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Li ni u

Trong xu hng ton cu ha nn kinh t th gii, vi chnh sch m cav hi nhp, Vit Nam ang tng bc hon thin h thng php lut thngmi. Nm 1997, Lut thng mi Vit Nam ra i nh du mt bc pht trinln trong chng ng xy dng v hon chnh h thng php lut nc ta,trong ng k nht l cc iu khon iu chnh hp ng mua bn hng hagia thng nhn Vit Nam vi thng nhn nc ngoi, p ng nguyn vng

v mong mun ca cc thng nhn Vit nam c quan h thng mi Quc t.Ra i nm 1997, chm hn Cng c vin 17 nm, chc hn cc quy nh

ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam v hp ng mua bn Quc t hng ha c ktha v c rt c nhng bi hc quan trng t thc tin thng mi Vit

Nam v th gii, nhng nhng quy nh ny c c ph hp vi thng l Quct hay khng, c p ng c trn vn nguyn vng cng nh mong mun cacc thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi khi k kt hp ng mua

bn Quc t hay khng th thc t s cho thy mt cu tr li xc ng nht. Tuynhin, Lut thng mi ca Vit Nam ra i l mt iu ht sc khch l, l mtkt qu tt yu ca i hi do thay i v din mo v sc thi i sng kinh tnc ta.

Phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Namrt rng, nhng trongbi tiu lun ny, chng em ch mun cp n vn lin quan n ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn Quc t hng ha cng vi mt skin ngh nh vi mong mun Lut thng mi Vit Nam s pht huy hiu qu

ng vi mc ch ra i ca n.

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phn IKhi qut chung

v lut Thng Mi Vit Nam

I. Hon cnh v mc ch ra i

1. Hon cnh ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam.

Ngy 10/05/1997, mt vn bn lut nhm iu chnh cc hnh vi thngmi ca thng nhnVit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi hot ng ti Vit

Nam ra i sau khi c nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha IXk hp th 11 thng qua. l Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 cng vi cc hthng vn bn php lut khc, k t ngy 01/01/1998, Lut thng mi Vit

Nam chnh thc c hiu lc v l c s php l quan trng iu chnh mt s

vn c bn lin quan n hp ng mua bn ngoi thng.Lut thng mi Vit Nam ra i trong hon cnh nc ta chuyn t nn

kinh t k hoch ha tp trung quan liu bao cp sang nn kinh t th trng theonh hng x hi ch ngha, chuyn i t nn kinh t sn xut nng nghipsang sn xut cng nghip vi nhiu c th ca mt quc gia c truyn thngnho gio lu i. S pht trin kinh t trong nc lm ny sinh nhiu loi hnhkinh doanh, trao i mua bn, hot ng u t mi. Cng vi n l qu trnhquc t ha i sng kinh t. Cc nc ngy cng tham gia su rng hn vo

thng mi th gii dn n xu hng quc t ha php lut hay l vic xchli gn nhau gia php lut cc nc hoc vic nht th ha php lut mt snc.

K t nm 1986, sau khi thc hin chnh sch i mi, Quc hi lintip thng qua nhiu o lut quan trng nh Lut u t nc ngoi (1987),Lut cng ty (1990), Lut khuyn khch u t trong nc (1994) ... nhm to rac s php l c bn cho cc hot ng thng mi v gp phn khng nh vo

s tng trng kinh t Vit Nam. Song, c th thy nc ta lc by gi cngcha c mt mi trng php lut iu chnh cc mi quan h kinh t, nht l

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cc mi quan h kinh t i ngoi. iu ny gy tr ngi ln trong quan h muabn hp tc u t gia cc nc vi Vit Nam.

Mt khc, trong iu kin hin nay, nn kinh t nc ta chuyn sang giai

on mi: giai an cng nghip ha - hin i ha t nc vi nhiu th thchca th trng v xu th hi nhp quc t vai tr ca php lut ngy cng quantrng, h thng php lut Vit Nam cn c i mi mnh m. Tnh cht cann kinh t th trng m trong qu trnh hi nhp vi nn kinh t th gii ihi iu chnh php lut v hot ng ngoi thng phi c tin hnh trn cs cc o lut c s thng nht ng b, va c hiu lc php l cao va nnh ch khng th ch da trn s iu chnh ca cc vn bn di lut chang b v thng xuyn thay i.

Chnh v vy, s ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 l kt qu ttyu ca i hi do thay i v din mo v sc thi i sng kinh t nc ta.Mt khc, khi tham gia vo thng trng quc t, cc ch th ca Vit Namthng gp bt li khi bun bn hp tc u t vi cc ch th nc ngoi, nim hu ht c mt khun kh php l vng chc cho hot ng kinh t ingoi. V vy, m bo cho cc ch th kinh t nc mnh trong quan hthng mi Quc t cng nh nhm to mt mi trng php l lnh mnh hon

thin Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 chnh thc c hiu lc t ngy01/01/1998 l c s php l gp phn m rng giao lu thng mi vi cc nctrn th gii.

2. Mc ch ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam

Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 l c s php l pht trin nn kinh thng ha nhiu thnh phn theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca nh nc theonh hng x hi ch ngha, trong kinh t nh nc gi vai tr ch o v cng

vi kinh t hp tc x l nn tng ca nn kinh t quc dn; pht trin th trnghng ha v dch v thng mi trn cc vng ca c nc, m rng giao luthng mi vi nc ngoi, gp phn y mnh sn xut ci thin i sng nhndn, bo v li ch chnh ng ca ngi sn xut, ngi tiu dng v li ch hp

php ca thng nhn, gp phn tch cc nhm y nn kinh t tng trng nhanhv bn vng theo hng cng nghip ha - hin i ha , v mc tiu dn giu ncmnh x hi cng bng vn minh. Li ni u ca Lut thng mi Vit Namcng chnh l li gii thch v mc ch ra i ca b lut ny.

Lut thng mi Vit Nam ra i vi 3 mc tiu c bn sau:

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Thng mi l hot ng quan trng c nh hng ln v trc trp nhot ng snxut v lao ng, trong khi nhiu chnh sch c bn ca ng vnh nc v lnh vc ny cha c th ch ha bng php lut, nh mc tiuca thng mi; chnh sch i vi cc doanh nghip thng mi thuc cc

thnh phn knh t khc nhau; chnh sch i vi cc mt hng, cc dch v quantrng.... Do , vic lut ha cc quan im ny l mc tiu hng u ca vic

ban hnh lut Lut thng mi.

Ni n hot ng thng mi l ni n cc dng ch yu ca n nh:hot ng mua bn hng ha, i din cho thng nhn, mi gii thng mi,y thc mua bn, i l mua bn hng ha. Cc dng hot ng thng mi nycho n nay vn cha c qui nh c th ng b y . Do t nhiu nh

hng n lu thng hng ha trong nc v nc ngoi.

ng v nh nc ta thc hin chnh sch a phng ha, a dng haquan h kinh t i ngoi. Chng ta trin khai nhiu cng vic hi nhp trongkhu vc v trn th gii, do i hi phi sm ban hnh nhng qui nh thch hpc gi tr php l cao nhm to thun li cho s giao lu hng ha trong nc vinc ngoi lm cho php lut thng mi nc ta ph hp vi tp qun thngmi quc t, ng thi to c s phpl x l cc quan h kinh t thng nhn

trong vic m phn song phng vi cc nc, cc t chc khu vc v quc t.

II. Vai tr ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam

1. Bo m qun l nh nc i vi hot ng thng mi.

Lut thng mi ca bt k quc gia no d trc tip hay gin tip cngnhm m bo s iu tit ca nh nc i vi cc hot ng thng mi.Trong Lut thng mi Vit Nam, s iu tit ca nh nc i vi cc hot

ng thng mi c qui nh trong cc iu 6-16, 224-262.S qun l nh nc v thng mi c c quan nh nc c thm quyn

tin hnh bao gm: ban hnh cc vn bn php lut v thng mi, t chc ngk kinh doanh thng mi; t chc thng tin v th trng; hng dn tiu dnghp l; tit kim...; k kt hoc tham gia cc iu c Quc t v thng mi;i din v qun l cc hot ng thng mi ca Vit Nam nc ngoi;hng dn tham gia kim tra vic chp hnh v thc hin php lut thng mi;x l vi phm php lut v thng mi.

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2. Thc hin quyn t do kinh doanh ca cng dn trn lnh vc thng mi.

Nhm bo m lu thng hngha c thun tin, Lut thng mi VitNam qui nh cc quyn t do sau y ca thng nhn trong khun kh php

lut: thng nhn iu kin theo qui nh ca php lut c quyn hot ngthng mi trong cc lnh vc a bn m php lut khng cm (iu 6, Lutthng mi), c quyn t do kinh doanh, t do chn bn hng (iu 6, Lutthng mi), c quyn t do la chn hnh thc giao kt hp ng (iu 44,Lut thng mi), c quyn t do xc nh ni dung khc ngoi nhng ni dungch yu ca hp ng (iu 50, Lut thng mi Vit Nam), c quyn sa i,

b sung, chm dt hp ng (iu 57, Lut thng mi Vit Nam).

3. Thc hin quyn bnh ng trc php lut ca thng nhn thucmi thnh phn kinh t trong cc hot ng thng mi.

Quyn bnh ng trc php lut ca thng nhn thuc mi thnh phnkinh t c qui nh ti iu 7, Lut thng mi Vit Nam. y l s c thha iu 22, Hin php 1992 trong cc hot ng thng mi. Bnh ng yl cc ch th c i x nh nhau trc c quan nh nc v trc php lutVit Nam, nu c cc iu kin c th so snh c vi nhau. Tuy nhin,theo iu 10, Lut thng mi, thng nhn l doanh nghip nh nc c

nhng quyn v ngha v khng ging nh thng nhn l cng ty, t hp t chay c nhn. Trong kinh doanh ni chung cng nh trong hot ng thng mini ring, quyn bnh ng th hin ch, cc thng nhn c php lut m

bo c hi nh nhau tham gia cnh tranh trong hot ng thng mi. V d:nu c nhng iu kin d thu nh nhau, thng nhn u c php tham giad thu. Nu c y cc iu kin kinh doanh xut nhp khu, thng nhnc iu kin tham gia hot ng xut nhp khu trc tip. Cc c hi kinh doanh c c tn dng hay khng, ph thuc vo tng v tr ca thng nhn trnth trng. Nh vy, bnh ng c hiu l bnh dng trc php lut. Tuynhin, cng bng tuyt i trong kinh doanh l rt kh thc hin, v cnh tranhtrn th trng l pht huy cc th mnh ring nhm tip cn, m rng, ginh gith phn nn vic chn p y li i th cnh tranh l khng trnh khi.

4. Qui nh nhng iu kin i vi thng nhn trong cc hot ngthng mi

m bo an ton cho cc quan h thng mi trong hot ng thng mi,Lut thng mi quy nh cht ch hn so vi cc quy nh tng ng trong

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php lut dn s. V d: iu 75, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh bn mua cngha v thng bo trong mt thi hn khiu ni nht nh nu hng ha khngng theo tha thun, nu khng thng bo kp thi bn mua mt quyn khiu ni.

III. Phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam vi t cch l ngun lutiu chnh hp ng mua bn gia thng nhn Vit Nam vi thng nhnnc ngoi.

Ra i trong hon cnh nn kinh t t nc cng nh nn kinh t th giic nhiu chuyn bin ng k, Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 c nhiu imtng ng vi lut thng mi ca nhiu nc c nn kinh t th trng. Songdo s non tr ca nn kinh t m nc ta ang bc u xy dng, tnh nh

hng XHCN v thc tin lp php trong gn 30 nm qua nh hng khngnh n ni dung nht l phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam.

Theo cc iu 17, iu 4 v iu 5 th Lut thng mi Vit Nam cphm vi iu chnh hp, gm mt s hot ng sau:

Hp ng mua bn gia thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi.

Cc dch v lin quan n mua bn hng ha, lu thng hng ha nh:i din cho thng nhn, mi gii thng mi, i l mua bn hng ha, gia

cng qung co thng mi, hi chtrin lm thg mi....

Cc hot ng khc tuy cng c tnh cht kinh doanh nh cho thu xydng vn ti, ngn hng, bo him... song khng thuc phm vi iu chnh calut ny m c cc vn bn lut khc tng ng (Lut xy dng, Lut hngkhng, Lut hng hi, Lut cc t chc tn dng....)

