Luoc Su Phat Giao - Vo Quang Nhan

8/3/2019 Luoc Su Phat Giao - Vo Quang Nhan

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LC S PHT GIOV Quang Nhn (Lng u)

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http://thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 6-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc Lc1. Bi cnh lch s n trc Pht gio2. Giai on s khai v Gio hi u tin

2.1 Giai on s khai2.2 T chc gio hi u tin

3. Cc Hi ngh kt tp kinh in chnh3.1 Kt tp ln th I3.2 Kt tp ln th II3.3 Vua Asoka v Kt tp kinh in ln th III

4. V khi nim Tiu tha5. Nguyn do suy tn ca Pht gio ti n

5.1 S phn ho trong Pht gio n 5.2 Pht gio v quan h vi n gio (Hindu)5.3 S bnh trng c tnh cch bo ng ca Hi gio

6. Cc di tch, di ch, v trung tm Pht gio quan trng trong lch s6.1 n 6.2 Sri Lanka (Tch Lan)6.3 Nepal6.4 Afghanistan (A Ph Hn)6.5 Ty Tng6.6 Min in6.7 Trung Hoa6.8 Vit Nam6.9 Triu Tin6.10 Thi Lan6.11 Campuchia6.11 Nht Bn

7. Pht gio ngy nayo Pht cc nc Ty phng

8.Tm tt cc din bin trong lch s Pht gioS pht trin ca Pht gio thi vua Asoka

9. Ti liu Tham kho
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


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Pht gio l mt tn gio c c Thch Ca Mu Ni (Shakyamuni) truynging min bc n vo th k th 6 TCN. Do o Pht c truyn itrong mt hn hay 2500 nm v lan ra nhiu ni cho nhiu chng tc nnlch s pht trin ca n kh a dng v cc b phi cng nh l cc nghithc v phng php tu hc. Ngay t bui u, c Thch Ca, ngi truyno Pht, thit lp c mt gio hi vi cc lut l hot ng cht chca n. Nh vo s uyn chuyn ca gio php, o Pht c th thch nghivi cc hon cnh ch x hi, con ngi, v tp tc cc thi k khcnhau, nn ngy nay Pht gio vn tip tc tn ti v pht trin ngay c trongcc nc c nn khoa hc tin tin nh Hoa K v Ty u.

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1. Bi cnh lch s n trc Pht gio

V a l, pha Bc ca n l dy Hy-m-lp-sn (Hymalaya) cao ln vdi to nn mt hng ro c lp cc vng bnh nguyn ca x ny vi ccvng cn li. lin lc vi bn ngoi th ch c con ng ni xuyn quaA Ph Hn (Afghanistan). Nn vn ha chnh ng tr thi by gi l vn haV (Veda). Theo s liu hin nay th dn tc n (Veda) c chung t tin

vi cc dn tc chu u l cc b lc du mc m mang v xm chim ccvng lnh th Ty Bc n v lan rng ra hu ht bn o n khong1000 nm trc Cng Nguyn.

Vn ho V nghing v th phng nhiu thn thnh cng nh c ccquan im thn b v v tr. Nhng s pht trin v sau bin Veda thnhmt tn gio (o B La Mn) v phn ho x hi thnh 4 giai cp chnhtrong giai cp B La Mn (hay tng l) l giai cp thng tr.

T tung lun hi v cho rng sinh vt c cc vng sinh t thot thai t o

B La Mn (hay sm hn t t tng Veda). o ny cn cho rng tn timt bn cht ca vn vt l Brahman (hay Phm Thin). Do vic giai cptng l c cao v c hng mi u i bng lc trong x hi toiu kin cho vic phn ho thnh phn ny ra rt nhiu hng trit l hayhnh o khc nhau v i khi chng chi phn bc nhau. Trong thi giantrc khi Thch Ca thnh o c rt nhiu trng phi tu luyn. Cc xuhng trit l cng phn ho mnh nh l cc xu hng khoi lc, ngu


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nhin, duy vt, hoi nghi mi th, huyn b ma thut, kh hnh, tu c hnh,tng kinh...

Chnh s phc tp ca x hi, cc t tng v nhn sinh quan v tr quankh phong ph, v s xut hin ca cc phng thc tu tp d bit nhau lmt mi trng gip cho Thch Ca t tm ra con ng ring cho oPht v sau.

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2. Giai on s khai v Gio hi u tin

iu khc bng vo th k th I du chn Pht c chm hnh bnh xePhp Lun

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2.1 Giai on s khai

Ngay sau khi thnh o (vo khong gia sau th k th 6 TCN - c ti liucho l vo nm 544 TCN) th Thch Ca quyt nh thuyt ging lihiu bit ca mnh. 60 t u tin l nhng ngi c quan h gn viThch Ca hnh thnh tng on (hay gio hi) u tin. Sau , nhng ngi


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ny chia nhau i khp ni v mang v thm ngy cng nhiu ngi muntheo tu hc. lm vic c vi mt lng ngi theo tu hc ngy cngng, Pht a ra mt chun mc cho cc t c th da vo m thunhn thm ngi. Cc chun mc ny phn chnh l vic quy y tam bo --tc l chp nhn theo hng dn ca chnh Pht, nhng li ch dy ca Pht(Php), v cng ng Tng on.

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2.2 T chc gio hi u tin

Trong thi cn ti th th gio hi trc tip chu s hng dn ca Thch Cav gio l v phng cch tu tp. y l t chc thng nht, bnh ng giami thnh vin khng phn bit gi tnh, tui tc, i v x hi v c mctiu ti cao l em li gic ng cho mi thnh vin. Nh vo t chc chtch v qui c nn gio hi trnh c nhiu chia r.

K lut ca gio hi da trn nguyn tc t gic. Trong cc k hp, gii lutc nu ln, sau thnh vin t xt v nhn vi phm nu c. Nhng iul chnh c cp l nhn nhc, hnh thin trnh c, t ch v kim chtrong n ni v tinh tn.

Ngoi nhng ngi xut gia, Pht cn c rt nhiu t ti gia (hay c s).Gii c s cng c Pht thuyt ging v ngc li tham gia ng h tng

on v nhiu mt.Sau khi Pht nhp tch th Tn gi Ma Ha Ca Dip (Maha Kassapa) thay

phn lnh o gio hi. Gio hi gi nguyn cc hot ng truyn thng camnh cho n k kt tp kinh in ln th hai.

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3. Cc Hi ngh kt tp kinh in chnh

3.1 Kt tp ln th I

L do

Khi Pht cn sinh tin th cc ging thuyt u ch truyn ming. Pht li tutheo trnh hiu bit v kh nng hp th c li ging thch hp. Cc

phng php dng li rt phong ph ty theo hon cnh v phong tin. Do, s d bit kh trnh khi trong cc li ging.


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Ngay sau khi Pht nhp dit c cc t cho rng phi lm iu ny,khng lm iu n, khng chu rng buc tm ... trnh s sai bit, v

bo tn cc gio php v lut l cho c ton vn, Ma Ha Ca Dip (MahaKassapa) ngh kt tp v phn loi ton b li dy ca Pht li thnhkinh in trnh chia r, sai lm v gio php.

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Din bin v Kt qu

Cuc kt tp c t chc ti T X Ly (Rajagriha, nay l Rajgir) gm500 t kheo do s tr gip ca vua A X Th (Ajatasatru) x Ma Kit (Magadha) vo khong u th k th 5 TCN. A Nan (Ananda) l ngitheo hu Pht sut 30 nm, c xem l ngi c tr nh tuyt vi, ng ra

tr tng li nhng iu Pht ging thuyt (bi vy cc b kinh u bt ubng cu "Ti nghe nh vy:", li ca A Nan ). Cn Upali, l ngi thco, k li v gii lut.

Phng php kt tp c k li bng tr nh v cng khng c ghi thnhvn bn. Nhng iu ghi nhn ny sau c vit li thnh 4 b kinh:

Kinh Trng A Hm (Digha agama)Kinh Trung A Hm (Majjhima agama)Kinh Tng Nht A Hm (Anguttara agama)

Kinh Tp A Hm (Samyutta agama)y l cc ti liu c nht c ghi li cuc i ca Pht v hot ng caTng on, nh du bc u hnh thnh Kinh tng v Lut tng. Cc bkinh vn trn cng l cn bn cho Pht gio nguyn thu.

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3.2 Kt tp ln th II

L do

Sau 100 nm (u th k th 5 TCN) th c nhiu ngi mun thay i mts iu chi tit trong gii lut. i hi kt tp ln th II ct bn tho vnhng thay i ny.

i hi cn nhm mc ch ngn khng cc t tng ca cc o khcthm nhp vo gio l Pht gio.


