LUẬT NHỊN CHAY

8/9/2019 LUT NHN CHAY

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LUT NHN CHAY

Khi loi ngi bc vo giai on pht trin hon ton sau mt lot cc thinkhi t thi tin Islam, v sau khi n t n giai on pht trin cao, snsng chun b v c th gn gi mt thng ip thin khi bt dit cho ton vtr, bao gm nhng th m con ngi cn n trn tri t. Thng Ton

Nng, ng Vinh Quang, c S gi ca Ngi l Mohammed Ibn Abdullah () truyn thng ip Islam. V Thng Ton Nng phn trong Quran, Surah 5:3:

Ngy nay TA hon chnh tn gio ca cc ngi cho cc ngi v hontt n Hu ca TA cho cc ngi v chn Islam lm tn gio ca ccngi.

Allah - ng Ton Nng phn trong Quran, Surah 2: 183-187:

( 183 (

( 184 )

185( ) ( 186 )

( 187(

Hi nhng ai c nim tin! Nhn chay theo ch (Siym) c truynxung cho cc ngi nh c truyn xung cho cc ngi trc cc

ngi cho cc ngi (rn luyn s) khc k v tr thnh ngi ngaythng v s Allah (Muttaqun). (Nhn chay) trong mt s ngy n nh.Nhng ai trong cc ngi mc bnh hoc i xa th s nhn b li cho sngy thiu v sau. Nhng i vi ai c kh nng king c (nhng rtcht vt trong vic nhn chay v gi yu), h c th chuc ti bng cch nuin (tng ngy) mt ngi thiu thn. Nhng ngi no t nguyn (b th)lm tt, th iu tt cho h hn. Tuy nhin, thc hin vic nhn chaySiym tt cho cc ngi hn nu cc ngi bit (gi tr ca n). ThngRamadan l thng trong (Thin kinh) Quran c ban xung lm Ch

o v v Tiu Chun (phn bit Phc v Ti). Bi th, ai trong cc ngichng kin (hoc c mt ti nh) thng th phi nhn chay Siym trn

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thng, v ai b bnh hoc i xa nh th phi nhn b li s ngy thiu vsau. Allah mun iu d dng cho cc ngi v khng mun gy kh khncho cc ngi. (Ngi mun cc ngi) hon tt s ngy (nhn chay) n nhv mun cho cc ngi tn dng s V i ca Allah (Takbir) v vic Ngi

hng dn cc ngi v cho cc ngi c dp t n Ngi. V khi byti ca TA hi Ngi (Mohammed) v TA, (hy bo h) TA gn. TA pli li cu xin ca ngi nguyn cu khi y xin TA. Ngc li, h cng phip li (Li Gi ca) TA v tin tng ni TA may ra h c dt ing ng. Cho php cc ngi c n nm vi v ban m sut thigian nhn chay Siym. H l y-phc (Libs) ca cc ngi v cc ngi ly phc ca h. Allah bit iu cc ngi thng ln lt vi nhau. Do ,Ngi oi thng quay li tha th cho cc ngi. Bi th, by gi cc ngic php chung ch vi h, nhng hy c gng thc hin iu Allah ralnh cho cc ngi, v hy n v ung (ban m) cho n khi cc ngithy r si ch trng ca bui rng ng tch khi si ch en ca n, rihon tt vic nhn chay (theo ch Siym) cho n lc m xung. Vkhng c n nm vi v trong thi gian cc ngi lnh trn tu tnhItikf trong thnh ng. l nhng gii cm quy nh bi Allah. Do, ch vi phm chng. Allah trnh by nhng yt (Li Mc Khi) caNgi cho nhn loi ng nh th may ra h tr thnh ngi ngay thngv s Allah (Muttaqun).

Thng - ng Ton Nng chn Islam lm tn gio cho nhn loi v:

1). Islam l tn gio t nhin, hy c li phn ca Ngi trong Surah 30:30:

)30(

"Do Ngi (hi Mohammed!) hy nh din ca Ngi hng v tngio Hanifan (chnh trc), Fitrah (tn gio t nhin) ca Allah theo Ngi to ho con ngi. Khng c mt s thay i no trong Khalq-illah (tngio ca Allah). l tn gio ng n nhng a s thin h khng bit."

2). Islam l tn gio ca s thng nht v bnh ng gia con ngi. Allah(swt) phn trong Surah 49, Ayat:13:

))13

"Hi nhn loi! TA to ho cc ngi t mt ngi nam v ngi n vlm cho cc ngi thnh quc gia v b lc cc ngi nhn bit ln nhau(nh anh em). Qu tht, di ci Nhn ca Allah, ngi vinh d nht l

ngi c At-Taqwa (sng knh v s Allah) nht trong cc ngi. Qu tht,Allah Bit Ht, Rt Am Tng (mi vic)."

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3). Con ngi vn mang bn tnh tn trng quyn t do u tranh v tnh nlc phn u cho s thnh cng ca mnh, Islam ku gi v khuyn khch conngi v vi n, lm tng thm cp bc con ngi trong cuc sng ny. c

bit, Islam coi trng, nh gi cao quyn t do tn ngng, nh li phn ca

Allah trong Surah 2:256

))256"Khng c vic cng bch (tn ngng) trong lnh vc tn gio, Chcchn Chn L v L Phi (Rushd) bao gi cng khc bit vi iu ngy tov s sai lc (Ghay)...".

4).Islam cho rng con ngi c to thnh t th xc v tm hn, v thIslam khng yu qu hoc lm vt tri ngi ny so vi ngi khc hay pht

l bt c ai. Do , nu Thng , mt mt trao mt s ngha v cho con ngi lm tt p nhn cch ca mnh, th mt khc Ngi cho php h hng tt chng n ca cuc sng ny. Allah - ng Ton Nng phn trong Quran,Surah 7:32:

)32(

"Hy bo chng: "Ai cm dng cc mn trang sc xinh p m Allah lmra cho by ti ca Ngi v cm dng cc mn thc phm tt v sch?". Hybo chng: "Cc th dnh cho nhng ai c c tin sng i ny (v)dnh ring cho h i Sau...".

5).Nhng gio hun, phn xt, gio l v o c trong Islam khng muthunvi bn cht ngay thng ca con ngi, chng lun i st v gip thnhhnh bn cht ny, dn dt con ngi hng v nhng c ch tt, chnh chn hnv hon thin hn. Hy xem xt k li phn ca Allah trong Surah 5: 15-16:

) 15 (

( 16("... Chc chn mt nh Sng v mt Kinh Sch quang minh t Allah c gi n cho cc ngi. Allah dng N (Kinh Qur'an) dn dt tt cnhng ai tun theo s Hi Lng ca Ngi i n con ng ho bnh va h ri khi tm ti bc ra nh sng theo s chp thun ca Ngiv hng dn h theo Con ng ngay thng."

Vic phi cc s gi mang thng ip n vi con ngi l ku gi h nvi Allah ng To Ho v gii quyt nhng vn ca cuc sng. Islam lthng ip cui cng, n gii quyt rt nhiu mt cc vn ln nh. N baogm tt c nhng g cn thit t chc cuc sng c nhn v cng ng, khng

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k thi gian, ni chn v sc tc,Islam ban cho con ngi mt cuc sng tt pv lng thin i ny, hnh phc i sau.

NHNG LI GIO HUN CA ISLAM

Th nht - Nim tin: Con ngi tin vo Mt v Ch mt Thng ngDuy Nht, ng khng c k ngang hng, v tin vo cc Thin s (khng

phn bit gia cc thin s),cc kinh sch ca Ngi, tin vo cc ThinThn,tin vo Ngy Phn x cui cng v tin vo nh Mnh. Thng phn trong Surah 2:285:

"S gi (Mohammed) tin ni iu (mc khi) c ban xung cho Ngi tRabb ca Ngi v nhng ngi c c tin (cng tin nh Ngi). Tt c

u tin tng ni Allah, v ni cc Thin Thn ca ngi, v ni cc KinhSch ca Ngi, v ni cc S Gi ca Ngi. (H ni): "Chng ti khngphn bit v k th mt v no trong cc v S Gi ca Ngi..." Th hai - o c: l nhng phm cht tt p, cao qu nh trung

thc, dng cm v tt bng.

Th ba - S th phng: y l nhng li ni v vic lm ca ngimuslim hng ti Thng Ton Nng v tun theo cc mnh lnh ca

Ngi. Th phng l nhim v chnh ca con ngi trn i ny. Hy xemxt li phn ca Allah trong Surah 51:56-58:

( (56 (57 ) ) 58(

"V TA (Allah) to ra loi Jinn v loi ngi ch chng th phng TA.TA khng i hi bng lc t chng v cng khng i hi chng nui TA.Chnh Allah l ng Cung Cp bng lc (cho tt c), Ch Nhn ca Quynlc, Rt mc Cng Quyt."

S tun th cc gio lut tn gio, s tn th v lng m o c cng ngha l ch tn th Allah, ng to ho v tr, cuc sng v loi ngi. S tn thtrong Islam c phm vi rt rng ln. N bao gm l nguyn, b th, nhn chay,hnh hng, thnh chin, bo v lnh th v cho php lm vic tt, nghim cmlm vic xu, chng ta lm vic tt n gn Allah Ton Nng ch khng phil c ngi phm ca ngi v c ni ting.

Nhng iu c bn cn ch lin quan n tn th trong Islam l:

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1). Khng c ch cho bt k k no t xng l ngi trung gian gia conngi v Allah, v Allah Ton Nng V cng cao c, V i v Cao hnvic c ngi trung gian. Ngi phn trong Surah 7:54 :

)54(

"... Tuyt diu thay, Ngi to ho v ch duy tt c! Tht Phc thay Allah,Rabb (ng Ch T) ca v tr!"

v trong Surah 2:186:

)186(

"V khi by ti ca TA hi Ngi (Mohammed) v TA, (hy bo h) TA gn. TA p li li cu xin ca ngi nguyn cu khi y xin TA. Ngc li,h cng phi p li (Li Gi ca) TA v tin tng ni TA may ra hc dt i ng ng".

V mt ngi muslim thc th l ngi khng lc no cm thy rng cn cbt k ngi trung gian no gia anh ta v Allah.

2). Khng phng i hay lm g qu mc, v d khng nn ch n dt cu

nguyn m qun i cc ngha v ca cuc sng thng ngy. Islam khng ihi con ngi phi hon ton trnh xa cuc sng ny hay dnh ht thi gian cu nguyn, v Islam l tn gio cn bng v n ho v mi th; nh li Allah phn trong Surah 28:77:

) )77

"M hy dng ca ci m Allah ban cho ngi tm kim mt Nginh i Sau v ch qun phn (vic) ca ngi i ny v hy lm tt

(vi ngi khc) ging nh vic Allah i x tt vi ngi v ch tm cchlm iu Fasd (thi nt) trong x. Qu tht, Allah khng yu thngnhng k lm iu thi nt, tn c (Mufsiun)."

