luncho task1

8/6/2019 luncho task1

1/28

There are some special words for numbers,fractions and percentages.

Look at the following table which shows a

number in different years (1990-1995) :

1990 1995

1200 1800

You could describe the above table using

numbers, fractions or percentages:

The number went up by 600, from 1200 to

800. (Number) The number went up by half, from 1200 to

1800. (Fraction) The number went up by 50%, from 1200 to

1800. Percentage)

The number went up 150%, to 1800.(Percentage)

1992 1994 1996 1998

500 1000 3000 12000

Use "trebled," "-fold," and "times:" The number doubled between 1992 and

1994. The number trebled between 1994 and 1996.

The number quadrupled from 1996 to 1998


2/28

There was a twofold increase between1992 and 1994.

The number went up sixfold between 1992

and 1996.

The figure in 1996 was three times the

1992 figure. The figure in 1998 was four times the 1996

figure.

1992 1994 1996 19981000 800 400 100

Use Fractions:

Between 1992 and 1994, the figure fell

by one-fifth. Between 1994 and 1996, the number

dropped by a half. The figure in 1998 was one-tenth the 1992

total.

Vocabulary 1: The Language of

Graphs

!Prepositions

Between 1995 and 2000 From 1995 to 2000


3/28

Fell

Declined

Dropped Decreased Sank

Went down

Movement: Up

Rose W

ent up Increased Grew

Strong Words (Use Carefully!)

Fell

Shot up Rocketed Surged

plummeted plunged

Adjectives

slightly

a little a lot sharply

suddenly steeply

gradually


4/28

gently steadily

No Movement

remained steady

were unchanged

did not change remained constant

remained stable stabilized

Tops and

Bottoms

reached a peak

peaked reached their highest level

fell to a low sank to a trough reached a bottom

(Click here to see this graph with popup

words)


5/28

Look at the graph above,

from the IELTS preparation

text"Insight

into

IELTS"by VanessaJakeman and Clare

McDowell, CambridgeUniversity Press.

The graph shows the

fluctuation in the number

of people at a Londonunderground station overthe course of a day.

The busiest time of the day

is in the morning. There is

a sharp increase between06:00 and 08:00, with 400

people using the station at8 o'clock. After this the

numbers drop quickly toless than 200 at 10 o'clock.

Between 11 am and 3 pm

the number rises, with aplateau of just under

300 people using thestation.

In the afternoon, numbersdecline, with less than 100

using the station at 4 pm.


6/28

There is then a rapid rise to

a peak of 380 at 6pm. After7 pm, numbers fall

significantly, with only aslight increase again at

8pm, tailing off after 9 pm.

Overall, the graph shows

that the station is mostcrowded in the early

morning and early evening

periods.Vocabulary Tips

Don't repeat verbs

Before you start towrite, make a list of

synonyms (words with

the same meaning)

See how many waysyou can rephrase the

title of the graph. Useone in the intorduction

and another in theconclusion same

meaning)

B

e careful withprepositions. They can

make a big difference inmeaning. For example,

"roseby"is verydifferent from "rose


7/28

to." Learn your verbs

with the prepositionthat goes with them.

Ba

Types of Graphs

You are likely to meet only two types of graphs

in IELTS or other intermediate English tests -time and comparison graphs.

In time graphs you have to describe changesover time.

In comparison graphs you have to compare

different items - countries, people, products,places, etc.

Here is a time graph.

You have to compare different methods of

transport used in the US over the last century -train, bus and air.


8/28

You could start with

y train (because it is the oldest method)

y by air (because it is the biggest method of

public transport today.)y However, don't start with bus because it is

very small and not the main idea

The main trend with rail transport is that it rose

to a peak in the 1920s and 1930s and thendeclined.

The main trend with air is that it started late, inthe 1960s, but it has shot up to become by far

the biggest carrier of passengers

You have to compare the amount of water used

for domestic, agricultural and industrialpurposes.

There are two ways to write about this graph:


9/28

y by country (make groups like Saudi Arabiaand Oman which have mainly agricultural

use, then Bahrain and Kuwait which have

mainly domestic use, etc)

y by use (Agriculture, then Domestic, then

Industrial.)

Start with Agriculture because it is the biggestuser. Group together Saudi Arabia and Oman as

the top users, and then group UAE and Qatar asthe middle group of users, using 60% of water

for agriculture. Finally mention Bahrain andKuwait.

Your second paragraph should be about

Domestic use, the use of water in the home,because it is the second biggest use. Start with

Kuwait and Bahrain (grouped together) (morethan 50%) and then write about Qatar and the

UAE.

Tourismin Dubai, 1990-1994


10/28

Dubai Tourism, 1990-1994

The graph shows the numbers oftourists in hundredsofthousands visiting Dubai between 1990 and 1994.There areseveral features in the graph.