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Din bin v Kt qu

i hi c 700 v t kheo, c t chc ti Vesali trong tm thng di s

tr gip ca vua Kalasoka. Trong i hi nhng ngi khng ng vivic gi nguyn gii lut ban u b ra t chc mt hi ngh kt tpring v thnh lp i chng b (Mahsamghika). S ngi cn li vn tiptc kt tp kinh in, sau hnh thnh Thng ta b (Theravada).

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3.3 Vua Asoka v Kt tp kinh in ln th III

Thi vua A Dc, o Pht truyn ra ngoi n

Asoka (A Dc) l vua ca x Mauryan, ra i khong nm 273 TCN. Trckhi tr thnh Pht t, ng c tnh kh rt hung bo, git nhiu anh em camnh cp ngi vua cng nh xua qun chim lnh th Kalinga (ngy

nay thuc v Orissa) pha ng n. Nhng ngay sau nh gp c Sa diNigrodha, ng theo Pht gio ci hi v lm rt nhiu iu thin, chng libo lc. ng l ngi c cng ln khuyn khch Pht gio, xy dng hngchc ngn cha chin, bo thp Pht gio cng nh xy dng h thngng x, nh thng cho t nc.


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y l giai on nh du s pht trin ca Pht gio ra khi a bn ncn . Nhiu on truyn gio o Pht c c n khp ni t usang n tn Hy Lp, cc nc ti Trung , ti Trung ng cng nhTrung Quc, Min in v Tch Lan. Mt tranh lun kh si ni hin nay lliu on thuyt php ca vua Asoka n c Vit Nam hay khng? Cuhi ny cn trng ch vo vic tm ra thm cc bng chng v di ch kho c Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, vua Asoka cn l ngi bo tr cho k kt tp kinhin th ln th III.

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Kt tp kinh in ln th III v bn dch ting Pali ca ton b TamTng kinh

L do:Trong thi gian vua Asoka tr v vo gia th k th 3 TCN, Pht gio

pht trin rng ra nhiu ni. Mt iu tt yu l c nhiu s phn ha, ngaytrong o Pht. Tng on cng b mt s ngi tr trn v lm dng, gynhiu bt ha ni b.

Din bin v Kt qu: Hi ngh c ch tr bi Moggaliputta Tissa baogm 1.000 t kheo u t c c n. Hi ngh c t chc vo khongnm 325 TCN v ko di trong 9 thng. a im kt tp l thnh Pataliputta

thuc v x Maggadha di s khi xng v gip ca vua Asoka. yl ln u tin Tam Tng Kinh bao gm Kinh tng, Lut tng v Lun tngc hon thnh y .

Cui i hi, Moggaliputta Tissa ra "Nhng im D Bit" (Kathavatthu) bc b lun thuyt khng hp l ca mt s b phi. i hi kt tp ny chn ch l ch c s cng nhn v gio php ca tng phi Pht gionguyn thu (Theravada), tng phi chim a s lc by gi.

Sau i hi, Tam Tng kinh cng vi cc ch gii c em ti Tch Lan

bi con trai vua Asoka l Mahinda. Cc kinh in ny sau c dchsang ting Pali cn nguyn vn cho n nay.

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Kt tp ln th IV v cc ln sau


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i vi k kt tp ln th IV th cc s liu khng hon ton thng nhtvi nhau v thi gian tnh v a im. C hai thuyt ng lu l:

Thuyt th nht:

L do:: Vua Kanishka l tn trung thnh vi Pht gio, rt a c ngheging kinh vn nn thng mi nhiu tu s Pht gio n ging kinh. Tuynhin, ng nhn thy c rt nhiu s khc bit v cc kin gii trong Phtgio nn khi tm bo tr cho k kt tp ln th IV.

Din bin v Kt qu: Thi gian kt tp l vo khong 400 nm sau khi Phtnhp dit (th k th 1). a im l vng Kasmira min ty bc n . Hingh bao gm 500 hc gi gii v Tam Tng kinh v do Vasamitra ch tavi s tr gip ca Parsva.

Sau khi kt tp, Vua Kanishka ra lnh khc li ton b Kinh tng, Luttng v Lun tng ln trn nhng l ng, bo qun ti mt ni c nh,khng cho mang ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, nhng di vt ny b tht lc, nay chcn phn thch lun A T t Ma i T B Sa (Abhidharma Mahavibhasasastra) m Trn Huyn Trang dch sang ting Hn, gm hai trm quyn.

Thuyt th hai:

Thi gian kt tp l vo khong 400 nm sau khi Pht nhp Nit Bn, do vua

x Tch Lan l Vattagmani h tr. K kt tp ny c, hiu nh v xpli th t ca Tam Tng kinh cng dch li chng sang ting Pali. Thuytny c nhiu hc gi cng nhn chnh l kt tp ln th IV ca ThngTa B (Theravada).

Cc k kt tp khc: Cc ln kt tp cn li u l ca ring b phi ThngTa B (cn gi l Nam Truyn) tin hnh.

Kt tp ln th V c t chc vo nm 1871, trong sut 5 thng ti th ca Min in lc by gi l Mandalay. S ngi tham d gm 2.400 cao

tng di s bo tr ca vua Mindon. Kt qu l vic hiu nh li 3 tngkinh v em khc trn 729 phin hnh vung c ct vo trong chathp Kuthodaw.

Kt tp ln th VI bt u ngy 17 thng 5, nhn dp l Pht n, nm 1954,trong sut thi gian l 2 nm. a im kt tp l pha bc ca NgngQung, trn i ni Ngh C. Di s khi xng ca Gio hi Pht gio


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Min in v bo tr ca Chnh ph Min in. Kt qu l s tham kho litt c kinh in ca cc nc Pht gio Nam truyn, ri c kt v em xut

bn truyn b.

Theravada, cn c gi l Pht gio nguyn thu hay Pht gio Nam truyn(ting Phn: Sthaviravada). Tng phi ny hnh thnh ngay trong th k utin sau khi Thch Ca vin tch. Ch Theravada c ngha l "li dy ca bctrng thng". Do nhiu sch cn gi nhm ny l Trng Lo b.Chnh x Sri Lanka l ni bo tn c truyn thng ca Theravada mc do Pht ti l mt k tha t trung tm n . Pht gio n b suytn v bin mt t th k th 6 do vic lan trn ca Hi gio v n gio.


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Quan Th m B Tt

Mt hnh nh tiu biu ca t tng i tha cc nc ng Nam

Mahayana, cn c tn l i tha hay Pht gio Bc truyn . T th k th 1TCN cc t tng i tha bt u xut hin v thut ng Mahayana,hay i tha, ch thc s c khi n c cp trong b kinh Diu PhpLin Hoa (Saddharma pundarika sutra). Ni chung, tng Mahayana l cxu hng rng ri v t do hn l cc php tc rng buc ca Theravada.

n th k th 3 khi nim Mahayana mi c xc nh r rng qua cctrc tc ca b tt Long Th (Nagarjuna) trong Trung Lun (hay TrungQun Lun), chng minh tnh khng ca vn vt. Cc ny c LongTh khai trin. Bn trong i tha, li c cc trng phi khc nh lMadhymaka, Yogacara.

Vajrayana cn c cc tn gi l Tantra, Mt tng, Kim cng tha. Mt tngthng c khuynh hng gi b mt cc thng tin nn kh xc nh c

chnh xc thi im ra di ca tng ny. N xut hin vo khong th k th6, hay chc chn hn l th k th 7. Mt tng c rt nhiu k thut thcnghim trong bao gm Mandala, Mantra, Mudra, Yidam, Dhyani-Buddhas, Bija, Mahamudra, Vajra v Ghanta.

Khi lng kinh in Mt tng rt khng l cha c bit ht. Trong cn k n i Nht, Kim Cang nh, T tt a, Du k, Yu lc nimtngPure Land, hay Tnh tng (Ching T'u), xut hin vo gia th k th 4 ts truyn b ca s Hu Vin (Hui-yuan). T tng v Tnh th c sn

trong Pht gio n nhng ti khi sang Trung Hoa th n pht trin thnhmt tng phi.

Kinh in phi ny phn chnh l cc kinh V Lng Th, Qun V LngTh, kinh A Di , cng vi lun Vng sinh Tnh . Phng php tu hcc 3 nguyn tc Tn, Nguyn v Hnh. y l mt trong cc tng phi tng


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i d tu hc nn ng v Nam c rt nhiu Pht t trong vng theotng ny, nht l cc ngi ln tui.

