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Lucknow City – Under Ground Water Stressupgwd.gov.in/MediaGallery/Lucknowcity.pdf · Lucknow...
Transcript of Lucknow City – Under Ground Water Stressupgwd.gov.in/MediaGallery/Lucknowcity.pdf · Lucknow...
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((AAnn OOvveerrvviieeww ooff UUrrbbaann AAqquuiiffeerrss aanndd GGrroouunndd WWaatteerr DDeepplleettiioonn))
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SSuubbhhaasshh YYaaddaavv,, SSuurrvveeyyoorr
JJuullyy,, 22001155
P.R. Chaurasia Ground Water Department, U.P.
Director 9th
floor, Indira Bhawan
Lucknow
10 July, 2015
Foreword
Water is treated as one of the most essential of all natural resources for the
survival of life on the Planet. In the present scenario, potable fresh water and its
availability has assumed critical dimensions both in term of quality and quantity.
As demand of ground water resource is increasing, its overall availability
is also diminishing. The resource is depleting at faster pace and in future will
become a critically scarce resource, particularly in urban sprawls. Hence, it
becomes essential to manage and utilize this natural resource more efficiently.
The management of top urban aquifer system should be a priority, so that this
easily available resource remains within the reach of common man in future
also.
The present report highlights the urban ground water issues focusing the
critical status of ground water in Lucknow city. The report gives an elaborate
picture of ground water in the city which shows how the resource is depleting
and which are the critical areas.
Now, the time has come that we should look forward for a sustainable
urban ground water management. I hope the data and maps included in this
report would provide very useful information for ground water management and
planning process for Lucknow city, the capital of Uttar Pradesh.
P. R. Chaurasia
---- ABOUT THE REPORT
There are overall 630 major and small townships in U.P.
and majority are located on alluvial aquifers of Indo-Gangetic
plain, where due to easy accessibility, private tube well
construction activity, especially in housing colonies and multi-
storey buildings, are going on unchecked and as a result,
dependency on ground water for drinking & allied purposes,
especially in big cities have increased in multiple proportions.
But, as the unscientific & unregulated ground water
extraction in urban centres is almost reaching to unsustainable
levels, the emerging situation is very disturbing. Especially, in the
absence of effective management interventions, the impact may
be extremely grave for the urban environment of the state and
therefore, the rapid depletion of urban aquifers may reach to an
irreversible stage. Presently, there are no authentic studies on
urban ground water. therefore, the imperative need is to evolve
some useful plans and strategies for suitably managing, protecting
& conserving the depleted urban aquifers in order to make them
sustainable for future ground water extraction.
The present report titled "Lucknow city- under ground
water stress" has been prepared to have an overview of critical
situations developed due to depleting ground water in the urban
sprawl of Lucknow city. The study will help in finding out the
solutions for mitigation of ground water stress.
R.S. Sinha Senior Hydrogeologist
LLUUCCKKNNOOWW CCIITTYY -- UUNNDDEERR GGRROOUUNNDD WWAATTEERR SSTTRREESSSS
((AAnn OOvveerrvviieeww ooff UUrrbbaann AAqquuiiffeerrss aanndd GGrroouunndd WWaatteerr DDeepplleettiioonn))
BBAACCKKGGRROOUUNNDD
Uttar Pradesh is urbanizing at a faster pace and so the urban drinking water demand
is also escalating with increasing population. Since surface water sources are not adequate
to meet the rising demand of drinking water in majority of the cities, ground water has
gradually become the main contributor to water supplies & hence, there is tremendous
pressure on ground water resource to fulfill the drinking water requirements.
In Lucknow city, river Gomti has been the main source for drinking water, but now
70% of municipal water supplies are dependent on ground water, making it a predominant
source for city's water supplies. This clearly reflects the vital position ground water has
attained in urban water system, despite the fact that this resource is depleting fast within
the transforming concrete environment of Lucknow.
CONCERNS:
The city is located on alluvial aquifers of Indo-Gangetic plain, where due to easy
accessibility, private tube well construction activity, especially in housing colonies and multi-
storey buildings, is going on unchecked and this is the reason that the private tube
wells/borings have almost mushroomed in this capital city. This has led to heavy pumpage /
continuous abstraction of ground water resources, causing wide spread depletion of aquifers
and as a result ground water levels have gone down drastically to almost unsustainable
levels, from where it seems very difficult that the depleted conditions of ground water could
ever improve.
