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Ludwig Wittgenstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ludwig Wittge
Ludwig WittgensteinFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889
– 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-born philosopher
who held the professorship in philosophy at the
University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947.[1]
Described by Bertrand Russell as "the most perfect
example I have known of genius as traditionally
conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and
dominating," Wittgenstein inspired two of the
century's principal philosophical movements, logicalpositivism and ordinary language philosophy, though
in his lifetime he published just one book review,
one article, a children's dictionary, and the 75-page
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921)—25,000
words of philosophical writing published when he
was alive, and three million unpublished. Professional
philosophers have ranked his posthumously published
Philosophical Investigations (1953) as the most
important book of 20th-century philosophy.[2]
Born into one of Austria-Hungary's wealthiest
families in Vienna at the turn of the century—a city
and time that also produced Sigmund Freud, Karl
Kraus, Erwin Schrödinger, Karl Popper, Theodor
Herzl, and Adolf Hitler—he gave away his massiveinheritance, and subsequently worked as a teacher
and gardener, serving on the front-lines during the
First World War and being commended by the
Austrian army for his courage and sang-froid (http://
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sang-froid) . He was
homosexual, as was at least one of his brothers, three
of whom committed suicide, with Wittgenstein and
the remaining brother contemplating it too. Thosewho knew him described him as tortured and
domineering: Richard Rorty writes that he took out
his intense self-loathing on everyone he met. He
Coordina
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Photographed by Ben Richards1947
Born April 26, 1889
Vienna, Austria-Hun
Died April 29, 1951 (age
Cambridge, United
Cause of
death
Prostate cancer
Resting
place
Ascension Parish
Cambridge
Education PhD (Cantab)
Alma mater Berlin TechnischeUniversity of Manch
Cambridge
Occupation Philosopher, schoolt
gardener
Known for Private language arg
game, family resembof language, rule-
Notable
works
Tractatus Logico-Ph
Philosophical Investi
of philosophy as correcting misconceptions about
language through logical abstraction. The later
Wittgenstein rejected many of the conclusions of the
Tractatus, and provided a detailed account of the
many possible uses of ordinary language, calling
language a series of interchangeable language-gamesin which the meaning of words is derived from their
public use. Despite these differences, similarities
between the early and later periods include a
conception of philosophy as a kind of therapy, a
concern for ethical and religious issues, and a literary
style often described as poetic. Terry Eagleton called
him the philosopher of poets and composers,
playwrights and novelists.[4]
Contents
1 Background
1.1 The Wittgensteins
1.2 Early life
1.3 Brothers' suicides
2 1903–1906: Realschule in Linz
2.1 School years
2.2 Jewish background and Hitler
2.3 Loss of faith
2.4 Influence of Otto Weininger
3 1906–1913: University
3.1 Engineering at Berlin and
Manchester
3.2 Arrival at Cambridge
3.3 Moral Sciences Club and
Apostles
3.4 Relationship with David
Pinsent
4 1913–1920: World War I and the
Tractatus
4.1 Work on Logik
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Karl Wittgenstein wasone of the richest men in
Austro-Hungary.[5]
5.5 Haidbauer incident, Otterthal
5.6 Haus Wittgenstein
6 1929–1941: Fellowship at Cambridge
6.1 PhD and fellowship
6.2 Anschluss
6.3 Professor of philosophy6. 4 World War II and working in
Guy's Hospital
7 1947–1951: Final years
8 1953: Publication of the Philosophical
Investigations
9 Works
10 See also11 A biographic film
12 Notes
13 References
14 Further reading
BackgroundThe Wittgensteins
Further information: Karl Wittgenstein
According to a family tree prepared in Jerusalem after the
Wittgenstein's paternal great-grandfather was Moses Meier
who lived with his wife, Brendel Simon, in Bad LaaspheWittgenstein, Westphalia.
[6]In July 1808 there was a Napo
must adopt an inheritable family surname, and so Meier's
the name of his employers, the Sayn-Wittgensteins, and bec
Wittgenstein.[7] His son, Hermann Christian Wittgenstein
name "Christian " to distance himself from his Jewish backg
Figdor, also Jewish, who converted to Protestantism just be
the couple went on to found a successful business tradingfrom their Jewish origins.[8] Ludwig' s grandmother, Fanny
cousin of the famous violinist Joseph Joachim. [9] They had
forbidden by Hermann to marry Jews—among them Wittge
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Lud
pai
for
Wittgenstein was born to Karl and his wife, Leopoldine Kalmus—Jewish on her
father's side and Roman Catholic on her mother's—at 8:30 in the evening on 26
April 1889 in the Palais Wittgenstein at Alleegasse 16, now the
Argentinierstrasse, near the Karlskirche at the heart of Vienna's Innere Stadt. [11]
Karl and Poldi, as she was known, had nine children in all. There were four
girls: Hermine, Margaret (Gretl)—who was analysed by Sigmund Freud in theearly 1930s—Helene, and a fourth daughter who died as a baby; and five boys:
Johannes (Hans), Kurt, Rudolf (Rudi), and Paul, who became a concert pianist
despite losing an arm in the war, and for whom Maurice Ravel wrote his Piano
Concerto for the Left Hand . Ludwig was the youngest of the family. [12]
The children were baptized as Catholics, and raised in an exceptionally intense
environment. The family sat at the center of Vienna's cultural life, with Bruno
Walter describing life at Palais Wittgenstein as an "all-pervading atmosphere of
humanity and culture."[13]
Karl was a leading patron of the arts, commissioning
works by Auguste Rodin and financing the city's exhibition hall and art gallery,
the Secession Building. Gustav Klimt painted Wittgenstein's sister for her
wedding portrait, and Johannes Brahms and Gustav Mahler gave regular concerts
in the family's numerous music rooms, though Alexander Waugh writes that the
firstborn, Hermine, was so nervous of Brahms that, when once invited to sit with
him at dinner, she spent most of the evening vomiting in one of the bathrooms.[14]
Brothers' suicides
Karl's aim was to turn his sons into captains of
writes that they were not sent to school lest they
were educated at home to prepare them for work
empire.[15]
Instead, three of them committed suici
concert pianist, and Wittgenstein a philosopher aft
engineer.[16]
The Irish psychiatrist Michael Fitzge
was a harsh perfectionist who lacked empathy, an
mother was anxious and insecure, unable to stand
Whatever the reason, the family had a strong strea
running through it , or what Anthony Gottlieb call
extreme nervous tension. He tells a story about
on one of the family's seven grand pianos. He lea
Wittgenstein in the next room: "I cannot play whe
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Adolf Hitl Realschule
been claim
bottom left
the photo
indicate there may have been an early romantic relationship with Dr. Stigl's son, Pepi, wh
" Mist! [Rubbish!] Relation to the Jews. Relation to Pepi. Love and pride. Knocking hat
Suffering in class." [24]
According to Waugh, Wittgenstein was a misfit at the school, insisting the other children
formal German "Sie", and was often absent. [23] The other boys made fun of him, singing"Wittgenstein wandelt wehmütig widriger Winde wegen Wienwärts" ("Wittgenstein wends
Vienna-wards").[26] In his leaving certificate, he received a top mark only once, in religio
conduct and English, 3 for French, geography, history, mathematics and physics, and 4
geometry and freehand drawing. He had particular difficulty with spelling and failed his
because of it. He wrote in 1931: "My bad spelling in youth, up to the age of about 18 or
the whole of the rest of my character (my weakness in study)." [24]
Jewish background and Hitler
Further information: Austrian Jews
There is much debate about the extent to which Wittgenstein and his siblings saw themsel
issue has arisen in particular regarding Wittgenstein's schooldays, because Adolf Hitler was
for part of the same time.[27] Laurence Goldstein argues it is "overwhelmingly probable
other: that Hitler, vicious and aggressive, would have hated and envied Wittgenstein, a "
precious, aristocratic upstart ..." [28] Other commentators have dismissed as irresponsible
suggestion that Wittgenstein's wealth and unusual personality may have fed Hitler's antise
there is no indication that Hitler would have seen Wittgenstein as Jewish.[29]
Vienna was at that time one of the most antisemitic cities in Europe, and
any hint of a Jewish heritage had the potential to weigh heavily on a
family. Certainly the Wittgenstein children were aware of their ancestry.
