LS Hub S3 Humanities Summary Notes Sub-module …...LS Hub S3 Humanities Summary Notes Sub-module 1...

LS Hub

S3 Humanities Summary Notes

Sub-module 1 - Renaissance

1.1 What is Renaissance? (文藝復興)

● Literally means “Rebirth” (重生)

● Rebirth in Greco-roman Culture (Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman Culture)

● 14th-17th Century (A time period)

● It lead to a great impact to European Development

Renaissance is a time period of rebirth of Greco-roman culture in Europe during the

14th-17th century.

1.2 Humanism (人文主義)

● Humans were placed in the centre/middle of the universe

● Emphasized that human needs, values and talents were more important that religion

● Major belief and orginated during Renaissance

● People start to discuss and become more interested in human affairs and secular (世

俗) matters instead of religious/non-secular matters

● Inquiring minds started to be emphasized

● People began to value the use of reason, instead of blindly following rules of the

church

Humanism is a concept where humans were placed in the centre of the universe and their

idea and matters is more important than religious matters.

1.3 Causes of Renaissance

❖ The Black Death

➢ The church claimed if the citizens buy indulgence (贖罪券), they will not

suffer from black death but it is totally wrong because black death is a

biological disease instead of a religious disease.

❖ Decline of Church

➢ People disbelief the church because they cannot solve the problem of black

death, the church is being corrupted.

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



❖ Impact on Crusaders

➢ Crusaders went to the East and bring back some knowledges and technology

➢ Meanwhile, crusaders come back and escape to towns, lead to decline of

feudalism

❖ Decline of Feudalism

➢ Due to the black death, there is a huge population decrease of commoners

➢ Nobles and Knights were dead during Baron’s War and Eastern Crusades

➢ King’s position is being challenged due to Baron’s War

❖ Spread of Eastern Knowledge

➢ Crusaders came back from the east and bring different knowledges and skills

coming from the east (E.g. Telescope, globe, artwork……)

❖ Rise of Towns and Middle Classes

➢ People escape to towns and become freeman

➢ Crusaders earn money by selling artworks from the east

➢ Spent more time on supporting art, science and architecture

❖ Rise of University

➢ Universities were set up at 12th century keeping large collection of books

➢ Not controlled by church and more people were being educated

➢ Inquiry mind and science were developed -> Humanism

1.4 Features and Impacts of Renaissance - Art and Sculpture

Famous Artist during the Renaissance:

● Leonardo Da Vinci

● Michelangelo

● Raphael

Mona Lisa (Drawn by Leonardo Da Vinci)

The Vitruvian Man (Drawn by Leonardo Da Vinci)

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



The Last Supper (By Leonardo Da Vinci) The Creation of Adam (By Michelangelo)

Sistine Chapel Ceiling (Book of Genesis) (By Michelangelo)

The School of Athens (By Raphael)

The Pieta (By Michelangelo) The Moses (By Michelangelo)

Theme of Medieval Art: Religion

Theme of Renaissance Art: Human Affairs (Humanism)

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



Styles and Techniques of Medieval and Renaissance Art

Time Period Medieval Times Renaissance

Realism (現實主義) Less Realistic More Realistic

Surrealism (現實主義) Less Modern More Modern

Use of Perspectives Less views, one-dimensional More views in terms of parallel lines

Brightness Darker Not that dark

Color Dull and old Oil painting, more classical and beautiful

Light and Shadow Less light and shadow Shadow with realistic

Use of Golden Ratio No Proportional in 1:1.618

Materials used Ordinary Materials Oil Paint, huge variety and different types

Influences of Renaissance Art: Many significant artists (E.g. Da Vinci) became the role model

and fundamental design for western art nowadays (I.e. Golden Ratio)

(Mona Lisa drawn by Da Vinci)

Interpretation of An Art: What are the features of renaissance can be seen in this art?

1. Realism - The girl is more realistic

2. Use of perspectives - A background

3. Not dark at all, good background

4. Oil Paint, Classical and beautiful

5. Use of golden ratio (As shown in the golden sprawl on the picture)

6. More about human affairs, non-religious

elements

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



1.5 Features and Impacts of Renaissance - Science

Famous Scientists/Inventors during Renaissance:

● Copernicus (Astronomy)

● Galileo (Astronomy and Geography)

● Leonardo Da Vinci (Machinery)

● Gutenberg (Machinery)

● Issac Newton (Physics) (E.g. F=ma, gravitational force)

By Copernicus - Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs (Concept on Solar System)

Medieval Age:

The Earth is located in the center of the solar system.

(Wrong Concept) (Geocentrism - 地心說)

Renaissance:

The Earth is not located in the center of the solar system.

Instead, the sun is located in the center of the solar

system. The Earth orbits the sun

(Heliocentrism - 日心說, by Copernicus)

Geometrical and Military Compass - Knowing the direction of the geography (Invented by Galileo)

First Astronomical Telescope - Telescope observing the astronomy and space (Invented by Galileo)

Gutenberg Printing Press - To print and copy books in a fast and mass rate (Invented by Gutenberg)

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



Aerial Screw - A type of flying object (By Leonardo Da Vinci)

Flying Machine - A type of original airplane (By Leonardo Da Vinci)

Armored Car - A kind of fast moving militarial car (By Leonardo Da Vinci)

1.6 Features and Impacts of Renaissance - Mathematics and Golden Ratio

The Discovery of the Golden Ratio

Name Value Significance

Phi 1:1.618 Define “Standard of Beauty” Everything in this ratio has the most comfortable and beautiful looking. This is beauty, it represents awesome.

