platforma

11 centraluri servisebi

10 eTika da sazogadoeba

mecniereba

unda iTqvas, rom gabeduli ideebis mas-Staburi wardgena xSirad uamrav oponents aCens. ase iyo, magaliTad, 1990 wels, roca bevrs ar sjeroda genomis gaSifvris proeq-tis warmatebisa. arc BBP/HBP aRmoCnda ga-monaklisi. amocanis ambiciurobam da kolo-salurma saxelmwifo dafinansebam samecni-ero wreebi aalaparaka. proeqtis kritiko-sebi mianiSnebdnen, rom SeuZlebelia im sis-temis konstruireba, romelzec cota ramaa cnobili. „araferi, ris danaxvasac am mo-delSi SeZlebT, zustad ar asaxavs tvinSi mimdinare realur procesebs“, – ganacxada kolumbiis universitetis Teoriuli nei-romecnierebis centris damaarsebelma, profesorma lari ebotma. imaves amtkicebda ciurixis neiroinformatikis institutis wamyvani specialisti rodni duglasic: „ki-dec rom gamovides modelis Seqmna, Cven ma-inc ver gavigebT rogor muSaobs igi. Cven ar gvaqvs kodi, gasaRebi, romelic mis gaSifv-raSi dagvexmareba. Tan arsebiTi gansxvavebaa kompiuterul modelsa da adamanis tvins Soris“. „ra saWiroa msgavsi simulaciebis ga-keTeba, roca Cven uZlurni varT wvimis Wia-yelis moqmedebis simulacia SevqmnaT, roca mas mxolod 300 neironi aqvs“, – ganacxada ne-irobiologiis profesorma ciurixis poli-teqnikuri skolidan rihard hanlozerma da proeqts `realuri SigTavsis armqone dapi-rebebiT savse nageboba“ uwoda.

mokled, saqme skandalamde mivida. cno-bili mecnierebis 156-kacianma jgufma xeli moawera evrokomisiisadmi werils („Open Message to the European Commission concerning the Human Brain Project“), sadac eWvqveS aye-nebdnen mecnierebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ambiciuri megaproeqtis aucileb-lobas da misi boikotirebiT imuqrebodnen. maT gaakritikes proeqtis marTvis xarisxi da moiTxoves miznebis gadaxedva. henri mar-kramma xelmomwerebze ganacxada, rom isini „ar iReben meTodologiuri paradigmis cvlilebas“ kompiuteruli modelirebis mi-marTulebiT, proeqts ki kvlav mravali mxardamWeri mecnieri hyavs. „dRes yvela ne-irofiziologi Tavis patara kuTxeSi iqe-qeba. Cven ki neiromecnierebis mTel samya-ros gaerTianebisken movuwodebT,“ – gana-cxada man.

miuxedavad uamravi winaaRmdegobisa, markramis da lozanis teqnologiuri sko-lis proeqti rCeba tvinis kvlevis da didi moculobis neiromonacemTa moZieba-siste-matizebis wamyvan samecniero kvlevad da mis ganviTarebas imedis TvaliT Sehyurebs mowi-nave samecniero sazogadoeba mTel msofli-oSi.

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lurji tvinis proeqti

62

1. rogorc viciT, tvini yvelaze rTu-li obieqtia samyaroSi da misi Seswavla XXI saukunis mecnierebis mTavar saqmedaa gamocxadebuli. ratom gaxda ara marto sa-Wiro, aramed SesaZlebelic amgvari zea-mocanis dayeneba maincdamainc axla?

– Tanamedrove neiromecniereba 100 wli-saa, mas ramon i kaxalma Cauyara safuZve-li. dRes tvinis gazomvis da manipuli-rebis teqnologia Zalian maRal done-zea (maRali simkvrivis eleqtrodebi, optogenetika, eqspansiuri mikroskopia da sxv.). amave dros monacemTa didi mo-culobebis marTva iseT safexurze avi-da, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvewyo di-di moculobis monacemTa integrireba da analizi. paralelurad, neironul qselebs ganixilaven, rogorc xelovnu-ri inteleqtis formas da es interesic bevrisTvis STagonebis wyarod aqcevs tvins.