Paul had created a family tree showing their descent from the Chief
Rabbi Samson Wertheimer (1678–1724), the banker Samuel
Oppenheimer (1678–1724), and the composers Giacomo Meyerbeer
(1791–1864) and Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847). There was
nevertheless a streak of antisemitism among them. Wittgenstein famously
compared the Jewish people to a Beule (boil or tumour) on Austrian
society.[31] His grandfather, Hermann Christian Wittgenstein, himself aJew, had refused to allow his children to marry other Jews, and
Wittgenstein's father had said that " in matters of honour one does not
consult a Jew." McGuinness argues that Wittgenstein saw himself as
completely German[27]—Ray Monk writes that when Wittgenstein and
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Otto Weininger (1880–
1903): Wittgenstein was
greatly influenced by his
suicide.
with him, but only because his reticence and certain actions of his warned us to be discree
companions and myself formed no particular opinion in regard to him." [34] Several comm
that a school photograph of Hitler (see above right; Hitler is on the top right) may show
lower left corner,[30] but Hamann says the photograph stems from 1900 or 1901, before
Loss of faith
It was while he was at the Realschule that he decided he had lost his faith in God,
or rather had had none to begin with, and that he could not believe any of the
things a Christian was supposed to believe. He nevertheless clung to the
importance of the idea of confession, something he engaged in several times
throughout his life, where he confessed to friends and family that he had lied, or
had said or done something that meant he had not been true to himself. He wrotein his diaries about having made a major confession to his oldest sister, Hermine,
while he was at the Realschule; Monk writes that it may have been about his loss
of faith. He also discussed it with Gretl, his other sister, who directed him to
Arthur Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation. Schopenhauer's
idealism is a version of Immanuel Kant's: that the world of the senses is mere
appearance, and the ethical will the only reality, a view that Wittgenstein adopted
until he abandoned it when he began to study Gottlob Frege and logic, just before
he went to Cambridge, though Monk writes he returned to it in the Tractatus,
where his views on idealism and realism collided.[36]
Influence of Otto Weininger
During Wittgenstein' s first term at the Realschule,
on 3 October 1903, the Viennese philosopher Otto Weining
the house at Schwarzspanierstrasse 15, Vienna, that Beethovshot himself. His book Geschlecht und Charakter (Sex and
published to mostly terrible reviews a few months earlier,
great review from August Strindberg; that and his suicide
cult figure, and someone Wittgenstein came to admire. Mon
Wittgenstein was ashamed that he had not also killed himsel
suicide as an ethical deed in a rotten world—a world that
composed of superficial anarchy and a materialist interpretat
there are no great philosophers or artists, and where genius
—and recommended to everyone that they read Weininger
Weininger—who like Wittgenstein was gay and had Jewish
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The old Technische Hochschule in
Charlottenburg, Berlin
Witttgenstein staye
1908 while he con
Glossop, writing to
the isolation, but
the toilet
1906–1913: University
Engineering at Berlin and Manchester
He began his studies in mechanical engine
Technische Hochscule in Charlottenburg1906, lodging with the family of a profess
attended for three semesters, and was awar
May 1908, after developing an interest in
He arrived at the Victoria University of
of 1908 to do his doctorate, full of plans
projects, including designing and flying his
conducted research into the behavior of kit
atmosphere, experimenting at a meteorolog
near Glossop, and living nearby at the Gro
Chunal Road, Derbyshire, where he was
along with a Mr. Rimmer.[39] He also worked on the design of a propeller with small jet
its blades, something he patented in 1911 and which earned him a research studentship fro
autumn of 1908.[40]
It was around this time that he became interested in the
foundations of mathematics, particularly after reading Bertrand
Russell's The Principles of Mathematics (1903), and Gottlob
Frege's Grundgesetze der Arithmetik , vol. 1 (1893) and vol. 2
(1903).[41]
Wittgenstein's sister Hermine said he became
obsessed with mathematics as a result, and was anyway losing
interest in aeronautics. He decided instead that he needed tostudy philosophy, describing himself as in a "constant,
indescribable, almost pathological state of agitation."[40]
In the
summer of 1911 he decided to visit Frege at the University of
Jena to show him some philosophy he had written, and to ask
whether it was worth pursuing; the work did not survive, perhaps
because, as he said, Frege wiped the floor with him.[42]
He
wrote:
I was shown into Frege's study. Frege was a small, neat man with a pointed beard
around the room as he talked. He absolutely wiped the floor with me, and I felt
the end he said "You must come again," so I cheered up. I had several discussion
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Bert
... an unknown German appeared, speaking very little English but refusing to spea
out to be a man who had learned engineering at Charlottenburg, but during this co
himself, a passion for the philosophy of mathematics & has now come to Cambrid
hear me.[42]
He was soon not only attending Russell's lectures, but dominating them. Thelectures were poorly attended and Russell often found himself lecturing only to
C.D. Broad, E.H. Neville, and H.T.J. Norton, so he was quite pleased at first
when Wittgenstein turned up, though less so as the weeks wore on.[42]
Wittgenstein started following him after lectures back to his rooms to discuss
more philosophy, until it was time for the evening meal in Hall. Russell grew
irritated; he wrote to his lover Lady Ottoline Morrell: "My German friend
threatens to be an infliction ."[45]
Russell revised his opinion, and in fact came to be overpowered by
Wittgenstein's forceful personality. He wrote in November 1911 that he had at
first thought Wittgenstein might be a crank , but soon decided he was a genius:
"Some of his early views made the decision difficult. He maintained, for
example, at one time that all existential propositions are meaningless. This was
in a lecture room, and I invited him to consider the proposition: 'There is no
hippopotamus in this room at present.' When he refused to believe this, I
looked under all the desks without finding one; but he remained unconvinced." [45] Three
Wittgenstein's arrival he told Morrell: "I love him & feel he will solve the problems I am
is the young man one hopes for." [46] The role-reversal between him and Wittgenstein was
1916, after Wittgenstein had criticized his own work: "His criticism, 'tho I don't think he
was an event of first-rate importance in my life, and affected everything I have done since
right, and I saw that I could not hope ever again to do fundamental work in philosophy.
Moral Sciences Club and Apostles
Main articles: Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club and Wittgenstein's Poker
In 1912 Wittgenstein joined the Cambridge Moral Sciences Club, an influential discussion
dons and students, delivering his first paper there on 29 November that year, a four-minut
philosophy as "all those primitive propositions which are assumed as true without proof
sciences."[48] From that point on he dominated the society, to the point where special sta
be organized which dons were not to attend, though everyone knew the arrangement was
Wittgenstein. He had to stop attending entirely in the 1930s after complaints that he gave
to speak.[49]
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stormed out. It was the only time the philosophers, three of the most eminent in the world
same room together.[50] The minutes record that the meeting was "charged to an unusual
controversy."[51]
John Maynard Keynes also invited him to join the Cambridge Apostles, an elite secret soc
which both Russell and Moore had joined as students, but Wittgenstein did not enjoy itinfrequently. Russell had been worried that Wittgenstein, with his literal-mindedness, woul
group's humour or the fact that the members were in love with each other. [52] Lytton Stra
on 17 May 1912 about an Apostles meeting where Wittgenstein was present, calling him
"Oliver and Herr Sinckel-Winckel hard at it on universals and particulars. The latter oh!