Ngoi ra, phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam cn hn hp mt s cc loi hng ha. Nu Cng c Vin 1980 lit k cc loi hng ha

khng l i tng iu chnh ca cng c vin th Lut thng mi Vit Namli gii hn cc hng ha l i tng iu chnh ca lut ny, ch yu l ccng sn my mc thit b, nguyn vt liu sn xut v tiu dng. Cc bt ngsn nh nh my cng trnh xy dng, cc quyn ti sn nh s hu cngnghip, quyn s dng t, c phiu, tri phiu do c nhng c th ring nnkhng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam.

Tm li, c th xem Lut thng mi Vit Nam l tng hp cc quy phm

php lut do nh nc ban hnh xc nh a v php l cho thng nhn hociu chnh cc hnh vi thng mi ni chung. V Lut thng mi Vit Nam iu

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chnh mt s hnh vi thng mi ca thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn ncngoi hot ng trn lnh th Vit Nam nn ng nhin b lut ny cng iuchnh hot ng mua bn gia thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi.y cng l mt mc ch quan trng ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997.

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Phn IICh trch nhim do vi phm hp ng

I. Cc yu t cu thnh trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn ngoithng.

Khng phi bt k lc no, khi mt bn trong hp ng mua bn ngoithng khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng y nhng quy nh trong hp

ng u phi chu trch nhim bi thng v chu pht trc bn kia. xcnh xem mt trng hp vi phm hp ng c th quy trch nhim cho bn vi

phm khng, ta phi cn c vo cc yu t cu thnh trch nhim.

Xut pht t l lun v thc tin khoa hc php l v li trong quan h muabn, iu 230, Lut thng mi: "Cn c pht sinh trch nhimbi thngthit hi"quy nh bn yu t cu thnh trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua

bn ngoi thng, bao gm:

1. Th tri c hnh vi vi phm php lut

y l cn c c bn quy trch nhim, v hp ng l s tha thun tnguyn c hiu lc php lut, v sau khi c xc lp, cc ngha v xut pht tquan h hp ng mang tnh bt buc, nu mt bn khng thi hnh th b coi lvi phm php lut v s b quy kt trch nhim. Trong mua bn quc t hngha, hnh vi vi phm php lut c th l khng thc hin hp ng hay thchin khng y , thi hnh khng tt. Vic ngi bn khng giao hng, ngi

mua khng tr tin hng s b coi l hnh vi khng thc hin hp ng, v nhvy nu hp ng c k kt theo ng quy nh ca php lut th hnh vi vi

phm hp ng ny cng l vi phm php lut. Mt khc, vic ngi bn khngthc hin y , thc hin khng tt hp ng nh giao hng thiu, giao hngchm, giao hng khng ng phm cht quy cch tha thun ... V ngimua thiu tinh thn thin ch trong thc hin hp ng nh chm m L/C,khng chu nhn hng cng b coi l vi phm hp ng. Nh vy, ch khi ccch th hp ng thc hin ng nguyn tc chp hnh mua bn ngoi thngsau:

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Nguyn tc thc hin t nguyn thc s cc cam kt.

Nguyn tc thc hin ng v y cc cam kt.

Nguyn tc thc hin trn c s thin ch hp tc, hai bn cng c li,

m bo o c trong kinh doanh.

C thc hin ng cc nguyn tc ny th cc bn mi c coi l khng viphm hp ng tc l khng vi phm php lut v c php lut bo v quynli chnh ng.

Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh ngha v chng minh vi phm hpng l ca bn b vi phm. V d nh khi ngi bn khng giao hng, ngimua phi chng minh vic ngi bn khng giao hng cn c vo cc ti liu

vn bn c lin quan nh hp ng mua bn c k kt l cn c chngminh ngi bn c ngha v phi giao hng. L/C m chng minh mnh thc hin v sn sng thc hin hp ng. Cc bc in gic bn bn giao hng ,in tr li ca ngi bn cam kt s giao hang... Khi , ngi bn nu mun

bc li th phi chng minh mnh khng vi phm hp ng bng cch xut trnhbin lai chng t ...

2. Phi c li ca bn vi phm hp ng.

Trong hp ng mua bn vi thng nhn nc ngoi, vic mt bnkhng quan tm v quan tm khng ng mc ti vic thc hin ngha vca mnh, do dn ti vi phm ngha v th b coi l c li.

y, cm t khng quan tm c hiu l hnh vi c , khng thchin ngha v, d bit l sai nhng vn khng chp hnh quy nh ca hp ngv do b coi l c li. Cn vic quan tm khng ng mc tc l hnh vi vi

phm do v , do s sut hoc c bit trc c hu qu ca hnh vi s sut

song do qu cu th m khng lngtrc c mc ca hu qu. V d nhmt hp ng mua bn ngoi thng theo iu kin CIF c quy nh l ngibn phi thu tu ch hng loi tu tr 10 tui, quc tch tu Nht Bn. Song dokhng tm c loi tu theo quy nh ca hp ng, ngi bn t thu mtcon tu mang c Italia ch hng m khng thng bo cho ngi mua. ncng nc ngi mua, tu b phong ta do lnh ca chnh quyn s ti ncngi mua h lnh i vi tt c cc con tu mang quc tch . Nh vy, ngi

bn d bit trc hnh vi ca mnh nhng khng lng trc c hu

qu pht sinh v li ny b coi l li s sut, do khng quan tm ng mc.

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Lut thng mi Vit Nam khng quy nh ai c li m li c xc nhtheo nguyn tc suy on. Khi mt bn vi phm hp ng th bn kia c quynsuy on bn vi phm c li v v vy, bn vi phm phi chu trch nhim. yl trch nhim suy on v d li c hay v cng khng lm tng gim trch

nhim. V d nh khi ngi bn giao hng chm, ngi mua c quyn suy onngay l ngi bn c li v khng giao hng theo ng thi gian tha thun vnh vy, ngi mua c th quy trch nhim cho ngi bn.

Khi b quy trch nhim, bn vi phm mun thot trch nhim phi chngminh l mnh khng c li, chng no khng chng minh c th ng nhinvn b coi l c li v phi chu trch nhim.

3. Tri ch b thit hi vt cht, thit hi v ti sn hoc cc quyn c gitr ti sn.

y l yu t cn thit, c bit cho trng hp mun quy trch nhim ibi thng thit hi. Thng thng, thit hi m tri ch phi gnh chu c th lthit hi vt cht v thit hi tinh thn. Song, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cngnh lut cc nc thng ch tha nhn nhng thit hi ti sn (thit hi v vtcht) mi l yu t quy trch nhim.

* Thit hi v ti sn thng gm cc loi thit hi sau:

- Tn tht thc t: L mt loi thit hi mang tnh cht thc t, c th tnhton c mt cch c th. Tn tht thc t gm c:

+ gim ti sn bng hin vt: nh khi mt bn vi phm mt ngha v no lm cho ti sn ca bn kia gim st (ngi bn giao hng km phm cht so vitha thun lm cho bn mua khng nhn c hng ng cht lng do phi

bn h gi hoc phi s dng vi mc ch khc i...)

+ cc chi ph chi ra v chi thm: cc chi ph chi ra nh chi ph mphn, k kt hp ng, chi ph m L/C, chi ph thu tu mua bo him cho hngha nhng ngi bn khng giao hng. Cc chi ph chi thm trong qu trnhthc hin hp ng nh chi ph bi thng cho ngi th ba do bn bn giaochm hng lm cho bn mua b pht giao chm, chi ph lu kho bi m ngi

bn phi tr do ngi mua (theo iu kin FOB) cha n ly hng, chi ph phtd chm m ngi bn phi tr cho ngi cho ngi chuyn ch do ngi muakhng chu n nhn hng... Tt c cc khon b gim st v ti sn v chi ph

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chi v chi thm ny u c th quy ra gi tr vt cht c th v l c s chovic i bi thng thit hi.

- Cc khon li b b l, cc khon thu ng l ra c nhn nu bn kia

thc hin ng hp ng nhng khng c nhn. y chnh l nhng khonli mt hng m khi k kt hp ng, cc bn u mong i. Nhng khon liny d trn thc t nu khng c vi phm hp ng, bn b vi phm c nhnc hay khng khng quan trng m c c vi phm gy thit hi lm mtkhon li d c , ngi b vi phm vn c quyn i bn vi phm.

i bi thng thit hi thc t, bn b vi phm phi chng minh cl mnh c thit hi v thot trch nhim, bn vi phm phi chng minhngc li.

4. C mi quan h trc tip gia hnh vi vi phm hp ng v thit hivt cht.

Mi quan h ny th hin ch vi phm hp ng l nguyn nhn trc tipgy ra cc thit hi, cn thit hi thc t l hu qu trc tip ca nhng hnh vi. V d nh ngi bn giao hng chm so vi thi gian quy nh trong hpng lm gi hng gim sovi gi ca thi k l ra hng c giao, v do vyngi mua b b l khon li ng l c hng. Vy hnh vi giao hng chml nguyn nhn trc tip gy thit hi ti sn cho ngi mua (khng c nhnkhon li m mnh c quyn c hng t quan h hp ng). Hay trng hpngi bn giao hng theo ng tha thun trong hp ng nhng ngi muakhng chu ra nhn hng ti cng n, lm pht sinh chi ph lu tu v hnh vikhng nhn hng ca ngi mua l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra hu qu ngi

bn phi chi thm cc chi ph lu tu, bo qun hng ha.

Ngha v chng minh quan h nhn qu ny thuc v bn b vi phm. iu

cn ch l khi chng minh phi loi tr cc thit hi gin tip, thit hi khnglng trc c, thit hi on c. Trn thc t, ngha v chng minh thithi trc tip li ri vo bn b vi phm v bn b vi phm mun i c bithng cng nhiu cng tt nn thng lit k cc thit hi ra. Bn vi phm khng phi bi thng tt c cc thit hi m tri ch nu th phi chngminh c rng ch mt phn thit hi xy ra l do vic vi phm nhim v camnh, thit hi ti sn khc cn li do mt s nguyn nhn khc khng phi doli ca mnh bng cch a ra cc vn bn, bng chng c lin quan.

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II. Cc ch ti p dng cho vic vi phm hp ng trong hot ng muabn hng ha theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam.

Khi vi phm hp ng trong hot ng mua bn hng ha, bn vi phm

phi chu trch nhim trc bn b vi phm thng qua cc hnh thc trch nhimgi l ch ti. Theo php lut thng mi Vit Nam, cc ch ti thng mic hiu l nhng bin php php l mang tnh ti sn do bn b vi phm lachn p dng i vi bn vi phm nhm mc nh ngn nga, trng tr vgio dc. Nh vy, cc ch ti thng mi c p dng l khi phc v mtvt cht cho bn b vi phm hoc l ngn nga thit hi hay c ngha trng

pht v mt vt cht i vi bn vi phm hp ng. Do , cc ch ti ny ccc bn p dng cho cc vi phm xut hin t lc k kt, thc hin v chm dt

hp ng.

Ty thuc vo cc vi phm v cc quy nh khc nhau trong hp ng mcc ch ti khc nhau c p dng. Lut thng mi Vit Nam ginh hn mc1 chng IV quy nh cc ch ti p dng cho vic vi phm hp ng tronghot ng mua bn hng ha.

Theo iu 222, Lut thng mi Vit Nam, c bn loi ch ti trongthng mi. l:

Buc thc hin ng hp ng;

Pht vi phm;

Bi thng thit hi;

Hy hp ng.

1. Buc thc hin ng hp ng

iu 223, Khon 1 Lut thngmi quy nh: Buc thc hin ng hpng l vic bn c quyn li b vi phm yu cu bn vi phm thc hin nghp ng hoc dng cc bin php khc hp ng c thc hin v bn vi

phm phi chu ph tn pht sinh. Nh vy, ch ti buc thc hin ng hpng buc bn v phi thc hin ng hp ng cho d thc hin c, bnvi phm phi p dng bin php no hay phi chu ph tn nh th no.

Vy nhng trng hp no c th p dng c ch ti buc thc hinng hp ng. Theo iu 223, Khon 2, ch ti ny c p dng trong cc

trng hp: giao hng thiu; giao hng km cht lng, cung ng dch v khng

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ng hp ng. Trong trng hp giao hng thiu, ch ti ny quy nh rngbn vi phm phi giao hng theo ng nh tha thun trong hp ng, tcl phi giao ng v s lng, cht lng, chng loi, xut x, mu m... ivi vic giao hng km cht lng, cung cp dch v khng ng hp ng, bn

vi phm phi tm cch loi tr cc khuyt tt ca hng ha, thiu st ca dch v.Trong trng hp ny, Lut thng mi cn quy nh thm rng bn vi phm cth c th giao hng khc thay th hng km cht lng hoc cung ng dchv theo ng hp ng, tuy nhin khng c dng tin hoc hng khc chngloi, dch v khc thay th, nu khng c s chp thun ca bn c quynli b vi phm.