Golden Spiral (Method according to Fibonacci Sequence: 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34…..) It is the application of golden ratio

Application of Golden Ratio and Golden Spiral

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



Impact of Golden Ratio

Defined the Standard of Beauty

● Good-looking, looks comfortable, smooth, beautiful and eye-catching ● Through mathematics behind the golden spiral, the standard of beauty is defined

as the golden ratio of 1:1.618

Application of Golden Ratio to different variations

❖ Mathematics ➢ Golden Rectangle, Golden Triangle, Golden Spiral, Pentagram, Golden

Rhombi ➢ Golden Ratio - The most irrational number

❖ Biology

➢ Common patterns found in nature are in golden ratio ➢ Logic Behind: Things that we see in the nature are normal and look

comfortable because their nature are in golden ratio

❖ Art ➢ Achieve balance and beauty in western art ➢ Applied to modern graphic design, architectural design, photo framing,

music compositions…..

More about Mathematics in Renaissance:

● Similar Triangles (Proportionality)

● Symmetry and Transformation (Axis of Symmetry)

In golden ratio, looks confortable Not in golden ratio, looks ugly

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



1.7 Features and Impacts of Renaissance - Literature

The Decameron (By Boccaccio) - About 10 people escaping from black death

The Divine Comedy (By Dante) - Shows the disparity between the rich and the poro, showing the appearance of social class and social division

Influences of Literature in Renaissance - Spread of Knowledge

❖ Knowledges throughout Renaissance

➢ No longer controlled by the church

➢ Content not only limited to religion but also a huge variety like romance,

adventure, criticism to church

➢ Books are written in different languages to let more people know how to

read and learn

❖ Rise of Universities

➢ More people could study in universities

➢ People can discuss different topics and new concepts were created

Movable-type Printing Press Invented by Gutenberg (1452) Can print books -> Copy and copy much -> Faster rate in printing books -> Books became cheaper and affordable for the public Rise of Humanism -> More people can learn and think Importance of education

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



1.8 Features and Impacts of Renaissance - Architecture

3 Basic Properties of Renaissance Architecture

● Simiplicity

● Proportion (Golden Ratio, Shaped, Propotional, Similar Figures)

● Balance (Reflectional Symmetry)

4 Classical Elements of Renaissance Architecture

Columns/Orders (柱)

Dome (拱頂 + Round)

Arches (拱門)

Symmetry (對稱)

Architectural Theme:

● Greco-roman Culture

● Emphasize on humans

○ Statues - Represents humans

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



Styles and Techniques (Properties of Renaissance Architecture)

Symmetry Axis of Symmetry, reflectional/rotational

Proportion Golden Ratio, Using similar figures

Geometry Use more shapes (E.g. Dome - Spherical)

Pillars Greco-roman style Columns

Pediments Greco-roman style 山形牆

Arches Arc, circular

Dome Spherical

Order Complicated

Material used in Renaissance Architecture:

● Stone

● Marbles (大理石)

● Stucco (灰泥)

● Terracota (紅陶)

Influences of Architecture in Renaissance

A long-term influence of development of European art and architecture:

● Influence to further European architecture (E.g. Neoclassicalism 新古典主義) and

modern European Architecture (E.g. Contemporary art 現代主義藝術)

● Elements and style spread fast in America in 20th century

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



1.9 Features and Impacts of Renaissance - Geography

Voyages of Discovery (15-16th century): A time period of discovering the rest of the world

Christopher Columbus - Discovered the Land of America

Mercator World Map (1569) - The scale of the map is more accurate. (Adjusting a more accurate size of the arctic and antarctica)

Impacts of Voyages of Discovery

❖ People were more curious in the world and other human places

➢ Start to explore more on the world, merchants expand their businesses,

invested on explorers or even sailed by themselves

➢ I.e. Discovery of America, increases trading

❖ Explorers drew new world map - 4 oceans and 7 continents

➢ More correct map in accurate scale (I.e. Mercator World Map)

❖ New navigation method was invented

❖ Initiated the European Colonization of the new world

❖ People were free from church’s believe and affected by humanism

❖ Expand their territories by rulers

Influences of Voyages of Discovery

● Many sea routes and places were discovered

● European Colonization (E.g. Australia, India, U.S.)

● Global Business and Globalization is Possible

● Advanced technology in mapping developed (E.g. GPS Global Positioning System)

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



1.10 The Renaissance Timeline

Renaissance in World History

Events in Renaissance

1.11 The Reformation

● During late middle ages, the church was corrupted and people disbelieve the church

● More people were educated in renaissance and developed critical thinking

● Humanism proved that traditional beliefs are wrong and people do not believe the

church, they question and challenge the church so the church weaken its power

● In Oct 1517, German Priest Martin Luther criticize the wrong things about the church

and started reformation

● The church expelled Luther and he set up Protestant Church (新教)

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub



The Reformation of Church

1.12 Impacts and Influences to the Enlightenment

● Knowledges were no longer controlled by the church and traditional beliefs were

proved wrong

● Rise of universities -> More popular and people were educated

● People use reason to solve problems (I.e. Humanism), use rationality and lead to age

of reason (I.e. Enlightenment)

● People start to criticize inequality and injustice in society, discuss topics like

government system and education

● Enlightenment (Age of reasons and Philosophical Inquiry)

© LS Hub of 13

LS Hub S3 Humanities Summary Notes Sub-module …...LS Hub S3 Humanities Summary Notes Sub-module 1...

Documents

Transcript of LS Hub S3 Humanities Summary Notes Sub-module …...LS Hub S3 Humanities Summary Notes Sub-module 1...