souffrance! Oh God! God! "If A loves B"—"There may be a common quality"—"Not ana
but the complexes have certain qualities." How shall I manage to slink off to bed?" [53]
Relationship with David Pinsent
It was Russell who introduced Wittgenstein to David Hume Pinsent (1891–1918) in the
mathematics undergraduate and descendant of David Hume, Pinsent became what Wittgen
and only friend,[54] and is widely regarded as the first of three or four men Wittgenstein
followed by Francis Skinner in 1930, Ben Richards in the late 1940s, and to a lesser exte
—though Pinsent and Kirk did not respond in kind. [55]
The men worked together on experiments in the psychology laboratory about the role of
appreciation of music, and Wittgenstein delivered a paper about it to the British Psycholo
Cambridge in 1912. They also travelled together, including to Iceland in September 1912
Wittgenstein's father, including first-class travel, and new clothes and spending money for
Norway. Pinsent's diaries have provided researchers with a wealth of material about Wittg
and what comes across strongly is how sensitive and nervous he was, attuned to the tiniest
mood from Pinsent, with Pinsent regularly writing that Wittgenstein was in a huff about
wrote about shopping for furniture with Wittgenstein in Cambridge when the latter was
most of what they found in the stores was not frugal enough for Wittgenstein's taste: "I
interview a lot of furniture at various shops ... It was rather amusing: he is terribly fastidi
shopman a frightful dance, Vittgenstein [sic] ejaculating "No—Beastly!" to 90 percent of
us!"[53]
He wrote in May 1912 that Wittgenstein had just begun to study philosophy: "[h]e expresssurprise that all the philosophers he once worshipped in ignorance are after all stupid and
disgusting mistakes!"[53] The last time they saw each other was at Birmingham train stati
when they said goodbye before Wittgenstein left to live in Norway. Despite the physical
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The original manus
Notes on Logic
Library, Trinity
1913–1920: World War I and the Tractatus
Work on Logik
Karl Wittgenstein died on 20 January 1913, and on receiving his
inheritance Wittgenstein became one of the wealthiest men in
Europe.[57] He donated some of it, initially anonymously, to
Austrian artists and writers, including Rainer Maria Rilke and
Georg Trakl. Wittgenstein came to feel that he could not get to
the heart of his most fundamental questions while surrounded by
other academics, and so in 1913 he retreated to the village of
Skjolden in Norway, where he rented the second floor of a house
for the winter. He later saw this as one of the most productiveperiods of his life, writing Logik ( Notes on Logic), the
predecessor of much of the Tractatus.[44]
At Wittgenstein's insistence, Moore visited him in Norway in
1914, reluctantly because Wittgenstein exhausted him. David
Edmonds and John Eidinow write that Wittgenstein regarded
Moore—an internationally known philosopher—as an example of how far someone could
"absolutely no intelligence whatsoever ."[58] In Norway it was clear that Moore was expe
Wittgenstein's secretary, taking down his notes, with Wittgenstein falling into a rage whe
wrong.[58] When he returned to Cambridge, Moore asked the university to consider accep
for a bachelor's degree, but they refused, saying it wasn't formatted properly: no footnotes
Wittgenstein was furious, writing to Moore in May 1914:
If I am not worth your making an exception for me even in some STUPID details
to Hell directly; and if I am worth it and you don't do it then—by God— you mig
Moore was apparently distraught; he wrote in his diary that he felt sick and could not get
head.[59] The men didn't speak again until 1929.[58]
Military service
The outbreak of World War I the next year left Wittgenstein in deep shock. He volunteereHungarian army, first serving on a ship and then in an artillery workshop. In March 1916
fighting unit on the front line of the Russian front, as part of the Austrian 7th Army, whe
involved in some of the heaviest fighting, defending against the Brusilov Offensive. [60]
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Throughout the war, he kept notebooks in which he frequently wrote philosophical reflecti
remarks, and in them he records his contempt for the baseness of soldiers in wartime. He
Tolstoy's The Gospel in Brief at a bookshop in Galicia, and carried it everywhere, recom
distress, to the point where he became known to his fellow soldiers as "the man with the
said he returned from the war a changed man, one with both a more mystical and more
Completion of the Tractatus
In the summer of 1918 Wittgenstein took military leave and went to stay in his family's
Neuwaldegg, in Vienna. It was there in August 1918 that he completed the Tractatus, whi
the title Der Satz (The Proposition) to the publishers Johada and Siegel.[65]
A series of events around this time left him deeply upset. On 13 August, his uncle Paullearned that Johada and Siegel had decided not to publish the Tractatus, and on 27 Octobe
killed himself, the third of his brothers to commit suicide. It was around this time he recei
David Pinsent's mother to say that Pinsent had been killed in a plane crash on 8 May. [66
distraught to the point of suicidal. He was sent back to the Italian front after his leave an
November in Trent, spending nine months in prison. He returned to his family in Vienna
all accounts physically and mentally spent. He apparently talked incessantly about suicide
and Paul. He decided to do two things: to enroll in teacher training college as an elementa
to get rid of his fortune. In 1914 it had been providing him with an income of 300,000
1919 was worth a great deal more because it had been invested in the United States and
among his siblings, except for Margarete who was already wealthy in her own right, insist
in trust for him. His family saw him as ill, and acquiesced. [65]
1920–1928: Teaching, the Tractatus, Haus Wittgenstein
Teacher training in Vienna, the Prater
In September 1919 he enrolled in the Lehrerbildungsanstalt (teacher training college) in
Vienna. His sister Hermine said that Wittgenstein working as an elementary teacher was
instrument to open crates, but the family decided not to interfere. [67]
He moved out of the family home and into lodgings in Untere Viaduktgasse in Vienna's
during this period that, according to William Warren Bartley, a professor of philosophyengaged in a series of rough, casual homosexual encounters in an area of the city called
walking distance of his lodgings. It is a controversial claim, one that Bartley first made
Wittgenstein, and denied at the time by Wittgenstein's executors and friends in England,
that, although Wittgenstein was not heterosexual, he had not actually engaged in gay sex
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"The main point is the theory of what can be
expressed (gesagt) by prop[osition]s—i.e. bylanguage—(and, which comes to the same
thing, what can be thought ) and what can
not be expressed by pro[position]s, but only
shown (gezeigt); which, I believe, is the
cardinal problem of philosophy."
— Wittgenstein, letter to Russell, 19 August
1919.[75]
Teaching posts in Austria
In 1920 he was given his first job as a primary school teacher in Trattenbach, a village
His first letters describe it as beautiful, but in October 1921, he wrote to Russell: "I am
surrounded, as ever, by odiousness and baseness. I know that human beings on the averag
anywhere, but here they are much more good-for-nothing and irresponsible than elsewhereobject of gossip among the villagers, who found him eccentric at best. He didn't get on
teachers; when he found his lodgings too noisy, he made a bed for himself in the school
enthusiastic teacher, offering late-night extra tuition to several of the boys, something that
the parents, though some of the boys came to adore him; his sister Hermine occasionally
said the students "literally crawled over each other in their desire to be chosen for answers
demonstrations."[72]
To the less abled, it seems that he became something of a tyrant. The first two hours of
to mathematics, hours that Monk writes some of the pupils recalled years later with horror
caned the boys and boxed their ears, and also that he pulled the girls' hair;[73] this was
for boys, but for the villagers he went too far in doing it to the girls too; girls were not
algebra, much less have their ears boxed over it . The physicality apart, he quickly became
shouting "Krautsalat!" when the headmaster played the piano, and "Nonsense!" when a
children's questions.[74]
Publication of the Tractatus
Further information: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Logical atomism, Picture theor
Russell's theory of descriptions
While Wittgenstein was living in isola
the Tractatus was published to considGerman in 1921 as Logisch-Philosoph
of Wilhelm Ostwald's journal Annalen
though Wittgenstein was not happy
it a pirate edition. Russell had agreed
introduction to explain why it was im
otherwise unlikely to have been publis
not impossible to understand, and Witt
in philosophy.[76] But Wittgenstein
Russell's help. He had lost faith in Russell, finding him glib and his philosophy mechanisti
fundamentally misunderstood the Tractatus.[77]
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Fr
un
was poor at the time, and Ramsey was a teenager who had only recently learned
German, so philosophers often prefer to use a 1961 translation by David Pears and
Brian McGuinness.[79]
The aim of the Tractatus is to reveal the relationship between language and the
world: what can be said about it, and what can only be shown. Wittgensteinargues that language has an underlying logical structure, a structure that provides
the limits of what can be said meaningfully, and therefore the limits of what can
be thought. The limits of language, for Wittgenstein, are the limits of thought.