First ofall, the total number oftourists increasedrapidly between 1990 and 1994. In 1990 therewas atotal of450,000 tourists in Dubai. This rose sharply to625,000 in 1991, an increaseofmore than 30%, androse slightly again to just under 700,000 in 1992. Inthefollowing two years, the number ofvisitorsstarted to pick up again and reached 1 million in 1994.

This was more than double thefigurefor 1990.

The second trend is that therewas ahuge increase inthe number oftourists from Russia. In 1990, Russiantourists comprisedonly 20,000 or less than 5%ofvisitors. This number shot up to 50,000 in 1991 anddoubled again to more than 100,000 in 1992.Between 1992 and 1994, the number trebled,from110,000 to 330,000. This meant that Russian tourists


11/28

made up one-third,or 33%, ofDubais 1 millionvisitors in 1994. In comparison, the number oftouristsfrom other countries increasedonly slightly,from550,000 in 1991 to 580,000 in 1994.

In conclusion, although the number oftourists fromall countries is increasing, Russian tourists arebecoming more and more important for the tourismindustry in Dubai.

Annual fish catch (millions of tonnes): North America

North American fisheries have been in severe decline since the late 1980s, with at leastone-third of all species overfished.

North American Fish Catches

The graph shows changes in fish catches

for the US and Canada over the last 30

years.

The most significant feature is that fish


12/28

catches have declined drastically in both

the US and Canada since the mid-1980s.Although Canadian production is much

lower, its echoes US

figures, declining orincreasing at the same rate.

Between 1972 and 1977, US fish catches

averaged between 2.5 and 2.75 million

tonnes per year, while Canadian landingsfluctuated between 800,000 and 1.1

million tonnes. In 1997, however, there

was a big increase in fish caught in theUS, and this rise continued up to a peak

of 5.5 million tonnes in 1987. During the

same period, Canada's catch increasedfrom 1 million tonnes to 1.5 million

tonnes, an increase of 50%.

From 1987 onwards, there was a sudden

decline in both countries. US figurestumbled to 4 million tonnes in 1995, adrop of 28%, and Canadian catches

plunged to 0.5 million tonnes, a drop of

66%. In the following four years, UScatches fluctuated around the 4 million

tonne mark, while Canadian catches rose

very slightly.In general, both Canadian and the much

larger US catch have declineddramatically since their peak in the mid-

1980s.


13/28

Heart Attacksby Ageand Gender, USA

y

Heart Attacks by Age andGender

The graph shows how

age and gender influence

the frequency of heart

attacks in the US.Less than 6% of all heart

attacks occur in the 29-

44 age group. The


14/28

number of women who

suffer heart attacks in

this group is negligible -only 3000 per year,

compared to 123,000

men.

However the proportion

of men and women with

heart attacks rises

dramatically between 45

and 64, with over half a

million per year. Over

420,000 men a year in

this age group haveheart attacks. The

incidence amongst

women increases -

women have one heart

attack for every three

men in this age group.

Over the age of 65, the

number of men suffering


15/28

heart attacks only

increases slightly.

However there is a hugeincrease in the number

of women with heart

attacks - they comprise

over 40% of all victims.

In conclusion, men are

more likely to be the

victims of heart attacks

at all ages, but women

are increasingly likely

over the age of 65.

Fertility Rates (Births perWoman)inGulfCountries, 1990-2000


16/28

y Click here to see a sample text

Fertility Rates

The chart shows striking changes in thefertility rate of women in six Gulfcountries Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Oman,Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain between 1990and 2000.

In the ten year period, there was adecline in the number of births perwoman in all countries. The biggestdeclines were in two countries which hadlow fertility rates at the start of thedecade, Bahrain and the UAE.

Fertility rates vary greatly between the sixcountries. Oman and Saudi Arabia had thehighest rates, with over seven births perwoman in 1990. This compared witharound 4 births per woman in Bahrainand the UAE, and just 3.75 in Kuwait

By 2000, the rate had fallen below threebirths per woman in Kuwait, Bahrain andthe UAE, with a drop of over 25% in a


17/28

eca e n e . owever, n auArabia and Oman, the rates fell by just20%, from 7.0 to 5.5.

In summary, there were major decreasesin birth rates in all countries, but some

countries in the region have double thefertility rate of others.

Oil Production

Oil Production Capacity

The graph shows Oil

Production Capacity in

millions of barrels per

day for selected Gulfcountries. There areseveral features in this

graph.

The most significant


18/28

feature is that oilproduction will increase

sharply in almost all the

countries shown.Kuwait and Iraq areboth expected todouble

their output between

1990 and 2010, withKuwait's production

rising from 1.8 millionbarrels per day (bpd) in

1990 to 3.8 in 2010.Iran will also increase

its output by a slightlysmaller amount. After

remaining steady at 2.5million bpd from 1990

to 2000, the UAE's

output is expected toapproach 4.0 millionbpd in 2010. Only

Qatar's production ispredicted to fall, back

to 0.8 million bpd after

a slight rise in 2000.