Ch'an cn c cc tn gi l Thin tng, Zen. Thin l phng php tu tp ct khi Thch Ca truyn ging. N c B t Ma (Bodhidharma) emsang Trung Hoa vo u th k th 6. n u th k th 8 th Thin tngthc s pht trin v ln mnh su rng hn cc tng phi khc. Thin tngcng thng c xem l mt nhnh ca i tha. Tuy nhin, phng cchtu hc c nhn mnh l vic t n lc ph b cc nh kin chp trc,cc kinh nghim, hay l li suy din c ca bn thn trc tip chngnghim chn l. Do s ln mnh c bit, Thin tng cn c chia ra thnhnhiu tng phi nh, quan trng l Lm T (Lin-chi) v To ng (Tsao-t'ung).

Ngoi ra cc b phi khc tm mc nh hn ng k l Lut tng (Vinaya),Duy Thc tng cn c tn l Php Tng tng (Vijnnavda hayDharmalaksana), Thin Thai tng (T'ien T'ai), Hoa Nghim tng

(Avatamsaka) hay Hin Th tng, Thnh Tht tng (Satyasiddi), v ChnNgn tng (true-word).

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4. V khi nim Tiu tha

Trc y c mt s nh gi khng y v cc danh t Tiu tha(Hinayana) v i tha (Mahayana). C hai khi nim trn xut hin vokhong th k th 1 trong kinh Diu Php Lin Hoa.

c mt s nhm ln khi nhp chung khi nim Tiu tha vi Thevarada(Nguyn thu hay Trng lo b) lm mt. S tht l Thevarada ctruyn ti v pht trin Tch Lan vo th k th 3 TCN (thi vua Asoka).Trong thi gian ny th cha h c cc khi nim Tiu tha v i tha. Micho n khi b phi Tiu tha hnh thnh n th Thevarada hon ton

pht trin c lp Tch Lan. Phi Tiu tha ngy nay hon ton khngcn tn ti. Do , Hi Pht gio Th gii (World Fellowship of Buddhists,WFB) quyt nh xo b danh t ny vo nm 1950 v n hon tonkhng lin quan ti o Pht hin din ngy nay Tch Lan, Thi Lan, Minin, Campuchia, Lo ...

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5. Nguyn do suy tn ca Pht gio ti n

S suy tn ca o Pht ti n c th bt u t th k th 7 v oPht thc s bin mt trn t n vo th k th 14. Mi cho n th k th19 th phong tro chn hng Pht gio ti n mi bt u li.

5.1 S phn ho trong Pht gio n

T th k th 7 tr i, o Pht c nhiu phn ho. Nhiu tng phi xut hin li c ng li d bit v nhiu lc chia r nhau. Thi gian ,cng l lc ra i cc tng phi Mt tng. Cc phi ny a ra rt nhiu hnhnh b tt v c nhiu hot ng v hnh thc tng t vi vic th cngthn linh ca n gio. Do , t nhiu lm lu m cc im c th caPht gio. S bao dung v t do ca Pht gio cng l mt tin cho s

suy tn. Cc vua trong nc n mc d rt sng bi o Pht nhng kh tmthy trong o ny mt v tr tn xng xng ng. Do , h c th sn sngnghe thuyt php nhng vn khng b qun o B La Mn v khng ngng

pht huy o ny thay v Pht gio.

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5.2 Pht gio v quan h vi n gio (Hindu)

n gio (hay B La Mn) l mt o gio ra i t th k 15 TCN, vi

mt im c th l n sn sng tip thu cc nguyn l hay khi nim cao khc.

Mt mt, trong s tn Pht gio c rt nhiu tu s pht gc t o B LaMn nn cc t tng v n np ca n gio c nh hng t nhiu n oPht.Mt khc, quan trng hn l vic n gio mc nhin thu np cc t tngca Pht gio lm thnh t tng B La Mn. (Trong c vic Pht ThchCa Mu Ni tr thnh mt v tin tri quan trng ca o ny). Nhng cuc ti mi ca o n k t th k th 7 em li sinh kh cho o cng

nh lm m nht dn hnh nh Pht gio. S pha trn cc t tng Pht giovo n gio su v nhiu n ni mt ngi bnh dn rt kh tm c mts phn bit r rng gia n gio v Pht gio. Mi cho n ngy nay, khinghin cu v Pht gio v n gio vn cn nhiu tc gi Ty phng biri khi phn bit hai tn gio ny.(Xin xem thm Exploring Hindu-BuddhistConnections)

Ngoi ra, trong thi gian , vi c tnh d thch nghi v hp vi nhu cu


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th phng ca ngi bnh dn n, nn o Pht dn d tr thnh th yuhay tr thnh o ca giai cp tr thc.

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5.3 S bnh trng c tnh cch bo ng ca Hi gio

i hc Nalanda mt trung tm Pht gio quan trng n (b ph hu nm 1197)

Vo na cui th k th 8, vua al-Mahdi (775-785) ca triu i Hi gio

Abbasad xua qun tn cng n v h ph hu, cp bc cc tiliu, cng trnh, kin trc Pht gio -- trong quan trng l trung tm Phthc Valabhi (Valabh). Mc d sau h khng tip tc bc hi Pht gionhng du sao y cng l bc u trong vic hu hoi Pht gio ti n, Afghanistan v Trung ng.

Cho n 1178 th qun i Hi gio ca Muhammad Ghuri tin hnhnhiu cuc chinh pht n , hu ht cc cng trnh Pht gio dn d btiu hu. Vo nm 1197 Trung tm Pht gio Nland b hu dit hon tonk c cc tng s. Vikramala cng b chim nm 1203, chm dt ton b

mt thi i lch s ca Pht gio ti n .

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6. Cc di tch, di ch, v trung tm Pht gio quan trng tronglch s

6.1 n

L ci ni u tin ca Pht gio. Cc trung tm Pht gio ra i ngay tthi Thch Ca truyn o v pht trin mnh vo thi vua Asoka. Ngy nay,nhng di tch quan trng n l:

Thp Dhamekh di tch c xy rt sm (th k 6 TCN)cao 150 b bng gch nung

B o trng (BodhGaya). y l ni m Thch Ca ngi thin vthnh o. Alexander Cunningham v cc cng s tm ra cc chng tch


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v cc ct tr ca o trng ny vo thp nin 1880. Thp B ngy nayc dng li t th k th 7. BodGaya cch thnh ph Gaya 12 km bngng b. Ngi ta c th n qua ng Gaya bng ng hng khnghay dng xa l Deli-Calcuta.

Sarnath, cn gi l Mrigadava (Deer park). y l ni m Pht bt uthuyt ging gio l cho 5 anh em Kiu Trn Nh (vn Lc Uyn). Di tchcn st li l thp Dhamekh c xy vo triu i Gupta th k th 6 trcCng nguyn. (Ch Phn dharmekh ngha l chnh php.)

Sarnath ch cch Varanasi Uttar Pradesh khong 8 km v c th n tVaranasi bi ng hng khng, hay xe la.

Kusinagara y l ni m Pht nhp nit bn. Qua cc khai qut th ngi ta

tm thy c cc mnh v ca cc tng pht v cc ct t m vuaAsoka xy dng. Ni ny ngy nay l Kasia, thuc v Deoria ca bangUtta Pradesh.

Trung tm Pht gio Nalanda. y l trng i hc Pht gio u tin trnth gii. Nalanda nm cch Patna 90 km. c th n Patna bn ng hngkhng hay ng b. Sau c th n Nalanda bn ng tu ho. Trm

Nalanda nm trn nhnh ng ca Bhaktiyarpur-Rajgir trong phn EasternRailway. Hoc t Patna, c th dng xe bus n Nalanda.

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6.2 Sri Lanka (Tch Lan)

Sri Lanka c rt nhiu cc di tch Pht gio. Quan trng nht bao gm.

Anuradhapura: y l c ca Sri Lanka (thi y c tn l Tch Lan, hayCeylon) c rt nhiu di tch Pht gio. Trong s , ng ch l:Cy b c chit cnh t cy b gc ni m Thch Ca thnh o.

Cy ny c tui th hn 2100 nm. Cy b chnh n b hu hoi.Hu ht cc nhnh b hin ti chit ra v cc ni khc trn th gii uch xut pht t cy b con ny.

n Thuparama, y l mt trong nhng ngi n c nht ca Pht gio tiSri Lanka, xy dng vo th k th 3 TCN di triu i vuaDevanmpiyatissa. n ny c t mt mnh vn xng vai phi ca Pht.