3). S d dng v trnh xa kh khn, v Islam khng t gnh nng hay btphi tn th trin min. Allah phn trong Surah 22:78 :

)78(

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"Ngi chn cc ngi ( lm vic ); v Ngi khng t gnh nngln cc ngi trong tn gio."

V trong mt Hadith ca Thin s ( ):Tn gio ny l

tn gio d dng v bt k ngi no i mt vi n cng s thnh cng(trong vic hnh o)(theo Imam Al-Bukhary).Hn na, nhn chay - ch ca cun sch ny l mt hnh ng c t thi

xa xa v c bit n nhiu v s dng hin. N c tn trng v nh gacao, v nhn chay l mt cch lm Ibadad t bit m Allah - ng Ton Nng m t rt r trong Kinh Sch ca Ngi, mt s m t m chng ta khng thtm thy trong cc tr ct khc ca Islam ni chi tit, li gii thch v cch thchin n ch c ni n thng qua Hadith.

ngha ca nhn chay ()Trong ting Rp, nhn chay (fasting) tc l trnh mt vic lm g ; v dking ni hay king n; v nu anh ta khng ni v khng n th c coi lang nhn chay. V theo li phn ca Allah ng Ton Nng trong Surah 19:26:

(26(

... Qu tht ti nguyn nhn chay vi ng (Allah) Rt mc Lng.Bi th ngy nay ti nht nh s khng ni chuyn vi ai. tc l anh ta

king ni.Hn na theo li ni ca ngi Rp, gi "fasted" tc l gi ngng thi,

v nga "fasted" tc l nga dng chy. Trong gio lut Islam, nhn chay nghal: king nhng th v hiu, s nhn chay bt u t hng ng ti khi mt triln, vi nim () nhn chay trong m trc khi nhn chay.

Ngi muslim khi nhn chay cng i hi phi trnh ni chuyn v chnhiu hn cc ngy khc, lm tng thm tnh thing ling thng Hng n mAllah ch nh nhn chay, Thin s ( ) ni: Nu l ngym mt trong cc ngi ang nhn chay th khng nn lm iu tc tu hayi bi. Nu ai lng m hay nh ta th hy ni: Ti ang nhn chay.(Hadith Muslim)

Nhn chay thi tin IslamMt kha cnh ca nhn chay l mt biu hin c ch dng hin v l mt

bi tp v tinh thn tn ti t thi c i. Nh ta bit, ngi Ai Cp ccng nh ngi Trung Quc v Hy Lp thng nhn chay. Khi Islam n,ngi ca kinh sch nh ngi Do Thi v Thin cha gio bit v nhn

chay, v Allah phn trong Surah 2:183:

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)183("Hi nhng ai c nim tin! Nhn chay theo ch (Siym) c truynxung cho cc ngi nh c truyn xung cho cc ngi trc ccngi cho cc ngi (rn luyn s) khc k v tr thnh ngi ngay

thng v s Allah (Muttaqun)"Tuy nhin theo tng ngi v tng quc gia khc nhau, nhn chay mang

ngha khc nhau v c cc hnh thc nhn khc nhau, trong s l: king mts loi thc n hay king n hon ton. Nhn chay nhng thi im nht nhtrong cng ngy hay nhn chay trong cc ngy lin tip. Nhn chay nh l mt sn nn hi li hay nhn chay t n, v cn nhiu l do khc na.

Vo thi tin Islam, ngy Ashura (10 thng Muharram) l mt ngy vui canhng ngi theo Musa ( ). Khi Nabi ( ) di c t Mekkati Medina th thy ngi Do Thi ang nhn chay, Ngi hi: y l ngy g?H tr li:y l mt ngy tt, Thng cu mt s ngi con ca Israelkhi k th.Mose ( ) thng nhn chay vo ngy ny. Sau Thin s (:) ni Ta cn qu Mose hn cc ngi, v Ngi nhn chayvo ngy ny v lm cho vic nhn chay vo ngy ny c tch cch bt buc ivi tt c muslim. (Theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).

V s nhn chay vo ngy Ashura b hy b sau khi muslim c ban lnhnhn chay vo thng Ramadan hng nm. Nhng ngi muslim vn thch nhnchay vo ngy ny theo gng ca Thin s ( ).

Chng ta cng nn nhn chay vo ngy mng 9 v Thin s ( )

nhc n iu ny. Theo Ibn Omar, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng,Thin s ca Allah ( ) nhn chay vo ngy Ashura v cng bt

buc muslim lm nh vy. Trong s h c ngi hi rng: i, S gi ca Allah,y l ngy vui ca ngi Do Thi v Thin cha gio? Ngi ni:Nm sau,chng ta s nhn chay thm ngy mng 9 nu Allah mun. Nhng qua nmsau th Thin s ca Allah ( ) qua i.

Cc loi hnh nhn chay1. Nhn chay l ngha v tn gio: y l nhn chay trong thng Ramadan

nh Allah ban lnh trong Kinh Sch ca Ngi Surah 2:185

))185... Bi th, ai trong cc ngi chng kin (hoc c mt ti nh) thng

th phi nhn chay Siym trn thng..."2. Nhn chay b: y l nhn chay c thc hin nu ngi muslim khng

nhn chay mt ngy hay vi ngy ca thng Ramadan v l do no

chnh ng.

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3. Nhn chay theo mt li ha: y l nhn chay ca ngi muslim nomun hng phc lc ca Allah. N phi c thc hin theo liha, nu mt ngi ha nhn chay mt hay nhiu ngy m khngnh ngy c th th c th nhn chay vo bt k ngy no cng c.

Allah phn trong Surah 16:91:

)91("V hy lm trn Li Giao c ca Allah khi cc ngi kt c...".

Ngi cng phn trong Quran, Surah 22:29 : )29(

"Ri cho h kt thc tnh trng xc xch b x ca h (sau thi gianhm mnh lm l) v cho h hon tt li th ca h v i vng quanhNgi n lu i (ca Allah)"

4. Nhn chay chuc ti: l do nhn chay loi ny l:a. Ph v s nhn chay do n hay ung vo ban ngy trong thng

Ramadan m khng c l do chnh ng. Hy c li phn ca Allah trongQuran, Surah 2:187 :

))187

"... v hy n v ung (ban m) cho n khi cc ngi thy r si chtrng ca bui rng ng tch khi si ch en ca n, ri hon tt vicnhn chay (theo ch Siym) cho n lc m xung..."

b. Quan h chn gi hay th dm vo ban ngy ca thng thing lingRamadan. Allah ng Ton Nng phn trong Quran, Surah 2:187 :

"Cho php cc ngi c n nm vi v ban m sut thi gian nhnchay Siym....".Cu ny c hiu l vic quan h chn gi vo ban ngy

b cm trong thng Ramadan.

c. V tnh git ngi hay nhng hnh ng tng t, theo li phn caAllah trong Quran, Surah 4:92

))92"... cng vi vic phng thch mt ngi n l c c tin. i vi phmnhn no khng c phng tin bi thng th phi nhn chay 'Siym'

hai thng lin tc nh l mt phng cch t ti do Allah truyn xung biv Allah Hng Bit, Rt Mc Sng Sut."

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d. Lm mt s vic khng cho php trong trng thi hin t ca cuc hnhhng v hay khng lm ng cch. Hy c li phn ca Allah trongSurah 2:196

)196("... Nhng nu ai trong cc ngi b bnh hoc nga da u (cn phi co)th phi chu pht bng cch nhn chay 'Siym' hoc b th (cho ngingho) hoc dng mt con vt t..."Allah ng Ton Nng phn trong Quran Surah 5:89:

))89

"... chuc ti, phi nui n mi (10) ngi ngho theo cn lng trungbnh m cc ngi dng nui gia nh hoc phi may mc cho h hocgii phng mt ngi n l. Nhng ai khng c phng tin th phi nhnchay 'Siym' ba ngy lin tc. l cch chuc ti cho cc li th nghimtrng m cc ngi phm...."

e. Khng gi li th, v chuc ti do khng gi li th bng 4 vic sau

y. Cc vic ny c theo ng th t nh trong Qur'an:1. Nui n 10 ngi ngho: ba tra hay ba ti hay tng ng vi

lng thc n ca mnh.

2. Chu cp qun o bng loi c th hnh l Slat cho 10 ngi ngho.

3. Gii phng mt n l.

4. Nu khng th thc hin cc vic trn, phi nhn chay 3 ngy lin tc.Allah ng Ton Nng phn trong Quran Surah 5:89:

))89

"... chuc ti, phi nui n mi (10) ngi ngho theo cn lng trungbnh m cc ngi dng nui gia nh hoc phi may mc cho h hocgii phng mt ngi n l. Nhng ai khng c phng tin th phi nhnchay 'Siym' ba ngy lin tc. l cch chuc ti cho cc li th nghimtrng m cc ngi phm...."

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f. Dng li d tin Islam (Az-Zihar): l khi ngi n ng ni vi vcu phn i nh my nh ci lng ca m tao, (Ngha cu ny l:Khi taolm tnh vi my ging nh tao lm tnh vi m rut tao) mc ch l lm cho cy tr nn khng hp l trong vic chn gi. Trong trng hp ny, ngi n

ng khng c php tip cn v tr khi anh ta chuc ti. y c 3 dngchuc ti nh trong Quran phn trong Quran Surah 58: 3-4 :

( 3 )

)4(

V nhng ai thi v theo li Az-Zihar ri mun rt li li mnh tuyn bth phi (chu pht bng cch) gii phng mt ngi n l trc khi haingi tr li n nm vi nhau. l li cnh co v vic . V Allah Rt

Mc Am Tng v nhng iu cc ngi lm. Nhng ai khng tm ra(phng tin lm vic ) th phi nhn chay theo ch Siym sut haithng lin tc trc khi hai ngi tr li n nm vi nhau; nhng nu aikhng c kh nng (nhn chay) th phi nui n su mi ngi ngho

5. Nhn chay t nguyn: s c ni phn sau.

Lut nhn chayNhn chay vo thng Ramadan hng nm l ngha v tn gio ca mi ngi

muslim nam hay n - nhng ngi c kh nng. Nhn chay l mt trong nm tr

ct cn bn ca c tin Islam. N l mt trong nhng vn bt buc v mt tngio. Bng chng khng nh s bt buc nhn chay trong thng Ramadan l:

1. Trong Thin kinh Quran: Allah phn trong Quran, Surah 2:183-184:

( 183 (

))184

Hi nhng ai c nim tin! Nhn chay theo ch (Siym) c truyn

xung cho cc ngi nh c truyn xung cho cc ngi trc ccngi cho cc ngi (rn luyn s) khc k v tr thnh ngi ngaythng v s Allah (Muttaqun). (Nhn chay) trong mt s ngy n nhv trong Surah 2:185

))185

Thng Ramadan l thng trong (Thin kinh) Quran c ban xung

lm Ch o v v Tiu Chun (phn bit Phc v Ti). Bi th, ai trong

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cc ngi chng kin (hoc c mt ti nh) thng th phi nhn chaySiym trn thng

2. Trong Sunnah, theo Abdullah Ibn Omar Ibn Al-Khattab (cu xin Allah banhng n cho h) k: Ti nghe Thin s ca Allah ( ) ni: Islamda vo 5 tr ct: Nhn chng tnh duy nht ca Allah: ti nhn chngkhng c thng no khc ngoi Allah v Mohammed l thin s ca

Allah; dng l nguyn; tr Zakat; hnh hng v nhn chay trong thngRamadan.