UURRBBAANN AAQQUUIIFFEERR SSYYSSTTEEMM IINN UUTTTTAARR PPRRAADDEESSHH
Though various satellite towns form part of the Central Ganga Plain Aquifer system, it
needs special mention as separate urban area aquifer system as the development potential
and recharge techniques differ from those with rural area aquifers. The urban aquifer
illustrations so far prepared for some urban areas depict in general a multi layered aquifer
system distinguishable as covered with 20 m thick clay layers. In most of the urban areas,
first aquifer group normally occurs within 160m depth, the 2nd between 130 & 285m depth;
the 3rd between 280 & 460m and 4th between 500 & 753m depth. However, such depth
ranges vary from area to area. The aquifers beyond 100m in various areas are semi-confined
to confined and yield large quantity of ground water ranges from 1000 to 2200 litters per
minute. The first aquifer group in most of the cities is under stress and needs its sustainable
yield level to be fixed for longevity of aquifer. Ground Water mapping and modelling of
urban aquifers should therefore receive priority in view of greater use of the resource for
daily drinking water consumption.
( ------ ------ ------ Silty clay Aquitard)
( ------ ------ ----- )
The above cross section shows of Lucknow City clearly shows that since 1970 how ground
water has depleted. The graph shows a "Trough" like situation that has developed in the
Lucknow city as depicted by ground water level of 2015.
AQUIFER GROUPS IN LUCKNOW
In Lucknow city, as per the extensive exploration carried-out by CGWB down to the depth of
750 mbgl, 04 Aquifer Groups, each separated by 5 to 10 m thick clays, are distinguishable.
Aquifer Group Depth Range (mbgl)
I (under stress) Water level to 155
II 160-240
III 260-370
IV 380-485/680
The aquifer material in these aquifer groups comprises sands of various grades, clays,
Kankar and silt. The hydrological properties of these aquifers has been determined by
conducting parameter tests on the tube wells in Lucknow city are given in the following
table-
Aquifer
Group
Depth Range
(mbgl)
Discharge
Potential
(lpm)
Draw
Down
(m)
Transmissivity
(T) (m2/day)
Hydraulic
Conductivity
(K) (m/day)
Storativity Quality
I WL-155 1100-1500 4-10 250-1050 1.8-7.6 4.2x10-4
Good
II 160-240 300-600 23-31 40-70 1.2-1.7 - Inferior/
Saline
III 260-370 1000-1500 25-33 140-160 3.0-4.0 - Good
IV 380-485/680 1400-1600 18-33 140-280 2.0-3.0 3.65x10-3
Good
AQUIFER DISPOSITION IN LUCKNOW CITY
There are no such clear marker clay horizons in the city area to significantly delineate
and classify the different aquifer groups. There are intermixed zones of unconsolidated
sandy aquifer.
� First aquifer thickness is increasing in central part of the city and decreased towards
south direction.
� Second aquifer group is relatively thinner than first aquifer and comprises more clay
content, holding inferior/poor quality of ground water, mostly occurring towards
south of Gomti river.
� Third aquifer group is not very distinguishable due to data gaps. Clay content in this
group is increasing in southward direction.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LUCKNOW GROUND WATER SUPPLY
Year 1975 1985 2005 2009 2015
Growing Tubewells (nos.) 45 70 300 490 672
Reducing Yields (LPM) <------------ 1200-1500 ------------- 600-1100 ------------>
Increasing withdrawls (MLD) 50 70 190 300 395
Since 2005, with rapid urban expansion and significant decline of ground water levels
to the extent of 0.5m to 1.0m per year in most of the city area, tube wells construction
activity/re-boring is continuously going on, despite reduced yields and increased withdrawls.
STATUS OF CITY'S SUPPLY
I (a) Demand : 525 MLD
(b) Total Production : 675 MLD
II (a) Surface water based : 280 MLD
(from Aishbagh, Balaganj & Gomtinagar water works)
(b) Ground water based : 395 MLD
LLUUCCKKNNOOWW CCIITTYY-- AA GGLLAARRIINNGG EEXXAAMMPPLLEE OOFF ""HHYYDDRROOGGEEOOLLOOGGIICCAALL SSTTRREESSSS""
A SCENARIO
Lucknow city, resting on a rich alluvial aquifer system of Central Ganga plain, is a
glaring example of "Hydrogeological Stress", where pressure on ground water for drinking
water supplies has increased tremendously, resulting into its continuous heavy withdrawals.
As such the aquifers from the dynamic zone have alarmingly depleted, leading to significant
lowering of water table in different parts of the city.