Much of philosophy involves attempts to say the unsayable, and by implication the unthin
say at all can be said clearly," he argues. Anything beyond that—religion, ethics, aestheti
cannot be discussed. They are not in themselves nonsensical, but any statement about the
wrote in the preface: "The book will, therefore, draw a limit to thinking, or rather—not
expression of thoughts; for, in order to draw a limit to thinking we should have to be able
this limit (we should therefore have to be able to think what cannot be thought)."[81]
The book is devoted to explaining what a meaningful proposition is (what is asserted whe
meaningfully). It is 75 pages long—"As to the shortness of the book, I am awfully sorry
squeeze me like a lemon you would get nothing more out of me," he told Ogden—and
propositions (1–7), with various sub-levels (1, 1.1, 1.11):[82]
1. Die Welt ist alles, was der Fall ist .
The world is all that is the case.[83]
2. Was der Fall ist, die Tatsache, ist das Bestehen von Sachverhalten.
What is the case—a fact—is the existence of states of affairs.
3. Das logische Bild der Tatsachen ist der Gedanke.
A logical picture of facts is a thought.
4. Der Gedanke ist der sinnvolle Satz .
A thought is a proposition with a sense.
5. Der Satz ist eine Wahrheitsfunktion der Elementarsätze.
A proposition is a truth-function of elementary propositions.
6. Die allgemeine Form der Wahrheitsfunktion ist: . Dies ist die allg
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A plaque on the house, now the
cultural department of the
Bulgarian Embassy
Wittgenstei
Wittgenstein bet
Piribauer tried to have Wittgenstein arrested, but the village's police station was empty,
the next day he was told Wittgenstein had disappeared. On 28 April 1926, Wittgenstein
to Wilhelm Kundt, a local school inspector , who tried to persuade him to stay, but Wittge
that his days as a schoolteacher were over.[87]
Proceedings were initiated in May, and the
psychiatric report; in August 1926 a letter to Wittgenstein from a friend, Ludwig Hänsel
were ongoing, but nothing is known about the case after that. Alexander Waugh writesand their money may have had a hand in covering things up. [88] Waugh writes that Haidb
afterwards of haemophilia; Monk says he died when he was 14 of leukaemia.[89]
Ten yea
appeared without warning at the homes of the families whose children he had hurt saying
personally. He visited at least four of the children, including Hermine Piribauer, who app
with a "Ja, ja," though some of the other children were more forgiving. [90]
Haus Wittgenstein
Main article: Haus Wittgenstein
In part to distract him from
the Haidbauer incident
Wittgenstein's sister Margaret
invited him to help with the
design of her new townhouse
in Vienna's Kundmanngasse.
The architect was Paul
Engelmann, someone
Wittgenstein had come to
know during the war when
they'd been in the trenches
together. Engelmanndesigned a spare modernist
house after the style of Adolf
Loos: three rectangular
blocks. Wittgenstein poured himself into the project for over two
years. He focused on the windows, doors , and radiators, demanding
that every detail be exactly as he specified, to the point where, as
Waugh writes, everyone involved in the project was exhausted. One
of the architects, Jacques Groag, wrote in a letter: "I come home
very depressed with a headache after a day of the worst quarrels,
disputes, vexations, and this happens often. Mostly between me and Wittgenstein."[91]
W
nearly finished he had a ceiling raised 30mm so that the room had the exact proportions
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The house was finished by December 1928, and the family gathered there that Christmas
completion, but it was not greatly admired. Wittgenstein's sister Hermine wrote: "It seeme
more a dwelling for the gods." Paul disliked it, and when Margaret's nephew came to sell
so on the grounds that she had never liked it either.[91]
Wittgenstein himself found the
it had good manners, but no primordial life or health. [93] He nevertheless seemed commit
becoming an architect: the Vienna City Directory listed him as "Dr Ludwig Wittgenstein
between 1933 and 1938.[94]
After the war the house became a barracks and stables for Ru
the 1950s it was sold to a developer. The Vienna Landmark Commission saved it and ma
monument in 1971, and since 1975 it has housed the cultural department of the Bulgarian
1929–1941: Fellowship at Cambridge
PhD and fellowship
At the urging of Ramsey and others, Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge in 1929. Keynes
wife: "Well, God has arrived. I met him on the 5.15 train." Despite this fame, he could
Cambridge as he did not have a degree, so he applied as an advanced undergraduate. Russ
previous residency was sufficient for a PhD, and urged him to offer the Tractatus as his
in 1929 by Russell and Moore; at the end of the thesis defence , Wittgenstein clapped the
shoulder and said, "Don't worry, I know you'll never understand it."[95] Moore wrote in"I myself consider that this is a work of genius; but, even if I am completely mistaken an
sort, it is well above the standard required for the Ph.D. degree." [96] Wittgenstein was
and was made a fellow of Trinity College.
Anschluss
Further information: Anschluss, Nuremberg Laws, and Mischling test
From 1936 to 1937, Wittgenstein lived again in Norway,[97]
where he worked on the Phi
Investigations. In the winter of 1936/37, he delivered a series of "confessions" to close
about minor infractions like white lies, in an effort to cleanse himself. In 1938, he travele
Maurice O'Connor Drury, a friend who became a psychiatrist, and considered such trainin
intention of abandoning philosophy for it. The visit to Ireland was at the same time a resp
of the then Irish Taoiseach, Eamon de Valera, himself a mathematics teacher. De Valera
Wittgenstein's presence would contribute to an academy for advanced mathematics.
While he was in Ireland in March 1938, Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss; the
was now a citizen of the enlarged Germany and a Jew under the 1935 Nuremberg racial
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Wittgenstei
old rooms
in Whew
Wittgenstein began to investigate acquiring British or Irish citizenship with the help of Ke
had to confess to his friends in England that he had earlier misrepresented himself to them
Jewish grandparent, when in fact he had three.[100]
A few days before the invasion of Poland, Hitler granted Mischling status to the Wittgenst
there were 2,100 applications for this, and Hitler granted only 12.[101] Anthony Gottliebwas that their paternal grandfather had been the bastard son of a German prince, which
to claim the gold, foreign currency, and stocks held in Switzerland by a Wittgenstein trust
citizen by marriage, was the one who started the negotiations over the racial status of thei
family's foreign currency was used as a bargaining tool. Paul had escaped to Switzerland
States in July 1938, and disagreed with the negotiations, leading to a permanent split betw
the war, when Paul was performing in Vienna, he did not visit Hermine who was dying
further contact with Ludwig or Gretl.[18]
Professor of philosophy
After G. E. Moore resigned the chair in philosophy in 1939,
Wittgenstein was elected, and acquired British citizenship soon
afterwards. In July 1939 he travelled to Vienna to assist Gretl and his
other sisters, visiting Berlin for one day to meet an official of the
Reichsbank. After this, he travelled to New York to persuade Paul,whose agreement was required, to back the scheme. The required
Befreiung was granted in August 1939. The unknown amount signed over
to the Nazis by the Wittgenstein family, a week or so before the
outbreak of war, included amongst many other assets 1.7 tonnes of gold.[102] At 2009 prices, this amount of gold alone would be worth in excess
of US$60 million. There is also a report that Wittgenstein went on to
visit Moscow a second time in 1939, travelling from Berlin, and againmet the philosopher Sophia Janowskaya.
[103]
After work, Wittgenstein would often relax by watching Westerns, where
he preferred to sit at the very front of the cinema, or reading detective
stories.[104] Norman Malcolm wrote that he would rush to the cinema
when class ended. "As the members of the class began to move their
chairs out of the room he might look imploringly at a friend and say in alow tone, ‘Could you go to a flick?’ On the way to the cinema
Wittgenstein would buy a bun or cold pork pie and munch it while he
watched the film."[105]
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"Death is not an event in life: we do not live
to experience death. If we take eternity to
mean not infinite temporal duration but
timelessness, then eternal life belongs to
those who live in the present. Our life has
no end in the way in which our visual field
has no limits."