2. skeptikurad ganwyobil mecnie-rebs kontrargumentad mohyavT kurt gio-delis debuleba imis Taobaze, rom ar arse-bobs sistema, romelsac masze ufro rTu-li sistemis Seswavla SeuZlia. magram Cve-ni tvinebi xom TavianTi Tavis Seswavlas cdiloben, anu urTulesi sistema swav-lobs msgavsi sirTulis sistemas. SeiZleba amaSi optimizmis safuZveli davinaxoT?

me saSualeba momeca gavsaubrebodi am istoriuli samecniero proeqtis erT-erT wamyvan figuras, Blue Brain Project-is Tanadireqtorsa da Human Brain Project-is neiroinformatikis mi-marTulebis Tanadireqtors, profesor Son hils, risTvisac mas madlobas vuxdi Jurnal „Ce-mi samyaros“ da qarTveli inteleqtualuri sazogadoebis saxeliT. gTavazobT masTan eqskluziur intervius:

Son hili, Blue Brain Project-is Tanadireqtori, pro-eqtis neiroinformatikis mimarTulebis xelmZRva-neli, Human Brain Project-is neiroinformatikis qve-proeqtis Tanadireqtori. lozanis federalur po-liteqnikur skolaSi (EPFL) „tvinis mdgomareobaTa neironuli safuZvlebis“ laboratoriis xelmZRva-neli. SvedeTis samefo institutis `neiroinforma-tikis saerTaSoriso makoordinirebeli komisiis (INCF)~ aRmasrulebeli (2011-2013) da samecniero di-reqtori (2014-2016). koordinatoris da mrCevlis statusiT Son hili CarTulia klinikuri informa-tikis araerT iniciativaSi msoflios masStabiT. misi profesiuli kompetenciaa: didmasStabiani simula-cia, neiroinformatika, tvinis mikrosqemebi, neokor-teqsi, Talamusi, koneqtomi, Zilis da RviZilis mdgomareobebi, integrirebuli informacia, tvinis atlasebi, TMS (transkranialuri magnituri sti-mulacia), EEG (eleqtroencefalograma).

– mecniereba gvaZlevs analizis da sinTe-zis safuZvels, romelic STambeWdavad zogadi da mZlavria. me mjera, rom Cven gvaqvs saTanado arsenali tvinis funda-menturi principebis aRmosaCenad da ga-sagebad.

3. Tqvenma proeqtma xeli mohkida ne-okorteqsis – tvinis evoluciurad yvela-ze axalgazrda da yvelaze rTuli nawilis – modelirebas. ra aris dReisaTvis tvinis muSaobis modelirebis mTavari proble-mebi – hojkinis da haqslis mere xom bevri ram Seicvala. magaliTad, wamikiTxavs, rom Tu adre ujredis membranaze gamaval io-nis transports ubralod „kaliumis arxs“ uwodebdnen, dRes neironuli kaliumis ar-xebis uamrav qvetips gamoyofen da maT So-ris urTierTkonversiis SesaZlebloba-zec ki mianiSneben. amgvari axal-axali aR-moCenebi albaT Zalian arTulebs algo-riTmebis Sedgenas?

– pirveli, rac aucilebelia, aris monace-mebis qona, romlebic aRwers ionuri ar-xebis gansxvavebuli genetikuri tipebis mravalferovnebas. Cven srulvyaviT procesi, romelSic klonirebuli ionu-ri arxebis aRsawerad avtomatur patch-clamp (anu lokaluri fiqsaciis poten-cialis) robotebs viyenebT. Cven mudmi-vad vaumjobesebT meTodebs am monace-

mecniereba

mebis modelebis asagebad da vaerTianebT maT ufro farTo sqemis modelSi. mTeli Cveni midgoma dafuZnebulia erT-erT iteraciul Sesworebaze – vswavlobT, Tu romel faqtorebs aqvs meti gavlena kon-kretul kiTxvebze da saWiroebis mixed-viT vxvewavT am kiTxvebze pasuxebis ga-cemis meqanizmebs.

4. Blue Brain Project-is neirofiziolo-gebma da programistebma aTi wlis muSaobis Semdeg SeZles virTxis tvinis pirveli xe-lovnuri analogis Seqmna, romelic 31000 neironuli svetisgan Sedgeboda. rogor ukavSirdeba es miRweva adamianis tvinis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT proeqtis gafar-Toebas? rogoria miRebuli modelis mas-Stabirebis mTavari principebi?