Trn thc t, khi mt bn vi phm ngha v hp ng, bo v quyn li

cho mnh, bn b vi phm khng phi lc no cng cng nhc i bn kia thchin ng ngha v nh giao hng thm (nu giao hng thiu), hay tm bin phpkhc phc khuyt tt ca hng ha hoc thay th bng hng ha khc (nu giaohng km cht lng), nht l trong trng hp bn vi phm gp nhiu kh khnv chi ph lm c nh vy v thm ch bn b vi phm cng c th b thithi hn.

Trong trng hp ny, tc l khi bn vi phm khng thc hin theo cc quy

nh ni trn, ti iu 223, Khon 3 v 4 ca Lut thng mi cng th hin slinh hot khi quy nh c th rng: Bn c quyn li b vi phm c quyn muahng c quyn mua hng hay nhn cung ng dich v ca ngi khc thay ththeo ng loi hng ha, dch v ghi trong hp ng. Khi , bn vi phm phi

b chnh lch nu c. y cng l gii php m Cng c Vin 1980 a ra khibn bn khng giao hng hoc giao hng thiu. V d khi bn vi phm giao hngthiu, bn b vi phm khng nht thit phi ch bn vi phm giao hng m cth mua ngay hng khc cng chng loi ca ngi cung cp khc khng mt

thi c kinh doanh ca mnh. Tt nhin, m bo cho quyn li ca bn b viphm, bn vi phm phi c trch nhim n b chi ph pht sinh.

Nu bn c quyn li b vi phm t sa cha khuyt tt, thiu st ca hngha, dch v th bn vi phm phi tr cc chi ph thc t hp l. R rng l gii

php ny va gip cc bn tip tc quan h hp ng, va hn ch cc thit hi.Theo quy nh ny, bn vi phm phi tr cc chi ph thc t hp l. Ni cchkhc, nu bn b vi phm vin c sa cha khuyt tt ca hng ha i bnkia cc chi ph khng lin quan n vic sa cha khuyt tt hoc i cc chi

ph v l qu cao so vi thc t th bn vi phm s khng phi tr cc chi ph .

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Khi bn vi phm thc hin ng cc quy nh ni trn, tc l giao hng i vi trng hp giao hng thiuv sa cha khuyt tt, thiu st cahng ha nu giao hng km phm cht th bn c quyn li b vi phm phinhn hng, nhn dch v v thanh ton tin hng, ph dch v. (iu 223,

Khon 5)

cho bn vi phm c th thc hin c cc ngha v ni trn, Lutthng mi cn cho php bn c quyn li b vi phm phi gia hn mt thi gianhp l. (iu 224). Song vic gia hn ny khng c ngha l thay i iu khonv thi hn giao hng. Thi hn giao hng nu c s thay i l do hai bn thathun, cn vic gia hn ch l quyt nh n phng ca bn b vi phm nhm

bo v li ch ca mnh. Nu ht thi hn n nh m bn vi phm vn khng

thc hin ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng, bn b vi phm c p dngcc ch ti khc bo v li ch chnh ng ca mnh (Khon 2, iu 225).Tuy nhin, Khon 1, iu 225 ca Lut thng mi li quy nh r rng: Trongtrng hp khng c tho thun khc th trong thi gian p dng ch ti bucthc hin ng hp ng, bn c quyn li b vi phm khng c p dng ccch ti pht vi phm, bi thng thit hi, hy hp ng.

Nh vy, buc thc hin ng hp ng l ch ti nh nht trong cc ch

ti v l tin thc hin cc ch ti khc.2. Pht vi phm

y l mt ch ti rt hay c s dng trong vic gii quyt cc tranhchp pht sinh trong hp ng kinh t. Theo iu 226, Lut thng mi: Phtvi phm l vic bn c quyn li b vi phm yu cu bn vi phm tr mt khontin pht nht nh do vi phm hp ng, nu trong hp ng c tha thun hoc

php lut quy nh. T nh ngha trn c th thy, pht vi phm ch c p

dng khi trong hp ng c tha thun hoc php lut quy nh s p dng loich ti ny cho nhng vi phm nht nh v khng ph thuc vo bn b vi phmc thit hi hay khng.

c th i c tin pht, cc bn phi da trn nhng cn c sau: mtbn khng thc hin hp ng hoc thc hin khng ng hp ng (iu227, Lut thng mi). Khng thc hin hp ng c th l khng giao hng,khng nhn hng, khng thanh ton tin hng... Cn thc hin khng ng hpng c th l chm giao hng, giao hng thiu, giao hng sai quy cch chngloi, giao hng km phm cht... y, Lut thng mi khng quy nh rng,

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khi p dng ch ti pht vi phm, bn c quyn lib vi phm phi c ngha vchng minh thit hi v mc thit hi. Nu bn b vi phm chng minh cl bn kia vi phm v vi phm thuc din p dng ch ti pht vi phm theohp ng hoc do php lut quy nh th hon ton c th yu cu bn vi phm

tr tin pht.

V mc pht vi phm, iu 228, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh:Mc pht i vi mt vi phm ngha v hp ng hoc tng mc pht i vinhiu vi phm do cc bn tha thun trong hp ng, nhng khng qu tm

phn trm gi tr phn ngha v b vi phm. Nh vy, Lut thng mi chophp cc bn tr bng mt s tin c th hoc theo t l phn trm i vi vicvi phm ngha v hp ng nhng li khng qu tm phn trm gi tr ca phn

hp ng b vi phm. iu khon ny cho thy Lut thng mi Vit Nam coich ti pht vi phm nh mt bin php trng tr v mt vt cht i vi bn vi

phm, nhng ch gii hn mc ti a tm phn trm gi tr phn hp ng viphm l nhm trnh cc bn s lm dng iu khon ny.

Quan im ca cc nc v ch ti pht u cho rng pht l tin bithng c tnh (tnh trc). Nh vy, iu quan trng l cc bn phi c stha thun, d kin trc v mcpht trong hp ng mua bn. Tuy nhin, cc

nc li c quy nh khc nhau v mi quan h gia thit hi v s tin pht.Lut Anh-M cho rng, trong trng hp tri ch khng c thit hi thc t thmc pht do hai bn hon ton quyt nh. Nu tri ch c thit hi thc t thtin pht phi thp hn thit hi thc t. (y l quy phm bt buc, nu cao hnth ch ti ny khng c gi tr.) Lut Php th quy nh rng, trong trng hptri ch khng c thit hi thc t th mc pht do hai bn tha thun. Cn khic thit hi thc t, theo nguyn tc, tin pht phi thp hn thit hi thc t.

Nhng trn thc t, cc c quan t php vn tha nhn trng hp m tin pht

cao hn thit hi thc t (quy phm ty ). Ring lut c li cho rng, phtl trng pht, do , khi tri ch c thit hi thc t th tin pht lun cao hnthit hi thc t. Cc nc XHCN, trong c Vit Nam th tha nhn tin phtl tin bi thng tnh trc. Nu tri ch c thit hi thc t cao hn so vi tin

pht tha thun th cho php tri ch c quyn la chn hoc l i tinpht, hoc l i tin bi thng thit hi.

Sau y l mt dn chng c th v vic p dng ch ti pht trong giiquyt tranh chp hp ng Vit Nam trong thi gian va qua:

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Ngy 22/12/1994, Cng ty Singapore IRP k hp ng mua 36 tn cph ca cng ty xut nhp khu bingii Thanh Ha (Protimex) theo n gi2170 USD/ tn, tng tr gi hp ng l 78.120 USD. Thi hn giao hng quynh trong hp ng khng mun qu ngy 20/1/1995, thanh ton bng th tn

dng khng hy ngang. L/C phi c m trc ngy 5/1/1995. Bn no viphm ngha v s b pht 12% tr gi hp ng. Tin hnh thc hin hp ng,cng ty IRP m L/C vi s tin l 78.120 USD ngy 5/1/1995, tc l honthnh ngha v thanh ton theo phng thc th tn dng chng t song chmhn mt ngy so vi thi hn ca hp ng. Th nhng Protimex vo ngy18/1/1995 gi cng vn cho IRP tr li l khng th giao hng v c ph lngi v ang gp kh khn v vn, do , ngh tng gi hng v li thi hn

giao hng t 20/1/1995 n ngy 15/2/1995 nhng IRP khng chp nhn vkhi kin i tin pht vi phm hp ng. Cn c theo Lut thng mi VitNam, li y thuc v Protimex, mc d cng ty IRP m L/C chm mtngy, song khi nhn c thng bo L/C m, Protimex khng h c mthnh vi phn i hay yu cu g, iu ny chng t Protimex chp nhn victhc hin ngha v ca bn Singapore. Hn na, theo s trnh by ca Protimexl h khng kh nng thc hin hp ng, nhng li khng c bt k mthnh vi no nhm thng bo cho IRP trc ngy 20/1/1995 cng thng

lng gii quyt, ngn chn thit hi. Do , xt theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam th Protimex buc phi np tin pht cho cng IRP ca Singapore. Tuynhin, mc pht quy nh trong hp ng li vt qu gii hn ti a cho php ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam l 8%. Do , nu chiu theo Lut thng mith c quan xt x chc chn s iu chnh mc % pht m hai bn tha thunvi nhau sao cho ph hp.

Nh vy, c th thy cc iu khon pht trong hp ng thng c p

dngv pht huy tt tc dng nhm ngn nga, gio dc bn mua nng cao thc chp hnh tt ngha v hp ng. Tuy nhin, do ch gii hn mt s viphm nht nh v mc pht ti a l 8%, ch ti ny theo Lut thng miVit Nam t nhiu b gim tc dng.

3. Bi thng thit hi.

Nu nh cc bn khng n nh mc pht trong hp ng th khi th tri viphm hp ng, tri ch c quyn yu cu th tri bi thng thit hi. Bn vi

phm phi phc hi quyn li cho bn b vi phm: bi thng thit hi, chi ph,mt mt, tn tht m mt bn phi gnh chu do bn kia vi phm hp ng.

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y l mt loi ch ti c p dng rt ph bin khi c vi phm hp ngmua bn gy thit hi cho bn vi phm. Theo iu 229, Khon 1 Lut thngmi: Bi thng thit hi l vic bn c quyn li b vi phm yu cu bn vi

phm tr tin bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng gy ra. Theo iu 230

ca Lut thng mi, c th p dng ch ti bi thng thit hi cn phi c cc yu t sau:

C hnh vi vi phm hp ng;

C thit hi vt cht;

C mi quan h trc tip gia hnh vi vi phm hp ng v thit hi vt cht;

C li ca bn vi phm hp ng.

Nu thiu mt trong bn yu t ni trn, chng hn c hnh vi vi phm hpng m khng pht sinh thit hivt cht hay hnh vi vi phm khng trc tipdn n thit hi vt cht hoc li khng thuc bn vi phm mc d c thithi...th khng th i bn vi phm bi thng thit hi. Ngoi ra, i vi yu tli ca bn vi phm, li c xc nh theo nguyn tc suy on li. Tc l cc vi phm hp ng th c th suy on bn vi phm hp ng. Mun thottrch nhim, bn vi phm phi chng minh c l mnh khng c li (iu231).

iu 229, Khon 1, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh: S tin bithng thit hi gm gi tr tn tht thc t, trc tip v khon li ng l chng m bn c quyn li b vi phm phi chu do bn vi phm hp ng gyra. S tin bi thng thit hi khng th cao hn gi tr tn tht v khon ling l c hng. Theo , s tin bi thng thit hi s bao gm haikhon:

Th nhtl bn vi phm phi bi thng gi tr tn tht thc t trc tip,tc l ch bi thng nhng thit hi vt cht trc tip v thc t ch khng phi

bi thng nhng thit hi tinh thn, gin tip, suy on. V d ngi bn xutkhu du th nhng cht lng km, do ngi mua phi ti ch li. Sau ngi mua tnh ton c cc thit hi nh sau:

1) Tin cng ti ch;

2) Tr gi hao ht;

3) Giao chm 30 ngy, gy thit hi cho ngi th ba m ngi mua phic trch nhim bi thng;

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4) Nh my khng c du sn xut, cng nhn ngh vic nhng vn phi tr lng;

5) Cng nhn nh cng do khng c vic nhng vn phi tr lng.

Trong 5 loi thit hi trn, bn vi phm ch phi bi thng 3 loi thit hi

u v y l nhng thit hi tn tht thc t, trc tip do chnh hnh vi vi phmhp ng ca th tri trc tip gy nn; cn loi thit hi sau (nh my khng cdu sn xut... , cng nhn nh cng... ) l nhng thit hi gin tip v vnguyn tc nh my phi lun c du d tr cho sn xut.