Ngoi ra, tt c muslim u nht tr thc hin nhn chay bt buc trong cthng Ramadan v khng ai phn i t bui bnh minh ca Islam cho ti ngynay. Do vy, ai t chi iu bt buc ny s b xem l ngi bi gio.

Khi no c quy nh phi nhn chayNhn chay trong thng Ramadan c quy nh cho mi ngi muslim vongy th Hai (theo Hadith) sau hai m u tin ca thng Shaaban, nm th 2ca nin lch Islam.

Thng Ramadan l Thng dnh nhn chay v trong c nhiu hng n chott c mi ngi ni chung. iu tt p nht trong thng ny l Thin KinhQuran c mc khi xung, dn dt nhn loi i ng ng v khai sngcng nh lm ngun kin thc cho h.

Allah Ton Nng phn trong Quran, Surah 2:185 :Thng Ramadan l thng trong (Thin kinh) Quran c ban xunglm Ch o cho nhn loi va mang bng chng r rt v Ch o v vTiu Chun (phn bit Phc v Ti).

Hng nm vo u thng hng n ny, ngi muslim thng xuyn c ThinKinh Quran tri tim cha y s an bnh, c tin, hnh phc, tnh yu vlng trung thnh, v khai sng cho tm tr h trnh khi cc hc thuyt sai lmv s v o, trnh cc li c x v o c. V cng l ku gi cc chin

binh Islam chng li cc xu hng d gio v cc hnh ng bo ngc ca conngi chng li ng loi ca mnh.

Khi no phi nhn chay?Nhn chay thng Ramadan c bt buc khi bit chc chn thng ny bt

u qua mt trong s bng chng sau:

1) Khi hai nhn chng php lut (Hakim hay Imam), hay ngi ng tin hayngi trung thc nhn thy vnh trng khuyt (trng mi) vo m th 30 cathng Shaaban nu tri quang my v hnh nh r rng.

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Theo Hussein Ibn Al-Hareth, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, v ni rng:Hong t Mecca Abdullah Ibn Omar, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h, pht

biu v sau ni Thin s ca Allah ( ) giao cho chng titrch nhim theo di, nu chng ti khng nhn thy trng u thng, ngc

li c hai nhn chng php lut (hay ngi c uy tn) ni rng h nhn thy nth chng ta nn nghe theo h (theo Hadith).

2) Khi c nhm ngi nhn thy trng u thng v ta bit h khng ng tmla gt chng ta, hn na, h c nhiu ngi, m trong s h khng cn thit

phi c nhn chng khc hay mt ngi c uy tn.

3) Khi mt ngi c uy tn v ng tin cy nhn thy trng u thng.

theo Ibn Omar ( ) ni rng: Mi ngi nhn thy trng mi v tini vi Thin s ca Allah ( ) ti nhn thy n, do Ngi nhn chay v ra lnh cho mi ngi cng nhn chay. (Hadith).

Bt c ai nhn thy trng u thng, nn thng bo trn mi phng tintruyn thng cho mi ngi c bit. Hn na, thm ch nu mi ngikhng ng tnh vi bo co ca anh ta th anh ta vn phi nhn chay.

Ngy nghi ngNgy nghi ng l ngy tip theo m th 30 ca thng Shaaban, khi tri nhiu

my v hnh nh trng khuyt khng r rng.

Salt Ibn Zufr Al-Kufi - mt trong nhng hc gi uyn bc nht thut licho chng ti nh sau: chng ti ang nh Ammar Ibn Yasser, khi ng tamang ti mt i cu nng v ni: hy n i; mt s ngi trnh xa v ni:chng ti ang nhn chay. Sau Ammar ni: ai nhn chay vo ngy nghi ng l

bt tun Abi Al-Kassem ) )Thut li.

Cm nhn chay vo ngy nghi ng, nhng nu sau ny khng nh l ngyu tin ca thng Ramadan th muslim bt buc phi nhn chay ngay tntrng thng thing ling ny, thm ch khi cha nh tm nhn chay vo m

trc. Du sao cng nn nhn chay, thm ch nhn chay phng nga.Thi gian n nh nhn chay

Thi gian n nh cho nhn chay l t lc rng ng ti khi mt tri ln nhAllah ng Ti Cao phn trong Quran, Surah 2:187:

( )187

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hy n v ung (ban m) cho n khi cc ngi thy r si ch trngca bui rng ng tch khi si ch en ca n, ri hon tt vic nhn chay(theo ch Siym) cho n lc m xung

Si ch trng ngha l bt u ca bui rng ng, cn si ch en l bng tica ban m.

Ibn Omar (cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h) ni: Thin s ( )c Bilal v ngi khim th Ibn Um Maktum thng bo gi hnh l. Thin s ( ) ni:Khi Bilal thng bo gi hnh l bui m, hy n vung ti khi Ibn Um Maktum thng bo gi hnh l. Ibn Omar ni: s tmngh gia hai ln l thi gian cn cho Bilal i xung khi minat v Ibn UmMaktum leo ln (theo Al-Bukhari). Thin s ( ) ni: khi mn, ngy tri qua, v mt tri ln, ngi nhn chay phi x chay. (theo Al-

Bukhari). cc nc c ngy hay m qu di th ngi muslim hy c lng ngy

hay m theo thi gian ca nc Islam gn nht, ni c khong thi gianngy v m l chun, c th hnh l v nhn chay theo ng cch m khnggp kh khn, nh Allah phn trong Quran Surah 2:185 :

( )185

Allah mun iu d dng cho cc ngi v khng mun gy kh khncho cc ngi. (Ngi mun cc ngi) hon tt s ngy (nhn chay) n nhv mun cho cc ngi tn dng s V i ca Allah (Takbir) v vic Ngi hng dn cc ngi v cho cc ngi c dp t n Ngi.

S uyn thm hin nhin ng sau nhn chay vo ban ngy l kim tra tinhthn con ngi, rn luyn chng li v kin tr trc cc ham mun, nhngcm d v tnh cch xu. N cng th tnh kin nhn v chu ng trong vic t

b nhng g thnh thi quen. Chng ta khng th hon thnh tt c nhng

iu trn vo ban m v y l lc ngh ngi v ng.Trnh n ung vo ban ngy ca thng Ramadan l mt cuc cch mng

chng li nhng g con ngi quen lm hng ngy trong cuc sng, do vyh c dp thy, ngh v suy ngm sau chun b tinh thn hon thinmnh, c th dn ti mt cuc sng kho mnh, thng thn v trong sch.

Do vy, nhn chay l nim tin siu phm ca con ngi, khi trn tc a anh tathnh ngi kit sc v u oi. Hn na, tm hn ca con ngi cn mt bi rnluyn v o c, t nht l mt thng sau 11 thng dnh cho p ng cc yu

cu ca cuc sng vt cht. Nhn chay l bi tp o c hay nht v n tinh lc

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cc ngh ph phim v tng cc nh tt p, cc tnh cm cao qu v rnglng. y l b mt ca Ngi, nh trong Quran, Surah 2:184 phn :

( 184(

Tuy nhin, thc hin vic nhn chay Siym tt cho cc ngi hn nucc ngi bit (gi tr ca n).

Thi gian xut hin trng mi khc nhauNhiu hc gi trc kia v hin nay ng rng khng cn phi hon ton da

vo m Lch. H chp nhn quan im ny v mc ch thng nht trong hnho v v ngy i l. Cng vy, h thuyt phc rng thng nht gi bt unhn chay l mt trong nhng yu t mnh nht lin kt muslim tt c cc

nc li vi nhau, tp trung li xung quanh mt t, mt con ng, c bit lmuslim ngi Rp cn c ho gii v thng nht chng li k th ang chh t mi pha.

Da vo quan im ny, nu trng mi ca thng Ramadan c nhn thy bt k nc no th ngi muslim nn nhn chay ngay sau khi c thng bo camt phng tin truyn thng tin cy. Vn ny c ni n trong mtHadith: Hy nhn chay khi nhn thy trng mi ca Ramadan, v hy ktthc thng nhn chay khi nhn thy trng mi ca thng Shawwal (theo Al-Bukhari). y l mnh lnh chung cho tt c muslim khp ni.

Trong khi bng chng c ni n trong Surah 2:185

Bi th, ai trong cc ngi chng kin (hoc c mt ti nh) thng th phi nhn chay Siym trn thng. Cu ny nhn mnh s c mt chkhng phi s nhn thy.

ngha ca n l: nhng ai c mt trong thng Ramadan v bit iu thphi nhn chay nu h l ngi bt buc phi nhn chay.

Trong khi cc nc khng nhn thy trng vo m m c nc nhn thy

n; h c coi l ang vo ngy cui cng ca thng Shaaban v do hphi nhn chay vo ngy tip sau.

Tuy nhin, mt s nh thin vn hc c thi quen lp lch nhn chay cho thngRamadan trc khi nhn thy chc chn thng ny, da vo mt s lut thinvn. Nhng quy lut ny khng c chp nhn v vic nhn thy trng c thkhng trng vi ngy trong lch ca h v nh vy thng Ramadan n trc 1ngy.

Lu rng ngi muslim khng hon ton da vo lch xc nh ngy u

tin ca thng Ramadan m h quan st vng trng khuyt hng nm h nhnchay hay tip tc m ngy 30 ca thng Shaaban.

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Theo Sunna, ngi muslim quan st trng khuyt hay nghe tin tc v iu nyv cu xin: i Allah, hy lm Ramadan n vi b ti trong an bnh, c tin,v quy phc Islam. Allah l Thng ca b ti v ca cc bn ca b ti,mt vng trng khuyt ch dn v mt hng n. (Theo Hadith).