– pirveli cifruli rekonstruqciis age-bam migviyvana bevr axal warmodgenamde neokorteqsis agebulebis, misi kavSirebis da qselis gaCenis fenomenebze. es prin-cipebi TiTqmis utyuarad gvkarxnaxobs im mimarTulebebs, romlebic tvinis sxva areebis agebulebis da funqcionirebis gagebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Cven gan-vagrZobT modelis masStabis gafarToe-bas, rogorc korteqsis, ise tvinis sxva ubnebis doneze.

5. Tqven ara marto didi mecnieri xarT, aramed menejeric. Zalian did mniSvnelo-bas aniWebT mecnierebaSi gunduri mu-Saobis kulturas, TanamSromlobas, gansakuTrebiT ki, monacemTa gaziare-bas. bevri giTanagrZnobT samecniero wreebSi? cnobilia, rom kavlis fondis proeqtis Neurodata Without Borders CarCoebSi Tqven Tanam-SromlobT tvinis kvlevis ame-rikul da iaponur iniciati-vebTan. sainteresoa, magali-Tad, CineTi Tu TanamSrom-lobs TqvenTan? Tanaxmaa China Brain Project-is mo-nacemTa gaziarebaze?

– globaluri TanamSromlobis Temis mni-Svnelobas tvinis yvela didi proeqti aRiarebs. China Brain project-is warmomad-genlebic adastureben, rom iziareben am-gvar midgomas. rogorc Cans, maTi proeqti ise viTardeba, rom maTac xeli unda Seuw-yon monacemTa gaziarebas.

6. Teoriulad uSvebT Tu ara imis SesaZ-leblobas, rom neiroteqnologiebis mxriv aramowinave qveynebis, magaliTad, saqarT-velos laboratoriebSic iyos Tqveni pro-eqtisaTvis sasargeblo monacemebi? arse-bobs aseTi qveynebis monacemTa saerTo ba-zaSi CarTvis ideebi?

– nebismier qveyanas dedamiwaze aqvs poten-ciali warmoqmnas faseuli monacemi Tu migneba tvinis sferoSi – laboratoriu-li gazomvebidan qceviT monacemebamde. realurad es damokidebulia qveynis mas-StabiT moRvawe konkretuli mecnierebis interesze da motivaciaze, TanamSromlo-bis ganviTarebasa da tvinis konkretuli aspeqtebis garSemo monacemTa standarti-zaciaze.

7. rogorc vxvdebi, Tqveni yvelaze di-di ocnebaa tvinis „virtualuri observa-toriis“ Seqmna, erTgvari 3D brain map-is. ra stadiazea dRes Tqveni Canafiqri? ra aris saWiro misi xorcSesxmisTvis?

– es marto Cemi ocneba ar aris. bevri ada-mianis saerTo xedvaa. dResdReobiT Cven

ganvixilavT tvinis saerTaSoriso sadgu-ris ganviTarebis gegmebs, rac saSuale-

bas miscems nebismier qveyanas Tavise-burad upasuxos tvinis Seswavlisa da

gagebis gamowvevas.

8. mecnierTa umravlesoba tvinis Seswavlis saqmeSi gadau-

laxav sirTuled asaxelebs cnobierebas – rogorc mis

definicias, ise gacifru-lebas. ra fenomenia subi-

eqturi realoba, rome-

lurji tvinis proeqti

63

lic mxolod Rrma ZilSi an gulis wasvli-sas gvtovebs?

– me vTanamSromlob julio tononisTan (nevrologi da fsiqiatri, Zilis da cno-bierebis specialisti – T. k.), viskonsin-medisonis universitetidan, romelmac ganaviTara integrirebuli informaciis Teoria (iiT) – Integrated Information Theory (IIT). es Teoria uaRresad mni-Svnelovania imis gasagebad, Tu rogor xdeba nervuli sistemis mier cnobieri gamocdilebebis generireba. mjera, dResdReobiT iiT-i aris saukeTeso sa-Sualeba tvinSi mimdinare urTierTqme-debebis da sivrciT-droiTi masStabis integrirebuli informaciis analizis-Tvis, rac safuZvlad udevs cnobierebas.