Bi thng gi tr tn tht thc t trc tip cng c ngha l khng bithng nhng thit hi xa xi, t xut m lc k kt hp ng cc bn khnglng trc c. Chng hn, ngi bn FOB mang hng ra cng giao cho

ngi mua, nhng ngi mua a tu n chm, ngi bn lu kho hng ha,sau khi b bo lt nn hng ha b h hng. y, chi ph lu kho l thit hi,ngi mua phi bi thng, cn thit hi hng ha do bo lt l thit hi xa xi,t xut m lc k kt hp ng hai bn khng lng trc c nn ngi muakhng phi bi thng.

Nguyn tc bi thng theo lut ca cc nc c s khc nhau. i vi ccnc c nn kinh t pht trin, lut php cho php i bi thng thit hi vtinh thn tc l nhng thit hi m ngi ta kh c th tnh ton c mt cch

vt cht, mang tnh v hnh nhiu hn, kh tnh ton bng con s tht m chtnh ton c mt cch tng i (do ta n quy nh). V d nh bn vi phmhp ng lm cho bn b vi phm mt uy tn kinh doanh nhng kh c th lngha c s mt uy tn kinh doanh ny s lm cho tri ch thit hi v mt vtcht l bao nhiu. Trong khi , i vi cc nc c nn kinh t ang pht trinm Vit Nam l mt v d, Lut thng mi quy nh bn b vi phm ch ci bi thng thit hi vt cht, l tn tht thc s c tnh ton bng nhngcon s.

Th hai, bn vi phm phi bi thng khon li ng l c hng mbn c quyn li b vi phm phi chu do bn vi phm hp ng gy ra. Chnghn, thng nhn A k hp ng mua go ca thng nhn B vi nh cungcp go phc v dp Tt c truyn. V vy, thi hn giao hng trong hp ngquy nh l vo thng 12/1998. Nhng B giao hng chm (1/1999). C hi bnhng i vi bn A khng cn na. Do , sau Tt A mi bn c hng. Mtkhc, gi trn th trng ti thi im A bn hng thc t v thi im bn hng

d kin gim xung t 4.900 ng/kg xung cn 4.500 ng/kg. Phn chnh

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ngy 6/9/1996, VEGETEXCO lm t khai hi quan tip nhn l hng v hiquan thnh ph cng lm th tc kin hng thng qua Tng cc o lngcht lng (Quatest 3). Kt qu gim nh cho bit biuret ca l hng trn l1,8% (trong khi hp ng quy nh l 1% v biuret ti a m k thut cho

php l di 1,5%). Nh vy tc l l hng khng m bo cht lng so vihp ng. Do , VEGETEXCO khng nhng phi lu gi l hng m cn bhi quan x pht hnh chnh v nhp hng khng t tiu chun, pht 18 triuVN v buc phi ti ch l hng trc khi phn phi. Hn na, kt qu gimnh tip tc ca Vinacontrol cho thy, hu ht khi lng ca cc bao di mctiu chun l 50 kg v khng ng nht, c bao chnh ti 9 kg. Nh vy, l hngtrn c v cht lng v khi lng u khng ng quy nh ca hp ng. V

vy, VEGETEXCO kin TICO ra trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam, ibi thng tng gi tr thit hi gm c li sut ng vn do phi gim nh, tich, bc d, ng gi l hng l 35.719,48 USD trong thi gian 30 ngy k tngy 23/10/1997 (l ngy trng ti ra phn quyt). Ngoi ra, trng ti cn tuyn

b TICO phi chu chi ph trng ti l 1.259,03 USD. Song n nay,VEGETEXCO vn cha c TICO bi thng vi l do pha Hn Quc cha

bi thng thit hi cho TICO.

T v vic nu trn, c th thy cho d c p dng cc hnh thc trch

nhim khi c vi phm hp ng, song nu bn vi phm c tnh khng thc hind l phn quyt ca trng ti i na th bn chu thit nhiu nht vn lnhng doanh nghip lm n lng thin.

4. Ch ti hy hp ng.

Hy hp ng l ch ti nng nht p dng cho vic viphm hp ng mua bn hng ha. Ch ti ny thng ch c p dng khi cc bn s dngnhng bin php khc song khng mang li kt qu. Lut php v bun bnngoi thng ca cc nc cha quy nh thng nht nhau trng hp vi phmno c quyn hy hp ng.

Theo lut mua bn nm 1893 ca Anh, mt bn c quyn hy hp ng khi bn kia vi phm iu khon ch yu ca hp ng. iu khon ch yu lnhng iu khon i vo gc r, i vo mc ch chnh ca hp ng. y lmt quy nh chung chung, cn c th iu khon no l ch yu cn ph thucvo cch xem xt ca cc bn, v quyt nh ca Ta n hoc trng ti. Theo

thc tin t php ca Anh, vi phm iu khon ch yu thng bao gm: vi

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phm thi hn giao hng, vi phm phm cht bn hng theo mu, vi phm phmcht khi mua bn hng theo mc ch s dng...

Theo lut ca Php, nu mt bn khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng

y hp ng th bn kia c quyn i h thc hin thc s hoc i hy hpng cng vi vic bi thng thit hi xy ra. Nhng khng phi bt k trnghp vi phm hp ng no cng dn n hy hp ng, m ch hy hp ngkhi c s vi phm nghim trng.

Nhn chung, theo lut ca cc nc TBCN, ch ti hy hp ng c pdng khi:

Vi phm thi gian giao hng;

Giao hng c phm cht qu km;Vi phm phm cht hng khi phm cht c quy nh theo mu;

Hng giao khng p ng c cng dng thng thng;

Hng thuc loi c bit v c mc ch chuyn dng nht nh nhnghng giao khng t c mc ch ...

Theo Cng c Vin 1980, vic hy hp ng c p dng khi khnggiao hng trong thi gian gia hn thm, khi khng tr tin hng trong thi gian gia hn thm, khi vi phm c bn hp ng.

cp n ch ti ny, iu 235, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh nhsau: Bn c quyn li b vi phm tuyn b hy hp ng nu vic vi phm ca

bn kia l iu kin hy hp ng m cc bn tha thun. Nh vy, Lutthng mi Vit Nam khng quy nh c th cc iu kin theo cc bn cc hy hp ng m theo Lut thng mi, c th hy hp ng, trc htcc bn phi tha thun trong hp ng. iu ny c ngha l Lut thng mi

ch tha nhn duy nht mt trng hp hy hp ng l khi cc bn c thathun sn rng vic vi phm s p dng ch ti hy hpng. Vic hy hpng do hai bn ty tha thun v lut khng quy nh cc trng hp hy. Dovy, nu cc bn khng c tha thun g v trng hp v no hy hp ng ththeo Lut thng mi Vit Nam l khng c hy hp ng.

Cc bn c th tha thun bng iu khon hp ng hoc bng vn bn bsung hp ng. Trn thc t, ch ti hy hp ng thng c p dng khi th

tri c s vi phm c bn cc ngha v ca hp ng:

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Ngi bn c tnh khng giao hng trong trng hp ngi mua giahn giao hng;

Ngi bn giao hng thiu khi ht thi gian gia hn cho vic giao

hng m s hng giao khng th a vo khai thc s dng c;Ngi bn giao hng km phm cht n mc hng ha giao khng

th p ng c mc ch s dng ca hp ng;

Ngi bn giao hng sai chng loi, sai mu m hp ng quy nh (nusai mu nh th c th p dng ch ti pht);

Ngi mua c tnh khng thanh ton, d ngi bn gia hn;

Ngi mua khng nhn hng trong thi gian gia hn thm.

Mun p dng ch ti ny, Bn hy hp ng phi thng bo ngay chobn kia bit v vic hy hp ng, nu khng thng bo ngay m gy thit hicho bn kia th bn hy hp ng phi bi thng. (iu 236, Lut thngmi) Trong lut php cc nc, y cng l mt iu kin bt buc: mun chti hy hp ng c gi tr php l th tri ch, ngi mun p dng ch ti ny

phi thng bo cho th tri bit v vic mnh hy hp ng.

Nh vy, mun p dng ch ti hy hp ng, bn b vi phm phi chng

minh vic vi phm hp ng ca bn kia thuc trng hp b hy (Theo LutThng mi l trng hp c quy nh trong hp ng.) v tin hnh githng bo quyt nh hy hp ng cho bn vi phm. Mc ch ca vic thng

bo ny chnh l cc bn thng lng, cho bn vi phm bit m tnh ton,d kin tn tht v c cch x l. Trn thc t, mt khi hai bn quy c vinhau s p dng ch ti hy hp ng trong trng hp vi phm c quynh trong hp ng th bn b vi phm c quyn tin hnh hy hp ng cnglc vi vic thng bo hy hp ng c gi ti bn kia. Cn nu khng cquy nh trong hp ng th bn b vi phm mun p dng ch ti ny phi cs ng ca bn vi phm. Thc t l khng c ngi vi phm no ng hyhp ng, k ckhi c tnh vi phm, v nu th c ngha l h t nhn mnh lc li v s gy hu qu ln. Do , h thng phn i hay im lng. V vy

phi c quyt nh ca trng ti, ta n nu v vic c a ra gii quyt ccc quan xt x. im ny cng l mt im khc bit ca Lut thng mi Vit

Nam so vi Cng c Vin 1980 v Cng c Vin theo quan im cho rng

hy hp ng l mt bin php bo h php l m bn b vi phm c quyn pdng bo v quyn li ca mnh khi quyn li b vi phm nghim trng.

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Do , s hy hp ng l ng nhin m khng cn ti s can thip ca tan hay trng ti v th tc ny thng rt rm r, phc tp v l mt s canthip khng cn thit vo quyn t do hp ng v thc cht, ta n cng ch xtxen n xin hy hp ng c hi t cc iu kin hy theo lut nh hay c

nh khng.

Thc tin hot ng kinh doanh cng cho thy c nhng trng hp khngcn phi thng bo cng khng cn quyt nh ca trng ti, ta n m vn hy.Sau y l mt v d minh chng cho iu . Ngi bn khng giao hng trongthi gian gia hn. Ngi mua in hy nhng ngi bn khng chu, vn tinhnh giao hng. Lc ny, ngi mua khng cn phi nhn hng m mi ph tnvn do ngi bn chu. Nu hp ng quy nh phng thc thanh ton bng tn

dng chng t th trong trng hp ny, ngi bn giao hng nhng vnkhng ly c tin hng do ngi mua khng tin hnh sa i thi hn hiulc ht ca L/C. Nh vy, ngi mua khng phi a v vic ra ta n mvn c hy. Nu hp ng quy nh pht 5% nu mt bn khng thc hinngha v hp ng, ngi mua vn c quyn quy kt ngi bn khng giao hng i pht 5%. Nu ngi bn khng chp nhn, ngi mua c quyn kin rata.

Vic p dng ch ti hy hp ng li cho cc bn nhng hu qu phpl nht nh. Theo iu 237, hu qu ca vic hy hp ng l:

Sau khi hy hp ng, cc bn khng phi tip tc thc hin cc nghav tha thun trong hp ng

Mi bn c quyn i li li ch do vic thc hin phn ngha v thathun trong hp ng; nu cc bn u c ngha v bi hon th ngha v ca h

phi c thc hin ng thi.

Bn b thit hi c quyn i bn kia bi thng.Quy nh khng phi tip tc thc hin cc ngha v tha thun c

ngha l nu cc bn cha thc hin hp ng th khng thc hin na, nu angtin hnh th phi ngng li, nu thc hin xong th thi. Cn trng hp hai

bn nhn c quyn li ca nhau th phi hon tr song song bng hin vt(tr li hng) hoc bng tin, v d ngi bn tr li tin cho ngi mua, ngimua tr li hng cho ngi bn, mi chi ph lin quan do th tri gnh chu. Michi ph, thit hi v cc ph tn, tn tht pht sinh do vic p dng ch ti hyhp ng gy ra u do th tri, ngi vi phm c bn ca hp ng phi gnh

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chu. Thc t cc nc pht trin nh ng Nam cho thy vic bi honngha v phi c thc hin ng thi l rt kh khn (do thng ch c mt

bn tr, bn phi tr sau thng khng tr na) nn bo v quyn li camnh, cc bn hay p dng bin php bo lnh l thng qua ngi th ba,

thng l ngn hng. V d nh ngi bn gi tin vo ti khon phong ta cangn hng, khi ngi mua bc hng ln tu, xut trnh chng t th c lytin.