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Ngi n c trng tu v xy li nhiu ln. Ngi n hin ti l phinbn nm 1862.

Khu n Ruvanveli c xy ct bi vua Dutugemunu vo th k th 2TCN. y l mt kin trc khng l cao 103 mt v chim chu vi 286 mt.Khu di tch ny c c pht hin vo u th k 20 v c phc chtheo ng kch thc ban u.

Tng Pht ngi thin Lord Buddhac tc vo th k th 12 cao 14 mt Sri Lanka

Anuradhapura, cch Colombo 250 km v pha bc. T Colombo c nhiuchuyn xe but Colombo-Anuradhapura mi ngy. Phng tin tu ho tColombo n Anuradhapura cng c.

Tng Pht ngi thin Lord Buddha tm thy Polonnaruwa. Tng ctc vo thnh ni bng granit vo th k th 12 cao 14 mt. Gn , cngc hai khi tng hnh s Anan ng khoanh tay bn cnh Thch Ca tch

dit trong t th nm. Polonnaruwa nm phi ng Sigiriya, tn chng 1,5gi i xe but.

Qun th tng v tranh Pht trong cc hang ng Dabulla. y l ni trn ca vua Valagam Bahu th k th 1 TCN. Tng cng hn 80 hang ng

c cc s thi dng to thin. 5 trong tng s cc hang ny cnhiu tng v tranh Pht c kin to vo thi gian . Dambulla nm


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cch Kandy 72 km v hng bc v cch Anuradhapura 64 km v hngng nam trn ng ni hai thnh ph ny. T ng ci ngi ta phi di

b ln cao 150 mt qua cc bc trc. Nn mang theo d khi thm ving.

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6.3 Nepal

Nepal cng c nhiu trung tm Pht gio quan trng nh:

Thp c dng t thi vua Asoka nh du ni Pht Thch Ca ra i

Lumbini, ni Pht Thch Ca ra i. Vng di tch tm thy hng Ty Naml mt ng bng chn ca rng ni Churia (xem thm bn trong biThch Ca Mu Ni). Trc y ngi ta khng xc nh c a danh ny.Mi n 1 thng 12 nm 1886, nh kho c ngi c Dr. Alois A. Fuhrermi tm thy ct thp ca vua Asoka ghi li lm xc nhn ni ra i caThch Ca Mu Ni.

n Lumbini, dng ng hng khng t Kathmandu ti Bhairawa. Tni ny c cc loi xe but hay taxi a n Lumbini cch 22 km.Kathmandu: y l thnh ph m c khong 1/3 s ngi theo Pht gio.ng d c:


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Thp Swayambhunath (c ngha l "t ti") Kathmandu. Nm v phi tyca trung tm thnh ph. Thp ny c 2000 nm tui. Thp ny nm trnnh ca mt i cao 77 mt v c 350 bc thang i b. nh thp l cckhung thip vng ca cc mt Pht nhn v bn phi. Gia hai mt thngc thm mt th 3 tng trng cho kh nng thin nhn thng.

Thp Bodhnath (hay Boudhanath) Kathmandu. y l thp ln nht Nam cch 5 km v phi ng ca Katmandu. y uc xem l trung tm Phtgio Ty Tng quan trng nht bn ngoi Ty Tng. Trong khun vin cathp c 35 thin ng. Thp c th uc xy vo th k th 14.

C mt t ng bay n Kathmandu. Sn bay quc t l Tribhuvan.

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6.4 Afghanistan (A Ph Hn)

Afghanistan nm trn con ng t la (the Silk Road), ng b huytmch giao thng -u trong lch s loi ngi. o Pht trc khi truynsang Trung quc cng lan n x ny t rt sm, khong th k th 2TCN. Vua Kaniska, mt Pht t, cai tr Afghanistan t th k th 1 TCN.n th k th 3, thi i vua Asoka, th Pht gio y tr nn hng thnh.Mt trung tm Pht gio quan trng hnh thnh vo cui th k th 1 ti niny l Gandhara.


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Tng Pht khng l tc vo ni Bamiyan, Afghanistan (nay khng cnna)

Grandhara l mt trung tm Pht gio rt ln. Ngh thut Pht gio y t n nh cao. Cc thnh ph chnh ca vn minh Granhara bao gmZaranj, Bamiyan, Paktia, Kabul, Zabul, v Peshawar. Mt trong nhng cngtrnh ngh thut Pht gio tiu biu l cc tng Pht tc vo ni khng l Bamiyan. Cc cng trnh ny c xy dng khong th k 2-5. Pho tngln nht cao khong 52 mt (pho nh hn cao 35 mt). Ngh thut ny chunh hng kin trc vn ho ca Hy Lp, Ba T, Trung v Nam . Cngtrnh b ph hu mt ln bi Hephthalites (White Huns, Yanda,) voth k th 6. Ln , pho tng ln nht vn cn. Sau , cc tng bchnh quyn Hi gio cc oan Taliban ph hu hon ton vo thng 3 nm2001.

Ngoi ra, trong nm 1994 th th vin quc gia Anh cng b tm c mtdi ch kinh Pht c ly t Grandhara bao gm nhiu mnh gm. Tip sau ,i hc Washington (Hoa K) vo thng 8 nm 2002 cng tm c thm 8mnh v ca cng mt di ch ny. Bn kinh Pht ny, vit bng tingGrandhara, c xem l bn vn t kinh Pht lu i nht (vo khong thk th 1) hin tm thy. Vic nghin cu gii m ni dung c tin hnhtrong nhiu nm qua v ang c xut bn t t

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6.5 Ty Tng

Ty Tng l quc gia m trc khi b Trung Quc chim (1951) c hn 99%dn s theo Pht gio m a s l Mt tng. Th Ty Tng l Lhasa vcng l trung tm Pht gio quan trng. Sau khi b chim ng, hng chcngn cha chin b tiu hu v rt nhiu di sn qu lin quan ti Pht gio y b cp ph nghim trng, v khong hn 87,000 Pht t Ty Tng bgit. S di tch cn st li hin nay thuc v thnh ph Lhasa


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in Potala, Lhasa Ty TngLhasa Thnh ph cao gn 3700 mt ny c t th k th 7 v ngay tkhi thnh lp n dung np Pht gio. Hai a danh cn gi li v cchnh quyn Trung Quc trng tu cho mch tiu du lch l n Jokhan vin PotalaCha Jokhan (hay i Chiu) ngy trc l trung tm ca b phi Shakya(Thch Ca) thuc Mt tng. Trn nh cha c hnh tng bnh xe PhpLun. Ngi cha l mt cng trnh kin trc khng l vi 3 tng bn trong

ph y bi cc tng Pht. ng k nht l tng Jowo Shakya (Thch Ca

khi 12 tui). Ni ny l trung tm cho hng trm ngn ngi Ty Tng nhnh hng.

in Potala, ngha l "thnh a Pht gio", l ni m cc Dalai Lama trng. y l mt biu tng ca Pht gio Ty Tng. in ny c xy ctt th k th 7. Dng hin ti ca n l kin trc trng tu vo thi gianca Dalai Lama th 5. in ny c 13 tng cao 117 mt gm gn 1000

phng l ni lm vic ngy xa ca chnh quyn Ty Tng.

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6.6 Min in

Min in, nay l Myanma, l mt quc gia m Pht gio truyn n rtsm. Pht gio l quc gio ca x ny. Truyn thuyt cho rng Pht gio du nhp x ny t khi Pht Thch Ca cn sng, hai t l Tapussa andBhallika mang c 8 si tc ca Pht v v hin cc di tch vn cn gi


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ti cc cha thp. D liu c xc minh chc chn l cc on truyn giothi vua Asoka n Min in vo th k th 3 TCN. Hin ti a s Phtt theo Thevarada.

Thp Shwedagon ti Yangon Myanma, ton thn thp c dt vngc lng ln n 30 tn

Yangon (hay Rangoon) v vng ph cn. y l trung tm Pht gio ln cngi li rt nhiu n i trong s ny c:

Thp Shwedagon: Ngi n ln nht ti y ton b c dt vng v trangtr rt nhiu g, qu. Chu vi ca ngi thp l 1.420 feet v cao 326 feet.Xung quanh c 64 n nh. Truyn thuyt cho rng n ny c hn 2500nm c xy t thi Thch Ca cn ti th. cao nguyn thu ca ngin l 66 feet nhng sau nhiu ln trng tu n t c cao hin ti.

