LTE Interference UHF Leakage...Signal leakage limit (micro-volt/meter) Distance in meters (m) Less...

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1 LTE Interference UHF Leakage Ron Hranac Technical Leader Cisco Systems Nick Segura Director, Technical Operations Charter Communications

Transcript of LTE Interference UHF Leakage...Signal leakage limit (micro-volt/meter) Distance in meters (m) Less...

Page 1: LTE Interference UHF Leakage...Signal leakage limit (micro-volt/meter) Distance in meters (m) Less than and including 54 MHz, and over 216 MHz 15 30 Over 54 up to and including 216

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LTE Interference UHF Leakage Ron Hranac Technical Leader

Cisco Systems

Nick Segura Director, Technical Operations

Charter Communications

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Challenges of UHF leakage and LTE interference

What’s in the affected spectrum?

The two-way street: Ingress and direct pickup

What is field strength?

Lack of VHF and UHF leakage correlation

Some typical causes of UHF leakage, ingress and direct pickup

What can be done?

AGENDA

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UHF leakage

A more common problem than many believe

The cable industry for decades has monitored leakage in or near the 108-137 MHz very high frequency (VHF) aeronautical band

During the past few years cable operators have become aware of ultra high frequency (UHF) leakage, largely because of interference to long term evolution (LTE) services in the 698-806 MHz spectrum

Existing leakage equipment doesn’t work at UHF

The good news: commercial UHF leakage gear now available

Limited industry experience dealing with UHF leakage

Frequencies

Signal leakage

limit (micro-

volt/meter) Distance in

meters (m)

Less than and including

54 MHz, and over 216 MHz 15 30

Over 54 up to and

including 216 MHz 20 3

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LTE interference: UHF leakage

may overlap the LTE spectrum

Leaking QAM and other signals

present in over-the-air spectrum

Verizon LTE

downlink

Public

safety

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LTE interference: Ingress and

direct pickup in the home

2 to 3 V/m field

strength

1 meter

LTE user equipment (UE) transmitting at its

maximum power of +23 dBm ±2 dB, can

produce as much as 2,000,000 µV/m to

3,000,000 µV/m (2 V/m to 3 V/m) field

strength 1 meter away.

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The challenges

Harmful interference to over-the-air users may occur

– Leakage-related harmful interference MUST be fixed

promptly per §76.613, regardless of field strength

– May result in FCC enforcement action ($$)

– Cases of safety of life and property may result in forced

turn-off of signals until source of leakage repaired

Ingress and direct pickup interference

– Service degradation or disruption

– Subscriber dissatisfaction

– Impact on performance of new technologies such as

DOCSIS® 3.1

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What’s in the affected spectrum?

Frequency reuse lets us share the spectrum

• 470-698 MHz: UHF TV

• 698-806 MHz: LTE tower-to-UE,

LTE UE-to-tower,

public safety

• 806-902 MHz: Cellular, trunked 800

MHz radios

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The two-way street

Leakage, ingress, direct pickup

Leakage can interfere with over-the-air services

Ingress from over-the-air signals can interfere with

cable signals

– Some cable operators have abandoned affected channels

Direct pickup interference can affect customer

premises equipment (CPE) and other devices

– Older CPE usually more susceptible, newer CPE has better

shielding. Poorly shielded retail-grade cables and

components can offset the benefits of good CPE shielding.

– Some headend equipment susceptible to direct pickup

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What is field strength?

Field strength is the RF

power density (Pd) in a 1

meter x 1 meter square

(in free space, in the air,

on the surface of an

imaginary balloon),

expressed as a voltage

– hence, the “volts per

meter” or “microvolts per

meter” designation.

1 meter

6 meters

Pd ≈ 1.06 * 10-12

W per square

meter

or

20 µV/m (3 meters from

center of balloon)

Pd ≈ 1.06 * 10-12

watt per square

meter on balloon

surface Pd = Pt/4πr2

𝐸µ𝑉 𝑚 = [1.06103295 ∗ 10−12 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡] ∗ 120𝜋

Leak at center of

balloon:

Pt ≈ 1.20 * 10-10

watt

*

1 m

ete

r

-42.1 dBmV

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Lack of VHF and UHF correlation

Tight plant at VHF? That’s not enough!

Field studies have shown there is little or no

correlation between VHF and UHF leakage field

strengths

The plant might be tight in the VHF aeronautical

band, but leakage can be significant at UHF

Further complicating UHF leakage detection and

measurement is the antenna factor difference

between VHF and UHF antennas. This difference

effectively reduces sensitivity at UHF.

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UHF leakage mechanisms

Squirrel chew Tree limb abrasion

Radial

crack

Squirrel chew

Illegal drop connection

Loose/corroded

terminators

Bad connector

Burned feeder cable

Loose tap faceplate

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LTE interference: Causes of in-

home ingress

Source: “Cable Technicians of America” Facebook Community

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LTE interference: Direct pickup

in CPE

Older CPE usually more susceptible,

newer CPE has better shielding. Poorly

shielded retail-grade cables, splitters,

etc., can offset the benefits of good

CPE shielding.

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What can be done?

LTE service provider relationships

Respond immediately – do NOT delay

Schedule techs ASAP

There could be substantial UHF leakage even if there is no VHF

leakage

If UHF leakage detection gear is available, use it

If you don’t yet have UHF leakage gear, a home-brew combination of

equipment might work for confirming the presence of UHF leakage

Fix the problem

Provide system point-of-contact info to LTE engineers

Notify customer service reps to direct inquiries to appropriate person

Document everything

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What can be done?

Commercial solutions

Several manufacturers now are shipping digital-

compatible UHF leakage detection equipment

You should be planning near-term

implementation of a UHF leakage monitoring

program

– The FCC has already taken enforcement action against

cable operators for UHF leakage >15 µV/m at 30

meters, as well as for harmful interference to LTE

services

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What can be done?

“Home-brew” combinations

Possible short-term solution

until commercial gear is

obtained at system level

Test results with home-brew

solutions were mixed

Certain combinations of

spectrum analyzer,

preamplifier, bandpass filter,

and high-gain antenna can be

used to at least confirm the

presence of UHF leakage

Preamplifiers

UHF TV antenna

750 MHz dipole

LTE band Yagi Spectrum analyzer

LTE-compatible antennas

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Leakage mitigation

VHF and UHF leakage

Finding and repairing leakage

Preventing future leakage

Best practice strategies used by technicians

today

Recommended best practice strategies going

forward

– SCTE’s Network Operations Subcommittee Working

Group 1 (NOS WG1) is developing recommended

practices

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Open discussion

What are cable operators finding in the field?

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SUMMARY

The challenges are solvable

UHF leakage, ingress, and direct pickup must be

taken seriously NOW

Significant risks and liabilities

Approach from several directions:

– Implement a UHF leakage program with your existing

VHF leakage program

– Avoid future leakage problems

– Adopt best practice strategies for today and tomorrow


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