— Wittgenstein, Tractatus, 6.431
World War II and working in Guy's Hospital
Monk writes that Wittgenstein found it intolerable that a war was going on and he was tea
September 1941 he asked John Ryle, the brother of the philosopher Gilbert Ryle, if he co
Guy's Hospital in London. John Ryle was professor of medicine at Cambridge and had
Guy's prepare for the Blitz. Wittgenstein told Ryle he would die slowly if left at Cambridrather die quickly. He started working at Guy's shortly afterwards as a dispensary porter
delivered drugs from the pharmacy to the wards—where he apparently advised the patient
[107]
The hospital staff were not told that he was one of the world's most famous philosophers
medical staff did recognize him—at least one had attended Moral Sciences Club meetings
discreet. "Good God, don't tell anybody who I am!" Wittgenstein begged one of them. So
nevertheless called him Professor Wittgenstein, and he was allowed to dine with the doctoHe wrote on 1 April 1942:
I no longer feel any hope for the future of my life. It is as though I had before me
long stretch of living death. I cannot imagine any future for me other than a ghastl
joyless.
He had developed a friendship with Keith Kirk, a working-class teenage friend of Francis
mathematics undergraduate he had had a relationship with until Skinner's death in 1941given up academia, thanks at least in part to Wittgenstein's influence, and had been worki
1939, with Kirk as his apprentice. Kirk and Wittgenstein struck up a friendship, with Witt
lessons in physics to help him pass a City and Guilds exam, but Wittgenstein seems to ha
him. During his period of loneliness at Guy's he wrote in his diary: "For ten days I've he
K, even though I pressed him a week ago for news. I think that he has perhaps broken wit
thought." Kirk had in fact got married, and they never saw one another again.[108]
1947–1951: Final years
He resigned the professorship at Cam
concentrate on his writing, and travell
and 1948, staying in Ross's Hotel in
in Red Cross, in County Wicklow ,
manuscript volume MS 137, Band R
moved to Rosro, a holiday cottage in
Maurice O'Connor-Drury. Drury told
Mulkerrins, that Wittgenstein had had
and needed looking after.[109]
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A plaque at
Storey's Way
Wittge
where his sister Hermine died on 11 February 1950; he went to see
her every day, but she was hardly able to speak or recognize him.
"Great loss for me and all of us," he wrote. "Greater than I would
have thought." He moved around a lot after Hermine's death: to
Cambridge in April 1950, where he stayed with G. H. von Wright;
to London to stay with Rush Rhees; then to Oxford to see ElizabethAnscombe, writing to Norman Malcolm that he was hardly doing any
philosophy. He went to Norway in August with Ben Richards, then
returned to Cambridge, where on 27 November he moved into
"Storey's End," at 76 Storey's Way, the home of his doctor, Edward
Bevan, and his wife Joan; he had told them he was scared of dying
in hospital, so they said he could spend his last days in their home
instead. Joan was at first afraid of him, but they became very close.
[109]
By the beginning of 1951 it was clear that he had little time left. He wrote a new will in
naming Rhees as his executor, and Anscombe and von Wright his literary administrators
Malcolm that month to say, "My mind's completely dead. This isn't a complaint, for I do
I know that life must have an end once & and that mental life can cease before the rest
he returned to the Bevans' home to work on MS 175 and MS 176. These and other manus
published as Remarks on Colour and On Certainty.
[109]
He wrote to Malcolm on 16 Aprideath:
An extraordinary thing happened to me. About a month ago I suddenly found mys
of mind for doing philosophy. I had been absolutely certain that I'd never again
the first time after more than 2 years that the curtain in my brain has gone up.—
only worked for about 5 weeks & it may be all over by tomorrow; but it bucks
He began work on his final manuscript, MS 177, on 25 April 1951; the last entry was on
If someone believes that he has flown from America to England in the last few da
cannot be making a mistake .
And just the same if someone says that he is at this moment sitting at a table and
But even if in such cases I can’t be mistaken, isn't it possible that I am drugged
drug has taken away my consciousness , then I am not now really talking and think seriously suppose that I am at this moment dreaming. Someone who, dreaming,
even if he speaks audibly in doing so, is no more right than if he said in his drea
while it was in fact raining. Even if his dream were actually connected with the
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Wittgenstein's
Parish
"duc
Invest
latter's request, a Dominican monk, Father Conrad Pepler , also
attended. They were at first unsure what Wittgenstein would have
wanted, but then remembered he had said he hoped his Catholic
friends would pray for him, so they did, and he was pronounced dead
shortly afterwards .[113]
He was given a Catholic burial at St. Giles's Church, Cambridge. Drury later said he had
since about whether that was the right thing to do.[113]
1953: Publication of the Philosophical Investigations
Main articles: Philosophical Investigations, Language-game, and Private language
The Blue Book , a set of notes dictated to his class at Cambridge in 1933–
1934, contains seeds of Wittgenstein's later thoughts on language, and is
widely read as a turning-point in his philosophy of language.
The Philosophical Investigations was published in two parts in 1953. Most of
the 693 numbered paragraphs in Part I were ready for printing in 1946, but
Wittgenstein withdrew the manuscript. The shorter Part II was added by his
editors, Elizabeth Anscombe and Rush Rhees. Wittgenstein asks the reader tothink of language as a multiplicity of language-games within which parts of
language develop and function. He argues that philosophical problems are
bewitchments that arise from philosophers' misguided attempts to consider the
meaning of words independently of their context, usage, and grammar, what
he called "language gone on holiday." [114]
Philosophical problems arise when language is forced from its proper home into a metaph
where all the familiar and necessary landmarks and contextual clues are removed. Wittgen
metaphysical environment as like being on frictionless ice: where the conditions are appar
philosophically and logically perfect language—the language of the Tractatus—where all
can be solved without the muddying effects of everyday contexts; but where, precisely be
friction, language can in fact do no work at all.[115]
Wittgenstein argues that philosophers
frictionless ice and return to the "rough ground" of ordinary language in use. Much of the
of examples of how the first false steps can be avoided, so that philosophical problems are
solved: "the clarity we are aiming at is indeed complete clarity. But this simply meansproblems should completely disappear."
[116]
Works
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Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, translated by G.E.M. Anscombe
Bemerkungen über die Philosophie der Psychologie, ed. G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H
Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, Vols. 1 and 2, translated by G.E
G. E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright (1980), a selection of which makes
The Blue and Brown Books (1958), notes dictated in English to Cambridge students
Philosophische Bemerkungen, ed. by Rush Rhees (1964)
Philosophical Remarks (1975)
Philosophical Grammar (1978)
Bemerkungen über die Farben, ed. by G.E.M. Anscombe (1977)
Remarks on Colour (1991), remarks on Goethe's Theory of Colours.
On Certainty , collection of aphorisms discussing the relation between knowledge and
influential in the philosophy of action.Culture and Value, collection of personal remarks about various cultural issues, such
well as critique of Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy.
Zettel, collection of Wittgenstein's thoughts in fragmentary/"diary entry" format as wit
Culture and Value.
Works online
Review of P. Coffey's Science of Logic (http://fair-use.org/the-cambridge-review/1913
science-of-logic) (1913): a polemical book review, written in 1912 for the March 1913
Cambridge Review when Wittgenstein was an undergraduate studying with Russell. Th
public record of Wittgenstein's philosophical views.
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (http://www. kfs.org/~jonathan/witt/tlph.html) (1922/
Ogden-Ramsey translation
Wittgenstein Source: 5 000 pages of the Wittgenstein Nachlass online (http://wittgenste
Works by Ludwig Wittgenstein (http://www. gutenberg.org/author/Ludwig+Wittgenstein
Google Edition of Remarks on Colour (http://books. google. com/books?id=bu1_
J7mpiqsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ludwig+Wittgenstein,+Remarks+on
+Colour&source=bl&ots=iFH6XiOlO8&sig=OEC-9VKh13t_Ki9vYzfpYnxIwJo&hl
SjBJG0tgfoosXyBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBkQ6AE
v=onepage&q=&f=false)
Some Remarks on Logical Form (http://www.geocities. jp/mickindex/wittgenstein/witt
Cambridge (1932–3) lecture notes (http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosop
wittgens.htm)
The Blue Book (http:/ /www.geocities. jp/mickindex/wittgenstein/witt_blue_en.html)Lecture on Ethics (http://www. galilean-library.org/manuscript.php?postid=43866)
On Certainty (http://web.archive.org/web/20051210213153/http:/ /budni.by. ru/oncertain
See also
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Notes
1. ^ Dennett , Daniel. "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosopher" (http://www.time .com/time/
article/0,9171,990616,00.html) , Time magazine, 29 March 1999.