Thp Sule: Theo truyn thuyt th y l ni cha tc Pht do hai t caThch Ca Mu Ni nn s tui ca n c cho l hn 2000 nm. Thp c titdin dng bt gic, nhn xa gn ging nh mt ci chung t p, cao 152feet, ln cui cng n c trng tu vo thp nin 1880.

n Botataung (ngha l "mt ngn s quan") c xy dng gn nh cnglc vi n Shwedagon. n cao 132 feet dng th tc Pht.

Thnh ph Bago, 80 km bc Yangon l ni ng ca 42 v vua triu iBago. Ni ny c nhng di tch quan trng l:


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Tng i Kyaik Pun l s ghp ca 4 hnh tc Pht khng l nhn v 4hng. Nm gn dng ni Yangon-Bago. Tng i c xy bi vuaZedi nm 1467 cha b hu hoi.

Cha Shwemawdaw, y l cha c nht Bago c hn 1000 nm tui, cao114 mt v c th hai cng tc Pht trong bo thp.

Trung Tm Pht gio Bagan, hay pagan. Thnh ph c ny thuc vngTrung Min nm v phi t ngn sng Irrawaddy. y l ni c cc nhkho c cho l c nhiu di ch nht th gii m chnh yu l di ch Pht gio.Cc vua ni dy t th k 11 ti th k 13 cho xy hng ngn cha thp.Anawrahta (1044-1077), v vua u tin, tr thnh mt Pht t phiThevarada sau khi hnh hng n Sri Lanka v ng chuyn x Bagantheo Pht gio. n nm 1287 th triu i ny sp bi qun Mng C v

thnh ph Bagan b xo s.Nhiu n i y c trng cho cc kin trc Pht gio. Thp Shwezigonl thp duy nht ph vng tr thnh kiu mu cho nhiu n thp sau ny.

n Ananda, y l mt trong nhng ngi n cn nguyn vn nht cxy bi Kyansittha trong nm 1090. N l biu tng cho nng lc tr huv bin ca Pht. Ngi thp trung tm khu n c mt ct ngang hnhvung, cao 175 feet. Trong trung tm ca khi l 4 nh Pht cao 31 feetquay v bn hng chnh: Kakusanda (Pht Ca La Tn i) hng bc,

Konagamana (Pht Kim Tch) hng ng, Kassapa (Pht Ca Dip) hngnam v Gotama (Pht C m) hng ty.

Thp Maha Bodhi, y l ngi thp rp li theo khun mu ca thpBodhgaya v c t cng tn "B o Trng" c xy trong triuvua Nadaungmya (1211-1234). Tng truyn, chnh nhng ngi th xythp ny c gi sang n phc hi li ngi bo thp nguyn thuBodh Gaya.

Ngoi ra ni y cn c cc thp nh l Bupaya (850), Nathlaung Kyaung

(931), Nga-kywe-na-daung (khong th k th 9), Shwezigon Paya (cui thk 11), Pahtothamya...

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6.7 Trung Hoa

Pht gio pht trin rt sm Trung Hoa. Do a bn rng ln nn c nhiudi tch lin quan n lch s Pht gio. ng k l:

Tng Pht ln nht th gii cao 71m c tctrong ni t 713, cng trnh mt 90 nm mi xong

Nh th T ng Pha, Mt Pht t i Tng c vit bi th v L Sn nhsauL sn yn ta Chit Giang triu,V o bnh sinh hn bt tiu.o c bn lai v bit s,L sn yn ta Chit Giang triu.

Dch nghi: (theo Tu S):

M ta L sn sng Trit giangKhi cha n hn mun vn


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n ri v li khng g lM ta L sn sng Trit giang

Cha Thiu Lm (Shaolin), c xy khong nm 540. Ni y, s t phiThin tng Trung Hoa l B t Ma (Bodhidharma) tr tr v truyno cho Hu Kh cng nh dy v tng cng sc kho cho nhng ngi

ph vic dch kinh Pht trong cha. Cha xy trn mt phn rng cn li saukhi cnh rng ny b chy (Thiu Lm c ngha l rng non) trn niTung sn (Songshan) tnh H Nam. Ngi cha sau ny khng cn gic tinh thn Pht gio ban u bi nh hng ca Lo gio. Ngi changuyn thu hon ton b ph hu trong thi gian ni chin gia qun iTng Gii Thch v Mao Trch ng. Trc n b t chy nhiuln do chin tranh.

Nga Mi Sn (Emei) pha nam tnh T Xuyn, dy ni ny c n hngtrm ngi cha v cha ln nht kin trc bng g l Baoguo c xy voth k 16. Pht gio truyn ti T Xuyn t th k th 1. Truyn thuyt chorng ni Nga Mi l ni tu luyn ca Ph Hin B Tt. Pho tng Pht lnnht th gii cng ti y, n c c vo trong ni L sn (Leshan) cao71 mt c bt u khi cng nm 713 v xong nm 803 (90 nm).

Ng i Sn (Wutai), tnh Sn Ty. Ni y t i nh Hn (25-220), cnhiu ngi cha c c vo trong ni. Ni ny c tin l ch m VnTh B Tt ha thn. Hin nay vn cn khong 47 ngi cha cn nguyn

vn. Tng cng c n hng trm ngn tng v hnh v Pht ln nh. Haingi cha c quan trng nht y l Nanchan (1200 tui) v Foguang(c bt u xy t th k th 7).

Cu Hoa Sn (Jiuhua) -- ch Jinhua ngha l "9 to sen" -- tnh An Huy, niny theo truyn thuyt l ch m a Tng Vng B Tt ha thn. Cha cnht ni y l Huacheng.

Ph Sn (Putuo) nm trn o nh gn Thng Hi thuc tnh TritGiang, l ni Qun Th m B Tt th hin. Hai cha ln l Php V ThinT v Ph T Thin T

ng n Hong (Dunhuang) ti tnh Cam Tc nm trn con ng t la.Ti y c vi chc thch ng m bn trong c tc tng, v tranh haykinh vn Pht gio bng nghiu th ting m a phn l ting Hn c t thiWei n i Song.


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Tn ca mt hang ng chnh l Mogao (Mc Cao) c Le Zun tm thy vkhi u vic tc tng Pht nhm ghi nh li s vic ng ta thy nh hoquang nh ca nghn v pht pht ra ti .

Ngoi ra cn c ng Long Mn (Lung-men) ti tnh H Nam v ng VnCng (Yungang hay Yun-Kang) ti tnh Sn Ty (Datong) cng c cckin trc hay ngh thut Pht gio ni ting.

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6.8 Vit Nam

C nhiu bng chng cho thy Pht gio du nhp vo Vit Nam vo th kth 1, sm hn c Trung Hoa. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam cng nh cc nc ln

bang kh trnh khi nhiu nh hng v vn ho v truyn thng tn gioca Trung Hoa. Vit Nam tri qua rt nhiu cuc chin tranh vi ngoi

bang v nhng ln ni chin c h qu tt yu l hu ht cc cng trnhkin trc c sc ni chung v Pht gio ni ring b hu hoi phn ln.Cha k ngay c trong thi bnh cc ph iu tng khc hay ngh thut cPht gio Vit Nam cng b tht thot ra nc ngoi. Hin ti cc vngcn li nhng di ch quan trng l:

Cha Du tnh Bc Ninh xy khong th k th 3, ti trung tm Pht gio

Luy Lu Vit Nam

Bc Ninh vi trung tm Pht gio Luy Lu (hay Lin Lu). y l trung tmPht gio ln ca qun Giao Ch vo th k th 1. Cn st li ti y c:

Cha Du, cn c tn l Din ng, lng Du. Ngi cha c nht Vit Namhin nay, c xy vo u th k th 3. Cui th k th 4, Thin s T-ni-


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a-lu-chi thuyt php ti cha ny, lp nn thin phi u tin VitNam. Cha c ng Mc nh Chi dng li vi qui m ln vo th k 14,v trng tu nhiu ln cc th k sau.

Cha Bt Thp, c t i vua Trn Thnh Tng (1258-1278), xy li vonm 1646-1647 tc l thi nh Hu L - th k 17. Cha c tn nguyn thughi trn bia dng vo nm 1646 l "Ninh Phc T". Theo Pht s Vit Namth thin s Chuyt Chuyt, ngi li nhc thn khng b thi ra cho nngy nay, tr tr ti cha ny (vin tch nm 1644).

Cha Pht Tch, nm trn sn nam ni Pht Tch, c khi cng vo nm1057. Qua cc cuc chin tranh cha ny b h hi nhiu ln v cnhiu ln trng tu. Theo cc tin tc gn y (nm 2004-2005) th nhc thnca thin s Chuyt Chuyt c t ti cha ny.

