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UHF 6033: DYNAMICS OF LEADERSHIPLeadership Traits and Ethics

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusof Boon

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Learning Outcomes Benefits of classifying personality traits. Big Five personality dimensions. Universality traits of effective leaders.

Trait of dominance. Achievement Motivation Theory and Leader

Profile. Theory X, Theory Y, Pygmalion Effect.

Four leadership styles and attitude. Three levels of moral development. Stakeholder approach to ethics.

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Traits and Personality

What are traits?

What is personality?

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Traits and Personality(Contd.) Traits: Distinguishing personal

characteristics

Personality: A combination of traits thatclassifies an individuals behavior

What value do they have in the

study of leadership?

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What is/was the Great

Man (Person) Approach?

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Great Man (Person) Approach

Sought to identify

the traits effectiveleaders possessed.

Was it successful?

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Big Five Model of PersonalitySurgency

AdjustmentAgreeableness

Openness to experienceConscientiousnessSource: Adapted from T.A. Judge, D. Heller, and M.K. Mount, 2002. Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis.

Journal of Applied Psychology,87 (June), 530(12)

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The Big Five

Surgency (dominance) Leadership & Extraversion traits

Agreeableness Getting along with people traits

Adjustment Emotional stability traits

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The Big Five (Contd.)

Conscientiousness Achievement traits

Openness to experience Willingness to try new things traits

With all of this, why are many leadersunsuccessful?

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1.Bullying style

2.Cold, aloof, arrogant

3.Betrayed personal trust

4.Self-centered

5.Specific performanceproblems

6.Overmanaged

6MajorReasonsforExecutiveDerailment

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What are sometraits of effective

leaders?

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Locus ofControl Integrity

High energy Flexibility

DominanceSensitivityto others

Self-confident Intelligence

9Traits of

EffectiveLeaders

Stability

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Traits of Effective Leaders Dominance

Want to be in charge

Affects all other traits

High Energy Drive, hard work, stamina, persistence

Self-confidence

Trust own judgments, decisions, ideas, capabilities

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Traits of Effective Leaders(Contd.) Locus of Control

Belief in control of own destiny

Stability Emotionally in control, secure, positive

Integrity Honest, ethical, trustworthy

Intelligence Above average, educated

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Traits of Effective Leaders(Contd.) Emotional Intelligence

Self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating

oneself, empathy, social skills Flexibility

Change, adjust to changes

Sensitivity

Understand group members, communicate well,people centered

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What is AchievementMotivation Theory?

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Achievement MotivationTheory

Attempts to explain and predict

behavior and performance based ona persons need for achievement,power, and affiliation.

What are the characteristics ofeach need?

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Need for Achievement Internal locus of control

Self-confidence

High energy Goal oriented

Realistic goals

Moderate risks

Competitive

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Need for Affiliation

Strong personal relationships Sensitivity to others Joiners Prefer helping professions Concerned about what people think of them Usually have low need for power

Avoid leadership

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What is the Leader

Motive Profile (LMP)?

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Leader Motive Profile (LMP) A set of traits that match up to the

typical effective leader

Tends to have a high need for power, amoderate need for achievement, and alesser need for affiliation

These vary significantly from leader toleader

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Need for Power

Want to be in charge (in authority)

Self-confident

High energy

Competitive

AmbitiousLess concerned with people

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POWER

Much maligned word

Power is the fuel of accomplishment

Leadership = Power Socialized Power: Used for the good of

ones self, the group, and the organization

Personalized Power: Used for selfishreasons and contrary to the good of thegroup and organization

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What are Theory X

and Theory Y?

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Theory X vs. Theory Y People are lazy

Dislike work

Do as little aspossible

Must be closelysupervised

Carrot & stickmanagement

People are motivated Get satisfaction from

work Will do what is right

for organization Participative

management

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Theory X ...........Theory Y(Autocratic) (Participative)

Control Support

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What is the

Pygmalion Effect?

2-9

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Pygmalion Effect

Managersattitudes,

expectations, andtreatment ofemployees explain

and predictbehavior andperformance.

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If you think you can,

you can,if you think you cant,you cant.

What does this mean?

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How can a would-be

leader develop a positiveself concept?