Nhng ai bt buc phi nhn chay?Nhn chay vo thng Ramadan bt buc cho mi ngi muslim trng thnh,

c kh nng, khng i xa hay khng b mc bnh m khng th nhn chay, phn khng b hnh kinh hay khng trong k hu sn. Sau y l cc trng hpchi tit:

a. Nhn chay khng bt buc cho tr cha n tui trng thnh, thm chnhng ngi muslim u tin nhng ngi lm cha m hy ch c bit tith h tr, thc dc chng tham gia,hon thnh cc nhim v Islam ca mnh

nh nhn chay; h thng khuyn khch chng nhn chay th vi ngy v chunb lm quen vi nhn chay trong thi nin thiu khi chng ln ln chngkhng cm thy kh khn.

Hn na, tr nh phi hnh l quen vi vic ny khi cn nh khng cmthy kh khn lc trng thnh.

Abdullah Ibn Omar, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h, thut li nh sau:Thin s ca Allah ( ) ni: Yu cu tr nh nhn chay khichng 7 tui, v khi chng 10 tui m khng chu nhn chay th phi nh

chng, v cho chng ng ring ging(theo Abu Dawood).b. Nhng ngi khng th nhn chay:

1. Nhng ngi m m nu nhn chay s lm tn hi nghim trng nh nh bnh trm trng thm hay lm bnh lu khi. Ngi nh vy khng phinhn chay, c bit khi anh ta cn ung thuc theo li khuyn ca bc s. Tuynhin, anh ta phi nhn chay b nhng ngy anh ta cn thiu sau khi khi bnh.Allah phn trong Quran, Surah 2:185

v ai b bnh hoc i xa nh th phi nhn b li s ngy thiuv sau. Allah mun iu d dng cho cc ngi v khng mun gy khkhn cho cc ngi

Bc s c th khuyn bnh nhn khng nhn chay trong cc trng hp sau:

- Bnh lm yu sc: bnh lao, bnh lng ngc, suy tim, bnh ng rutkm theo nn v a chy.

- B u v bnh ng rut, bnh d dy.

- B st: h cn tng lng nc ung vo.

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- Ri lon tm l km theo st cn.

Tuy nhin, vic cho php ngng nhn chay i vi ngi m tu thuc vo likhuyn ca bc s, cm gic ca ngi bnh v s gn kt ca c bnh nhn v

bc s ti cc ngha v o c trong lut php cho php dng cc vic v gimbt kh khn.

Mt iu kin m c bnh nhn v bc s cn nh l li phn ca Allah trongQuran Surah 2:184

Tuy nhin, thc hin vic nhn chay Siym tt cho cc ngi hn nucc ngi bit (gi tr ca n).

Tuy vy, nu cc triu chng l khng chc chn v trng hp ca bnh nhnkhng trm trng hay s nguy hi t nhn chay khng chc chn th nhim v

ca ngi muslim l c gng nhn chay v xem nu anh ta c kh nng nhnchay hay khng khi xm phm tnh thing ling ca thng Ramadan dokhng nhn chay.

2. Ngi gi v ngi c tui: y l nhng ngi rt nhiu tui, hon tonkhng th nhn chay, c nam v n v tng t, nhng ngi mc bnh kinhnin khng c hy vng khi bnh. Tt c h khng phi nhn chay nhng phinui n ngi ngho mt thi gian bng s ngy h khng nhn chay.

Theo Ibn Abbas, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h, Trong Quran, Surah

2:184 Allah phn : Nhng i vi ai c kh nng king c (nhng rt cht vt trong vicnhn chay v gi yu), h c th chuc ti bng cch nui n (tng ngy)mt ngi thiu thn. theo ng gii thch th : ch cho php nui n vkhng nhn chay i vi nhng ngi khng th nhn chay hay mc bnh v

phng cu cha.

3. Al-Mujahed trong khi ang chin u. Al-Mujahed ang chin u v Allahv bo v qu hng c php dng nhn chay trong thng Ramadan trong

trng hp anh ta lo lng s yu sc nu nhn chay trong trn chin. Anh ta phinhn b nhng ngy b thiu v sau khi nhim v hon tt.

Theo Jaber Ibn Abdullah, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h,thut rng: Thins ca Allah ( ) i ti Mecca trong nm chinh phc v nhn chayti khi Ngi t chn ti im xa nht ca Al-Ghamin (mt thung lng sauAssfan) v mi ngi cng nhn chay cng Ngi, Ngi nghe thy v borng: mi ngi thy kh nhn chay khng?.. v h ang xem Ngi lm g.Do Ngi gi mt cc nc sau khi hnh l bui chiu (Magrib) v ungtrong khi mi ngi ang nhn vo Ngi. Mt s trong bn h x chay trongkhi s khc vn nhn chay. Thin s ( ) bit mt s ngi khng

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x chay, Ngi ni: l nhng ngi c ti khi h khng chp nhn s chophp ca Allah ban cho mnh(theo Muslim v Nissai).

Ngi i xa c php dng nhn chay trong thng Ramadan nh Allah

phn trong Surah 2:185 v ai b bnh hoc i xa nh th phi nhn b li s ngy thiu vsau. Allah mun iu d dng cho cc ngi v khng mun gy kh khncho cc ngi

Tuy nhin, tt hn l anh ta nhn chay nu c th c. Omar Ibn Abdul Azizni v nhn chay v dng nhn chay trong khi i xa: Ngi tt nht trong sh l ngi d dng nht.

Chuyn i c min nhn chay l chuyn i trong khong thi gian chophp rt ngn cc l nguyn (Zohr, Ashar v Isa), tc l khong 86 n 89 km.Ngi d nh nhn chay khi nh, v sau quyt nh i xa v l do no trong cng ngy c php ngng nhn chay ngay sau khi anh ta bt u cuchnh trnh. iu ny cng cho php i vi ngi sn sng i xa v angchun b cho chuyn i.

Obeid Ibn Jubeir k rng: ti ln tu cng vi Abi Bassra Al-Ghafri t Fastat(a danh ca Ai Cp c i c xy dng bi Omru Ibn Al-Ass) trong thngRamadan. ng ta y con thuyn ra xa b v n tra, ri ni: hy ti y. Tini: Chng phi anh ang gia cc dy nh hay sao? Abu Bassra tr li:Anhkhng theo Sunnah ca Thin s ) )ca Allah ! (Hadith caImam Ahmed v Abu Dawood).

Khi ngi l hnh tr v t chuyn i, anh ta phi nhn b s ngy b thiu.

5. Ngi ph n mang thai c min nhn chay nu nhn chay nh hng nc ta v thai nhi, cng nh vy i vi ph n cho con b v h lo rng a trs sinh c th b nh hng. C hai trng hp u phi nhn b nhng ngy bthiu khi h c th nhn chay.

Abu Kalaba, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ni v mt ngi: Ti i tich Thin s ( ) c vic cn khi Ngi ang n tra, Ngi ni:hy n v cng n chung. Ti ni vi Ngi rng ti ang nhn chay. Ngini, hy n y v ta s ni vi ngi v nhn chay. Allah cho php ngi i

xa rt ngn l nguyn v min nhn chay, cho php ph n mang thai v chocon b min nhn chay (Theo Hadith Muslim).

6. Ph n b hnh kinh v trong k hu sn c min nhn chay. Sau hphi nhn b nhng ngy b thiu. Nu mu ca hnh kinh hay hu sn ngngtrc lc rng ng (Fajar), h nn nh tm v nhn chay ngy . Trong

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trng hp h cha nh tm ban m, h bt buc phi tip tc nhn chay v vsau nhn b cho ngy . Vi ngi ra mu bt thng nh ra mu vo thi kngoi k kinh hng thng hay ngoi k hu sn, c y c php nhn chay v hnhl, v mu l mu h.

iu kin nhn chayiu kin u tin Islam: Trong s cc iu kin tin quyt thc hin

nhim v Islam phi l ngi muslim, v bt c ngi Muslim no trong lcnhn chay tuyn b hoc lm mt hnh ng no lm cho anh ta tr thnhngi khng tin tng - Kafir- th s nhn chay ca anh ta b t chi v anh ta

phi b li nhng ngy khng nhn chay nu sau ny Allah dn dt anh ta tr liIslam.

iu kin th hai - nh tm: Nhn chay m khng nh tm cho n vo bui

ti trc ngy nhn chay th b coi l h nhn chay. Ngi ta nh tm trongkhong thi gian t khi mt tri ln n trc lc rng ng, B Hafsa ( )- v ca Thin s ( ) ni: Nhng ai khng nh tm nhnchay trc rng ng s khng nhn chay vo ngy tip theo (theo HadithMuslim v Bukhari).

Cu ny ngha l nhn chay ca ngi khng nh tm nhn chay trc rngng khng c chp nhn. Ni ca nh tm l trong tim, v th nh tmkhng nn ni thnh li. Thay bng cch ni ra thnh li, ngi nhn chay nnchun b cho ba n cui cng trc lc rng ng (Suhur) v kim tra thi gianngng n, ung

Ngi ta nh tm vo thi im ban u ca mi giai on lin tip, nh nhnchay ca thng Ramadan, nhn b cho thng Ramadan, chuc ti do AZ-Zihar,v git ngi v nhn chay do ngi muslim ha s thc hin lin tip.

Trong trng hp vic nhn chay lin tip ny b gin on v l do no nh bnh tt, i xa hay hnh kinh, cn nh tm ln khc vo m trc khi tiptc nhn chay. Cn nhng ai nh tm nhn chay nhng thay i nh vnu iu ny xy ra vo ban m v tip tc ti lc rng ng th nhn chay cah khng c tnh v h phi nhn b v sau.

Nhng g gin on nhn chayNhn chay b gin on hay khng c tnh v cc l do sau:

1. n nm vo ban ngy.

2. S xut tinh hay th dm c ch . Nhng nu xut tinh trong khi ng domng tinh th nhn chay vn c tnh.

3. Bt k cht rn hay cht lng i vo c th ca ngi nhn chay c ch ,ch tm v c v nu cht i vo theo con ng t nhin (ming,mi, tai).

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4. Ht cht no qua ming nh thuc l hay qua mi nh ht thuc l.

5. Mt mi tim. Trong khi tim qua da hay vo tnh mch khng lm ngngnhn chay. Tt hn l ngi nhn chay nn tim v ung thuc vo ban m nuc th c.

Theo Abu Huraira, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, Thin s ca Allah (:) ni Nhng ai ngng nhn chay mt ngy ca thng

Ramadan m khng c php ca Allah th vic nhn chay sut cuc ianh ta s khng lm Allah tha th cho anh ta (theo Al-Bukhari).