Vichy hp ng khng c ngha l hai bn c th tr li trng thi banu nh khi cha k hp ng. V mt php l th c th coi cc bn ng skhng cn ngha v g vi nhau, do tr li trng thi ban u. Song nu cvi phm hp ng hoc mt bn gp bt kh khng dn n hp ng b hy th

t nht mt bn ca hp ng chu thit hi hay phi bi thng thit hicho bn kia th khng th coi l vn trng thi ban u c.

Trn thc t, vic hy hp ng cn dn n mt hu qu na l gy smt tn nhim i vi nhau, nh hng n quan h lm n sau ny l iu mkhng bn no mun. Trch nhim do hy hp ng cng thng ln hn thithi thng thng, gm: lm gim ti sn, chi ph phi chi thm, li mt hng,chi ph chi ra cho n lc vi phm nhng khng t c mc ch ca hp

ng (chi ph giao dch, m phn, ri chi ph m L/C cng vi li ca s tink qu...)

Ch ti hy hp ng c th c p dng ng thi hay kt hp vi ccch ti khc nh: pht, bi thng, pht v bi thng v thng ch p dngkhi cc bn khng th p dng cc ch ti khc. Do , cc bn khi tha thunp dng ch ti hy hp ng phi cn nhc k trnh thit hi nhiu.

5. Mi quan h gia cc ch ti theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam.

Vic la chn hnh thc trch nhim l khi c vi phm hp ng l do bnb vi phm n nh hoc do cc bn tha thun sn trong hp ng. Cc chti thng mi ny c bn b vi phm trc tip p dng i vi bn kia hocthng qua c quan nh nc c thm quyn (np n khi kin ti ta n haytrng ti). Khi la chn p dng cc hnh thc trch nhim, cc bn c lin quancn tm hiu k mi quan h gia cc ch ti v tnh ton k sao cho gimthiu thit hi pht sinh nhm m bo quyn li chnh ng ca mnh. Mt chti thng mi c th c p dng song song vi mt ch ti khc i vi cng

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mt vi phm, song cng c th ch c php la chn gia hai ch trchnhim.

* V mi quan h gia ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng v cc loi

ch ti khc.

Theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam th nu khng c tha thun trc, trongthi gian p dng ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng, Khon 1, iu 225Lut thng mi quy nh: bn c quyn li b vi phm khng c p dngcc ch ti pht vi phm, bi thng thit hi hoc hy hp ng. Theo tinhthn ca lut ny th vi phm c p dng ch ti buc thc hin nghp ng th cc bn khng th vin mt l do no khc tip tc bt bn kia

phi bi thng thit hi hay np pht cho chnh vi phm c gii quyt

xong. V d nh khng th bt bn bn khi giao hng km phm cht phi nppht 5% tr gi l hng , ngoi ra phi tin hnh sa cha khuyt tt hay thayth hng. Cn trong trng hp bn vi phm khng thc hin ch ti buc thchin ng hp ng trong thi hn n nh, Khon 2, iu 225 ca Lut thngmi Vit Nam quy nh tip: bn c quyn li b vi phm c p dng cc chti khc bo v quyn li chnh ng ca mnh. iu ny c ngha l ch khi

bn kia tuyn b hoc thng bo rng anh ta s khng thc hin yu cu m bn

b vi phm xut, bn b vi phm mi c em cc hnh thc trch nhimkhc ra p dng. Quy nh ny trong Lut thng mi Vit Nam c phn cngnhc so vi Cng c Vin 1980 v Cng c cho php bn bvi phm hpng vn c quyn i bi thng thit hi trong khi p dng ch ti bucthc hin ngha v. Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng khng quy nh cc bn cth p dng ch ti pht v bi thng thit hi cho nhng vi phm tip theo saukhi p dng ch ti thc buc thc hin ng hp ng.

* V quan h gia ch ti pht vi phm hp ng v ch ti i bi thng

thit hi

iu 234, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh: Trong trng hp cc bnkhng c tha thun khc th bn c quyn li b vi phm c la chn mttrong hai ch ti l pht vi phm hoc buc bi thng thit hi i vi cngmt vi phm. Nh vy, Lut thng mi Vit Nam theo quan im rng hai chti bi thng thit hi v pht vi phm v bn cht c nhiu im tng ng:

pht vi phm c coi l bi thng thit hi c tnh, cn bi thng thit hi

phi da trn thit hi thc t ca bn vi phm. Do , nu i tin pht (bithng thit hi c tnh) th khng c i bi thng thit hi thc t na.

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V d nh hpng quy nh nu ngi bn khng giao hng th phi np pht7% tr gi l hng nhng vic ngi bn khng giao hng trn thc t lmcho ngi mua thit hi vt qu mc pht quy c trn th ngi c quyn lachn p dng ch ti i bi thng thit hi. Lut thng mi Vit Nam ch

cho php p dng c hai ch ti trn nu trong hp ng cc bn c tha thunvi nhau: ngi bn phi np pht 7% tr gi l hng nu khng giao hng,ngoi ra cn phi bi thng thit hi cho ngi mua. Trong khi , lut mts nc cng nh Cng c Vin li tha nhn cc bin php bo h php l mc hai bn tha thun trong hp ng v mi trng hp vi phm hp nggy thit hi cho bn kia th bn b vi phm c quyn s dng ch ti bi thngthit hid hp ng c quy nh hay khng. V d nh hp ng ch ghi pht

5% nu chm giao hng 10 ngy th ngi mua khng ch c i tin phtkhi ngi bn chm giao hng m cn c i bi thng thit hi.

*i vi ch ti hy hp ngth bn c quyn li b vi phm c quyn pdng cc hnh thc trch nhim khc bo v quyn li ca mnh (iu 237,Lut thng mi).

Tm li, mc d c vn dng trong nhng tnh hung vi phm khcnhau, cc hnh thc trch nhim li c quan h mt thit b sung cho nhau, thm

ch khng tch ri nhau. Ci kh l phi bit kt hp cc ch ti ny giiquyt vn khi c vi phm hp ng mt cch hp l nht nhm bo v quynli chnh ng ca bn b vi phm.

III. Cc trng hp min trch do vi phm hp ng trong hot ng muabn hng ha ca th tri.

Trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng mua bn, nu mt bn vi phm hpng tc l thc hin khng ng, khng y ngha v c quy nh gia

hai bn trong hp ng th phi chu trch nhim trc bn kia.Ty mc viphm m cc ch ti trong Mc II c th c p dng. Tuy nhin, bn vi phmhp ng c th c min trch nhim trc bn kia nu h chng minh cvi phm thuc cn c min trch (cn c min trch do hp ng hay lutlin quan c quy nh m khi gp phi dn ti vi phm th khng phi chu trchnhim).

Theo quy nh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997 th c hai trng

hp min trch.

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1. Min trch khi gp cc trng hp c tha thun trong hp ng.

Theo , cc bn c min trch nhim v vic khng thc hin mtphn hay ton b ngha v hp ng nu trong hp ng c tha thun v cc

trng hp min trch nhim . (iu 77, Khon 1, Lut thng mi) Quynh ny c ngha l nu vic vi phm hp ng ca mt bn ri vo cc trnghp min trch quy nh trong hp ng th bn c min trch nhim.

2. Min trch khi gp bt kh khng.

Cc bn c min trch nhim v vic khng thc hin mt phn hayton b ngha v hp ng nu vic khng thc hin ny do trng hp bt khkhng gy ra. (iu 77, Khon2, Lut thng mi).

Theo Cng c quc t v lut ca cc nc v hp ng mua bn hngha th sau khi k hp ng, nu mt bn khng thc hin mt phn hay ton bhp ng v gp bt kh khng th khng chu trch nhim trc bn kia, tc lc min trch. Trng hp bt kh khng l cn c min trch nhim do vi

phm ngha v hp ng thng c quy nh ph bin trong cc hp ngmua bn, c bit l hp ng mua bn vi cc thng nhn nc ngoi. Tuyvy, khng c nh ngha thng nht v bt kh khng v cng khng c luthay bt k ti liu no lit k ht cc trng hp, cc s kin c cng nhn l

bt kh khng. Tuy nhin, xc nh mt s kin no l bt kh khng, ngita cng a ra mt s tiu chun nht nh. Theo Lut dn s Vit Nam, bt khkhng l hin tng khch quan m cc bn khng d kin hoc khc phcc. Cn theo iu 77, Khon 2 ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam th quy nh:Trng hp bt kh khngl trng hp xy ra sau khi k kt hp ng, donhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng xy ra m cc bn khng th lng trcc v khng th khc phc c. T quy nh trn, ta c th thy bt kh

khng phi l mt hin tng khch quan do nhng s kin c tnh cht btthng xy ra m cc bn khng th lng trc c, tc l ngoi ch, don ca cc bn ng s. Yu t l tr ca bt k bn ng s no cngkhng c ngha g i vi hin tng khch quan. Cn thi im m cc bnkhng lng trc c l vo lc k hp ng. iu ny c ngha l vo lc khp ng, cc bn khng d kin, khng lng trc c hin tng khchquan s xy ra d p dng mi bin php v trnh khoa hc k thut snc, nhng sau khi k hp ng, hin tng khch quan mi pht sinh. Nh vy,

p ng c iu kin khng th lng trc th hin tng khch quan

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s khc bit. Cc nc t bn ch ngha th cho rng: khi gp bt kh khng mkhng thng bo hoc thng bo chm th c ngha l khng c bt kh khng,do sau ny khng c vn dng bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhimv vi phm ngha v thng bo, tc l khng c min trch nhim. Cn

theo lut ca cc nc XHCN nh quy nh trn ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam,khi gp bt kh khng m khng thng bo hoc thng bo chm th sau ny vnc vn dng bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim, nhng phi bithng thit hi pht sinh do vic khng thng bo hay thng bo chm gy ra.R rng l cch quy nh ny hp l hn v n ph hp vi nguyn tc vi phmngha v no th chu trch nhim v vic vi phm . Ngi vi phm ngha vhp ng (khng giao hng hoc giao hng chm...) do gp bt kh khng th

c min trch nhim, cn vi phm ngha v thng bo v bt kh khng thphi chu trch nhim bi thng cc thit hi do vic vi phm ny gy ra. Hnna, nu ch do s sut khng thng bo hoc thng bo chm v bt kh khngm phi np pht hoc bi thng thit hi do vic vi phm hp ng th trchnhim ny qu nng so vi vi phm ngha v thng bo.

Cn thit hi do vic vi phm ngha v thng bo v bt kh khng gy ral nhng chi ph phi chi cho vic xc minh v bt kh khng. V d, do khngthng bo v bt kh khng, sau mi trnh by l gp bt kh khng

c min trch nhim nhng bn b vi phm khng tin phi bay sang nc xyra bt kh khng xc minh, hoc nh cung cp thng tin v bt kh khng xc minh l c tht th chi ph i li, n hoc chi ph mua thng tin c coi lthit hi do vi phm ngha v thng bo gy ra. Ngoi ra, thit hi do vi phmngha v thng bo v bt kh khng gy ra cn gm c tin pht hoc tin thithi m bn b vi phm phi np cho ngi th ba v khng c thng bo hocthng bo chm v bt kh khng. V d, ngi nhp khu k hp ng mua

hng ca ngi xut khu ngy ngy 25/7/1996, giao hng thng 8/1996, songvo thng 8/1996 li xy ra bt kh khng nc ngi xut khu nhng ngixut khu khng thng bo g cho ngi nhp khu bit. Ngy 4/9/1996, nginhp khu k hp ng bn l hng nhp khu ny cho ngi th ba. V bt khkhng xy ra nn ngi xut khu khng giao c hng cho ngi nhp khunn ngi nhp khu cng khng giao c hng cho ngi th ba, ngi th

ba i ngi nhp khu phi bi thng thit hi pht sinh do vic khng giaohng gy ra. Ngi nhp khu vin l do l ngi xut khu bn hng cho mnh

gp bt kh khng c min trch nhim nn ngi nhp khu cng phi cmin trch trc ngi th ba. Nhng ngi th ba chng minh c rng bt

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kh khng do ngi xut khu gp phi xy ratrc khi ngi nhp khu khp ng bn hng cho ngi th ba, cho nn ngi nhp khu lng trcc hoc cn phi lng trc c, v vy ngi nhp khu phi bi thngthit hi, cn vic c i ngi xut khu chu trch nhim v vic khn g thng

bo bt kh khng hay khng l vic ca ngi nhp khu. Sau khi bithng thit hi cho ngi th ba do khng giao hng, ngi nhp khu ingi xut khu bi thng thit hi do vic ngi xut khu khng thng bo

bt kh khng gy ra, baogm chi ph xc minh bt kh khng v khon tinthit hi m ngi nhp khu phi bi thng cho ngi th ba, bi v nu cthng bo v bt kh khng xy ravo thng 8/1996 mt cch kp thi th nginhp khu khng k hp ng vo ngy 4/9/1996 bn l hng nhp khu

cho ngi th ba v do khng phi bi thng thit hi.Cui cng, chng minh bt kh khng xy ra, Khon 2, iu 78, Lut

thng mi Vit Nam cng quy nh: Cc trng hp bt kh khng phi cc quan, t chc c thm quyn xc nhn.