9. lozanis politeqnikuri skolis proeqtebis miRwevebs yvelaze didi inte-resiT hi-tech-iT Sepryrobilebi akvirde-bian, isini, vinc ubralod Zlier xelov-nur inteleqtze (strong AI) ki ar ocneboben, aramed tiuringis testis gamarjvebulze, fiqriT marTul humanoid robotebze da ukvdavebazec ki (teqnologiurze). maTi Tanamegobrobebis aRmocenebas win uZRo-da singularisti mecnierebis prognozebi xelovnuri inteleqtis xanis dadgomaze, rac Cveulebrivi biologiuri adamianis cxovrebidan gaZevebas moitans. saintere-soa Tqveni piradi azri Tqveni proeqtis

egzistencialur riskebze, sabolood xom yvela samecniero garRvevas ori mxare aqvs – mSvidoba da omi an – piriqiT.

– Cven Zalian Sors varT cnobierebis da in-teleqtis arsebiTi elementebis im donis gagebisgan, rom maTi reproduqcia SevZ-loT. Tanamedrove xelovnuri inteleqti tvinis fiziologiis dawyebiTi klasebis donis xedvazea agebuli. Cven vfiqrobT, rom Cveni proeqtis cifrul rekonst-ruqciebs da simulaciebs aqvs potencia-li axali principebis dasadgenad, rom-lebic am da sxva aspeqtebs akontrole-ben. me mjera, rom yovelTvis saWiroa ne-bismieri axali teqnologiis potenciuri sikeTis da zianis awon-dawonva da misi da-nergvis usafrTxoebis garantireba.

10. transhumanistebi iseT garRvevas elodebian tvinis codnaSi, romelic fiq-riT marTvis mowyobilobebis Seqmnis Se-saZleblobas moitans. kavlis fondis mrgvali magidis CarCoebSi Tqven lapara-kobT „SesaZleblobaze viswavloT tvinis-gan, rogor mivaRwioT tvinis muSaobas mim-sgavsebul gamoTvlebs minimaluri simZ-lavreebiT“. vxvdebi, neirointerfeisebs gulisxmobT. rogorc vici, dReisaTvis in-terfeis „tvini-kompiuteris“ gamoyenebas xels uSlis is, rom ver gadailaxa tvini-dan momavali metismetad susti signalis problema. me wminda Teoriuli SekiTxva

mecniereba

64

65

maqvs: kanonmdeblobam rom dauSvas da mo-iZebnos kamikaZec, vinc arasamedicino miz-niT invaziurad Caidgams tvinSi am siaxles, anu gaikeTebs uSualod tvinze mikropro-cesoris implants, nuTu es marTla im do-neze gazrdida signalis Zalas, rom misi sa-SualebiT avatarebis da sxva urTulesi ko-mpiuterebis gadaadgileba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli?

– tvinma gamoamJRavna adaptaciisa da utilitizaciis STambeWdavi unari im mo-wyobilobebis mimarT, romlebTanac in-terfeisebulia. Tumca ase xdeba ZiriTa-dad ara imis gamo, rom Cven sakmarisad kargad gvesmis tvini imisTvis, rom misgan gacnobierebulad SevqmnaT amgvari mow-yobilobebi, aramed imitom, rom tvins aqvs TviTrekonfiguraciis unari axali monacemebis miRebis, gaazrebisa da gace-misTvis. sruli potenciali jer kidev Rrma Seswavlis procesSia – am etapze Cven ar viciT misi sazRvrebi.

11. henri markrami TED-is cnobili prezentaciis bolos ambobs, rom Tu moma-vali dekada warmatebuli iqneba, Catare-bul samuSaoze angariSis Casabareblad Tavis nacvlad ukve mis hologramas gamog-zavnis. rogoria misi xedva amis Taobaze?

– markramis es komentari yovelTvis xum-robad mesmoda. magram misi xedva mona-cemebiT marTuli modelirebis tvinis funqcionirebis principebis gasageb ins-trumentad gamoyenebaze sul ufro mzard mniSvnelobas iZens da, faqtobri-vad, aucilebelicaa, Tu Cven gvsurs kav-Siris Seqmna genoms, ujredul aqtivobas, sistemebis qcevasa da mentalur janmrTe-lobasa da avadmyofobas Soris.

12 Tebervali, 2017

lurji tvinis proeqti