C ngha l: Ngi no b nhn chay trong thng Ramadan c ch m khngc l do chnh ng l nh mt i mt phn thng to ln, mt phn thng manh ta khng th c c d c nhn chay c i anh ta i chng na. y lmt m ch ti s v i v phn thng ca Allah. Az-Zahabi (nh lut hc caSunnah) ni: nhng ngi c c tin quyt nh rng, nhng ai b nhn chaytrong thng Ramadan m khng c l do chnh ng cn ti hn ngi ngoitnh hay nghin ru, v nhng ngi muslim khc s nghi ng c tin ca anhta v anh ta b coi l k d gio v i bi.

S chuc tiChuc ti c quy nh cho nhng ngi vi phm tnh thing ling ca

nhng ngy nhn chay trong thng Ramadan do ngng nhn chay do ch vy l hnh pht cho trng ti m h gy ra.

Nhn chay chuc ti l:

1. Nhn chay lin tc trong hai thng. Ngy bt u l ngy nhn thy trngkhuyt vo u thng theo lch m lch. Nu mt ngi bt u nhn chay vogia thng th anh ta phi nhn chay trn c thng th hai, nu l thng 30 ngyhay thng 29 ngy th anh ta phi hon thnh thng u tin bng cch nhn bvo thng th ba, m cho ti khi anh ta t 30 ngy.

Nhng ai ngng nhn chay c ch trong mt ngy th ton b s nhn chay

ca h s khng c tnh v h phi bt u vic nhn chay li t u v loinhn chay ny yu cu phi lin tc. Nhn chay chuc ti do AZ-Zihar hay v git ngi cng yu cu phi lin tc. Loi chuc ti ny c coi l chuc tiln. Cn loi chuc ti nh c thc hin bng vic nui n v c giithch trong phn: Ai bt buc phi nhn chay.

1. Nui n 60 ngi ngho; v ngi ngho bao gm ngi ngho tngkhng c phng tin sinh nhai quanh nm; nhng khng bao gm ngi sng nh vo ngi khc nh cha m, v v con. Ngi chuc ti phicho mi ngi trong 60 ngi mt Mudd n ph bin ca nc .

Mudd tng ng mt na vc tay (m hay ng hon ton) v y lmudd ca Thin s ( ).

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V h c th c cp gi tr tin mt tng ng vi phn ny, hay ngichuc ti c th nui n s ngi trn; hai ba n t thc n ca anh ta, hocl mt ba tra, ba ti, ba sng hay mt ba trc rng ng. Cng l nu ngi chuc ti nui mt ngi ngho trong 60 ngy (xem Irshad Al-

Sari, tp 3, trang 378).Nhn chay b nh th no?

Nhng ngi phi nhn chay b cho nhng ngy h thiu trong thngRamadan c th nhn b vo nhng ngy khng cm nhn chay.

Vi nhng ngi hon nhn b cho n Ramadan tip th h phi nhn chaythng Ramadan ri sau nhn chay b nhng ngy cn thiu.

Cho php nhn chay nhng ngy thiu mt cch ngt qung hay lin tc.

Theo Ibn Omar, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h, Thin s ( )ni v im ny: Nu mun, anh ta c th nhn chay ngt qung, v numun, anh ta c th nhn chay lin tc(theo Al-Darkhatni).

Cc trng hp v xt xNgi nhn chay c th gp phi mt s vn trong khi nhn chay. Do

cho vic nhn chay c ng m khng b hng bi bt k l do no, chng titrnh by mt s trng hp vi cch xt x c lin quan.

Mt trong nhng iu quan trng nht phi c k n l ngi muslim phivt qua bt k nghi ng no. Omar Ibn Al-Khattab ni: bt k ai cn nghi ngth ng trch ai ngoi bn thn mnh. y l cc trng hp:

1. Vi phm tnh thing ling ca thng Ramadan tc l: ngi nhn chayngng nhn chay vo ban ngy c ch tm v c thc.

2. Ngi ngng nhn chay do qun lng hay khng c ch th khng b coi lvi phm tnh thing ling ca thng Ramadan.

3. Nu ngi nhn chay vi phm tnh thing ling ca thng Ramadan lp li

nhiu ln trong mt ngy th s chuc ti khng th c lp li.

4. Vic nhn chay ca mt ngi c nh ngng nhn chay th khng cxem xt v nh tm l yu t c bn ca nhn chay v anh ta chi b n.

5. Ngi nhn chay c php sc ming v ht nc vo mi vo ban ngy cho mt v ra. Theo sunnah, Thin s ca Allah ( ) thng nc ln u trong khi nhn chay v kht hay v nng (theo Ahmed v Malik,cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h).

Khng c sc ming hay ht nc vo mi qu mc cn thit.

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6. Vic dng kohl (mt loi phn mu en dng nh mi mt), thuc nh mthay du cha au mt trong lc nhn chay s khng v hiu vic nhn chay.

Inss, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ni: Mt ngi ni vi Thin s (:( Ti b au mt, ti c th bi kohl ln c khng? Ngi ni:c (theo Al-Tirmizi); v mt khng phi l ca m t nhin v khng cbng chng no cm dng nhng th trn.

7. Dng thuc bi trn vt thng khng v hiu nhn chay.

8. Ct mng tay trong ngy nhn chay khng v hiu s nhn chay.

9. Bt u ngy nhn chay trng thi mt wudu khng v hiu nhn chay.Tuy nhin ngi muslim nn ly nc wudu hnh l v nn bt u ngynhn chay trong tnh trng c wudu.

10. Nu hng b dnh bi bt m, bt vi hay xi mng th khng v hiu snhn chay, c bit vi nhng ngi lm vic trong mi trng cha cc chtny.

11. Tiu phu hay trch mu khng v hiu s nhn chay. Tuy nhin nu nginhn chay s b yu i th khng nn thc hin cc vic ny.

12. S bi tit khng v hiu vic nhn chay. Tuy nhin ngi muslim phi tyra sch s hnh l.

S nhn chay hon thinChng ta u bit rng nhn chay lm tng ni knh s v tng nim tin vo

Allah. Allah ng Huy Hong phn trong Quran, Surah 2:183

Hi nhng ai c nim tin! Nhn chay theo ch (Siym) c truynxung cho cc ngi nh c truyn xung cho cc ngi trc ccngi cho cc ngi (rn luyn s) khc k v tr thnh ngi ngaythng v s Allah (Muttaqun).

Nhn chay cng l mt bi tp rn luyn tnh kin nhn. N lm cho tm hn v ch mnh m hn. Do vy ngi nhn chay nn lun lun c phm cht camt ngi c c tin thc s vic nhn chay ca mnh c hon thin; vnhn chay nhn c s hi lng t Allah khng phi l nhn chay hon tondng hin cho Allah.

Cc phm cht quan trng nht m ngi muslim nhn chay nn c l:

1. Trnh xa vic theo ui ham mun. Jaber Ibn Abdullah (cu xin Allah banhng n cho ng) ni: Nu bn nhn chay th hy cho thnh gic, th gicv ci li ca bn trnh xa di tr, ti li v ng lm cho ngy nhn chayca bn ging vi ngy bn khng nhn chay.

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V ng cng ni: Nu ti khng lm cho tai tr nn ic, mt b qua mi th,v gi mm ming th li ch ca nhn chay ch l kht v i v ni cho nghn, ti khng nhn chay, ti ri rng ti nhn chay ngy ?

2. Ngi nhn chay nn li dng khi thng Ramadan n hi ci v quyphc Allah, cng nn c v nghe Quran v nn tm hiu s huyn b cc cukinh.

3. Trnh xa di tr, ni xu sau lng, tn gu hay ni chuyn v b; theo lica Thin s ( ): Ai khng t b vic ni di v lm by th

Allah khng cn s nhn n v ung ca anh ta. (Theo Ibn Khuzayma v IbnHabban].

4. Ngi nhn chay nn lm ch cn gin d v anh ta khng nn b khuyng bi nhng th nh nht, m ni rng mnh ang nhn chay. Hn na, anhta khng nn th l hay tc tu, c bit l vi gia nh mnh v hng xm.Thin s ni: Nhn chay khng phi l t b n ung khng thi m nhnchay cn l t b li ni ngu ngc v tnh cch xu. Nu ngi no gy ghay ngc i bn th hy ni: Ti ang nhn chay, ti ang nhn chay(theoAl-Bukhari).

5. Ngi nhn chay nn tng cng lm t thin, ti tr v lm vic thin cngnhiu cc tt. Anh ta cng nn khuyn khch lm vic thin v ngn cn lmvic xu. y l phm cht lun c ngi c c tin thc s ch khng ch c

trong thng Ramadan m thi. Thin s ca Allah ( ) l ngingm Quran gii nht v l ngi ngm Quran gii nht trong thng Ramadankhi gp Thin thn Gabriel (A). Ngi thng gp Gabriel hng m n khirng ng trong thng Ramadan. Trong thng Ramadan Thin s Muhammad () c Quran cho Gabriel nghe v, Gabriel c Quran cho Thin s nghe, sau Thin s c li cho Gabriel nghe, cu xin Allah ban hng ncho h; khi Gabriel (hng n n vi ng) n ch Thin s ( ) v ni:Ngi lm vic tt cn nhanh hn gi thi(theo Al-Bukhari).

7. cho vic nhn chay d dng, hy n Sahur tc l n trc salat Fajar. n

Sahur cng mun cng tt. Inss, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, k li lica Thin s ( ): Hy n trc rng ng v l hng n(theo Al-Bukhari).

Theo Omar Ibn Al-Ass, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, Thin sMuhammad ( ) ni: Th lm cho nhn chay ca chng ta khcvi nhn chay ca ngi Kinh sch l ba n Sahur(theo Muslim).

8. Tt hn nu nhanh chng v vi vng x chay ngay sau khi mt tri ln,Thin s ( ) ni: Anh ta s trong mt phm vi tt, chng

no anh ta vi vng x chay(theo Al-Bukhari).

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Khi mt tri ln chng ta cng nn x chay bng mt tri ch l. Thin s (:) ni khi ai trong s cc ngi mun x chay th hy anhta n mt tri ch l v l mt hng n. Nu anh ta khng c ch l th hy

x chay bng nc ung v n tinh khit(theo Hadith).

y l mt ch dn th v ca Thin s v rut hp th nc c v ngt cang trong khong t hn 5 pht, v th c th tho mn cn kht v triuchng thiu ng s bin mt.

Trc khi x chay, chng ta nn ni: Nhn danh Allah, i Allah! B tinhn chay v Ngi v vi hng n ca Ngi b ti c x chay, nh Thins( ) thng lm(theo Abu Dawood).

Sau khi n ch l hay ko, ung nc, chng ta phi hnh l Maghrib v sau tip tc n ung; nh th ta s hiu hnh ng vi vng x chay v hm cavic thc hin l nguyn vo thi khc ban u ca giai on ny.