2. ^ For the Russell quote, see McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life : Young Ludwig
of California Press, 1988, p. 118.For his publications during his lifetime, see Monk, Ray. How to read Wittgens
Company. 2005, p. 5.
For the number of words, see Stern, David. "The Bergen Electronic Edition
Nachlass" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1111/ j.1468-0378.2010.00425
Journal of Philosophy. Vol 18, issue 3, September 2010.
For the ranking of his work, see Lackey, Douglas. "What Are the Modern Cla
of Great Philosophy in the Twentieth Century" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
doi/10.1111/0031-806X.00022/abstract?systemMessage=Due+to+scheduled++the+Wiley+Online+Library+may+be+disrupted+as+follows%3A+Monday%
+York+0400+EDT+to+0500+EDT%3B+London+0900+BST+to+1000+BST
+1700) , Philosophical Forum . 30 (4), December 1999, pp. 329–346. For a
(http://lindenbranch.weblogs.us/archives/878) , accessed 3 September 2010.
3. ^ For the list of others in Vienna at that time, see Duffy, Bruce . "The do-it-yourself
Wittgenstein" (http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/books/the-do-it-yourself-life-of-lud
sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1) , The New York Times , 13 November 1988, p. 2.
For his selling his furniture, see "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Tractatus and Teachin
cam.ac.uk/biogre6.html) , Cambridge Wittgenstein archive], accessed 4 Septe
For his commendation, see Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein: a
House of Canada, 2009, p. 114.
For the brothers' suicides, see Waugh, Alexander. "The Wittgensteins: Viennes
www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3559463/The-Wittgensteins-Viennese-whirl.html
30 August 2008, and Gottlieb, Anthony. "A Nervous Splendor" (http://www
critics/books/2009/04/06/090406crbo_books_gottlieb) , The New Yorker , 9
For Rorty's view, see Rorty, Richard. 'The Education of John Dewey': The Inv
Philosopher" (http://www.nytimes. com/2003/03/09/books/ review/009RORTYT
Times, 9 March 2003.
For his desire that his students not pursue philosophy, see Malcolm, Norman
Memoir . Oxford University Press, 1958, p. 28.
For his hitting the school children and his work in Guy's, see Monk, Ray. Lu
Duty of Genius. Free Press, 1990, pp. 232–233, 431.
For the incident with Dorothy Moore, see Donagan Alan and Malpas, J.E. Th
of Alan Donagan. University of Chicago Press, 1994, p. x.
4. ^ For ethical and religious themes, see Barrett, Cyril. Wittgenstein on Ethics and Relig
1991, p. 138.
For Wittgenstein's philosophy as therapy, see Peterman, James F. Philosophy
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Ludwig Wittgenstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
7. ^ Bartley, pp. 199–200.
8. ^ Monk, pp. 4–5.
9. ^ Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius: p.5
10. ^ Monk, p. 7.
11. ^ For his mother's Roman Catholic background, see "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Backgroun
cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/text/biogre1.html) , Wittgenstein archive, University of Cambridge
2010.
For his time and place of birth, see Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Witt
and Faber, 2001, p. 57.
12. ^ Bartley, William Warren. Wittgenstein. Open Court, 1994, p. 16, first published 197
13. ^ Monk, p. 8.
14. ^ Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein. Doubleday, 2008. p. 9.
15. ^ Monk, p. 11ff.
16. ^ Kenny, Anthony. "Give Him Genius or Give Him Death" (http://www.nytimes.comhim-genius-or-give-him-death.html?pagewanted=all) , The New York Times, 30 Decem
Also see "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Background" (http://www.wittgen-cam.ac.uk
University of Cambridge, accessed 7 September 2010.
17. ^ a b Fitzgerald, Michael. "Did Ludwig Wittgenstein have Asperger's syndrome?" (http
www.springerlink.com/content/wd1bk8fkp4ru6xvy/) , European Child & Adolescent
number 1 , pp. 61–65. DOI: 10. 1007/s007870050117
Also see Fitzgerald, Michael. Autism and Creativity: Is There a Link Between
Exceptional Ability?. Routledge, 2004; see the chapter "Ludwig Wittgenstein
18. ^ a b c Gottlieb, Anthony. "A Nervous Splendor" (http:/ /www.newyorker.com/arts /crit
books/2009/04/06/090406crbo_books_ gottlieb) , The New Yorker , 9 April 2009.
19. ^ Waugh, pp. 24–26.
Also see Monk, p. 11ff.
20. ^ Waugh, pp. 21–22. For the primary source, see Hirschfield, Magnus. Jahrbuch für
Vol VI, 1904, p. 724, citing an unnamed Berlin newspaper, cited in turn by Bartley,
More details in Waugh, Alexander. "The Wittgensteins: Viennese whirl" (http
culture/3559463/The-Wittgensteins-Viennese-whirl.html) , The Daily Telegraph
Also see Gottlieb, Anthony. "A Nervous Splendor" (http://www.newyorker.co
books/2009/04/06/090406crbo_books_gottlieb) , The New Yorker , 9 April 20
For the Koschat song, see "Verlassen bin ich" (http://www.youtube.com/watch
by Thomas Koschat, courtesy of YouTube, accessed 11 September 2010.
21. ^ Monk, p. 11.
22. ^ Monk, Ray. Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. Penguin, 2001 (first publisheMcGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life: Young Ludwig 1889-1921. University
1988, p. 184.
23. ^a b
Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein: a Family at War . Random Hous
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Jewish?" (http:/ /books.google.com/books?id=FWAX4Ff69SwC&printsec=frontcover
+Biography+and+Philosophy&hl=en&ei=xwGKTNX8JYWenwfT0LiyDA&sa=X&oi
result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0 CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Was%20Wittgens
3F&f=false) , both in James Carl Klagge. Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy .
Press, 2001, pp. 231ff and p 237ff respectively.
28. ^ Goldstein, Lawrence. Clear and Queer Thinking: Wittgenstein's Development and his
Thought (http://books.google.com/books?id=EvHPNoKvmf0C&pg=PA167&lpg=PA
+and+mistrust+that+stammering,+precocious,+precious,+aristocratic+upstart
+who&source=bl&ots=NpkvtgtJzp&sig=XyiqF4HpNfq7eWruuYiZItO5jEg&hl=en&
HIIKfnAeb4uzqBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEw
v=onepage&q=envy%2C%20hatred%20and%20mistrust%20that%20stammering%2
20precious%2C% 20aristocratic% 20upstart%20who&f=false) . Duckworth, 1999, p .
and Queering Thinking" (http://www. jstor.org/pss/2659846) , review in Mind , Oxford
29. ^ McGinn, Marie. "Hi Ludwig," Times Literary Supplement , 26 May 2000.
30. ^ a b For examples, see Cornish, Kimberley. The Jew of Linz. Arrow, 1999.
Blum, Michael; Rollig, Stella; and Nyanga, Steven. "Monument to the birth
century" (http://www.blumology. net/monument.html) , Revolver, 2005. Blum
display in an exhibition in the OK Centrum für Gegenwartskunst (http://www
letterE.html) , Linz, and in the Galerija Nova, Zagreb, 2006, accessed 9 Septe
Gibbons, Luke. "An extraordinary family saga" (http://www.irishtimes.com/
weekend/2008/1129/1227828897751.html) , Irish Times, 29 November 2008
For an opposing view, see Hamann, Brigitte and Thornton, Thomas. Hitler 's Apprenticeship. Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 15–16, 79.
See the full image at the Bundesarchiv (http://www.bild. bundesarchiv.de/cross
1283821026/) , accessed 8 September 2010. The archives give the date of the
31. ^ Stern, David. "The Significance of Jewishness for Wittgenstein's Philosophy" (http
www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a713788546) , Inquiry, Volume
2000.
Wittgenstein's remark appears in the posthumously published Culture and Value
32. ^ Hitler started at the school on 17 September 1900, repeated the first year in 1901,
1905; see Kersaw, Ian. Hitler, 1889-1936 . W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, p. 16
McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: a life : young Ludwig 1889-1921. University
1988, p. 51ff.
