Lss module 2 chpt 5 properties of matter

Module 2: Matter Around UsChapter 5 Properties Of Matter

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

Chapter 5 Properties Of Matter5.1 What are the three states

of matter and how do we distinguish between them?

5.2 How can materials be classified?

5.3 How can materials be separated and purified?


ObjectivesDistinguish between the three

states of matter in terms of shape and volume


What are the Three States of Matter?Matter exists in three different

physical states, solid, liquid and gas.


a ceramic plateis in the solid state

oil is in theliquid state

steam coming out of akettle is in the gaseous

state.

How can matter be classified?

Matter can be classified as solid, liquid or gas, according to physical properties such as shape and volume.


Do solids have a fixed shape?

A solid has a fixed shape.

A piece of rock when placed in a glass beaker and transferred into a box has the same shape.


Solids

A measuring cylinder is filled with 20 cm3 of water.

A rock is placed in the measuring cylinder and the level of the water rises to the 30 cm3 mark.

Thus, the volume of the rock is 10 cm3.


Do solids have a fixed volume?

The rock is now placed into a beaker containing 20 cm3 of water.

The water level rises by 10 cm3.

This shows that the volume of the rock remains the same.


Does a liquid have a fixed shape and volume?

Although the volume of water in each container is the same, the liquid takes on the different shapes of the containers.

This shows that a liquid has a fixedvolume but not a fixed shape.


Does a gas have a fixed shape?

Balloons of different shapes are filled with air. Air fills the balloons and takes the shape of the balloons.

A gas has no fixed shape.© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

Does a gas have a fixed volume?

A syringe is filled with air. The tip of the syringe is closed and air is compressed by the plunger. The volume of air decreases.

Air can be compressed.

A gas does not have a fixed volume© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

Summary of the properties of the three states of matter


Activity Book Link Activity 5.1 Characteristics of Solids, Liquids and Gases

Changes of StatesThe three states of matter can

be changed from one state to another and back to its original state.

The temperature of a substance will determine its physical state as each substance has a fixed melting and boiling point.


Processes that take place when matter changes its states


The three states of water


when we put water in the freezer, the ice

that forms is water in its solid state

when we turn on the tap, water in its

liquid state flows out.

when we boil water, the steam that forms

is water in its gaseous state

Summary of processes that take place during the changes of states of water


Activity Book Link Activity 5.2 Three States of Matter

Chapter 5 Properties Of Matter

5.1 What are the three states of matter and how do we distinguish between them?




ObjectivesDescribe materials in terms of physical

properties such as hardness, elasticity, solubility, density, boiling/melting point, electrical and thermal conductivities

Relate knowledge of the properties of materials to their everyday uses

Compare materials in terms of their physical properties

Classify materials into different groups (e.g. metals and non-metals; ceramics, plastics and fibres)


Physical Properties of Matter

Matter used to make an object is called the material.

The physical properties of an object depend on the type of material it is made from.


matter can be found in a wide variety of forms.

Every material has its own physical properties.Knowing the physical properties of a material helps us to use it properly.

Some examples of physical properties are:(a) hardness,(b) elasticity,(c) solubility,(d) density,(e) boiling and melting points,(f) electrical conductivity,(g) thermal conductivity.

Physical properties of a material


What is hardness?

Hardness is the ability to withstand scratches.

A harder material can be used to scratch or cut softer material.


plastic scissors can cut the plasticine because it is harder

What is elasticity?

Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original length or shape after stretching or bending.

Rubber is an elastic material.© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

rubber band stretched

What is solubility?The solubility of a matter is measured

by the maximum amount a substance can dissolve in a given amount of liquid at a given temperature.

35 g of salt can dissolve in 100 cm3 of water at room temperature. However, only 20 g of copper sulfate can dissolve in the same amount of water at the same temperature.


What is density?

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

A material that has a greater density than water will sink, while a materialless dense than water will float.


Densities of some substances


Boiling and melting points

Boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes from liquid into gas.

Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid into liquid.


iron melts at 1536°C while ice melts at 0°C

water boils at 100°C

Melting and boiling points of some substances


Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity of a material is a measure of a material’s ability to conduct electricity.

Metals, for example, are good conductors of electricity because they allow electricity to pass through them easily.


a metal ruler can conduct electricity

Electrical conductivity of somematerials


Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of a material’s ability to conduct heat.

When heated, the candle wax on the copper rodmelts the fastest.

Copper is a better conductor of heat compared to glass and wood.



Materials ranked in decreasing thermal conductivity

thermal conductivity of some materials.

Metals

One of the most common ways to classify things is based on whether they are metallic or non-metallic.


Non-metals


Non-metals can be classified into ceramics, plastics, fibres, wood and glass.


Non-metals can be classified into ceramics, plastics, fibres, wood and glass.


Activity Book Link Activity 5.4 Physical Properties of Solid Objects

Properties and Uses

The choice of a material used to make something depends on its properties.

If the properties of different materials are known to us, we can choose the most suitable material to make things.


would you cook using ametal pot with a metal handle?

Properties of metals, ceramics, plastics and fibres


Activity Book LinkActivity 5.5 Classifying Different Materials and Studying their Uses

Chapter 5 Properties Of Matter

5.1 What are the three states of matter and how do we distinguish between them?




ObjectivesInvestigate substances that can

be extracted through the following separation techniques:▲Filtration▲Evaporation


What is A Mixture?

A mixture is formed when two or more substances are added together.


Separation of mixtures

Mixtures can be separated into the original substances by using separation techniques.

The type of separation techniques used depends on the physical properties of the parts of the mixture.


water from reservoirs ispurified by filtration

pores in the filter used tobrew coffee

Filtration

Filtration is the process of removing insoluble solids from a mixture of solids and a liquid by passing the mixture through a filter.

The liquid that has passed through the filter is called the filtrate, while the coffee powder that remains on the filter paper is called the residue.


Filtration system

Filtration is used to purify water from the reservoir before it can be drinkable.


Filtration

Airconditioners draw in air and filter out dust before releasing cool air.


Activity Book Link Activity 5.6 Making a Water Purification Bed

EvaporationEvaporation is the process

where matter changes in state from liquid into a gas.

Evaporation occurs at any temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster the liquid evaporates into a gas.

Heat is absorbed from the surroundings during evaporation.


Evaporation

Evaporation can only be used to separate a dissolved solid that is stable to heat and does not decompose.

Salt is an example of a dissolved solid that does not decompose upon heating.


a bowl of saltsolution

heat the solutionby placing it in the sun

or applying heat withoutcausing it to boil

after all of the liquid(solvent) has evaporated,

only the salt crystals (solute)remains

Distillation The process of

evaporation followed by condensation is called distillation.

To obtain pure water from salt solution, we heat the salt solution to evaporate the water, then condense the hot water vapour to form pure water (the distillate).

This process of cooling the hot water vapour to form liquid water is called condensation. © Copyright Star Publishing

Pte Ltd

condensation of water vapour

Activity Book Link Activity 5.7 Separating a Mixture into its Components

Lss module 2 chpt 5 properties of matter

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