Nhn chay theo munNgi muslim c th nhn chay bt c khi no anh ta mun tr nhng ngy

gio lut Islam cm nhn chay. Mt s ngy c a thch nhn chay v tnhthing ling ca n; v l cc ngy sau:

1. Nhn chay vo thng thing ling (Muharram): y l thng thing lingm Allah ng Ti Cao phn trong Surah 9:36

)

36(

Qu tht, s thng (trong mt nm) m Allah quy nh trong S Schca Ngi k t ngy to thin lp a l mi hai (12) thng, trong cbn Thng Linh. l tn gio ngay thng. Bi th, ch lm thit bnthn ca cc ngi tc l thing ling v vinh quang. thi tin Islam,

Ngi Rp thng trnh nh nhau vo nhng thng ny, khi Islam n, n

khuyn khch trnh iu cm k ny.Bn thng thing ling l: Jul-Kiidah, Jul-Hijjah, Al-Muharram v Rajab.

Thng Al-Muharram l thng ng nhn chay ch sau thng Ramadan, v n cmt ngy c chn l ngy Ashurra. Theo li thut ca Abi Hurrayrah, cu xinAllah ban hng n cho ng, v Thin s ( ), Ngi ni: Thi

gian tt nht nhn chay sau thng Ramadan l thng thing ling Al-Muharram; v l nguyn tt nht sau l nguyn bt buc l l nguyn banm(theo Muslim).

Imam Ali, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ni: mt ngi n ng tiv hi Thin s ( ), ti nn nhn chay vo thng no sau thng

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Ramadan? Ngi (saw) tr li: Nu ngi nhn chay sau thng Ramadan,hy nhn chay vo thng Al-Muharram, l thng ca Allah (c tnh cathng ny l v huy hong). Trong thng ny, c mt ngy m Allah tha thcho mt dn tc v c th tha th cho mt dn tc khc. (theo Muslim).

2. Nhn chay ngy Ashuraa: y l ngy th 10ca Al-Muharram v l ngy c chn,ngy m Allah tha th cho nhiu dn tc.

Muaweiyat Ibn Abu Sufyan ni: ti ngheThin s( ) ni: nhn chay ngy

Ashuraa khng bt buc cho cc ngi,nhng ta ang nhn chay. Ai trong s ccngi mun th c th nhn chay v ai trong s

cc ngi khng mun th c th ngng nhn chay (theo Al-Bukhari vMuslim).

Ibn Abbas, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h, ni: ti khng thy Thin s(( thch nhn chay vo ngy ny hn ngy kia, tr ngy Ashuraav thng Ramadan (theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).

3. Nhn chay vo ngy th Hai v th Nm.

4. Nhn chay ba ngy mi thng: Abu Thur Al-Ghafari, cu xin Allah banhng n cho ng, ni: Thin s ca Allah ( ) yu cu chng tinhn chay ba ngy trong thng: nhng ngy trng (cc ngy may mn); ngy 13,14 v 15, v ng ni y ging nh nhn chay c i.

Ngi nhn chay t nguyn c th ngng nhn chay, tuy nhin ai thch th cth nhn chay ngy . Vi nhn chay t nguyn; ph n nn xin php chngnu anh ta c nh. Abu Hurayrah thut li ca Thin s ( ): Khichng c mt th ngi ph n khng nn nhn chay mt ngy no nukhng c php ca chng; tr thng Ramadan (theo Al-Bukhari vMuslim).

Vi nhn chay t nguyn; ph n nn xin php chng nu anh ta c nh.Abu Hurayrah thut li ca Thin s( ): Khi chng c mt thngi ph n khng nn nhn chay mt ngy no nu khng c php cachng; tr thng Ramadan(theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).

Nhng ngy cm nhn chay1. Nhn chay vo ngy nghi ng, c gii thch phn trc.

2. Nhn chay vo hai ngy i l Eid Al-Fitr v Eid Al-Adha.

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Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ni: Thin s () cm nhn chay vo 2 ngy ny. Tuy nhin, ngng nhn chay vo ngy Eid Al-Fitr l mt phn ca nhn chay (tc l nhn chay ca thngRamadan). y l ngy u tin sau thng Ramadan. V vo ngy Eid Al-Adha,

ta n phn hin t.3. Nhn chay vo ngy Tashriq: y l ba ngy sau i l Eid Al-Adha trong

dp hnh hng, ngy mng 10 thng Al-Hijjah. y c gi l ngy Al-Tashriq v trong nhng ngy ny, ngi hnh hng thng phi tht cu hint di nng cho kh. Abu Hurayrah, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, thutv Thin s ca Allah ( ) rng Ngi c Abdullah Ibn Hathafai quanh thnh ph Mina v tuyn b trc cng chng: ng nhn chay vonhng ngy ny v y l ngy n, ung v nh ti Allah (theo imamAhmed).

4. Ch nhn chay vo ngy th Su: Abdullah Ibn Amru k rng Thin s caAllah ( ) thm Juwaiyriya Bint Al-Hareth v thy b ang nhnchay vo ngy th Su. Ngi hi: B c nhn chay ngy hm qua khng?, by tr li: Khng. Ngi ni:B c nh nhn chay vo ngy mai khng? Bp: Khng. Ri Ngi ni vi b: Th th hy ngng nhn chay li (hy xchay) (theo Al-Nisai).

Nu ngi muslim nhn chay vo mt ngy trc hay sau ngy th Su, haynu l ngy Ashuraa th khng phn i. Jaber, cu xin Allah ban hng n

cho ng, k rng Thin s ( ) ni: ng bao gi nhn chay ngyth Su tr khi cc ngi nhn chay mt ngy trc v mt ngy sau n(theo Al-Bukhari).

5. Hn ch ch nhn chay vo th By: theo Thin s ( ): ngnhn chay vo th By tr khi bt buc(theo Ahmed v hadith).

6. Nhn chay quanh nm (k c 2 ngy i l Al-Fitr v Al-Adha). Theo lica Thin s ( ): Nhng ngi nhn chay sut i th khngc coi l nhn chay(theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim). Thin s (

) cng cm nhn chay lin tc m khng x chay v khng n trc rngng v Ngi ni: Hy trnh nhn chay lin tc. Ngi lp li 3 ln. Hni:Nhng Ngi tip tc nhn chay khng ngng, tha Thin s ca Allah!

Ngi tr li: Cc ngi khng ging nh Ta v khi Ta n dt vo banm, Thng ca Ta cho Ta n v ung (tc l Allah cung cp cho

Ngi sc mnh nh mt ngi n v ung), v th hy c g ng chung nhng g cc ngi c th lm trong vn ny . (theo Al-Bukhari vMuslim).

Nhn chay theo li ni ca Thin s (hng n n vi ngi)

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1. Abi Abdul Rahman Abdullah Ibn Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, cu xin Allah banhng n cho h, ni: ti nghe Thin s ( ) ni rng: Islam davo 5 tr ct: tuyn b rng khng c thng no ngoi Allah v

Mohammed l Thin s ca Ngi, dng l nguyn, tr Zakat, hnh hng ti

Mecca v nhn chay vo thng Ramadan(theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).2. Sahel Ibn Saad, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng,Thu t li li ni ca

Thin s ( ): Trn Thin ng, c mt ci ca gi l Al-Rayyan ngi nhn chay i vo trong Ngy Phn Xt. Cnh ca hi: Nhng nginhn chay u? Khng ai khc ngoi h c th i qua , v khi h vo trong,cnh ca ng li v th khng ai c th i qua cnh ca (theo Al-Bukhariv Muslim).

3. Theo Abi Hurayrah, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, Thin s

Muhammad ( ) ni: Allah khng mun nhng ngi khngchu t b li ni v vic lm sai tri nhn chay.(theo Al-Bukhari).

4. Theo li ni ca Abdullah Ibn Massoud: chng ti ang cng Thin s (:), Ngi ni Hi nhng ngi tr tui, nhng ai trong s ccngi c th chu cp c ni th hy ci. l cch tt nht h thptm nhn v gi cho ph n trong trng. Nu khng c th hy nhn chayv l mt s cu khn(theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).

5. Theo Sahel Ibn Saad, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, Thin s ca

Allah ( ) ni: Anh ta s trong iu kin tt chng no anh tavi vng x chay(theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).

6. Theo Inss Ibn Malik, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ni v li caThin s ( ): Hy n trc rng ng (Sahur) v l hng n(theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).

7. Theo Abi Ayoub, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, Thin s ca Allah(hng n n vi Ngi) ni: Ai nhn chay trong thng Ramadan v sau nhn chay 6 ngy trong thng Shawwal th nh mt ngi nhn chay sut

cuc i(theo Muslim).8. Theo Abi Thaalabah Al-Khishni, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, Thin

s ( ) ni: Allah giao cho cc ngi cc quy nh m ccngi phi hon thnh, Ngi t cho cc ngi cc gii hn cc ngikhng vt qu chng, Ngi cm nhng th m cc ngi khng c

xm phm, v Ngi gi im lng trc nhng th m Ngi khng qun nhcti, nhng Ngi khng nu tn, v Ngi Rt Mc Khoan Dung, v vy ccngi ng tm nhng th nh vy(theo Imam Tabari).

Nhng vic c ghi trong s sch

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Khi c cc trang s Islam ho hng, cc c gi tm thy nhiu quan im,hnh ng anh hng v cc s kin xy ra trong thng Ramadan vinh quang vtc ng n tm hn con ngi, lm h ngh ti ng Ton Nng, ng ToHo Quang v cng c c tin Islam; mt s vn l:

1. Thin kinh Quran c mc khi ti Thin s cui cng Mohammed IbnAbdullah ( ) vo thng Ramadan trong hang Hiraa Mecca Al-Mukarrama.

2. Mc d vi s lng nh v v kh th s, ngi muslim chin thng lclng ca ngi th a thn, ch chuyn quyn v nhng k gy hn. y ltrn t kch ln Badr xy ra trong thng Ramadan sau Hegira v chng kin sging cao ngn c Islam trn bu tri.

3. Vo nm th 2 nin lch Islam, trong thng Ramadan, zakat Al-Fitr c btbuc cho mi ngi muslim thanh khit tm hn h v tng cng tnh anhem trong h.

4. Allah Ton Nng ban phc cho ngi muslim v Thin s ca Ngi ( ) bng cuc chinh phc Mecca cu Kabah khi s d bn ca a thn gio v s tn th bt tng, xy ra vo thng Ramadan nm th 8 ca ninlch Islam.