33. ^ Monk, p. 15.
Brigitte Hamann argues in Hitler's Vienna (1996) that Hitler was bound to hav
Wittgenstein, because the latter was so conspicuous, though she told Focus ma
different classes, and she agrees with Monk that they would have had nothingSee Hamann, Brigitte and Thornton, Thomas. Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Ap
University Press, 2000, pp. 15–16, 79, and Thiede, Roger. "Phantom Wittgens
www.focus.de/auto/neuheiten/zeitgeschichte-phantom-wittgenstein_ aid_169829
magazine, 16 March 1998.
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archive gives the date as circa 1901, but wrongly calls it the Realschule in Leo
attended primary school in Leonding, but from September 1901 went to the Re
See Kershaw, Ian. Hitler, 1889-1936 . W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, p.
Christoph Haidacher and Richard Schober write that Langer taught at the scho
see Haidacher, Christoph and Schober, Richard. Von Stadtstaaten und Imperien
books.google. com/books?ei=4tyFTJ-CLtGknQfJqOHhAQ&ct=result&id=XqQ
22Oskar+langer%22+hitler&q=%22Oskar+langer%22#search_anchor) , Unive
2006, p. 140.
36. ^ Monk, pp. 18–19.
37. ^ a b Monk, pp. 19–26.
38. ^ Monk, p. 27.
39. ^a b
Monk, p . 29; also see "The Grouse Inn" (http:/ /www.grouse-inn-glossop.co.uk
inn-glossop.co.uk, accessed 12 September 2010.
40. ^ a b Monk, pp. 30–35.
41. ^ Beaney, Michael (ed.). The Frege Reader . Blackwell, 1997, pp. 194-223, 258–289
42. ^ a b c Monk, p. 36ff.
43. ^ Kanterian, Edward. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reaktion Books, 2007, p. 36.
44. ^ a b O'Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F. "Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein" (http
andrews.ac.uk/Biographies /Wittgenstein.html) , St Andrews University, accessed 2 Se
45. ^a b
McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life : Young Ludwig 1889-1921. University
1988, pp. 88–89.46. ^ Monk, p. 41.
47. ^ Russell, Bertrand. Autobiography. Routledge, 1998, p. 281.
48. ^ Pitt, Jack. "Russell and the Cambridge Moral Sciences Club" (http://digitalcommons
viewcontent.cgi?article=1617&context=russelljournal) , "Russell: the Journal of Bertra
1, issue 2, article 3, winter 1982.
Also see Klagge, James Carl and Nordmann, Alfred (eds.) Ludwig Wittgenstein
Occasions . Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, p. 332, citing Michael Nedo and Mic
Ludwig Wittgenstein: sein Leben in Bildern und Texten. Suhrkamp, 1983, p.
49. ^ Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Wittgenstein's Poker . Faber and Faber, 200150. ^ Eidinow, John and Edmonds, David. "When Ludwig met Karl ..." (http://www.guard
mar/31/artsandhumanities. highereducation) , The Guardian, 31 March 2001.
"Wittgenstein's Poker by David Edmonds and John Eidinow" (http://www.guar
nov/21/guardianfirstbookaward2001.gurardianfirstbookaward) , The Guardian
51. ^ Minutes of the Wittgenstein' s poker meeting (http:/ /www.flickr. com/photos/bennish
bennish/1889016855/lightbox/) , University of Cambridge, shown on Flickr, accessed52. ^ McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life: Young Ludwig 1889-1921. University of
118.
53. ^ a b c d Kanterian, Edward. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reaktion Books, 2007, p. 40.
54. ^ Goldstein, Laurence. Clear and queer thinking: Wittgenstein's development and his
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60. ^ a b Monk, Ray. Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. Penguin, 2001 (first publ
142.
61. ^ Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein: a Family at War . Random House
62. ^ Monk, p. 154.63. ^ Monk, pp. 44, 116, 382–384.
Also see Bill Schardt & David Large, "Wittgenstein, Tolstoy, and the Gospelwww.the-philosopher.co.uk/witty.htm) , The Philosopher , Volume LXXXIX.
64. ^ Monk, p. 183.
65. ^ a b Bartley, pp. 33–39, 45.
66. ^ Bartley, pp. 33–34. For an original report, see "Death of D.H. Pinsent," Birmingha
1918: "Recovery of the Body. The body of Mr. David Hugh Pinsent, a civilian observ
Hume Pinsent, of Foxcombe Hill, near Oxford and Birmingham, the second victim of
aeroplane accident in West Surrey, was last night found in the Basingstoke Canal, at
"Wittgenstein in Birmingham" (http://mikeinmono.blogspot. com/2009/08/that-sprawlinmikeinmono, 3 August 2009, accessed 7 September 2010.
67. ^ Monk, p. 169ff
68. ^ See for example Hacking, Ian. "The Uncommercial Traveller," The Times Higher
April 1983, and Bartley's response in the same publication 29 April 1983, p. 35.
69. ^ Bartley, pp. 40–44.
70. ^ Bartley, p. 160ff.71. ^ Klagge, James Carl. Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy . Cambridge University
72. ^ Malcolm, Norman. "Wittgenstein’s Confessions" (http://www.lrb.co.uk/v03/n21/norwittgensteins-confessions) , London Review of Books, Vol. 3 No. 21, November 19,
73. ^ Bartley, p. 107.
74. ^ Monk, pp. 196, 198.75. ^ Russell, Nieli. Wittgenstein: From Mysticism to Ordinary Language. SUNY Press,
76. ^ For the introduction, see Russell, Bertrand. Introduction (http://www.kfs.org/~jonath
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, May 1922.
77. ^ Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Wittgenstein's Poker . Faber and Faber, 2001
78. ^ a b "Ludwig Wittgenstein: Tractatus and Teaching" (http:/ /www.wittgen-cam.ac. uk
Cambridge Wittgenstein archive], accessed 4 September 2010.79. ^ For example, Ramsey translated "Sachverhalt " and "Sachlage" as "atomic fact" and
respectively. But Wittgenstein discusses non-existent "Sachverhalten," and there cannot
Pears and McGuinness made a number of changes, including translating "Sachverhalt
"Sachlage" as "situation." The new translation is often preferred, but some philosophers
part because Wittgenstein approved it, and because it avoids the idiomatic English of
White, Roger. Wittgenstein's Tractatus logico-philosophicus. Continuum Interna
Group, 2006, p. 145.
For a discussion about the relative merits of the translations, see Morris, Mich
"Introduction," Routledge philosophy guidebook to Wittgenstein and the Tractat
2008; and Nelson, John O. "Is the Pears-McGuinness translation of the Tractat
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85. ^ Mellor, D.H. "Cambridge Philosophers I: F. P. Ramsey" (http://www.dspace.cam
bitstream/1810/3484/5/RamseyText.html) , Philosophy 70, 1995, pp. 243–262.86. ^ Ezard, John. "Philosopher's rare 'other book' goes on sale" (http://www.guardian.co
books.booksnews2) , The Guardian, 19 February 2005.
87. ^ a b c Monk, pp. 224, 232–233.
88. ^ Waugh, p. 162.
89. ^ Waugh, p. 162; Monk, p. 232.
90. ^ Monk, pp. 370–317.
91. ^a b c
Waugh, p. 163 ff.
92. ^a b c
Jeffries, Stuart. "A dwelling for the gods" (http://books.guardian.co.uk/depart
politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,,627752,00.html) , The Guardian, 5 January 2002
93. ^ Hyde, Lewis. "Making It" (http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/books/review/Hyde
r=1&scp=1&sq=&st=nyt) . The New York Times, 6 April 2008.
94. ^ Bartley, W.W. Wittgenstein. Open Court, p. 21; first published 1972, this edition95. ^ Monk, Ray. Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius. Penguin, 2001 (first publishe
96. ^ R. B. Braithwaite George Edward Moore, 1873 - 1958, in Alice Ambrose and Morr
Moore: Essays in Retrospect . Allen & Unwin, 1970.
97. ^ Ludwig Wittgenstein: Return to Cambridge (http://www.wittgen-cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin
the Cambridge Wittgenstein Archive
98. ^ Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein. Doubleday, 2008. pp. 137ff, 204–
99. ^ Waugh, Alexander. The House of Wittgenstein. Doubleday, 2008. pp. 224–226.