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Phn III

Hn ch ca cc quy nh v ch trch nhim do vi phm hpng mua bn theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Kin ngh v gii

php

Lut thng mi Vit Nam ra i mun hn Cng c Vin 17 nm v do, cn rt mi m i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. c bit, do thi quenp dng php lnh v hp ng kinh t 1989 vo hp ng mua bn, nht l cc

hp ng mua bn ngoi thng nn cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vn cha thtquan tm ng mc ti o lut ny. Mt khc, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cngc hiu lc cha lu, nhng quy nh mi ca ngun lut ny cha c thc tkim nghim nhiu so vi cc vn bn lut kinh t khc.

Trong vi nm gn y, Vit Nam c nhng tin b ng k trong vicm rng quan h bun bn vi cc nc pht trin, c bit l vi cc ncthuc khi EU, Nht Bn v M... l nhng nc hin nay tham gia vo

Cng c Vin 1980, song do cha mnh dn p dng iu c quc t ny nnchng ta thng b buc phi p dng lut nc i tc hay lut ca nc th

ba. Cn Lut thng mi ca Vit Nam do thi gian xut hin cha lu nn phanc ngoi khng mun p dng theo. iu ny gy tr ngi cho cc doanhnghip Vit Nam v khng phi ngun lut no cng ph hp vi quy nh ca

php lut Vit Nam v d p dng. Hn na, thc tin thng mi quc t cngcho thy cc bn tham gia m phn k kt hp ng thng chn lut ca ccnc c nn ngoi thng pht trin nh lut Anh-M, lut ca Php, c...

Khng ch bi thi gian ra i cn ngn ngi, mt l do na chnh l bi thctin p dng Lut thng mi Vit Nam xut hin nhng hn ch, bt cpnht nh v trong phm vi tiu lun ny, ch xin bn n nhng hn ch, bt cpt nhng quy nh v ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng.

I. Nhng hn ch ca cc quy nh v ch ti thng mi theo Lut thngmi Vit Nam. Kin ngh v gii php.

Nh phn trn ni, m bo quyn li cho bn b vi phm, ng thikhuyn khch cc bn thc hin ng cc ngha v quy nh trong hp ng

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mua bn, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh bn loi ch ti p dng cho viphm hp ng:

Buc thc hin ng hp ng;

Pht vi phm;

Bi thng thit hi;

Hy hp ng.

C th thy l Lut thng mi Vit Nam mi ch a ra nhng nguyn tcchung nht iu chnh quan h mua bn m cha c nhng ch nh c th phhp vi xu th giao thong quc t. Cc ch ti m o lut ny a ra v bncht cng ging vi nhng quy nh trong Cng c Vin 1980, song vic p

dng li ni ln nhiu bt cp cn bn.

1. V mi quan h gia ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng v cc chti khc.

Nh trn ni, Lut thng mi Vit Nam khng cho php bn c quynli b vi phm trong thi gian p dng ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ngc p dng cc ch ti khc: pht vi phm, bi thng thit hi hoc hy hpng tr khi c tha thun khc.

Cng quy nh v cc hnh thc trch nhim p dng khi vi phm hp,Cng c Vin 1980 s dng khi nim: cc bin php bo h php l. Khimt bn vi phm hp ng, bn kia c quyn p dng cc bin php bo hphp l sau:

Thc hin thc s v gim gi hng;

Bi thng thit hi;

Hy hp ng.

V mi quan h gia cc bin php ny, iu 45, Khon 2 trong Cng cVin 1980 quy nh: ngi mua khng mt quyn i bi thng thit hi khih s dng quyn dng mt bin php bo h php l khc. Ni cch khc,ngi mua c quyn p dng ch ti bi thng thit hi ng thi vi cc chti khc l thc hin thc s hay l buc thc hin ng hp ng hoc hy hpng.

Cn theo quy nh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam th v hnh chung tc i quyn li chnh ng ca bn vi phm khi khng cho h p dng cc ch

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ti khc trong lc p dng hnh thc buc thc hin ng hp ng. V d trongtrng hp ngi bn giao hng km phm cht (vi phm th nht) v ngimua yu cu ngi bn sa cha khc phc khim khuytca l hng trong thigian 20 ngy b sung. Trong thi gian , theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam th

ngi mua khng c quyn p dng cc ch ti no khc. Song do ngi bngiao hng km phm cht lm chm thi gian s dng hng ha ca ngi mua(vi phm th hai). Khi , ngi mua phi c quyn p dng ch ti pht hayi bi thng thit hi i vi vi phm ca ngi bn. Bi v buc thc hinng hp ng mi ch l mt ch ti m bn b vi phm cng ch bn kiahon thnh ngha v ca anh ta nh tha thun trc, cn hnh vi vi phm ydn ti nhng thit hi cho bn b vi phm th khng th c min trch nhim.

Bi thng l b p v mt vt cht cho bn b vi phm, cn pht l ngoivic bi thng cc khon thit hi c tnh cn c ngha gio dc, trng phtbn kia.

Nh vy l quy nh v vic p dng hai ch ti buc thc hin ng hpng v cc ch ti khc trong Lut thng mi Vit Nam l khc so vi Cngc Vin 1980. Vy quy nh no ph hp vi thc t hn ? Trong thc tthng mi, khi p dng ch ti thc hin thc s th lun i km vi pht hoc

bi thng thit hi. Vi phm sau y s minh chng cho iu y.

Ngy 13/3/1996, gia nguyn n v b n k hp ng s TT-120896v ngy 18/8/1996 k tip ph kin hp ng s TT-120898, theo , nguyn

n mua ca b n 1.300 MT phn Urea 5%, thanh ton bng L/C tr chm330 ngy k t ngy giao hng.

Ngy 6/9/1996, hng v n cng Si Gn, qua gim nh biuret caUrea khng t tiu chun quy nh trong hp ng. Do , ngy 22/10/1996,nguyn n v b n k bin bn tha thun, theo , b n ng h tr

cho nguyn n 11.700USD. Nhng thc t, b n ch mi tr 8.669,82 USD,cn thiu 3030,18 USD. Mt khc, b n giao cc bao Urea c hng bn trongng cng hoc vn cc tng phn, trng lng bnh qun mi bao khng thngnht vi nhau (theo giy chng nhn gim nh s 61345 G6 ngy 19/11/1996ca Vinacontrol). V vy, nguyn n buc phi chuyn hng v kho thu tich, thay th bao b, nggi li. T , nguyn n cho rng b n giaohng km cht lng gy thit hi cho nguyn n, v nguyn n i b n

bi thng cc thit hi sau:S tin h tr cho buret khng t cn thiu: 3.030,18 USD.

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Chi ph ti ch, thay th bao bgm:

A. Chi ph gim nh: 13.304.880 VND.

B. Chi ph bo qun ch ng gi li t 1/10/1996 n 15/1/1997 l

46.019.400 VND.

C. Chi ph bc xp 14.463.240 VND gm:

+ Bc nhp kho: 7.889.040 VND

+ Bc xut kho: 6.574.200 VND.

D. Chi ph vn chuyn hng t cng Bn Ngh v cng Rau qu (66container): 33.000.000 VND.

E. Chi ph ti ch, ng gi li l hng: 173.128.150 VND gm:+ Chi ph gia cng ng gi li: 86.319.250 VND

+ Ph bc xp nhp ti ch: 2.021.100 VND

+ Phtrung chuyn phc v ng gi: 2.694.800 VND

+ Chi ph mua bao b mi: 27.080 b 3.100 VND/1 b tr tinbn bao b c (1.855.000 VND): 82.093.000 VND.

F. Cng chi ph A+B+C+D=276.915.670 VND.G. Li gm:

+ Li ng vn nhp khu 3 thng k t ngy 22/10/1996 n ngy

17/1/1997: 314.099,43 USD 1,25%/thng 3 thng = 11.799 USD

+ Li ng vn ca cc chi ph b ra (A+B+C+D): 276.915.150

VND 1,25%/thng 6 thng = 20.768.675 VND.

Cng F+G=11.779 USD + 297.684.345 VND = 11.779 USD + 25.552USD = 37.331 USD ( 1 USD = 11.650 VND)

Trong bin bn bin minh ngy 29/8/1997, b n trnh by nh sau. B nchp nhn cch tnh v mc tnh v mc thit hi do nguyn n nu ra trcc trng hp sau:

Mt l mc B, b n khng ng thi gian lu kho l 3 thng ri mch chp nh l 2 thng ri k t ngy 29/10/1996 (theo hp ng thu kho)n ngy 14/1/1997:

1.314,84 tn 10.000 VND /tn/thng 2,5 thng = 32.871.000 VND

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Th hai, b n khng tha nhn thit hi ca mc C v mc D v theo hpng ngoi thng v thc tin trng ti Vit Nam, ngi mua phi lo v chucc chi ph bc xp ti kho. L hng ny tuy c vn pht sinh nhng cng chc mt t bc xp ti cng, vn chuyn v kho v bc xp ti kho nh cc lhng khc.

Th ba, v chi ph mua bao b mi trong mc E, b n ch tha nhn26.500 bao tr gi 82.150.000 VND theo hp ng mua bao b v phiu chi.

Th t, li ng vn nhp khu trong mc G, b n ngh mc li suthp l l 1,124 %/thng v s tin hng nhp khu nguyn n tr theo phngthc L/C tr chm 330 ngy, (11 thng) chnh lch gia n gi bn tr chm v

n gi bn tr ngay l 24,475 USD (231,50 USD 206,025 USD).

Sau khi xem xt v vic, y ban trng ti phn tch s vic nh sau:

Th nht, v giao hng c biuret khng t tiu chun do hp ng quynh v b n cam kt h tr cho nguyn n 11.700 USD theo bin bntha thun ngy 22/10/1996 nhng cn thiu 3.030,18 USD. Do , b n phic trch nhim tr tin cho nguynn s tin ny (1)

Th hai, v cc chi ph ti ch, ng gi li v cc chi ph lin quan khc.

Thc t b n giao cc bao urea bn trong c vn cc hay ng cng, trnglng cc bao khng ng u, cho nn nguyn n phi ti ch ng gi li. Vvy,b on phi bi thng cho nguyn n cc chi ph pht sinh trc tip tvic ti ch ng gi li l hng, c th gm:

A. Chi ph gim nh: 13.304.880 VND.

B. Chi ph lu kho ng gi li hng ch c tnh cn c vo hpng thu kho v phiu chi tin thu kho, tc t 29/10/1996 n 15/1/1997 (2

thng ri) l: 1.314,84 tn 10.000 VND/tn/thng

2,5 thng = 32.871.000VND.

C. Ph bc nhp hng vo kho ti ch, ng gi li l hng l 7.889.040 VND.

Ph bc xut hng t kho cng k c khi khng phi ti ch, ng gi lihng th nguyn n vn phi chi, v nguyn n phi bc hng t kho vnchuyn giao cho ngi mua li hoc ch v kho ca mnh. Do , nguyn nkhng c quyn i bi thng chiph ny. Chi ph vn chuyn hng t cngBn Ngh v cng Rau qu khng phi l thit hi trc tip do phi ti ch, nggi li hng, bi v nu khng phi ti ch, ng gi li hng th nguyn n vn

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-Ngi bn cam kt h tr cho ngi mua 11.700 USD do hng giao c biuret khong t tiu chun tha thun trong hp ng.

-Ngi bn phi tr cho ngi mua cc chi ph m ngi mua b ra

t sa cha, khc phc khuyt tt ca hng ha. Theo iu 223, Khon 4, Lutthng mi, bn vi phm s ch c ngha v thanh ton cc chi ph thc t hpl, trong trng hp ny l chi ph lu kho (trong 2,5 thng), ph bc nhp hngvo kho ti ch, ng gi li hng.

* Bi thng thit hi th hin ch:

-Ngi bn phi tr cho ngi mua li ng vn nhp khu trong thi gianch ng gi li do cha th a hng vo tiu th trong khong thi gian ny.

-Ngi bn phi tr chi ph gim nh (v nu ngi bn giao hng phhp th khng pht sinh khon chi ph ny) v li ng vn ca khon tin gimnh, thu kho, mua bao b, ng gi li.