H Ni: (Tn c Thng Long) L th lu i ca nc Vit, Pht gio tng l quc gio nn ni ny mt thi lu di l trung tm Pht gio ln.Cc di ch Pht gio cn li ng k l:

Cha Trn Quc, y l ngi cha c nht H Ni. Tng truyn cha cxy vo i L Nam (544-548) vi tn gi "Khai Quc". Sau ny, tncha thay i nhiu ln nh "An Quc" thi L Thnh Tng (1434-1442),"Trn Quc" nm 1628, "Trn Bc" nm 1844 v nay cha Trn Quc. Chacng c nhiu t trng tu. Kin trc cn gi c n nay l t cuc

trng tu ca vua Gia Long nm 1815, cha chim din tch hn 3000 mtvung.

Cha Bo n, xy thi nh Trn, l mt trong nhng trung tm ln nht caThin phi Trc Lm, ni vua Trn Nhn Tng, cc thin s Php Loa vHuyn Quang u tng tr tr. Ngi cha tng tn ti trong mt thi giandi, t th k 8 n th k 15. n nay Cha Bo n Gia Lm hin chcn trong quy m rt nh.

Cha Mt Ct, tc cha Din Hu nm gia H Ni. Theo truyn thuyt,

vua L Thi Tng (1028-1054) nm mng thy Pht Quan Th m dt vualn ta sen. Sau , S Thin Tu khuyn vua xy cha, dng ct giaao, t ta sen ca Pht trn ct nh thy trong chim bao. l vo nm1049. Cha Mt Ct b ph hu v c trng tu nhiu ln trong lch s.i hnh vung, chiu di mi cnh 3 mt, mi cong, dng trn mt ct cao4 mt, ng knh 1,20 mt gm 2 tr ghp chng ln nhau lin thnhmt khi.


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Qung Ninh: Ni Yn t thuc tnh ny l ni Pht xut ca phi thinYn T. Ni y l mt qun th nhiu cha trong c cha Hoa Yn (tnc l Vn Yn - th k 13) ni m cc t phi Yn T tr tr. Ngi thp nitri nht l Thp T, bng , 6 tng. Cn li l cc cha Qunh Lm, Longng, Gii Oan, Bo Si, Mt Mi v cha ng l cha cui nm trn nhYn T.

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H Ty:

Cha u. Tng truyn cha c t u cng nguyn, nhng theo vn bia cha th cha c dng t i nh L, theo kiu "Ni cng ngoi quc".Cha cn lu li nhiu di vt v th c c gi tr nh i rng , khnh,

chung... c bit, trong cha c hai pho tng l nhc thn ca hai v thins V Khc Minh v V Khc Trng tr tr cha vo khong th k 17.

Cha Thy, cn c gi l cha C, ta lc chn ni Si Sn. Cha cdng t i vua L Nhn Tng (1072-1128). Lc u cha ch l mt thoam nh ca thin s T o Hnh. Sau , c m rng ra. Cha xy theohnh ch "Tam" c ba lp: Cha H, cha Gia, cha Thng. Lp ngoicng l ni t l, lp gia th pht, lp trong cng th s T o Hnh.

Di ch vn ho c-eo: Khu vc vn ho c-eo tri rng nhiu tnh min Ty

v ng Nam b, cc di ch khai qut c xc nh l t th k th 1 nth k th 7. Trong s cc di vt tm thy c nhiu tng Pht g chng tPht gio du nhp vo khu vc ny t rt sm bng ng bin.

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6.9 Triu Tin

o Pht c truyn sang Triu Tin khong cui th k th 4 (nm 372).Do lch s pht trin c th, ti y c mt cc tng phi ln Thevarada,

Mahayana (k c Zen) v Vajrayana. Hin nay, c n 90% dn chng theoPht gio. Cc di tch y rt nhiu nhng cng b tn ph do chin tranhhay do s cm on hot ng nh l di triu Joseon (1395-1910). Hnna t u th k 20 Bc Hn, do chnh sch tiu dit tn gio, cc cngtrnh Pht gio ni ny hon ton b hu hoi. Nam Hn ngy nay ckhong 90% dn theo Pht gio v c n hng chc ngn cha chin. Do


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, rt kh lit k hay nh gi ht cc cng trnh quan trng ra. ych hn ch vi kin trc Pht gio tiu biu.

Nhm cha Tam Bo bao gm

Tongdosa: nm trn ng ni hai thnh ph Ulsan v Busan c t gia thk th 7 (nm 646). y l ngi cha quan trng nht bn o Triu Tinc s Jajang-yulsa khi cng. Ch "Tongdosa" theo ting Triu Tin cngha l "vut qua gic ng". Cha c lu gi mt s mnh xng Pht(X Li Pht) trong ngi thp chnh. Trc y, n tng c n hngtrm cng trnh xy dng nh v hng ngn s c ng. Sau , b phn lnca cha b hu hoi do qun Nht trong th chin th 2, ngoi tr tothp Daeungjeon. Ln cui cha c tu sa l vo u th k 17. Ngi tathng gi y l "cha khng Pht" v n khng c bt k tng Pht no

cc ca ra trong tng trt. i vi ngi Triu Tin th y l "Bo t thnht ca Hn Quc" (Korea's first Jewel Temple) hay Pht Bo t.

Haeinsa: ng Nam Daegu, xy nm 802, c gi l Php Bo t(Dharma). Ni ny c cha cc b kinh in i tha (Mahayana ) gi l"Triu Tin Tam Bo Kinh" (Tripitaka Koreana) nguyn vn nht th gii

bao gm 52 triu Hn t (ch ci Trung Hoa) c khc vo trong 81.258khi g v c lm vo th k th 13. Cha l trung tm chnh ca "Hoa

Nghim Tng" (Avatamsaka hay Garland Sutra).

Songgwangsa: nm v pha ng Gwangju, ban u ch l mt cha nhthi Silla. n cui th k 12 th c s Chinul m rng ra thnh trung tmthin v c ngi Triu Tin mnh danh l Tng Bo T. ChSonggwangsa c ngha l "thin". Cha c hn 50 thin ng cho tng v30 cho ni. y cng l Trung Tm thin quc t u tin ca Triu Tin dothin s Kusan sng lp.

Bulguksa: c xy vo nm 535 vi tn gi c l Hwaeombeomnyusa.Ngi cha nm phi ng Daegu trn ni Doham gm hn 80 to nh cngvi hai ngi n ln l Shakyamuni v Tabotap. Ti y c cha bn in cnht th gii l Tnh Quang La Ni kinh (Pure Light Dharani Sutra). ChBulguksa c ngha l "t Pht". Ngoi ra y cng c pho tng phtthin Seokguram c khong 1250 nm lch s. Cha b t nm 1592 biqun i Hideyoshi Toyotomi. Ngi cha hin ti trng tu trn nn mngngi cha c vo thp nin 1970.


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Tng Pht Dc S nm trn nh ni Gwanbong

Ngoi cc cng trnh Pht gio k trn, Triu Tin cn c cc kin trcPht gio khc khng phi l cc ngi cha nh:

Sinse-dong: thp 7 tng (xy vo khong th k th 7 n th k th 10),nm ngoi Andong, l ngi thp bng ln nht ca Triu tin. Thpcao 7,75 mt uc trang tr theo cung cch 8 ngi bo v ca Pht gio.

Thn thp lm bng nhng vin xm c 24x14x6 cm chim 7,75 mtvung.

Tng Pht Dc S (Gatbawi Buddha): c tc vo th k th 9, nmtrn nh ni Palgongsan (hay Gwanbong) Daegu. im c bit l tngPht c i nn dng bt thng dy khong 15 cm v trn tay c cm mtsiu thuc cha bnh tng trng cho vic y lui ma o. Pho tng ngi,cao khong 4 mt. y l mt trung im du lch v cnh tr p. n nidu khch phi mt t nht 1 gi leo b

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6.10 Thi Lan

Nhiu ngi tin l Pht gio truyn ti Thi Lan trong thi gian vuaAsoka n a ngi i truyn gio vo th k th 3 TCN. Mt cch chcchn th Pht gio v n gio n y qua cc ng giao thng ng


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bin hay qua cc nc ln bang nh Min in v Campuchia vo th kth 6. Ngy nay, c n 94% dn Thi theo Pht gio. Cc di tch y rtnhiu nhng a s c xy sau th k 14. Nhng cng trnh hay trung tmc gi tr lch s ln bao gm:

Thp Pht gio ln nht Phra Pathom, Nakhon Pathom, Thi

Phra Pathom Chedi thuc tnh Nakhon Pathom, 56 km ty Bangkok. (Ch

chedi c ngha l "thp"). Nakhon Pathon c xem l ni xut pht oPht u tin Thi. Ngi thp Phra Pathom cao 120 m vi y trn bnknh 233,5 m. Thp hin nay l c khi cng trong thi vua MongkutRama IV (1804-1868) trong vng 17 nm nhm bao bc cho mt thp nhhn c cho l c t hn 2000 nm tui. y l thp ln nht th gii.