Since last 2 decades, the city is witnessing indiscriminate exploitation of ground
water and such abstractions have reached to a point where the geoscientists have projected
possible threat of land-subsidence in some prominent localities of the city in next 10-20
years. The top Aquifer Group (<150mbgl) of the city is presently under HIGH STRESS. The
granular zone of this dynamic aquifer is gradually drying up, causing almost irreversible
damage to ground water domain of this capital city of the state.
EXPLOITATION TREND
The trend of ground water exploitation in Lucknow shows continuous rise in resource
withdrawals. Construction of drinking water tube wells to meet water demand of this
growing urban agglomerate had started in early 70's and by 1985 about 70 tube wells were
operating. Now, this number of tube wells, under the control of Lucknow Jal Sansthan, has
gone up to 672 (relative increase almost 9.5 times).
Apart from large scale ground water exploitation for city's municipal water supply,
the residents of Lucknow, with the mindset to have alternative & secured water supplies,
generally prefer to have own tube well and with this attitude, private tube well construction
activities have gone up in multiple proportion and as a result the city has mushroomed with
innumerable private tube wells/domestic borings to an extent which has led to intensive &
unregulated extractions, but there is no realistic estimate of such unregulated withdrawls
which are responsible for the present day ground water crisis. As per adhoc estimates, the
possible ground water withdrawals in the city from both the municipal & private systems are
extremely high which may be tentatively taken as 750 million litres per day (MLD) or more.
Nos.
Jal Sansthan Tube wells 672 (Drawl about 400 MLD)
Handpumps (Public) >8000
Mini Tube wells/Borings 300
Tube wells : Government/Private establishments >400
Tube wells : Private colonies/multi story buildings >550
Private domestic borings Innumerable (no inventory)
Tentative withdrawal 750 MLD or even more
GGRROOUUNNDD WWAATTEERR LLEEVVEELL DDEECCLLIINNEE AANNDD IITTSS IIMMPPAACCTT
• In the 1970s, the pre-monsoon depth to water table in Lucknow city was less than 10
mbgl for the most part, which was even shallower along the flood plain of Gomti.
• With continuous large scale withdrawls, today the ground water table has depleted
widely beyond the depth of 20 mbgl and even crossed much deeper levels i.e. 30m bgl
or more in some areas, including Lalbagh, Cantt, HAL, Indira Nagar, Alambagh, Jail Road,
Puraniya.
• As a result, a TROUGH (depressed area) has developed within the ground water regime
of the city, indicative of heavily depleted aquifers in the city.
• This situation has further aggravated at some places, where ground water level depth
has reached to a more critical level, i.e. beyond 40m. These places are Babu Bhawan,
Cantt Sadar, Maunibaba.
• The emerging situation of ground water levels is very alarming, as such areas seems to
have reached to an irreversible stage.
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
The ground water levels are being monitored by the department through a close
network of Piezometers installed during 2006 in the city's area. CGWB is also monitoring
water levels in Lucknow city since 2003.
Ground Water Zoning:
• A GIS based appraisal of Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon water level data indicates that
deeper ground water zones in the depth range of 25-35 mbgl and beyond 35 mbgl have
significantly increased since 2006, which clearly indicates the adverse impact of over-
exploitation, as aquifers are continuously depleting and the water levels are declining to
alarming levels, which has resulted in low yields & failures of tube wells.
• The study shows that the zone of 25-35 mbgl, delineated as 62.5 sqkm in pre-monsoon
2006 has increased significantly to 98.6 sqkm in 2014 and 101.4 sqkm in 2005.
• Similarly, ground water zone with much deeper depth i.e. beyond 35m has expanded
nearly 10 times, from 2.9 sqkm in pre-monsoon 2006 to 28.2 sqkm in 2014 and
34.3 sqkm in pre-monsoon 2015.
• In post monsoon period, deep ground water levels i.e. beyond 25 mbgl were covering
only 10% area of the city during post-monsoon 2006, but within a span of 8 years only
i.e. up to post monsoon 2014, this zone has expanded to more than 40 percent of the
city.
Groundwater level data of Lucknow City
Sl.
No.