2. V ch ti pht vi phm

Pht vi phm c coi l mt trong nhng ch ti c p dng ph bintrong quan h hp ng. Nu Cng c Vin khng cp g n bin php boh php l ny th Lut thng mi Vit Nam li a ra nhng quy nh tng

i c th v pht vi phm. Theo Lut thng mi, c im ca ch ti ny lbn vi phm phi tr cho bn c quyn li b vi phm mt khon tin pht nhtnh do hnh vi vi phm hp ng ca mnh khng ph thuc vic bn b vi

phm c thit hi thc t hay khng. Pht vi phm s c p dng nu tronghp ng c tha thun hoc php lut c quy nh (iu 226, Lut thngmi). Tuy nhin, Lut thng mi khng c quy nh v trng hp c th nos p dng ch ti pht. Theo iu 228, Lut thng mi, cc bn c t dotha thun v mc pht cho cc vi phm song tng mc pht khng c vtqu 8% tr gi phn ngha v b vi phm. Trn thc t, khi mt bn vi phm hpng (v d ngi bn khng giao hng) c th xy ra 3 kh nng:

Th nht, trong hp ng k kt gia hai bn c tha thun p dng phtvi phm cho vi phm ny v mc pht do hai bn tha thun l 7% tr gi hngkhng giao. Trong trng hp ny, quy nh ca hp ng hon ton ph hpvi Lt thng mi (c tha thun v trng hp p dng pht v mc phtkhng qu 8% tr gi phn ngha v vi phm). Do , vic p dng ch ti ny l

hon ton khng c g vng mc.

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Th hai, trong hp ng c tha thun tng t trng hp trn song liquy nh mc pht l 10% tr gi hng khng giao. Mc 10% do hai bn thathun li vt qu quy nh ca Lut thng mi l 8%, do vy trng hp nys c gii quyt nh th no?

Th ba, ngi bn vi phm khng giao hng song hp ng khng ctha thun p dng pht vi phm cho trng hp ny. Mt khc, Lut thngmi khng c quy nh p dng ch ti pht cho trng hp ny. V vy skhng th p dng ch ti pht.

Nh vy, vic quy nh mc pht ti a 8% tng tr gi hng b vi phmhp ng i khi lm cho vai tr ca ch ti ny trong hp ng b gim i ngk bi v hp ng hnh thnh trn c s tha thun gia cc bn, v nu c

lp mt cch hp php th php lut bo v quyn li v ngha v ca cc bnxut pht t hp ng y. Th nhng, nu iu khon pht quy nh trong hpng a ra mc pht % cao hn quy nh ca php lut th mc % pht tronghp ng li khng c thc hin m phi iu chnh xung cho ph hp vinhng quy nh ca php lut. iu ny lm cho ch ti pht ca hp ng bmt tc dng. Mc d vic quy nh gii hn ti a i tin pht s gp phn hnch vic lm dng ch ti ny song v hnh chung lut li khng tn trng tha

thun ccbn trong hp ng. y cng l mt c im m Lut thng miVit Nam cn lu .

Qua , c th thy khi trin khai p dng quy nh ca Lut thng mi vpht vi phm s ny sinh nhng vng mc trong thc t. Trong khi , ti iu13 Ngh nh s 17HBT ngy 16/1/1990 quy nh chi tit thi hnh Php lnhhp ng kinh t ngy 25/9/1989 c quy nh khung pht c th i vi tngloi vi phm:

- Vi phm cht lng;

- Vi phm thi hn thc hin hp ng, hon ton khng thc hin hpng;

- Vi phm ngha v khng hon thnh sn phm hng ha, cng vic mtcch ng b;

- Vi phm ngha v tip nhn sn phm, hng ha, cng vic hon thnhng hp ng;

- Vi phm ngha v thanh ton.

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ng k v bn bn tnhton rng vic vi phm hp ng s phi bi thngthit hi cho bn kia, song khon tin li thu c vn nhiu hn th v khon litrc mt, h s vi phm hp ng. Khi , bn mua nh phi chp nhn khontin bi thng thit hi m khng th i bn kia tin pht do khng thc hin

ngha v hp ng. Trong nhng trng hp ny, ch ti thng mi ch phthuy c vai tr b p tn tht cho bn b vi phm m thi.

Cn Cng c Vin 1980 li tha nhn quyn i bi thng thit hing nhin cabn b vi phm m bn b vi phm vn c php s dng cc

bin php bo h php l khc. Quy nh ny ca Cng c Vin tuy cha cth song li khi qut c nhiu trng hp v do cc bn c th dn chiuvo hp ng mt cch linh hot hn.

T nhng hn ch trn, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cn nu c th hn naliu bn b vi phm hp ng sau khi p dng cc bin php hn ch tntht (do li ca bn kia gy ra) th c c i li cc chi ph pht sinh khngv phi c p dng ng thi c hai ch ti bi thng thit hi v bi thngthit hi v pht vi phm. Nu khng quy nh r rng, cc bn ng s thchin hp ng theo ngun lut ny c th s c nhng bt ng kin thm chdn n tranh chp.

4. V ch ti hy hp ng.

Trong ch ti ny, Lut thng mi ch cho php cc bn p dng hy khivi phm ca bn kia l iu kin hy hp ng m hai bn tha thuntrc c ngha l bn b vi phm s khng c s dng ch ti ny nu khng quy nh trong hp ng. Quy nh ny s gy cn tr cho pha b vi

phm v i khi cc bn k hp ng mt cch vi v nhm chp thi c nnkhng quy nh mt cch y c th cc ch ti vo trong hp ng c.

Khi khng quy nh trng hp no hy hp ng, trng hp no c itin pht m trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, mt bn b vi phm ngha vnghim trng song bn kia theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam li khng th pdng hnh thc trch nhim ny th vic tip tc duy tr thc hin hp ng chgy bt li cho bn b vi phm, thm ch c th to c hi cho bn kia gian lntrong thng mi. Cn Cng c Vin 1980 li cho rng mt bn khi xt thy

bn kia khng c kh nng thc hin hp ng hoc s khng thc hin nghp ng th c quyn tuyn b chm dt hp ng cho d hai bn cha thc

hin ngha v g. Hn na, ngay c khi khng tha thun trc trong hp ng

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th cc bn vn c quyn tuyn b hy hp ng nu bn kia vi phm nghimtrng nhng iu khon c bn ca hp ng. Quy nh ny s pht huy cvai tr ca ch ti hy hp ng v a ch ti ny tr thnh mt v kh bo vquyn li cho bn b vi phm hp ng.

Thc t cng cho thy hy hp ng thng ch c p dng khi mtbn vi phm nghim trng hp ng gy nh hng ti bn kia.

Vd 1: Ngi mua vi phm hp ng-c th l khng m L/C.

Ngy 30/2/1996, mt cng ty Vit Nam (gi l bn A) v mt cng ty ncngoi (gi l bn B) k hp ng mua bn s JFT/HNT/96/06, theo , bn B

bn cho bn A 11.500 MT xi mng Trung Quc vi gi 57,50 USD/MT CFR

Nng thanh ton bng th tn dng khng hy ngang bng 100% tr gi han, tr chm 360 ngy k t ngy k vn n. Th tn dng (L/C) phi cm chm ngy 8/4/1996 ti Ngn hng Nng nghip Vit Nam ti Ngn hngthng bo l Banque Nationale de Paris 20 Collyer Quay Tung Centre,

Singapore 0104.

Thc hin hp ng, B giao 11.546 MT xi mng ln tu Mukachevo,vn n s 96 LX322 k ngy 30/3/1996. Tu n cng Nng ngy5/4/1996 nhng A cha m L/C nn vic d hng khng th thc hin c. B

gic A m L/C nhiu ln nhng n ngy 19/4/1996, A vn cha m L/C.

V d 2: Ngi bn vi phm hp ng c th l khng giao hng.

Ngy 20/9/1995, mt cng ty Vit Nam k hp ng mua bn vi ngibn nc ngoi theo ngi bn phi giao hng cho ngi mua trong thng12/1995, thanh ton bng tn dng th khng hy ngang c m trc ngy30/9/1995. Ngy 28/9/1995, ngi mua m L/C cho ngi bn hng v thcgic ngi bn giao hng. Ngi bn vi ln cam kt s giao hng song n

ht thng 5/1996 m hng vn cha c giao.

Trong hai v d trn y, mt bn vi phm nghim trng hp ng gy thithi cho bn kia v hp ng khng th v khng cn phi tip tc c thchin nu bn vi phm vn khng thc hin ngha v ca mnh. Tuy nhin, tronghai trng hp trn, nu cc bn khng tha thun trong hp ng rng trnghp ny s c php hy hp ng th theo quy nh ca Lut thng mi Vit

Nam, ch ti ny khng th c p dng cho d bn b vi phm b thit hi

nghim trng v quyn li cng khng c m bo nu ngi tip tc thc

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hin hp ng. Quy nh ca Lut thng mi v vy l cha cht ch v cham bo c quyn li ca cc bn trong quan h mua bn.

Vic hy hp ng li cho cc bn nhng hu qu php l nht nh.

Lut thng mi cp nhng hu qu ny ti iu 237, trong c Khon 3nh sau: Bn b thit hi c quyn i bn kia bi thng. iu ny c hontan ph hp vi thc t khng? Chng hn trong v d 1 trn y, A khng mL/C nn B khng th giao hng. Nu trong hp ng c quy nh trng hpny c php p dng ch ti hy hp ng th hp ng c hy v licho cc bn hu qu php l nh quy nh ti iu 237 Lut thng mi (trong c Khon 3 nu trn). B b thit hi do giao hng ln tu, B thc hin ngngha v ca mnh nhng A khng thc hin ngha v thanh ton, c th l

khng m L/C. Do , B hon ton c quyn i A bi thng. Tuy nhin, mcd A vi phm, dn n hy hp ng nhng iu khng c ngha l Akhng th b thit hi. V d A c k kt hp ng bn l hng ni trn chokhch hng trong nc, v hp ng b hy A khng c hng giao v phi chutrch nhim vt cht trc khch hng ca mnh tc l A cng b thit hi. Chiutheo iu 237, Khon 3 ni trn th A cng c quyn i B bi thng. iuny hon ton khng hp l. y cng l mt sai st nh ca Lut thng miVit Nam 1997 v trnh trng hp cc bn vi phm ngha v tranh ci, li

dng k h ca php lut m gy kh d cho bn b vi phm, Lut thng minn ghi c th: Bn b vi phm chu thit hi c quyn i bn kia bi thng.

cp n hu qu php l khi hy b hp ng, iu 419, Khon 4 LutDn s quy nh: Bn c li trong vic hp ng b hy b phi bi thngthit hi. Theo quy nh ny ca B Lut Dn s, trong trng hp trn, ngi

phi bi thng thit hi s ch l A. iu ny ph hp vi thc t v hp l hnso vi quy nh ca Lut thng mi.

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II. Nhng hn ch ca cc quy nh v cc trng hp min trch do viphm hp ng mua bn ngoi thng theo Lut thng mi VitNam - Kin ngh v gii php.

1. Cn quy nh mt s trng hp ph bin nh nh cng, lnh cmxut nhp khu ca Nh nc l nhng trng hp bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim.

Theo iu 77, Lut thng mi Vit Nam, bt kh khng l trng hp xyra sau khi k kt hp ng, do nhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng xy ra mcc bn khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c. Nh vy,quy nh ny ca Lut thng mi quy nh kh tng qut v trng hp bt

kh khng m theo , mt s kin mun c coi l bt kh khng phi hi t 4 iu kin sau:

L nhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng (s kin xy ra mt cch khch quan);

Xy ra sau khi k hp ng;

Cc bn khng th lng trc c;

Cc bn khng th khc phc c.

Tuy nhin, v lut php cc nc quy nh khc nhau v bt kh khng nn c hng cn c min trch ny, trong thc t k kt hp ng mua bnngoi thng, cc bn thng lit k cc trng hp c coi l bt kh khngtrong hp ng nhng Lut thng mi Vit Nam li khng h a ra mt skin c th no c coi l bt kh khng. Trn thc t, c mt s trng hpm phn ln lut php ca cc nc u cng nhn l bt kh khng lm cnc min trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn quc t hng ha nh bolt, thin tai, nh cng, lnh cm xut nhp khu...