5. Sch Sirah (Tiu s ca Thin s ( ) thut rng mt phi ont Taif ti Medina vo thng Ramadan nm th 9 nin lch Islam tuyn bc tin Islam sau ngi muslim cm thy mnh m hn v y chin thng.

6. Ai c sch lch s s thy ngi muslim chinh phc o Rhodes vo thngRamadan nm 52 nin lch Islam.

7. Lnh o muslim Tarek Ibn Ziad nh bi vua (Rodrick) trong mt trn clit vo thng Ramadan ca nm 92 nin lch Islam.

8. Nh lnh o kit xut Sala Huddine Al-Ayyubi chin thng cuc vinchinh ca chu u trong cc trn nh ca ng vo thng Ramadan nm 658

nin lch Islam.9. Ngi muslim chn ng cuc tn cng ca i qun Tatar trn lnh th

Islam trong thng Ramadan, nm 658 nin lch Islam.

L nguyn Al-TarawihL nguyn Al-Tarawih dnh cho c nam v n; l nguyn c thc hin sau

l nguyn Isha v trc l nguyn Al-Witr v ko di n tn cui m. AbuHurrayrah, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, k rng Thin s Muhammad () thng khuyn khch mi ngi thc trong thng Ramadan

nhng khng bt buc; Ngi thng ni: Nhng ngi thc trong m ca

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thng Ramadan vi ton b c tin v quan tm, s c tha th mi ti litrong qu kh(theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).

Aishah - cu xin Allah ban hng n cho b, ni: Thin s ( ) hnh l trong thnh ng v nhiu ngi dng l nguyn theo Ngi; sau

Ngi hnh l bn ngoi (hnh l mt mnh) v s ngi lm theo cng tng.Ri vo m th ba h tp trung nhng Ngi khng ra ngoi; vo lc rngng, Ngi ni vi h: ti nhn thy vic cc ngi lm v khng g c thngn ti khng ra ngoi, s rng hnh l ny b cc ngi lm dng (theoAl-Bukhari v Muslim). Vic ny xy ra trong thng Ramadan.

Ngi muslim tip tc hnh l Al-Tarawih mt mnh hay theo nhm ti thica Khalip Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ng tithnh ng vo ban m v ni: nu chng ta tp hp mi ngi cu

nguyn sau mt Imam th tt hn; do vy ng tp trung cc bn o caThin s v tham kho kin ca h, tt c u ng vi ng.

iu ny xy ra vo nm 14 nin lch Islam. Abiy Ibn Kaab c chn lmimam v ng l ngi c Quran gii nht. ng hc thuc lng Quran vo thica Thin s ca Allah ( ). Omar, cu xin Allah ban hng n chong, thng hnh l Al-Tarawih vi h vo cui m m khng hnh l ngay tu. Vo mt m ng ra ngoi v thy h dng l Al-Tarawih, ng rt hi lng.ng ni: cch lm mi ny tht n phc. T tr i l nguyn Al-Tarawihtr thnh Sunnah Ln m cc bn o ca Thin s ng v ngi muslim

sau ny tip thu. L nguyn Al-Tarawih gm 13 rakat k c shafa v l nguynWitr.

Ngi muslim c t do tng s rakah theo mun v l hnh ng dnghin v anh ta c th tng s rakah tu thuc vo kh nng ca mnh.

Vo triu i Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ccbn o ca Thin s thng hnh l 23 rakat k c witr. Imam Malik, cu xinAllah ban hng n cho ng, thut li: Yezide Ibn Romane ni: mi ngi thnghnh l di thi Omar Ibn Al-Khattab 23 rakat trong thng Ramadan k witr,

v mt ngi c chn c Quran, hnh l trong knh s v phc tng v kodi thi gian c Quran nu khng lm phin n nhng ngi hnh l ngsau v c ht Quran trong salah Al-Tarawih vo cui thng Ramadan.

S n mnh (Etikaf)

y l ton b lng thnh i vi mt ci g , gn kt vi n d tt hay xu.Allah Ton Nng phn trong Surah 21:52

( )52

Nhng hnh tng m qu v sng bi ny l g vy?

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Trong gio lut, s n mnh ngha l s gn kt bn thn vi thnh ng, vi nh trong gn gi vi Allah Ton Nng.

S n mnh l mt trong cc vn gio lut. Thin s ( )thng gn mnh vi thnh ng 10 ngy trong thng Ramadan nhng trongnm cui i, Ngi trong 20 ngy (theo Al-Bukhari) v cc bn ngca Ngi cng lm vy.

n mnh c hai loi:

1. n mnh l mt Sunnah; y l nhng g muslim la chn thc hin tnguyn nhm tm cch gn gi Allah.

2. n mnh l mt nhim v.

y l nhng g ngi muslim bt buc bn thn mnh thc hin; v c thqua li th tuyt nh ni: V Allah, con phi gn mnh vi n. Hay qua mt lith c iu kin nh ni: Nu Allah cha khi bnh cho ngi h hng ca con,con s gn mnh vi n.

Hadith k rng Thin s ( ) ni: Ai th tun lnh Allah thphi tun lnh Ngi(theo Al-Bukhari). Chuyn k rng Omar, cu xin Allahban hng n cho ng, ni:Hi Thin s ca Allah, ti th n mnh trong mtm thnh ng linh thing, Ngi (saw) ni: hy thc hin li th ca anh(theo Al-Bukhari).

Cc quy ch thc hin s n mnh l:

1. nh tm

2. Thnh ng: mt ngi th n mnh trong mt s ngy trong cngy th Su, nn trong thnh ng ni c hnh l tp th ngy th Su.

Ai th n mnh trong mt ngy hay mun n mnh m khng th th nn btu n mnh trc bnh minh v kt thc sau khi mt tri ln, v ai th n mnhtrong mt m hay mun lm nh vy mt cch t nguyn th hy bt u n

mnh trc khi mt tri ln v kt thc sau bnh minh.

Cc vic sau y v hiu s n mnh:

1. Ri thnh ng khng c l do, thm ch ch mt lc.

2. ang hnh kinh hay hu sn.

3. n nm.

Nhng ai n mnh v sau lm mt hiu lc vic n mnh th h s khng

c tha th; do vy nu l mt s n mnh t nguyn th h nn lm b vomt thi gian khc; nhng vi nhng ai th n mnh th bt buc phi lm b

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ln khc. S n mnh cho php n v ung cng nh ng thnh ng. Anh tacng c php ra ngoi cho nhu cu v sinh c nhn hay cho tm bit ngithn. Anh ta cng c ct tc, ct mng chn mng tay, tm ra, sc nc hoav mc qun o p. Anh ta nn hnh l, c kinh Quran, nghe xng kinh

Quran, xin s tha th v ca ngi Allah.S n mnh cho php n v ung cng nh ng thnh ng. Anh ta cngc php ra ngoi cho nhu cu v sinh c nhn hay cho tm bit ngithn. Anh ta cng c ct tc, ct mng chn mng tay, tm ra, sc nchoa v mc qun o p. Anh ta nn hnh l, c kinh Quran, nghe xngkinh Quran, xin s tha th v ca ngi Allah.

m quyn lc (Al-Qadr)

Al-Qadr; quyn lc nh li Allah phn: H lng gi Allah khngng. (Quran 6/91)

Al-Qadr m ny l quan trng nht v n chng kin s mc khi Thin kinhQuran. Hay Al-Qadr, tc l thin mnh thng i vi quy nh thing ling(thin ch) nh trong cu ni: do thin mnh v thin ch; do ngha c thc gii thch l thin ch, v c th ni v m hng n ny d gii thchnh th no th m Quyn lc l m n phc trong Thin kinh Quranc mc khi. Thng Ton Nng phn trong Quran, Surah 44: 1-5

1) ( (2) (3) ) (4 ) )5

Ha. Mim. (Th) Bi Kinh Sch (Quran) rng ngi; Qu tht TA ban N(Quran) xung vo mt m y n Phc (ca thng Ramadan). Qutht, TA l ng Hng Cnh Co (nhn loi); Trong m , mi cng viccng minh (nh sng, cht, lng thc, tai nn) u c quyt nh.Theo Ch th ca TA (Allah). Qu tht, TA l ng Hng Gi (cc S Gin)

y l m c trn trng nht trong nm; trong khi Allah Ton Nng phntrong Quran, Surah 97:1-3

) 1) ( (2 (3(

Qu tht, TA (Allah) ban N (Quran) xung vo mt m ca Quynlc (Al-Kadr). V iu g cho Ngi (Mohammed) bit m ca Quyn lcl g? m ca Quyn lc (Al-Kadr) tt hn mt ngn thng bnh thng.

m Quyn lc xy ra vo m n phc ca thng Ramadan: hy c li

phn ca Allah trong Quran, Surah 2:185:

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Thng Ramadan l thng trong (Thnh kinh) Quran c ban xunglm Ch o v v Tiu Chun (phn bit Phc v Ti)

Ni chnh xc hn, m Quyn lc c th ri vo 10 ngy cui ca thng nphc Ramadan.

Theo li k ca Aishah, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho b, Thin sMuhammad ( ) thng n mnh thnh ng trong mi mcui ca thng Ramadan. Ngi thng ni: hy th tm kim m Quyn lcvo mi m cui ca thng Ramadan (theo Al-Bukhari). V tt hn l nnthc qua m, dng l nguyn v c Thin Kinh Quran.

Abu Hurrayrah, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, k v Thin sMuhammad ( ): Nhng ai thc qua m Quyn lc, tin tngv quan tm, s c tha th mi ti li trong qu kh(theo Al-Bukhari).

S uyn thm ca vic thc qua m ny l ngi muslim s nh v n phcca Allah trong vic mc khi Thin kinh Quran lm ch dn tt p trong iny v hnh phc ca h i Sau. Mt phn trong li nguyn thng dng l: i Allah! Thng ca b ti! Ngi l ng Hng Tha Th, Ngi thchTha Th, v vy hy Tha Th cho b ti .

Zakat al-fitrCc bn c th vn nh rng li ch ca nhn chay l lm tng cm gic yu

thng. Do b th Zakat Al-Fitr c thc hin vo cui thng Ramadan.Zakat Al-Fitr bt buc c ch nh bi Thin s ( ) trong nmth 2 nin lch Islam. Theo li k ca Ibn Abbas, cu xin Allah ban hng n choh, th: Thin s ca Allah (saw) ch nh Zakat Al-Fitr mt mt thanhkhit ngi nhn chay khi nhng li ni tc v b, mt khc gip ngingho. Ai tr Zakat Al-Fitr trc l nguyn th s c chp nhn, nhngnu ai tr sau l nguyn Eid Al-Fitr th s c coi l lm t thin (theosunnah).