Location of
Piezometer
Pre
Monsoon
2006
(mbgl)
Pre
Monsoon
2014
(mbgl)
Decline/Rise
between Pre
2006 & 2014
(mbgl)
Post
Monsoon
2006
(mbgl)
Post
Monsoon
2014
(mbgl)
Decline/Rise
between
Post 2006 &
2014 (mbgl)
1 Aashiana 18.63 - - 18.35 - -
2 Airport 14.85 14.85 0.00 14.01 15.35 -1.34
3 Alambagh 29.56 34.75 -5.19 29.20 35.05 -5.85
4 Amrai Gaon 7.15 10.00 -2.85 7.85 11.25 -3.40
5 Aurangabad 9.52 13.75 -4.23 9.00 14.25 -5.25
6 Bharwara 12.90 13.85 -0.95 13.50 14.15 -0.65
7 Cantt Sadar 38.34 42.80 -4.46 39.10 43.25 -4.15
8 Chak Malhaur 10.98 12.90 -1.92 12.00 12.95 -0.95
9 Dindayal Nagar 13.42 15.60 -2.18 14.95 16.25 -1.30
10 Faizullahganj 8.93 12.80 -3.87 10.40 13.15 -2.75
11 Ghazipur Balram 3.10 6.40 -3.30 3.90 7.35 -3.45
12 Gomati Nagar 19.80 26.95 -7.15 19.65 27.85 -8.20
13 HAL 24.78 30.95 -6.17 24.15 31.65 -7.50
14 Hayat Nagar 6.89 5.40 1.49 6.15 6.35 -0.20
15 IET 14.40 18.60 -4.20 15.20 19.05 -3.85
16 Indira Nagar 24.90 28.15 -3.25 24.20 28.95 -4.75
17 Jail Road 24.00 36.25 -12.25 22.95 37.85 -14.90
18 Kukrail Forest 17.85 19.85 -2.00 18.65 20.15 -1.50
19 Kursi Road 10.90 14.80 -3.90 12.00 15.35 -3.35
20 La Mart 21.16 24.95 -3.79 20.60 25.25 -4.65
21 Lalbagh 30.29 34.45 -4.16 24.90 35.05 -10.15
22 Lalkurti 25.00 30.15 -5.15 24.30 30.65 -6.35
23 LU(New) 11.45 14.60 -3.15 11.10 14.50 -3.40
24 Mahanagar 24.50 28.82 -4.32 24.62 27.65 -3.03
26 Maunibaba 36.35 41.20 -4.85 35.75 41.95 -6.20
27 Naubasta 25.06 27.55 -2.49 20.00 28.35 -8.35
28 New Hyderabad 24.47 26.70 -2.23 26.95 27.85 -0.90
29 Para 22.48 20.60 1.88 21.82 21.65 0.17
30 Peer Nagar 18.40 17.50 0.90 17.67 18.05 -0.38
31 Purania 22.30 27.86 -5.56 22.36 28.05 -5.69
32 Rahim Nagar 23.28 - - 26.80 - -
33 Rahimabad 14.15 12.10 2.05 13.87 13.10 0.77
34 River Bank
Colony
21.05 24.40 -3.35 24.04 24.12 -0.08
35 RSAC 15.10 19.05 -3.95 16.00 20.25 -4.25
36 Sarojani Nagar 10.40 10.60 -0.20 9.95 10.38 -0.43
37 Semragarhi 14.30 14.60 -0.30 12.90 15.05 -2.15
38 Sports College 8.15 10.95 -2.80 9.00 11.05 -2.05
39 Takrohi 12.10 15.50 -3.40 13.40 15.15 -1.75
40 Triveni Nagar 18.40 21.25 -2.85 16.55 22.05 -5.50
41 Victoria Park 18.19 19.00 -0.81 17.34 20.15 -2.81
42 Vikas Nagar 23.95 28.45 -4.50 24.66 29.05 -4.39
43 Utrethia 12.58 15.05 -2.47 10.20 12.92 -2.72
GROUND WATER ZONES IN PRE MONSOON PERIOD
Sl. No. Ground Water
Zone (Depth
range in mbgl)
Area (sq km)
Pre 2006 Pre 2014 Pre 2015
1 3 - 5 m 2.8 - -
2 5 - 8 m 1.9 2.2 4.0
3 8 - 15 m 132.4 88.9 63.6
4 15 - 25 m 128.7 113.2 127.8
5 25 - 35 m 62.5 98.6 101.4
6 > 35 m 2.9 28.2 34.3
TOTAL 331.2
2.8 1.9
132.4 128.7
62.5
2.92.2
88.9
113.2
98.6
28.2
4.0
63.6
127.8
101.4
34.3
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
3 - 5 m 5 - 8 m 8 - 15 m 15 - 25 m 25 - 35 m > 35 m
Changes in Ground water zones Pre 2006, 2014 & 2015
Area (sq.km.) Pre 2006 Area (sq.km.) Pre 2014 Area (sq.km.) Pre 2015
GROUND WATER ZONES IN POST MONSOON PERIOD
Sl. No. Ground Water Zone
(Depth range in mbgl)
Area (sq km)
Post 2006 Post 2014
1 3 - 5 m 2.6 -
2 5 - 8 m 2.1 1.8
3 8 - 15 m 111.8 93.0
4 15 - 25 m 184.5 101.1
5 25 - 35 m 15.1 102.7
6 > 35 m 15.1 32.6
TOTAL 331.2
2.6 2.1
111.8
184.5
15.1 15.1
1.8
93.0
101.1 102.7
32.6
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
3 - 5 m 5 - 8 m 8 - 15 m 15 - 25 m 25 - 35 m > 35 m
Changes in Ground water zones
Post 2006 & 2014
Area (sq.km.) Post 2006
Area (sq.km.) Post 2014
Critical Areas:
• In majority of the piezometers, decline in ground water level has been significantly
observed.