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Wat Mahathat (ch wat c ngha l "n" hay "cha"). y l cng trnhkin trc tiu biu cho nh hng ca vn ho Khmer (giai on ngh thutTch Lan). Khu n nm trung tm thnh ph Sukhothai thuc vAyutthaya c tng cng hn 200 ngi thp. C mi ngi thp ln dng isen s c vy quanh bi 8 thp nh hn. n ny c l xy vo nm 1374,ni y ngy trc c dng th mnh xong Pht. Ngy nay th thptrung tm b nt do thi gian.

Ngoi ra, ti Ayuttaya cn c cc n Pht ni ting l Phra Si Sanphet (xynm 1448 vi 3 ngi thp hnh chung p l biu tng cho Ayuttaya),Ratchaburana (xy vo th k 15), v Lokaya Sutha (cha xc nh chnh xcnin i).

Trung tm Pht gio Haripuchai, ngy nay thuc v thnh ph Chiang Mai.

y l trung Pht gio ln ca Thi khong 1000 nm trc. Hin ti cn lirt nhiu cha thp. Trong s , c thp Wat Chiang Man dng nm 1306.Bn trong n c bit c mt bc tranh Pht c cho l mang v t TchLan 2000 nm trc y v mt tng Pht bng tinh th (crystal) ly v tLopburi c khong 1800 nm tui.

Ngoi ra, trung tm Haripuchai cn cc cc n Pht khc nh l: ChediLuang (xy nm 1391), Chet Yot (xy cui th k 15), Doi Suthep (xy nm1386), Phra Sing (xy nm 1345) v Wat Suan Dok (xy vo th k 16).

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6.11 Campuchia

Mt s thuyt cho rng o Pht du nhp vo x Campuchia vo th kth 3 TCN do kt qu ca vic gi cc nh truyn o Pht gio i khp nica vua Asoka. Tuy nhin, thuyt ng tin cy hn l o Pht du nhpcng lc vi o B La Mn qua vic m rng giao thng vi n smnht l vo th k th 1 TCN. Nhng lc o B La Mn hng thnh

hn o Pht trong sut thi gian di ca triu i Funan. n th k 12, vuaJayavarman II cho xy dng ngi n Hindu khng l Angkor th thnVishnu. n ny m rng thnh Angkor Wat. Nhng n triu vuaJayavarman VII, tr v t 1181 n 1215, Pht gio gn nh thay th honton vai tr ca n gio v vua Jayavarman VII xy mt n Phtgio rt ln l Angkor Thom gn n Angkor Wat, b lm h hi biqun i Chm.


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Cng n Angkor Thom -- s pha trn vn ho Hindu vo mt kin trcPht gio Kampuchia

Angkor Thom l mt cng trnh Pht gio ln nht Campuchia c xyvo cui th k 12, nay thuc v tnh Siem Reap. N c c im l chu rtnhiu nh hng ca kin trc B La Mn. Ngay sau khi xy xong t lu thcng trnh Angkor li b s tn cng, t ph v chim ng ca qun Chm.n ny c ho nc bao bc rng 100 mt cp theo bn vch tng cao 8mt lm thnh mt khu vc hnh vung mi cnh khong 3 km theo cc

hng chnh. Cc cng ln c tr ngay trung im ca cc bc tng chocc hng Ty, Nam v Bc c cc cu bc qua. Ring hng ng c haicng vo. Cc ng dn ti cng vo c cc dy 54 hnh tng bng .

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6.11 Nht Bn

o Pht chnh thc du nhp vo Nht Bn t th k th 6. Hai trung tmPht gio ti y l c Nara, Kyoto, v Tokyo

Vn si kin to do thc hnh thin - cha Ryoan-ji Nht

Nara nm im cui ca con ng t la (the Silk Road) vi cc cha:Horyu-ji xy nm 607, y l cha c nht bng g cn st li trn th gii.Thin tai hu i phin bn u tin ca cha. N c xy li vo khong710. Gian thp chnh ca n c n 5 tng.

Cha Kokufuji xy nm 730, c thp nm tng bng g cao nht nc Nht

(50 m), trng tu nm 1426 v cha Todaiji (760).

Kyoto tp trung kh nhiu cha c nhng a s xy t th k 14 tr i. Quantrng l cc cha Kiyomizudera (dng khong 798, trng tu li nm 1633),

Ninnaji (xy nm 888, trng tu nhiu t th k 17 tr i), Byodoin (1053) vcha Ryoan-ji, dng nm 1450, ni ting vi vn si kin to do vic thchnh thin, cha Chionin ca Tnh tng dng nm 1234 nhng phin bncn li xy t th k 17.

Tokyo vi cha quan trng nht l Sensoji (t th k th 7), c xy dngdo vic 3 ng ph tm thy nh nh ca Quan Th m B Tt (Kannon)trong lui ca h.

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7. Pht gio ngy nay

Theo s liu thng k ca Adherents th s ngi theo o Pht trn ton thgii l 376 triu (vo nm 2005), chim khong 6% dn s th gii.

Cng theo thng k Adherents, 10 nc c ng ngi theo Pht gio nhtl:

Trung Quc 102,000,000 ngiNht Bn 89,650,000 ngiThi Lan 55,480,000 ngiVit Nam 49,690,000 ngiMyanma 41,610,000 ngiSri Lanka 12,540,000 ngi

Hn Quc 10,920,000 ngii Loan 9,150,000 ngiCampuchia 9,130,000 ngin 7,000,000 ngi

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o Pht cc nc Ty phng

Hoa K: Theo World Almanac nm 2004 c khong 2-3 triu ngi theo

o Pht. o ny ng hng th 5 y. T l tng s ngi theo o t1990 n 2000 l 170%.

Theo Australian Bureau of Statistics ca c th s ngi theo o Pht c tl tng nhanh nht nc ny t 1996 n 2001 (hn 150%). Nm 2002 cn hn 360,000 ngi theo Pht gio.

Theo Pluralism Project th trong nm 1997 Php c khong 650,000 v Anh c 180,000 tn Pht gio.

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8.Tm tt cc din bin trong lch s Pht gio

S pht trin ca Pht gio thi vua Asoka

566-486 TCN: Siddhartha Gautama n sinh. Nhng nhin cu gn y chorng Pht ra i khong 490-410 TCN. Do , thi gian tnh trong 500 nmu k t khi ra i ca Pht gio s khng c chnh xc, s kin ch ghi

li khong chng.530 TCN: Thch Ca gic ng ( tui 36) v thuyt php trong khong 45nm.486 TCN: Thch Ca tch dit.

486 TCN: Hi ngh kt tp kinh in ln I Rajaghgraha khong 500 tkhu, do Mahakassapa ch tr nhm gp nht li cc bi ging ca Thch Ca.Hnh thnh Gii tng v Kinh tng.

Khong 443-379 TCN: Hi ngh kt tp kinh in ln II Vesali, bn vmt s im d bit trong gii lut ny sinh.

297 TCN: Vua Asoka (274-236 TCN) ci o sang Pht gio; o Pht phttrin thnh mt quc gio v bt u lan truyn ra khi n .250 TCN (308 TCN?): Hi ngh kt tp ln th III di s bo tr ca vuaAsoka Pataliputra, n . Ch tr bi Moggaliputta Tissa. Bn tho v


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ngn nga s phn ho trong gio php. Ln u tin ra i Tam tngkinh. Cc nh truyn ging Pht gio c vua Asoka gi ti Tch Lan(Ceylon, nay l Sri Lanka), Kanara, Karnataka, Kashmir, vng Hy M LpSn, Min in (Burma, nay l Myanma), Afghanistan, ngay c n Ai Cp,Macedonia v Cyrene.

240 TCN Tch Lan: Thnh lp cng ng Theravada u tin. Cng chaSanghamitta, con vua Asoka, thnh cng chit nhnh cy b , ch Phtthnh o, v trng ti Tch Lan.