100. ^ McGuinness, Brian. "Wittgenstein and the Idea of Jewishness," in James Carl Klagg Biography and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 231ff.
For the view that Wittgenstein saw himself as a Jew, see Stern, David. "Was
Jewish?" (http://books.google.com/books ?
id=FWAX4Ff69SwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Wittgenstein:+Biography+and
+Philosophy&hl=en&ei=xwGKTNX8JYWenwfT0LiyDA&sa=X&oi=book_
result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Was%20
20Jew%3F&f=false) , in James Carl Klagge. Wittgenstein: Biography and Phil
University Press, 2001, p. 237ff.101. ^ Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Wittgenstein's Poker . Faber and Faber, 2001
102. ^ Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. "Wittgenstein’s Poker", Faber and Faber, Lond
103. ^ Moran, John. "Wittgenstein and Russia" New Left Review 73, May–June, 1972, pp
104. ^ Hoffmann, Josef. "Hard-boiled Wit: Ludwig Wittgenstein and Norbert Davis" (http
NDavis/Wit.html) , CADS, no. 44, October 2003.
105. ^ Malcolm, Norman. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir . Oxford University Press, 1958
106. ^ Diamond, Cora (ed. ). Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics.
Press, 1989.
107. ^ a b Monk, p. 431ff.
108. ^ Monk, pp. 442–443.
109. ^a b c d
"Ludwig Wittgenstein: Final Years" (http:/ /www.wittgen-cam.ac.uk/cgi -bin
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References
Bartley, William Warren. Wittgenstein. Open Court, 1994, first published 1973.
Barrett, Cyril. Wittgenstein on Ethics and Religious Belief . Blackwell, 1991.
Beaney, Michael (ed.). The Frege Reader . Blackwell, 1997.
Braithwaite, R.B. "George Edward Moore, 1873 - 1958", in Alice Ambrose and MorriG.E. Moore: Essays in Retrospect . Allen & Unwin, 1970.
Diamond, Cora (ed.). Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics. Univ
Press, 1989.
Creegan, Charles. Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard: Religion, Individuality and Philosophi
1989.
Drury, Maurice O'Connor et al. The Danger of Words and Writings on Wittgenstein.
Paul, 1973.
Drury, Maurice O'Connor. "Conversations with Wittgenstein," in Rush Rhees (ed.).Wittgenstein: Hermine Wittgenstein--Fania Pascal --F.R. Leavis--John King--M. O'C
Press, 1984.
Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John. Wittgenstein's Poker . Ecco, 2001.
Edwards, James C. Ethics Without Philosophy : Wittgenstein and the Moral Life. Unive
1982.
Gellner, Ernest. Words and Things. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979, originally publish
Goldstein, Laurence. Clear and Queer Thinking: Wittgenstein's Development and his
Thought . Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
Hamann, Brigitte and Thornton, Thomas. Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship
Press, 2000.
Kanterian, Edward. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reaktion Books, 2007.
Klagge, James Carl. Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy . Cambridge University
Klagge, James Carl and Nordmann, Alfred (eds.). Ludwig Wittgenstein: Public and Pri
Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
Kripke, Saul. Wittgenstein on rules and private language: an elementary exposition .1982.
Leitner, Bernhard. The Architecture of Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Documentation . Press
College of Art and Design, 1973.
Malcolm, Norman. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir . Oxford University Press, 1958.
McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein: A Life : Young Ludwig 1889-1921. University of Cal
Monk, Ray. Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius . Free Press, 1990.
Nedo, Michael and Ranchetti, Michele (eds.). Ludwig Wittgenstein: sein Leben in Bild
Suhrkamp, 1983.Perloff, Marjorie. Wittgenstein's Ladder: Poetic Language and the Strangeness of the
Chicago Press, 1996.
Peterman, James F. Philosophy as therapy. SUNY Press, 1992.
Russell, Bertrand. Autobiography. Routledge, 1998.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Further reading
Arnswald, Ulrich. In Search of Meaning: Ludwig Wittgenstein on Ethics, Mysticism an
Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe / KIT Scientific Publishing, 2009.
Baker, G.P. and Hacker, P.M.S. Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning. Blackwell
Baker, G.P. and Hacker, P.M.S. Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar, and Necessity. Black Baker, G.P. and Hacker, P.M.S. Wittgenstein: Meaning and Mind . Blackwell, 1990
Brockhaus, Richard R. Pulling Up the Ladder: The Metaphysical Roots of Wittgenstein
Philosophicus. Open Court, 1990.
Fonteneau, Françoise. L’éthique du silence. Wittgenstein et Lacan . Seuil, 1999.
Fraser, Giles. "Investigating Wittgenstein, part 1: Falling in love" (http://www.guardia
belief/2010/jan/25/wittgenstein-philosophical-investigations) , The Guardian, 25 Januar
Glock, Hans-Johann. A Wittgenstein Dictionary. Blackwell, 1996.
Grayling, A.C. Wittgenstein: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2001
Guetti, James. Wittgenstein and the Grammar of Literary Experience. University of
Hacker, P.M.S.. Insight and Illusion: Themes in the Philosophy of Wittgenstein. Clare
Hacker, P. M.S. "Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann," in Ted Honderich (ed.). The Ox
Philosophy . Oxford University Press, 1995.
Hacker, P. M.S. Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth Century Analytic Philosophy. Black
Hacker, P. M.S. Wittgenstein: Mind and Will . Blackwell, 1996.
Harré, Rom and Tissaw, Michael A. Wittgenstein and Psychology: A Practical GuideJormakka, Kari. "The Fifth Wittgenstein", Datutop 24, 2004, a discussion of the conn
Wittgenstein's architecture and his philosophy.
Kitching, Gavin. Wittgenstein and Society: Essays in Conceptual Puzzlement . Ashgate
Levy, Paul. Moore: G.E . Moore and the Cambridge Apostles. Weidenfeld & Nicholso
McGuinness, Brian. Wittgenstein in Cambridge: Letters and Documents 1911-1951.
Monk, Ray. How To Read Wittgenstein. Norton, 2005.
Nieli, Russell. Wittgenstein: from mysticism to ordinary language. SUNY Press, 1987
Pears, David F. "A Special Supplement: The Development of Wittgenstein’s Philosophwww.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1969/jan/16/a-special-supplement-the-development
New York Review of Books, 10 July 1969.
Pears, David F. The False Prison, A Study of the Development of Wittgenstein's Philos
2. Oxford University Press, 1987 and 1988.
Richter, Duncan J. "Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889—1951)" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/witt
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 30 August 2004, accessed 16 September 2010.
Scheman, Naomi and O'Connor, Peg (eds.). Feminist Interpretations of Ludwig Wittge
2002.Sterrett, Susan G. Wittgenstein Flies a Kite: A Story of Models of Wings and Models
2005.
Wijdeveld, Paul. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Architect . MIT Press, 1994.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Papers about his Nachlass
Stern, David. "The Bergen Electronic Edition of Wittgenstein 's Nachlass" (http://online
doi/10.1111/j. 1468-0378.2010.00425.x/full) , The European Journal of Philosophy .
September 2010.
Von Wright. G.H. "The Wittgenstein Papers" (http://www.jstor.org/pss/2184200) , Th
78, 1969.
Works referencing Wittgenstein
Doctorow, E.L. City of God . Plume, 2001, depicts an imaginary rivalry between Wittg
Doxiadis, Apostolos and Papadimitriou, Christos. Logicomix. Bloomsbury, 2009.
Duffy, Bruce. The World as I Found It . Ticknor & Fields, 1987, a recreation of Wittg
Jarman, Derek. Wittgenstein, a biopic of Wittgenstein with a script by Terry Eagleton
1993.Kerr, Philip. A Philosophical Investigation, Chatto & Windus, 1992, a dystopian thrille
Markson, David. Wittgenstein's Mistress. Dalkey Archive Press, 1988, an experimental
account of what it would be like to live in the world of the Tractatus .
Wallace, David Foster. The Broom of the System. Penguin Books, 1987, a novel.
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