• Some piezometers are showing relatively much faster decline that are located in
Gomtinagar, Lalbagh, HAL, Puraniya, Alambagh, Naubasta, Jail Road, Triveninagar,
Maunibaba, where more than 5 metres of decline has been recorded in both the
seasons within a span of 08 years only.
• The Hot Spots, where critical water level decline has been observed, are shown in the
graph. However, between Pre monsoon, 2014 & 2015 that is in one year, relatively
much higher decline in ground water levels has been recorded, as shown in the
following graph/table.
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
De
pth
Gro
un
d W
ate
r Le
ve
l (m
bg
l)
Ground Water decline with in a span of one yearLucknow City
Pre Monsoon 2014
Pre Monsoon 2015
Ground Water level decline between Pre 2014 & Pre 2015
Lucknow City
Location of
Piezometer
Pre
Monsoon
2014
Pre
Monsoon
2015
Decline between
2014 & 2015
(mbgl)
Ghazipur Balram 6.40 6.6 -0.20
Rahimabad 12.10 13.2 -1.10
Aurangabad 13.75 15.05 -1.30
Bharwara 13.85 15.65 -1.80
Airport 14.85 16.05 -1.20
Dindayal Nagar 15.60 20.55 -4.95
IET 18.60 19.9 -1.30
Victoria Park 19.00 20.3 -1.30
RSAC 19.05 20.45 -1.40
Kukrail Forest 19.85 20.95 -1.10
Triveni Nagar 21.25 23.45 -2.20
La Mart 24.95 26.3 -1.35
Naubasta 27.55 28.8 -1.25
Purania 27.86 30.06 -2.20
Indira Nagar 28.15 31.20 -3.05
Mahanagar 28.82 29.8 -0.98
Lalkurti 30.15 31.2 -1.05
HAL 30.95 31.9 -0.95
Lalbagh 34.45 36.4 -1.95
Alambagh 34.75 36.3 -1.55
Jail Road 36.25 36.85 -0.6
Cantt Sadar 42.80 43.45 -0.65
0
Alambagh
Amrai Gaon
Aurangabad
Cantt Sadar
Faizullahganj
Ghazipur …
IET
Jail Road
Kursi Rd
La Mart
Lalbagh
Lalkurti
LU(New)
Mahanagar
Maunibaba
Naubasta
Purania
RSAC
Sports College
Triveni Nagar
Vikas Nagar
Gomati Nagar
HAL
Utrethia
(where Ground Water Level has declined at alarming
rate between pre monsoon 2006
5.19
2.85
4.23
4.46
3.87
3.3
4.2
2.25
3.9
3.79
4.16
5.15
3.15
4.32
4.85
2.49
5.56
3.95
2.8
2.85
4.5
6.17
2.47
2 4 6
HOTSPOTS
(where Ground Water Level has declined at alarming
rate between pre monsoon 2006-2014)
7.15
8
(where Ground Water Level has declined at alarming
2014)
Decline (m)
5.85
3.4
5.25
4.15
2.75
3.45
3.85
14.9
3.35
4.65
10.15
6.35
3.4
3.03
6.2
8.35
5.69
4.25
2.05
5.5
4.39
8.2
7.5
2.72
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Alambagh
Amrai Gaon
Aurangabad
Cantt Sadar
Faizullahganj
Ghazipur Balram
IET
Jail Road
Kursi Rd
La Mart
Lalbagh
Lalkurti
LU(New)
Mahanagar
Maunibaba
Naubasta
Purania
RSAC
Sports College
Triveni Nagar
Vikas Nagar
Gomati Nagar
HAL
Utrethia
HOTSPOTS
(where Ground Water Level has declined at alarming
rate between post monsoon 2006-2014)
Decline (m)
Alarming Observations
� PIEZOMETER AT WALMI:
The PACT office located at WALMI, Telibagh has installed one piezometer with digital
telemetry water level recording system in October, 2012.