Trng hp nh cng c hu ht cc nc tha nhn l bt kh khng.Tuy nhin, theo quan im ca Lin X c, nh cng mun c coi l bt khkhng lm cn c min trch nhim cho bn vi phm hp ng th phi dinra trn quy m ton quc th mi khng th khc phc c hu qu ca n.Cn nu din ra quy m nh th cc nh chc trch a phng c th dp nhcng bng cch tha mn cc yu cu ca ngi nh cng, ngha l hu qu xyra c th khc phc c nn khng th c coi l bt kh khng? Ngoi ra,cng theo lut v nh cng ca Lin X c, mun t chc nh cng th phitin hnh thng bo trc cho chnh quyn mt s ngy. Nh vy, nu theo quan

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im ny th trng hp nh cng c coi l bt kh khng lm cn cmin trch nhim qu khng d cht no. Hy vng rng Lut thng mi Vit

Nam trong thi gian ti nu c quy nh nh cng l trng hp bt kh khngth khng nn quy nh cng nhc nh vy.

c bit, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng cn sm quy nh c th l nhcm xut nhp khu ca Nh nc phi c coi l trng hp bt kh khng vy chnh l mt trong nhng cng c hu ch Nh nc li dng nhm gth b cho cc thng nhn trong nc. Nhng v d sau s minh chng choiu :

V d 1:Mt cng ty ca Vit Nam k mt hp ng nhp khu mt chicmy ch to giy qua s dng vi mt cng ty ca Nht Bn, tr gi hp ng

l 3 triu USD. Nhng sau , qua tm hiu, pha Vit Nam bit c rng mtchic my mi cng ch c mc gi khong bng 2/3. Nh vy, nu vi phm hpng khng nhp khu th c th b pht v c khi phi bi thng thit hi. Cnnu tin hnh nhp khu th r rng pha Vit Nam b l rt nng. V vy, cngty Vit Nam nh Nh nc can thip bng cch ban hnh mt lnh cm nhpkhu mt hng ny v sau ch cn gi lnh ny cho bn kia min trchnhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn hng ha.

V d 2:Mt cng ty ca Vit Nam k hp ng xut khu mt l hngsang nh nhp khu nc ngoi nhng gi bn trong hp ng li qu thp sovi gi tr thc t ca l hng . Lc ny, cu cng ty ca Vit Nam khi bthit hi nng, Nh nc li ban mt lnh cm xut khu mt hng ny. Do ,

pha bn kia cng khng th i cng ty ca Vit Nam bi thng thit hic.

2. Giy chng nhn bt kh khng nh th no c coi l hp l.

Khi c bt kh khng xy ra, cng vi ngha v thng bo bng vn bn vbt kh khng pha bn kia c bit, Khon 2, iu 78, Lut thng miVit Nam cn quy nh cc trng hp bt kh khng phi c c quan cthm quyn xc nhn.

Nh vy, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng nh lut ca cc nc v cngc quc t hin hnh u khng c quy nh g v vic ngi gp bt khkhng phi cung cp giy chng nhn bt kh khng v c quan no c thm

quyn cp giy chng nhn bt kh khng. Nhng trong thc t, chng minhbt kh khng xy ra, ngi gp bt kh khng u cung cp giy chng nhn

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bt kh khng do c quan c thm quyn ca nc xy ra bt kh khng cp.Ty tng trng hp m h c th ly giy chng nhn cc c quan khc nhaunh: i s qun, Phng thng mi... Tuy nhin nu ly giy chng nhn btkh khng do thong v cp th s khng c coi l hp l bi v thng v

khng th no l c quan cp loi giy chngnhn ny. Nn chng, Lut thngmi Vit Nam cn quy nh c th hn v cc c quan c thm quyn cp giychng nhn bt kh khng trnh tranh chp c th xy ra khi cc bn li dngquy nh c quan c thm quyn cp bi trn thc t khng phi trng hpno cng c th xc nh c u l c quan c thm quyn.

Mt khc, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng cn quy nh r v ni dungca giy chng nhn. Mt giy chng nhn v bt kh khng ch c coi l hp

l khi n c ni dung r rng, c th, chnh xc v thi gian, a im xy ra btkh khng, hu qu ca bt kh khng v nh hng ca n i vi vic thchin hp ng. Nu giy chng nhn bt kh khng khng ghi g v thi gian,a im xy ra bt kh khng, hoc hu qu ca bt kh khng th ni dng cagiy chng nhn bt kh khng b coi l khng hp l, tc l khng gi trchng minh bt kh khng l c tht, mc d hnh thc ca giy chng nhn nyl hp l.

3. Cn quy nh thm trng hp min trch khi ngi th ba c quanh hp ng vi bn vi phm gp bt kh khng.

Trng hp xy ra khi bn vi phm hp ng khng trc tip gp bt khkhng song vn i c min trch nhim v ngi th ba c quan h hp ngvi mnh gp bt kh khng. Chng hn, sau khi k hp ng mua hng ca nhsn xut (gi l ngi th 3), ngi xut khu (gi l ngi th 2) k hp ng

bn l hng cho ngi nhp khu nc ngoi (gi l ngi th 1). Nhng nhsn xut gp bt kh khng nn khng c hng giao cho ngi xut khu. (Cth l khinh xut khu k kt hp ng vi ngi nhp khu, bt kh khngcha xy ra i vi nh sn xut, m n xy ra sau cho nn nh xut khukhng th lng trc c.) V vy, ngi xut khu cng khng c hng giaocho ngi nhp khu. Ngi xut khu i c min trch trc ngi nhpkhu v nh sn xut bn hng cho mnh gp bt kh khng.

Nh vy, trnh tranh chp, trng hp ny cn c Lut thng miVit Nam a vo cc quy nh v trng hp min trch do vi phm hp ng

v nhng l do sau:

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L do th nht, ngi th 2 trong trng hp ny khng c li g trong vicvi phm hp ng m theo lut quy nh th bn vi phm hp ng ch chutrch nhim khi mnh c li. S d, ngi th 2 khng c li g l v ngi th 2vi phm hp ng l do ngi th 3 gp bt kh khng nn vi phm trc.

L do th hai, lc k hp ng vi ngi th 1, ngi th 2 khng d kinc l bt kh khng s xy ra vi ngi th 3. Do vy, bt kh khng xy rai vi ngi th 3 cng c coi l bt kh khng xy ra i vi ngi th 2 vvo lc k kt hp ng, ngi th 2 khng lng trc c hin tng khchquan .

L do th ba, nu bt ngi th 2 chu trch nhim th va tri vi nguyntc suy on li, va l s mt cng bng v ngi th 3 gp bt kh khng

c min trch vi ngi th 2, cn ngi th 2 li phi b tin ti ra nppht hoc bi thng thit hi cho ngi th 1.

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Kt lun

Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/1998 l mtbc tin quan trng gp phn hon thin khung php lut thng mi, mrng giao lu hng ha, tng trng kinh t x hi. Tuy nhin, lut thng mil thc tin php l kh mi m nc ta cho nn trin khai p dng lutthng mi c hiu qu trong thc t vn cn tn ti nhng vn cn giiquyt.

Lut thng mi i vi nc ta l mt vn mi, v vy, a lutthng mi vo cuc sng ni chung v trong lnh vc ngoi thng ni ringmt vn quan trng l vic tuyn truyn, ph bin, gii thch, nghin cu,

bnh lun khoa hc v lut thng mi. Cng tc ny cn c tin hnh mtcch rng ri, khn trng trong cn ch trng vic nghin cu, x l miquan h gia lut thng mi vi b lut dn s, vi php lnh hp ng kinh tcng nh cc vn bn php lut khc c lin quan nhm lm cho php lut iuchnh thng mi noi chung v hot ng ngoi thngni ring c vn dngmt cch thng nht, khc phc tnh trng chng cho hay b trng.

Mc d c son tho cng phu trong mt thi gian kh di nhng trongthi gian p dng vo thc t, nhng qui nh ca lut thng mi v hp ngmua bn quc thng ha th hin nhng bt cp nht nh. Do , Lutthng mi cn phi c iu chnh cho ph hp vi thc tin v thng lQuc t khng nh vai tr l mt o lut quan trng trong h thng php lutVit Nam. Hy vng rng trong tng lai, Lutthng mi Vit Nam s to iu

kin thun li cho cc hot ng kinh t i ngoi pht trin, c bit l victhng thng hng ha vi th gii bn ngoi ngy cng si ng, nhn nhphn.

Do ti liu thu thp cn cha y v trnh hiu bitcn hn chnn tiu lun ny khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, chng em rt mong sng gp kin ca Thy gio v cc bn.

Cui cng, chng em xin chn thnh cm n Thy gio Bi Ngc Sn

gip tn tnh trong vic hng dn chng em hon thnh tiu lun ny.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. Lut thng mi v cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh;

2. Cng c ca Lin hip quc v hp ng mua bn quc t;

3. Incoterm 1990;

4. Lut mua bn hng Quc t, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, 1993;

5. Tm hiu Lut Kinh t, Trn Anh Minh, L Xun Th, NXB Thng K;

6. Gio trnh K thut nghip v ngoi thng- V Hu Tu, NXB Gio dc,1997;

7. Gio trnh Php lut trong hot ng kinh t i ngoi- Nguyn Th M,Hong Ngc Thit, NXB Gio dc, 1997;

8. Gio trnh T php Quc t, Trng i hc Lut H ni, NXB Cng anNhn dn;

9. Tm hiu Lut thng mi Vit Nam, Phm Duy Ngha, NXB Chnh trQuc gia;

10. Bo co chuyn v cc lnh vc ca khung php lut kinh t ti VitNam, NXB Vn ha dn tc & B t php, 1998;

11. Cc tp ch Thng mi, Dn ch v Php lut, Nh nc v Php lut ccnm 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000.

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Mc lc

Li ni u1

Phn I: Khi qut chung v lut Thng Mi Vit Nam............................. 2

I. Hon cnh v mc ch ra i .................................................................................... 2

1. Hon cnh ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam....................................... 2

2. Mc ch ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam ......................................... 3

II. Vai tr ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam ..................................................................... 41. Bo m qun l nh nc i vi hot ng thng mi. ........................ 4

2. Thc hin quyn t do kinh doanh ca cng dn trn lnh vc thng mi. ... 5

3. Thc hin quyn bnh ng trc php lut ca thng nhn thucmi thnh phn kinh t trong cc hot ng thng mi............................ 5

4. Qui nh nhng iu kin i vi thng nhn trongcc hot ng thng mi ............................................................................. 5

III. Phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam vi t cch l ngun lut iu

chnh hp ng mua bn gia thng nhn Vit Nam vi thng nhn ncngoi. 6

Phn II: Ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng........................................ 8

I. Cc yu t cu thnh trch nhim do vi phmhp ng mua bn ngoi thng. ............................................................................... 8

1. Th tri c hnh vi vi phm php lut.......................................................... 8

2. Phi c li ca bn vi phm hp ng. ........................................................ 9

3. Tri ch b thit hi vt cht, thit hi v ti sn hoccc quyn c gi tr ti sn.......................................................................... 10

4. C mi quan h trc tip gia hnh vi vi phm hp ngv thit hi vt cht. ..................................................................................... 11

II. Cc ch ti p dng cho vic vi phm hp ngtrong hot ng mua bn hng ha theoLut thng mi Vit Nam. ....................................................................................... 12

1. Buc thc hin ng hp ng.................................................................... 12

2. Pht vi phm

................................................................................................. 14

3. Bi thng thit hi...................................................................................... 16

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4. Ch ti hy hp ng. .................................................................................. 20

5. Mi quan h gia cc ch ti theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. ............... 24

III. Cc trng hp min trch do vi phm hp ngtrong hot ng mua bn hng ha ca th tri. ................................................... 26

1. Min trch khi gp cc trng hp c tha thun trong hp ng. ..... 27

2. Min trch khi gp bt kh khng............................................................... 27

Phn III: Hn ch ca cc quy nh v ch trch nhim do vi phmhp ng mua bn theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Kin nghv gii php ........................................................................................ 31

I. Nhng hn ch ca cc quy nh v ch ti thng mi theo Lut thng miVit Nam. Kin ngh v gii php. ............................................................................... 31

1. V mi quan h gia ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ngv cc ch ti khc. ...................................................................................... 32

2. V ch ti pht vi phm................................................................................ 37

3. V ch ti bi thng thit hi. ................................................................... 39

4. V ch ti hy hp ng............................................................................... 40

II. Nhng hn ch ca cc quy nh v cc trng hp min trch do vi phmhp ng mua bn ngoi thng theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam - Kinngh v gii php.......................................................................................................... 43

1. Cn quy nh mt s trng hp ph bin nh nh cng, lnh cmxut nhp khu ca Nh nc l nhng trng hp btkh khng lm cn c min trch nhim. ..................................................................... 43

2. Giy chng nhn bt kh khng nh th no c coi l hp l. ............ 44

3. Cn quy nh thm trng hp min trch khi ngi th ba c quan hhp ng vi bn vi phm gp bt kh khng............................................ 45

Kt lun 47

Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................. 49