However, the greatestincrease will be from

Saudi Arabia. In 1990,its output capacity at

8.5 million bpd


19/28

exceeded the combinedproduction of Iran, Iraq

and Kuwait. This lead is

expected to continuewith a 75% increase inproduction to 14.5

million bpd 2010.

In summary, while

most of the countriesare expected to show

increases, Saudi Arabiawill maintain and

strengthen its positionas the major producer.

(194 words)

HCT Graduates

Graduates from the Higher Colleges of Technology's Women's and Men's Colleges,

1999


20/28

Top of Form

Higher CollegeGraduates

The chart shows male andfemale graduates from theHigher Colleges ofTechnology colleges in theUAE.

The most outstandingfeature of the graph isfemale graduatesoutnumber males in all thecolleges. For example, inDubai, there are 30% morewomen graduates thanmen. There are also largedifferences in Al Ain and inRas Al Khaimah. However,the number of men andwomen is almost equal in

the colleges in Abu Dhabi.There are also bigdifferences in the sizes ofthe colleges. Ras AlKhaimah has less than 300students altogether, whileAbu Dhabi has about 600


21/28

an u a as a mos

In summary, womenoutnumber men in all thecolleges, and there aresignificant differences in

the sizes of the colleges.124 words

Internet UsageinTaiwanby Age Group, 1998-2000

Internet Usage in Taiwan by Age

The graph shows changes in the age

profile of Internet users in Taiwan

between 1998 and 2000.

The main users of the Internet in

Taiwan are young adults between 16

and 30 years old. In 1998, they

accounted for more than half of all


22/28

users. In 1999 the number dropped

slightly to 45%, but even in 2000

they were the biggest group.

The second biggest group of users is

aged between 31 and 50. They made

up 41% in 1998, falling slightly to

37% in 2000. When combined with

the 16-30 age group, over 94% of

users in 1998 were between 16 and

50.

However this number is dropping

steadily as more children and older

users log on. In 1999, the number of

children online quadrupled from 2%to 8%, and it continued to increase

in 2000. There were similar

increases for older users, rising from

4% in 1998 to 10% in 2000.

In summary, while adults between16 and 50 still represent the great

majority of Internet users in

Taiwan, their share is declining as


23/28

more children and older users join

the web.

(180 words)

ComputersandInternetinthe Arab World

Computers & Internet in the Arab World

The chart shows striking differences in the

level of computer and Internetpenetration in the Arab world.The UAE and Kuwait are by far the mostcomputerized countries, with Lebanon adistant third. The UAE has over 150computers for every 1000 inhabitants,compared to Kuwait's 130 and Lebanon's


24/28

60. In contrast, countries such as Egypt,Morocco and Syria have less than 20computers per 1000 inhabitants.

There are also great differences in

Internet use and availability. The UAE hasby far the highest proportion of users,with more than one-third of its populationusing the Internet. Kuwait and Lebanonare second and third again, with 100 usersper thousand in Kuwait and 80 inLebanon. In some countries the numberusing the Internet is negligible: SaudiArabia has less than 20 users perthousand, and there are fewer than 5

users per thousand in Syria.One unusual feature of the graph is thatInternet use does not seem to be directlyrelated to the number of computers. Inseveral countries (the UAE, Lebanon,Jordan and Oman), there are moreInternet users per thousand people thancomputers. However, in other countries,such as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Syria, thenumber of Internet users is lower than thenumber of computers.In summary, there are major differencesbetween computer use and Internet usein the Arab world, but the UAE clearlyleads the area in both number ofcomputers and number of internet usersper capita.


25/28

Phones

The graphs below show the number of land-line phones (ordinary connections) andmobile phones per thousand people in two different countries between 1996 and 2000.

Write 150 words comparing the two countries.

pp nes ana a

US Spending Patterns, 1966 -1996


26/28

USSpending Patterns 1966 - 1996

The piecharts show changes in

American spending patterns

between 1966 and 1996.

Food and cars made up the twobiggest items of expenditure in

both years. Together they

comprised over half of household

spending. Food accounted for

44% of spending in 1966, but

this dropped by two thirds to

14% in 1996. However, the

outlay on cars doubled, rising


27/28

from 23% in 1966 to 45% in

1996.

Other areas changedsignificantly. Spending on eating

out doubled, climbing from 7%

to 14%. The proportion of salary

spent on computers increased

dramatically, up from 1% in

1996 to 10% in 1996. However,

as computer expenditure rose,

the percentage of outlay on

books plunged from 6% to 1%.

Some areas remained relatively

unchanged. Americans spentapproximately the same amount

of salary on petrol and furniture

in both years.

In conclusion, increased

amounts spent on cars,computers, and eating out were

made up for by drops in

expenditure on food and books.


28/28

luncho task1

Documents

Transcript of luncho task1