• The data recorded in the above piezometer indicates an extremely grave situation, as
ground water level has declined
31 March, 2015 i.e. within a span o
be attributed to large scale housing constructions going on in Vrindavan Colony
as the heavy pumping
Ground Water Level at Bapu Bhawan
Ground Water level measured through
- March, 2014 : 39.55 mbgl
- January, 2015 : 41.2 mbgl
9.87
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Wa
ter
lev
el(
mb
gl)
Ground Water Depletion Recorded At Walmi
Piezometer through Digital Water Level Recorder
Alarming Observations:
PIEZOMETER AT WALMI:
The PACT office located at WALMI, Telibagh has installed one piezometer with digital
water level recording system in October, 2012.
The data recorded in the above piezometer indicates an extremely grave situation, as
ground water level has declined alarmingly by 6.0m between 14 Oct, 2012 and
31 March, 2015 i.e. within a span of 2 years & 6 months only. This rapid depletion may
be attributed to large scale housing constructions going on in Vrindavan Colony
pumping going on in the area.
Ground Water Level at Bapu Bhawan
Water level measured through DWLR is as follows:
: 39.55 mbgl
: 41.2 mbgl
12.65
11.5612.26
13.84
15.2
year
Ground Water Depletion Recorded At Walmi
Piezometer through Digital Water Level Recorder
(Telemetry)
GROUND WATER LEVEL
The PACT office located at WALMI, Telibagh has installed one piezometer with digital
The data recorded in the above piezometer indicates an extremely grave situation, as
by 6.0m between 14 Oct, 2012 and
. This rapid depletion may
be attributed to large scale housing constructions going on in Vrindavan Colony as well
14.81
15.58 15.85
Ground Water Depletion Recorded At Walmi
Piezometer through Digital Water Level Recorder
SOME ALARMING INDICATORS
• Tube well yields have reduced significantly. Data shows that in Municipal tube well
yields have reduced from 1500 LPM in seventies to 600-800 LPM currently. This is direct
manifestation of depleting aquifers & water level lowering.
• The declining ground water levels have changed the condition of Gomti River from
effluent (gaining flow from natural ground water discharge) to influent (losing flow to
ground water infiltration).
• Depression/Hydrogeological Trough has developed within the ground water regime of
the city due to extensive ground water withdrawls and subsequent lowering of water
levels. (This is supported by the fact that in the peripheral region, water level decline is
relatively low to moderate).
INTERVENTIONS NEEDS- The top aquifer (group I) needs immediate respite
from further ground water extraction
� A separate long term & effective Integrated Water Resource Management Plan should
be prepared for implementation, envisaging suitable interventions for a more
harmonized conjunctive use of surface and ground water.
� Excessive withdrawal from top aquifers (<150mbgl) should be adequately reduced &
regulated through a regulatory provision.
� Strict measures supported by public awareness campaigns, are required to check
undesirable wastage of drinking water especially in ground water based supply/
distribution systems under Jal Sansthan's water supply network.
Through the effective implementation of above 2 measures, ground water
withdrawals can be certainly lowered down.
� Further, ground water extractions shall be done from deeper aquifer group (aquifer
group III) to restrain pumping from top aquifer group.
� Studies suggest that the peri-urban region of Lucknow city on Lucknow-Sitapur road and
in south Lucknow envisages prolific aquifers, which can be systematically exploited to
supplement city's water supply.
� Existing tube wells within the city area need to be phased out systematically.
� In Cis-Gomti area, the proper depth for Rain Water Recharge is between 50-60 mbgl,
while for Trans-Gomti, it should be between 60-70 mbgl.
� There should be a vision for planned conjunctive use to reduce the stress on ground
water.
� Rain Water Harvesting/Recharge is neither the only hope and nor the end in
rejuvenating the fast depleting resource- Hence, a thoughtful management process
needs to be initiated.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
We are thankful to Mr. Muhi Baksh,
Ground Water Expert, PACT, IDUP for
providing ground water level data of
Piezometer installed in Walmi Campus. We
also sincerely acknowledge the inputs
provided by Dr. R.A. Yadav, Manager, Ground
Water, U.P. Jal Nigam.