94 TCN Tch Lan: K kt tp kinh in ln th IV ca Theravada miAloka trong thnh Malaya.

Nm 35 Tch Lan: Hnh thnh s phn phi gia Mahavira v Abhayagiri

Vihara Tch Lan.Nm 65 Trung Quc: Di ch sm nht chng t Pht gio thm nhp voTrung Hoa.

Th k th 1: K kt tp ln kinh in ln VI ti Jalandhar, n c vuaKaniska bo tr. Cc nh s t Tch Lan truyn Pht gio Theravada nThi Lan v Min in. o Pht xut hin ti Vit Nam cng thi imny.Cui th k th nht: o Pht n Campuchia.

Th k th 2: Nm 200 n , i hc Pht gio Nalanda ra i v trthnh trung tm Pht hc ca th gii hn 1000 nm (c ti liu cho rng ihc ny ra i vo u th k th 5). Cng thi gian ny hnh thnh phiMahayana bt u tch ra t Theravada.

Hu bn Th k th 2: o s Nagarjuna (Long Th); c bit n do ccthuyt ging v tnh khng. (Tht s tnh khng c Thch Ca ging dycho Ananda t khi cn ti th nhng ti o s Long Th th khi nim nyc lm ni bt ln v cng nh ngha r hn v Mahayana).

Th k th 3: o Pht lan ti Ba T (Persia) qua ng bun bn. Nm 320: Phi Vajrayana hnh thnh v pht trin n t c sMahayana.Th k th 4: o s Vasubandhu (Th Thn) lm ni bt khi nim "duytm" (mind-only) v nim Pht A Di (Amitabha) cho s ti sinh minTnh (Pure Land). Tnh tng hnh thnh t thi gian ny. Nepalhnh thnh s tn ti gia hai o Pht gio v n gio.


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334-416: S Hu Vin (Hui-yuan), em Tnh tng vo Trung Hoa (BchLin Hi).

372: Pht gio thm nhp n bn o Triu Tin.390: Phi Php Hoa ra i ti Trung Hoa.Th k th 5: Mahayana du nhp vo Indonesia v Philippines.499: Nht Thit Hu B Tng (Sarvstivdah) hnh thnh n . (C tiliu cho rng Nht thit hu b hnh thnh ngay sau ln Kt tp Kinh inth II.)526: B t Ma (Bodhidharma) t n n Trung Hoa. ng l s tca Thin tng (Ch'an hay Zen) v t s ca phi v Thiu Lm.552: o Pht n Nht Bn v tr thnh quc gio.Th k th 6: Thin Thai tng (T'ien T'ai) c s Tr Gi (Chih-I)thnhlp.

641: o Pht du nhp vo Ty Tng (Tibet).Na sau th k th 7: S Php Tng (Fa-tsang) thnh lp phi Hoa Nghim.Cng trong cui th k th 7: Thin s Hu Nng pht trin Thin tng mnh Trung Hoa. Trong khi , Kashmir v Ty Tng Mt tng pht trnmnh.T nm 713: Nhiu Thin phi hnh thnh trong c Lm T (Lin-Chi) vikhi nim n ng v cng n (koan), To ng (Tsao-t'ung).Th k th 8: C Mt tng ra i ti Ty Tng.Th k th 9: Chn Ngn tng (Shigon) ra i Nht t o s Kukai.T gia th k th 9: Angkor Wat c xy dng Campuchia. o Lo

pht trin mnh lm nh hng nhiu n o Pht . Trong khi , oHi bt u thay th cho o Pht nhiu ni.Th k 11 ti th k 13: n o Hi thm nhp mnh; nhng ngicc oan tiu hu nhiu kin trc cng nh t chc Pht gio. Nm 1193h chim Magahda tn ph cc cng trnh v cc i hc Pht gio nh

Nalanda v Vikramasila.Th k 13: o Pht pht trin nhiu tng phi Nht c bit l cc phiThin tng (To ng v Lm T) cng nh Tnh tng. Nht Lin tngcng ra i ti y do o s Nichiren Daishi (1222-1282). Cng trong giai

on ny, Pht gio Theravada du nhp ti Lo, Pht gio Ty Tng thmnhp vo Mng C.Th k 14: Gelugpa (phi Nn Vng) hnh thnh Ty Tng do Tsong-kha-

pa.Th k 15: S ra i ca nhiu gio phi n gio nh du s suy tn cuica Pht gio ti Nam n. Ty Tng th dng Dalai Lama (t Lai LtMa) bt u.


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Th k 16: B o Nha chim Tch Lan, o Pht khng cn l quc gio vhu nh b bin mt do h qu ca cc hnh ng phn bit tn gio nh phhu cha chin dng nh th, hu ht cc s si phi o t. Mi cho nth k 17, vi nh hng ca H Lan th o Pht mi bt u du nhp lini ny t Min in. Cng trong thi gian ny, thin phi Obaku c rai do o s Ingen (1592-1673). (Tuy nhin c ti liu cho rng Obakuuc s Yin-Yuan Lung-ch'i (n Nguyn Long Kh)- nguyn thuc phiLm T - sng lp t 1654 ti Nht.1862: Ln u tin Kinh Php c (Dhammapada) c dch ra ting c.1871: Bt u k kt tp kinh in ln th V th Min in lMandalay. Kinh in Pali c khc trn 729 phin hoa cng.Cng trong gia sau th k 19, khi xut hin cng ng ngi Hoa ti BcM th o Pht cng thm nhp vo y v mt phn ca kinh Lin Hoac dch ra ting Anh.

Nm 1905: o s Soyen Shaku l ngi u tin dy Thin ti Bc M.T nm 1920: Ch ngha cng sn cng khai tm cch dp b tn gio c

bit bt u l o Pht ti Mng C.1950: Trung Quc chim Ty Tng bt u cng vic n p ph hu cccha chin Pht gio y. n 1959 th v Dalai Lama ca Ty Tng phit nn ti n v Pht gio Ty Tng li c pht trin mnh cc ncTy phng. Sau Dalai Lama c gii Nobel ho bnh nm 1989.1954: Hi nghi kt tp kinh ln th VI ti Min in Ngng Qung(Rangoon).1966: Tu vin Theravada u tin xy dng Hoa K.

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9. Ti liu Tham kho

Ting VitLch s kt tp kinh lut -- Thch Phc SnPht Gio Khp Th Gii. Thch Nguyn TngS lc lch s Pht gio n sau thi c Pht -- Thch Tm HiCm Nang Du Lch Chm Com

Kinh c nc Vit: Du tch nhng th cCC HANG TH PHT NI TING TRN TH GII -Vn Hng

Hnh hng Trung QucHang Mc Cao n Hong - Trung QucNhng Thnh a Pht Gio ti n -Thch n Minh Tm dchTINH HOA v S PHT TRIN ca O PHT - Edward Conze


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S lc lch s hnh thnh v pht trin cc tng phi Pht gio TrungQuc -- Thch Tm Khanh

LCH S KT TP PHP TNG LN TH V - VI - Thch Phc SnThng Trm Ca Pht Gio Ti A-Ph-Hn -ng Tn Hu

X Hi n Trc Khi Pht Ra i -- Thch Thin TmPht gio v Vn Ha n --Dr. Bimlendra Kumaro Pht Nguyn Thy v o Pht i Tha - W. Rahulai Cng Lch S Pht Gao Th Gii -- Andrew Skilton

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Ting AnhThe History of Buddhism -- Dr. C. George Boeree -- ShippensburgUniversity

History of Buddhism ca trang aboutBuddhism TimelineDictionary of the History of IdeasTimeline of Buddhist historyThe Buddhist Hand Book - A Complete Guide to Buddhist Schools,Teaching, Practice, and History. John Snelling. Barnes & Nobles. 1998.

ISBN 0760710287Buddhism and HinduismHistorical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in AfghanistanSacred Island - A Buddhist Pilgrim's Guide to Sri Lanka

Buddhism and Its Spread Along the Silk RoadHistory of the Shaolin TemplesTravel China Guide

Pagan, MyanmarBagan (Pagan)Buddhism in Myanmar A Short History - Roger BischoffMyanmar travel information

Korean BuddhismSurvey of Korean Buddhism and Temples - Brian Barry

Asian Historical ArchitectureThe Buddhist WorldHISTORY OF BUDDHISM IN KINGDOM OF CAMBODIAHistory of CambodiaAngkor HistoryAngkor Thom


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Lu : bi vit ny c tc gi khi ng trn wikipedia.org vi vi chitit nh khc nhau

Namo shakyamuni

Lng u

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Luoc Su Phat Giao - Vo Quang Nhan

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