Theo Kuthayr Ibn Abdullah thut li li ca cha ng, thut li t ng ni ca

ng- cu xin Allah ban hng n cho h, h ni rng Thin s ca Allah ( ) c hi v li phn ca Allah trong Quran, Surah 87:14-15

( 14) ) (15

Chc chn s thnh t ai l ngi ra sch (ti), V tng nh i Danhca Rabb ca y, v hnh l Salh. Ngi tr li: Chng c mc khiv b th Zakat Al-Fitr (theo Sunnah).

Hn na, b th l mt nhim v i vi mi ngi muslim c kh nng, v

vi cc b v ca anh ta v mi ngi m anh ta chu cp nh cha m, nam hayn, gi hay tr; v thm ch c a tr ang b.

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Khi con trai n tui trng thnh v khng i hc, c kh nng t kim ksinh nhai; th phn Zakat Al-Fitr ca chng khng phi do ngi cha chu trchnhim na m l nhim v ca chng.

Vi con gi, phn Zakat Al-Fitr ca chng l nhim v ca ngi cha; trkhi chng lp gia nh, trong trng hp ny y s l nhim v ca ngichng.

Nu mt ngi v mun tr Zakat Al-Fitr, c ta c php a phn ny chongi chng ngho ca mnh; v cung cp cho chng khng phi l nhim v ca c.

Nhng ngi chng khng c php a phn Zakat Al-Fitr ca mnh chov v anh ta phi cung cp cho v, v cui cng Zakat Al-Fitr c th a cho hhng m anh ta khng c trch nhim nui nng.

Ai c php nhn cu b th Zakat Al-FitrZakat Al-Fitr c th c chi dng (hay phn phi) theo 8 cch khc nhau

c Allah phn trong Quran, Surah 9:60:

( )60

Tht ra, Ca b th ch dnh cho ngi ngho, ngi thiu thn, cho ngithu v qun l Ca b th, nhng ngi m tm lng ca h va mi hi

ho (vi Chn l ca Islam), nhng ngi b giam cm (n l hay t binhchin tranh), nhng ngi mc n, dnh phc v Chnh ngha ca Allah,v nhng ngi i ng xa. l Lnh ca Allah bi v Allah Bit Ht,Rt Mc Sng Sut.

1-2) Ngi ngho, ngi thiu thn: h l nhng ngi thiu thn v khngth c thc n, nc ung, nh , phng tin i li, ngh nghip v nhngth cn thit khc duy tr cuc sng.

3) Ngi thu ca b th: h l nhng ngi i thu ca b th v phi l ngi

muslim.4) Ngi m tm lng ca h va mi hi ho: nhng ngi m tm lng

suy ngh v i theo Islam v tng t vi nhng ngi bn r su vo Islam.

5) Ngi b giam cm: bao gm c n l, h c th c t do bng s tinb th c gip .

6) Ngi mc n: h l nhng ngi b n nhiu n mc h khng thtrang tri s n ca h.

7) Phc v chnh ngha ca Allah: ngha l u tranh v chnh ngha caAllah (Al-Jihad), cao li phn ca Ngi; hay bo v nhng g bt kh xm

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phm. iu khon ny bao gm cc l ch lut php khc nhau; trong cvic tiu dng cho tuyn truyn v Islam.

8) Ngi i xa: h l nhng ngi l khch xa qu v khng phng tin ti c im n ca mnh do thiu tin; trong trng hp chuyn i ca hkhng phi l bt tun hay ti li.

Khng phi l phn phi ca b th u nhau cho 8 loi ngi nhng nn utin cho nhng mc xng ng nht.

c php a ca b th cho nhiu ngi thiu thn cng nh ch a cab th ca mt nhm cho mt ngi thiu thn.

Tt hn l ca b th a cho nhng ai xng ng sau l nguyn bui sngca ngy i l v trc khi cu nguyn Eid v c php a cho h trc

ngy ny ngi nhn c th hng li.Theo Ali, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, Al-Abbas hi Thin s

Muhammad ( ) xem ng c th tr Zakat Al-Fitr trc gi khng,Thin s ( ) cho php ng lm nh vy.

Theo Al-Bukhari, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ngi ta thng aZakat Al-Fitr vo mt hay hai ngy trc Eid.

Zakat Al-Fitr khng th tr hon c tr trng hp do ngho tng.

Ai qua i trc lc mt tri ln ca ngy cui cng thng Ramadan khngnhn ca b th, nh ngi c sinh ra trc lc mt tri ln ca m trcngy Eid th phn Zakat Al-Fitr ca n l trch nhim ca ngi cha, v slng l mt n v o th tch bng 4 mudd ca Thin s ( ).

Mudd bng mt na vc tay y nm li hay m ra hon ton, v l tayca Thin s ( ) cha loi lng thc chnh ca cc sc dn nc m ngi b th ang sng.

Cng cho php gi tr ca lng lng thc c tr bng tin mt v

y l cch thun li hn cho ngi c hng li. Gi tr ny c quy nhtheo cc iu kin khc nhau thng dng tng nc.

Ngi du hnh nn tr Zakat Al-Fitr nc anh ta sng, nu anh ta yu cu hhng tr h hay nu h c thi quen tr Zakat Al-Fitr cho anh ta.

Nhng nu anh ta khng yu cu h hng hay h khng c thi quen tr ZakatAl-Fitr ca anh ta th anh ta s phi t tr Zakat Al-Fitr; bng th lng thcchnh ca nc anh ta sng.

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Loi t thin ny c gi l ca b th Zakat Al-Fitr v n c quy nh volc ngng nhn chay. N c tr khi mt tri ln vo ngy cui thngRamadan.

C ngi li ni n c gi nh vy v lin quan n Fitrah: l nt cbit vn c khi n c quy nh cho mi ngi.

Hnh l EidTrong s cc hin tng x hi ca mi quc gia h c mt l hi, ko di mt

hay nhiu ngy h th hin nim vui v hnh phc.

Inss Ibn Malik, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ni: Thin s ( :) ti Medina vo lc h c hai ngy chi. Ngi hi l hai ngy no?H tr li: l hai ngy chng ti thng chi vo thi tin Islam. Thin s

ca Allah ( ) sau ni:Allah thay th cho cc ngi haingy tt hn: Ngy Eid Al-Adha v ngy Eid Al-Fitr (thut li bi Al-Tirmizi).

L hi c gi l Eid v ngha ca n theo ting Rp l n l p li hay trli hng nm.

Mc ch ca l hi ngng nhn chay (Al-Fitr) l th hin nim vui ca ngimuslim khi hon thnh nhim v nhn chay; m Allah Ti Cao quy nh cho hdo h tun lnh Ngi v hng li v c ban phc bi phn thng ca Ngi.

Trong khi mc ch ca ngy hi Al-Adha l th hin nim vui ca h trong lhnh hng (Al-Hajj) nhc nh h v s hin t, chuc li v cng bng giami ngi.

L nguyn ca hai ngy i l Al-Fitr v Al-Adha l mt Sunnah c khngnh cho tt c nhng ai phi thc hin l nguyn ngy th Su. Thin s () hnh l Eid v thc hin mt cch kin nhn. Cc l nguyn nyc thc hin m khng cn gi hnh l (Adhan) hay gi hnh l ln th hai(Iqamah). Jaabir Ibn Abd Allah; cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng; ni: Ti

thc hin hai l nguyn Eid vi Thin s ca Allah ( ) hn mtln v nhiu hn hai ln, v tt c cc ln hnh l u khng c Adhan hayIqamah. (theo Al-Bukhari v Muslim).

Thi gian ca cc l nguyn ny bt u t khi thc hin xong hnh l btbuc trong ngy Eid; l khi mt tri ln c tm cao 3 mt (khong 7 n 8gi sng). Tt hn nn hnh l Eid Al-Adha sm hn; v th ngi muslim cth ct c con vt hin t, trong khi hnh l Eid Al-Fitr c tr hon mt cht ngi ta c th a phn b th Zakat Al-Fitr trc .

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L nguyn Eid gm hai rakat; Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, cu xin Allah ban hngn cho ng, ni: L nguyn Al-Adha gm 2 rakat v l nguyn Al-Fitr gm 2rakat.

Trong hai rakat ny, ngi hnh l v ngi iu khin (Imam) c to SurahAl-Fatihah ri c mt Surah ngn hay mt cu (Ayah) trong mi rakat.

Trong rakat u tin, sau li tn dng Takbir Al-Ihram v trc khi cSurah Al-Fatihah, c Allahu Akbar su ln. V trong rakah th hai sau litn dng Al-Kiyam v trc khi c kinh, c li ca ngi Allahu Akbar nmln lin tc. Sau khi Imam kt thc hnh l trc mt mi ngi th i lnMinbar c bi thuyt ging Eid (Khutbat Al-Eid), bao gm: chm ngn cangi Allah va S Gi ca Ngi, li hng dn, trnh by ngha su sa ca

Ngy i l, l tha th v yu thng con ngi.

Bn cht ca bi thuyt ging Eid ging nh bi thuyt ging ngy th Su, baogm 2 phn bi thuyt ging. Khng c g sai nu Imam bt u bi thuyt ging

bng li ca ngi Allah hay t n Ngi nh trong bi thuyt ging ngy th Su.

Hn na, tt hn l thc hin hnh l Eid ngoi tri hay qung trng cngcng, tr khi gp iu kin khng thun li nh tri ma th hnh l thnhng. Trong dp Eid, tt hn l i n ni hnh l theo mt ng v tr vtheo mt ng khc.

Thm na, ngi i hnh l Eid nn i b v nn n trc khi ra ngoi hnh lEid Al-Fitr.

Abi Hurayrah, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng, ni: Thin s (hng nn vi Ngi) vo ngy Eid thng v nh bng con ng khc vi lc i nthnh ng (theo Al-Bukhari).

Theo Ali, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng: Sunnah vo ngy Eid i b (nni hnh l) v n ung trc khi ra ngoi (theo Al-Tirmizi).

Trong c hai ngy i l Eid, ngi hnh l nn sch s, xc nc hoa v mc

b p nht. Theo Inss, cu xin Allah ban hng n cho ng: Thin s caAllah ( ) ra lnh cho chng ti mc b p nht trong hai ngyi l, v phi xc nc hoa loi thm nht v git tht con vt ngon nht (theo

Al-Hakem). Ngi muslim cng nn chc mng ngi anh em muslim khcbng cu: Cu xin Allah chp nhn l nguyn ca chng ti v ca bn.

Vo ngy Eid, ngi muslim nn nh v i thm h hng, nn knh trngcha m v lm h vui v hnh phc cng vi cc thnh vin khc trong gia nh.

Abbas v Fatiha chuyn ng t quyn: Rules that govern fasting

K l Ali Al M t T i li Li Bi

LUẬT NHỊN CHAY

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