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Develop a Positive Self Concept

Consciously

Push out pessimism

Cultivate optimism

Stop complaining

Avoid negative people

Set and achieve goals

Focus on success Do not dwell on failure

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Develop a Positive Self Concept(Contd.)

Accept compliments

Dont belittle your accomplishments

Dont compare yourself to othersFocus on being the best you can be

Think for yourself

Be a positive role modelHelp others

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Leadership Styles Based on Attitudes

Theory Y Attitudes Theory X Attitudes

PositiveSelf-Concept

Gives and acceptspositive feedback

Expects others tosucceed

Lets others do the jobtheir way

Bossy Pushy

Impatient Critical

Autocratic

Negative

Self-Concept

Afraid to make decisions

Unassertive

Self-blaming

PessimisticPromotes hopelessness

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What are ethics?

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Ethics

Ethics are the standards of right andwrong that influence behavior

There are moral absolutes

Business ethics are always suspected

People set the ethical standards, notorganizations

Integrity is essential in leadership

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Ethics and Integrity

Integrity is an important

leadership traitEthics and trust are part ofintegrity

Must start within theorganization

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Traits, Attitudes, and Ethics

Ethics related to need and traits

Unethical behavior more likely Emotionally unstable

External locus of control

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Moral Development and EthicsUnderstanding right from wrong

Three levels Preconventional: Based on self-interests

Conventional: Based on expectations of others

Postconventional: Based on moral principlesregardless of leader or group ethics

Source: Adapted from Lawrence Kohlberg, Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Development Approach. In Thomas Likona

(ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues(Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1976), 31-53.

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The Situation and EthicsPeople are more likely to act

unethically-Highly competitive situations-Unsupervised situations

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Justifications for Unethical Behavior

Moral justification: In terms of a higher purpose

Displacement of responsibility: Blaming your behavior on others

Diffusion of responsibility: A group is responsible, no one person

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Justifications for Unethical

Behavior Advantageous comparison:

Others are worse

Disregarding or distorting consequences: Minimizing the harm caused

Attribution of blame: Caused by someone elses behavior

Euphemistic labeling Covering it with cosmetic words

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Golden RuleDo unto others asyou want them to dounto you.

orDont do anything toother people that youwould not want themto do to you.

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Four-Way Test of

Ethical BehaviorIs it true?

Is it fair?

Will it build good will?Will it benefit all concerned?

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Stakeholder Approach

Am I proud to tell the relevant

stakeholders my decision?

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Stakeholders Approachto Ethics

Creates a win-win

situation forrelevant partiesaffected by thedecision.

Win-Win

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Very few people see

themselves as unethical!

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Discussion Question #1Would you predict that a personwith a very strong agreeableness

personality dimension would be asuccessful programmer?Why or why not?

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Discussion Question #2What is the primary use ofpersonality profiles?

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Discussion Question #3

What are some of the traits that

describe the high-energy trait?

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Discussion Question #4Is the locus of control important

to leaders?Why?

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Discussion Question #5

What does intelligence have to do

with leadership?

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Discussion Question #6

Does sensitivity to others mean

that the leader does what thefollowers want to do?

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Discussion Question #7

Does McClelland believe that

power is good or bad?Why?

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Discussion Question #8Should a leader have a dominant

need for achievement to besuccessful?

Why or why not?

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Discussion Question #9McGregor published Theory Xand Theory Y over 30 years

ago. Do we still have Theory Xmanagers?Why?

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Discussion Question #10

In test examples related to the

Pygmalion effect, Lou Holtz callsfor setting a higher standard. Havethe standards in school, society,and work increased or decreasedover the last five years?

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Discussion Question #11Do you believe that if you use

ethical behavior it will pay offin the long run?

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Discussion Question #12Can ethics be taught andlearned?

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Discussion Question #13Which personal traits aremore closely related to ethical

and unethical behavior?

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Discussion Question #14Do people change their levelof moral development basedon the situation?

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Discussion Question #15

Why do people justify their

unethical behavior?

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Discussion Question #16Which justification do you

think is used most often?

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Discussion Question #17As related to the simple

guide to ethical behavior,how do you want to be led?